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25:
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fault crosses the canal reveal that large amounts of sediment had accumulated in the canal before the earthquake. On the assumption that this earthquake would damage Rome it seems very likely that the earthquake occurred shortly before 508 AD when the earthquake damage to the
Colosseum was repaired. The lake appears to have returned to its uncontrolled pre-Claudian area by the end of the 5th century and certainly by the end of the 6th century.
91:
875:
114:
815:
by organizing the naumachia, a naval battle between the
Rhodians and the Sicilians on the lake. At the end of the ceremony the dam was opened but the water did not drain due to a small landslide that occurred shortly before. Once the canal was purged and the locks reopened, a further landslide caused a large return wave that hit the stage where the imperial family was banqueting. The freedmen
514:
731:
followed by a lowering up to 7,500-6,500 years ago, a subsequent rise up to 5,000 years ago, a decrease up to 2,800 years ago, a rise up to 2,300 years ago, a decrease up to 1,800 years ago, which continued until the 17th century of our era, reaching historical limits. During the Little Ice Age in the period 1750 - 1861, the last important rise occurred.
359:, while the Giovenco, Vallelonga, and Roveto valleys converge towards the Fucine plain. Due to the absence of outlets and the sudden variations in the water level causing floods or unhealthy drying, it was the subject of numerous attempts at regulation. The first partial draining of the endorheic basin was carried out by the Roman emperor
762:
Although the Romans had chosen Fucino as a holiday resort, it was in their era that the need to drain and reclaim the lake began to emerge. The southern areas of the lake were those most subject to flooding and therefore, in addition to the obvious seasonal problems for farmers, another major problem
722:
In the 19th century variation of the lake was the greatest on record (12.69 metres of excursion in twenty years). During flood episodes the lake generally invaded only some flat areas at low altitude, such as that between
Ortucchio and Venere dei Marsi to the south-east, and not the fans and terraces
551:
Lake Fucine was a karst lake system, whose only real tributary was the
Giovenco River, entering the basin from the northeast, just after the town of Pescina. The lake also collected, especially in the winter period, the waters of small-flow streams from the Velino-Sirente massif to the north and from
844:
As the empire fell, maintenance of the Roman drainage scheme stopped. Sediment and vegetation blocked the collecting canal. An earthquake on a fault crossing the collecting canal dropped the land on the lake side 30–35 cm (12–14 in) relative to the tunnel entrance. Investigations where the
814:
The outcome, however, was not exactly as planned. Due to the numerous landslides in the tunnel during the construction phase and the periods following the inauguration of the work, simple ordinary maintenance was not enough. Once the work was finished, Claudius wanted to celebrate the work with pomp
835:
The larger 19th century tunnel, along the same route as the Roman tunnel, destroyed most of the archaeology of the Roman tunnel, which is why the success of the earlier
Claudian scheme is so uncertain. The deeper Hadrianic canal destroyed the archaeology of the Claudian canal. The final Roman canal
823:
With the inauguration of the work, a regulation of the surface waters was effectively achieved, so much so that the lake basin shrank considerably but was not totally dried up, as some historical sources have reported. However, the dangers of floods and health threats diminished, while agricultural
870:
to drain the lake. A 6.3 km-long (3.9 mi) and 21 m-wide (69 ft) canal was begun in 1862 and after more than 13 years, the lake was completely drained. The resulting plain is one of Italy's most fertile regions. Antiquities from the Roman occupation of the land, after the first
734:
The waters are drained by a system of drainage channels, built in the plain after the
Torlonian drainage and subsequent reclamation, which relate to the main drainage tunnel. This crosses Mount Salviano and pours its waters into the Liri river (Basin Authority of the Liri-Garigliano and Volturno
458:
to early
Pliocene compressive deformational phase schematically attributed to four main units, roughly NNW-SSE in direction, converging to the east: "Costa Grande- Monte d'Aria", "Monte Cefalone Monti della Magnola", "Rocche plateau - Aielli-Celano gorges", and "Monte Sirente". These compressive
730:
It is not possible to precisely establish the variations during protohistory, but they probably did not differ much from that of the 19th century. According to
Giraudi between 33,000 and 18-20,000 years ago there was a general increase in the lake level, probably the highest level ever reached,
556:. The absence of an effective outlet resulted in a high variability of the lake level. These fluctuations are attributable partly to karst drainage or tectonic movements affecting the area, but above all to climatic variations such as seasonal changes in precipitation and the degree of
836:
has left clear archaeology, showing that 1 km (0.62 mi) from the lake, the tunnel was 7.5 m (25 ft) deep, 19.5 m (64 ft) wide at the top, and 4.5 m (15 ft) wide at the base. It sloped to the tunnel at 0.05% (a gradient of one in two thousand).
