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Their mission was complicated by the fact that the economies of nearly all the FLS countries were dependent on South Africa, and many of their citizens worked there. Nevertheless, the FLS supported and sheltered exiled political movements opposed to apartheid and white minority rule, not only from
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South Africa, but also from
Namibia (and Rhodesia prior to 1980). These states provided asylum for exiled South African political activists and allowed the African National Congress (ANC) and the
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In April 1975, the
Frontline States – then consisting of Botswana, Lesotho, Tanzania and Zambia – were formally recognised as an entity as a committee of the Assembly of the Heads of State of the
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whilst its headquarters was officially in Lusaka. Thousands of South
African youth traveled to these states to receive training in sabotage and guerrilla warfare.
128:(PAC) to set up headquarters within their borders. The ANC was declared as the official representative of the South African People by the United Nations and the
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385:"SUMMARY DEPARTMENT OF STATE, FOREIGN OPERATIONS, AND RELATED PROGRAMS FISCAL YEAR 2015 APPROPRIATIONS BILL | U.S. Senator Patrick Leahy of Vermont"
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358:""Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on European Affairs Hearing" (8 July 2014) Congressional Documents and Publications"
154:, the Frontline States were engaged diplomatically to reach landmark peace accords between South Africa, Mozambique, Angola (
106:. They were joined by Angola (1975), Mozambique (1975) and Zimbabwe (1980) when those countries gained their independence.
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39:) were a loose coalition of African countries from the 1960s to the early 1990s committed to ending
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The term "frontline states" is also used for countries bordering any area of crisis in the world.
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120:. The countries' governments met regularly to coordinate security and economic policies.
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374:"World Day to Combat Desertification" (18 June 2014) AllAfrica.com, Washington
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American relations with the
Frontline States reached their peak during the
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was the chairman until he retired in 1985. His successor was
211:. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd, Publishers. p.
338:"Washington's No-Apologies Approach to the Third World"
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The A to Z of the Non-Aligned
Movement and Third World
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International opposition to apartheid in South Africa
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411:
320:"Namibia: Will it look like Austria, Finland?".
149:Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs
303:"Castro Versus Carter: Bad news for Zimbabwe".
184:Former Liberation Movements of Southern Africa
435:International organizations based in Africa
207:Robert Mugabe: A Life of Power and Violence
425:Organizations disestablished in the 1990s
268:"Black nations seek summit with Reagan".
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420:Organizations established in the 1960s
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247:. Scarecrow Press. pp. 126–127.
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91:(from 1980). The FLS disbanded after
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16:Loose coalition of African countries
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440:Former international organizations
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346:. 6 September 1981. p. A1.
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292:. South Africa History Online.
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55:), and white minority rule in
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323:The Christian Science Monitor
309:. 23 October 1979. p. 7.
274:. 25 August 1986. p. A6.
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130:Organization of African Unity
104:Organisation of African Unity
241:Arnold, Guy (6 April 2010).
63:) to 1980. The FLS included
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97:President of South Africa
450:South African Border War
126:Pan Africanist Congress
203:Chan, Stephen (2003).
28:
23:The Frontline States (
145:Reagan administration
141:Carter administration
22:
108:Tanzanian President
343:The New York Times
306:The Globe and Mail
286:"Frontline States"
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364:on July 20, 2014.
115:Zambian President
49:South West Africa
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391:. Archived from
389:leahy.senate.gov
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360:. Archived from
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326:. 20 April 1981.
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290:sahistory.org.za
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111:Julius Nyerere
93:Nelson Mandela
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397:. Retrieved
393:the original
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143:. Under the
139:push of the
137:human rights
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45:South Africa
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414:Categories
399:2020-05-27
190:References
170:Other uses
77:Mozambique
99:in 1994.
41:apartheid
178:See also
89:Zimbabwe
81:Tanzania
69:Botswana
61:Zimbabwe
57:Rhodesia
27:), 1975.
160:Namibia
158:), and
95:became
73:Lesotho
59:(today
53:Namibia
51:(today
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87:, and
85:Zambia
65:Angola
25:orange
249:ISBN
217:ISBN
47:and
31:The
166:).
147:'s
43:in
37:FLS
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213:9
162:(
35:(
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