819:
and
Pallante were blamed for these events, who were not architects but rather prefects of the works and it was thought that after spending a good deal less than he had received, he had then purposely contrived the collapse, in order that his wrong-doing might not be detected."
438:
geological studies due to the peculiar "visibility" of its sediments and the structures relating to the formation and evolution of the basin itself. Over time, these characteristics have also helped interpret other
Apennine sectors whose context was less clear.
506:
The Quaternary evolution of the basin is linked to the activity of two main faults, one in a NW-SE direction and western dip, tangent to the former lake to the southeast, and the other, tangential to the north, in a WSW-ENE direction and dip southern.
827:
The original lake had a fluctuating area of about 140 km (54 sq mi) which the Claudian initiative may have reduced to about 90 km (35 sq mi). A 4.5 km (2.8 mi) collecting canal was extended and deepened by
824:
activities revived. The economy of Marsica and in particular of the municipalities of Alba Fucens, Lucus Angitiae and Marruvium became flourishing and the surrounding mountain areas were elected to all intents and purposes as holiday resorts.
374:
1080:
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the Vallelonga mountains to the south. The water level of the basin was regulated by the activity of the karst sinkholes, located mainly to the south on the slopes of the mountains such as that of Petogna near
487:
and the end of the lower Miocene. In the second domain, however, there is greater continuity until the middle Miocene. This discrepancy may have been created in conjunction with the disjunctive phase linked to
944:
471:
and the second of areas drowned in the Mesozoic with persistent sedimentation of the slope and basin, the latter immediately northeast of the Fucino. Corresponding to the first domain, the bryozoan
1056:"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology: Volume 70, Issues 1–3, Pages 249-260: Lake levels and climate for the last 30,000 years in the Fucino area (Abruzzo-Central Italy) — A review"
723:
located at a higher altitude, albeit by a few metres, to the north and east. The geologist Carlo Giraudi located the shore line in the periods immediately preceding the last reclamation, on the
373:
An improvement in socio-economic conditions followed its draining and the resultant plain is one of the most fertile vegetable growing areas in Italy. Products that have obtained European
370:, who expanded the hydraulic works of the Roman era by increasing the number of wells and expanding the vents and underground canals. These works and others drained Lake Fucino by 1878.
510:
The Abruzzo territory is characterized by considerable seismic activity, mainly linked to crustal distension processes. The Plio-Quaternary deformation field is still active.
1240:
Leveau, P. (1993), "Mentalité économique et grands travaux: le drainage du Lac Fucin," Annales: Économies Sociérés Civilizations, Vol. 48, No. 1, Jan.-Feb., pp. 3–16.
1081:"Late Pleistocene and Holocene lake-level variations in Fucino Lake (Abruzzo, central Italy) inferred from geological, archaeological and historical data"
867:
1216:
October 1996 Paleoseismology related to deformed archaeological remains in the Fucino plain Implications for subrecent seismicity in Central Italy
1103:
150:
803:. According to Suetonius it required 30,000 workers working 24 hours a day in 3 x 8 hour shifts and took eleven years from 41 to 52
1262:
848:
Some suggestion, or attempt, to restore the Roman drainage scheme appears in both the 13th and 15th centuries but neither succeeded.
1234:
807:. The result was a 5.6 km long tunnel under Mount Mount Salviano, capable of partially draining the lake waters into the
467:
layers belonging to two depositional domains. The first groups together persistent sedimentation of a platform drowned in the
395:. The teleport commenced construction in 1963 by the Telespazio company and is used for the ground management of artificial
380:
Along the former Fucino shoreline, in addition to Avezzano (the largest city), are other populous municipalities including
863:
367:
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wrote about drainage projects and subsequent reclamation of emerged lands, demonstrating the importance of this problem.
945:"Sedimentary and tectonic evolution of Plio-Peistocene alluvial and lacustrine deposits of Fucino Basin (central Italy)"
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Cavinato, Gian Paolo; Carusi, Claudio; Dall'Asta, Massimo; Piacentini, Tommaso; Miccadei, Enrico (April 2002).
715:; however, while the lake provided fertile soil and a large quantity of fish, it was also believed to harbour
1055:
816:
341:
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was the first who wanted to attempt to drain Fucine, however he was killed before he could do it.
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503:, in particular in correspondence with the ancient lake bottom characterized by silty sediments.
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The total draining of the Fucian basin was undertaken in the second half of the 19th century by
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560:, produced by the Earth's orbit (precession of the equinoxes and obliquity of the ecliptic).
194:
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attempted to control the lake's maximum level by digging a 5.6 km (3.5 mi)
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to the south, and the Valle del Giovenco to the east-southeast. Located in western
259:
1231:
Desséchement du Lac Fucino éxécuté par le Prince Alexandre Torlonia (en Juin 1861)
325:
to the southwest of the historic lake. Once the third largest lake in Italy after
796:
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and having no natural outflow it repeatedly flooded the surrounding arable land.
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968:"Chapter II: The Emperor's New Nature: Debating the Draining of the Fucine Lake"
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1266:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 273–274.
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which reduced the area of the lake to about 57 km (22 sq mi).
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Alluvial-colluvial continental deposits emerge that can be attributed to the
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1233:. (The draining of Lake Fucino accomplished by Prince Alexander Torlonia,
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539:, the healer priest killed tragically in battle. (See line 7:882 in the
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Il Tesoro del lago, L'archeologia del Fucino e la collezione Torlonia
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The Fucine is a large tectonic depression surrounded by normal and
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marks include the Fucino potato and the Fucino plateau carrot.
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The Fucine Lake as seen from satellite imagery (post-drainage)
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between 650 and 680 m (2,130 and 2,230 ft) above
282:
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Servidio A., Radmilli A.M., Letta C., Messineo G. et al.,
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drainage scheme, became part of the Torlonia collection.
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In addition to agriculture, the plain also hosts the
1104:"La battaglia navale sul lago Fucino. La naumachia"
758:Old map showing Lake Fucino before modern draining
492:rifting which persisted until the middle Miocene.
1277:
1011:"Qualigeo: Carota dell'Altopiano del Fucino IGP"
703:and founded settlements on its banks, including
143:
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483:rest, while there is a gap between the upper
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422:The Fucine basin is the subject of numerous
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336:The plain is a geographical depression of
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69:Learn how and when to remove this message
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297:mountain ranges to the north-northeast,
32:This article includes a list of general
1045:
685:official declaration of the drying out
1278:
1070:
925:
1190:, Aleph, Luco dei Marsi, 2002, p. 24
529:mentioned the lake in book 7 of the
240:max 140 km (54 sq mi)
18:
1188:Marsica, guida storico-archeologica
763:in these marshy areas was malaria.
632:16,18 (growth occurred in 40 days)
113:
13:
1224:I Marsi e il Fucino nell’antichitĂ
1197:
851:
804:
333:, it was finally drained in 1878.
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1322:
1244:
990:"Qualigeo: Patata del Fucino PGI"
921:(in Italian). Comune di Avezzano.
864:Jean François Mayor de Montricher
839:
375:Protected geographical indication
368:Jean François Mayor de Montricher
355:To the west, Fucino borders the
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866:was commissioned by the prince
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919:"Il prosciugamento del Fucino"
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517:Fucino plain and monte Sirente
1:
1177:, ERSA, Avezzano, 1979, p.140
904:
878:Drainage plan printed in 1875
459:structures deform underlying
224:17.28 km (10.74 mi)
16:Former Lake in Abruzzo, Italy
1211:Il prosciugamento del Fucino
1083:. Researchgate. January 1998
966:Bettina Reitz (8 May 2013).
232:10.85 km (6.74 mi)
7:
1237:by V. de Tivoli Junr), Rome
882:
817:Tiberius Claudius Narcissus
738:
446:faults active in the upper
10:
1327:
1147:Cassius Dio, Book LXI.33.5
747:
546:
454:era. There is also a late
417:
413:of the Fucino space centre
248:661 m (2,169 ft)
1311:Endorheic lakes of Europe
1229:Brisse & Rotrou 1876
1032:"Telespazio: Our History"
856:In the 19th century, the
707:. It was the site of the
340:origin formed during the
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1203:A. Campanelli (ed) 2001
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675:reclamation of the area
1263:Encyclopædia Britannica
1257:"Fucino, Lago di"
727:at an altitude of 660.
535:, in that it weeps for
521:
317:lies to the northwest,
53:more precise citations.
1058:. Elsevier. April 1989
879:
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610:10,23 (minimum known)
600:23,01 (maximum known)
518:
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321:to the southeast, and
289:and surrounded by the
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1291:Former lakes of Italy
877:
757:
709:Battle of Fucine Lake
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409:
166:41.99500°N 13.54722°E
1209:Sandro D'Amati 1960
899:List of drying lakes
432:archaeoseismological
1235:English translation
1218:Annali di Geofisica
970:. Leiden University
894:Fucino Space Centre
868:Alessandro Torlonia
750:Tunnels of Claudius
665:draining completed
393:Fucino Space Centre
162: /
1222:Cesare Letta 1972
1161:The Twelve Caesars
880:
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436:paleoenvironmental
428:paleoseismological
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401:telecommunications
171:41.99500; 13.54722
1271:Google Earth view
1186:Giuseppe Grossi,
1175:Fucino cento anni
699:knew the lake as
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108:
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87:
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73:
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62:
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48:
42:
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35:
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21:
20:
1261:
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1187:
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1131:. Retrieved
1122:
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1097:
1085:. Retrieved
1060:. Retrieved
1035:. Retrieved
1026:
1014:. Retrieved
1005:
993:. Retrieved
984:
972:. Retrieved
961:
949:. Retrieved
913:
889:Fucine Inlet
855:
847:
843:
834:
826:
822:
813:
800:
790:
784:
765:
761:
733:
729:
725:Contour line
721:
700:
694:
692:
613:715.757.300
572:Volume (mÂł)
550:
530:
525:
509:
505:
494:
473:calcarenites
441:
421:
390:
379:
372:
365:
354:
344:between the
335:
295:Monte Velino
255:
253:
237:Surface area
65:
56:
37:
1128:"Naumachia"
1087:23 December
1062:23 December
1037:22 December
1016:22 December
995:22 December
974:22 December
951:22 December
780:Cassius Dio
711:in 89
424:neotectonic
309:in central
264:Lago Fucino
256:Fucine Lake
221:Max. length
169: /
144:Coordinates
120:Fucine Lake
84:Fucine Lake
51:introducing
1280:Categories
1213:, Avezzano
905:References
809:Liri river
672:1876-1877
569:Depth (m)
558:insolation
485:Cretaceous
452:Quaternary
397:satellites
363:in 52 CE.
350:Quaternary
327:Lake Garda
303:Vallelonga
229:Max. width
157:13°32′50″E
154:41°59′42″N
34:references
1157:Suetonius
772:Suetonius
735:rivers).
705:Marruvium
481:Tortonian
456:Messinian
319:Ortucchio
287:sea level
277:endorheic
188:endorheic
1301:Avezzano
1226:, Milan.
883:See also
861:engineer
799:through
739:Drainage
501:Holocene
477:Langhian
465:Tertiary
461:Mesozoic
448:Pliocene
361:Claudius
346:Pliocene
338:tectonic
323:Trasacco
315:Avezzano
269:Lago di
132:Location
1306:Marsica
1133:4 April
1112:4 April
830:Hadrian
776:Tacitus
717:malaria
547:History
490:liassic
475:of the
469:Miocene
418:Geology
386:Pescina
307:Abruzzo
260:Italian
136:Abruzzo
47:improve
697:Romans
654:19,44
643:17,78
621:14,05
590:17,36
580:13,49
541:Fagles
532:Aeneid
527:Virgil
434:, and
382:Celano
271:Celano
36:, but
1107:(PDF)
858:Swiss
744:Roman
682:1878
662:1876
651:1861
640:1859
629:1853
618:1852
607:1835
597:1816
587:1787
577:1783
566:Year
537:Umbro
311:Italy
280:karst
212:Italy
207:Basin
201:Canal
1135:2021
1114:2021
1089:2023
1064:2023
1039:2023
1018:2023
997:2023
976:2023
953:2023
791:The
778:and
695:The
522:Lore
499:and
384:and
348:and
329:and
283:lake
254:The
183:Type
713:BCE
450:to
266:or
1282::
1260:.
1072:^
1047:^
927:^
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805:CE
774:,
770:,
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43:.
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