436:
31:
411:
Fulk also undertook four pilgrimages to
Jerusalem—the first and second as a penitent seeking forgiveness for sins, and the third and fourth to protect pilgrims. In 1003, Fulk traveled to Jerusalem for his first pilgrimage. The voyage crossed the Alps at the Grand Bernard Pass in present-day
458:
His son
Geoffrey II (Geoffrey Martel) succeeded him as Count of Anjou in 1040 and held the title until 1060. Since he had no living male children from either of his two marriages, the title to Anjou passed to his nephews, the two sons of his sister Ermengarde-Blanche (m. Geoffroy V of
415:
Fulk made a second pilgrimage in 1008, obliged to do so by the king as punishment after Fulk ordered the murder of an enemy. For his third and fourth trips, Fulk had a moral obligation to protect pilgrims in the years following the desecration of
Jerusalem by the "Mad Caliph"
219:, 104 km east of Angers, on the banks of the Loire. Like many of his constructions, it began as a wooden tower, and was eventually replaced with a stone structure, fortified with exterior walls, and equipped with a thick-walled tower called a
280:, Saint-Florent-le-Vieil, Saint-Aubin, and a convent, Notre Dame de la Charité, at Ronceray in Angers. Although he never learned to write, he endowed a school with revenue to provide poor students with an education. Fulk also undertook four
395:. Odo marched 10,000 men southward toward Fulk's tower at Montboyau; meanwhile, Fulk and his much smaller group attacked him from behind. Fulk's men were routed, retreated, and Odo, thinking the battle won, went for a swim in the
412:
Switzerland, then overland to Bari in the southern
Italian peninsula (a stop in Rome was usually made) and by ship to the Holy Land. The journey took as long as six months, through deeply dangerous territory.
376:. Conan's territorial ambitions had been quashed by Geoffroy Grisgonelle in 980, and seven years later, he planned an ambush on Angers while Fulk was attending the crowning of
188:
Fulk was a natural horseman and fearsome warrior with a keen sense of military strategy that bested most of his opponents. He was allied with the goals and aims of the
327:: Elisabeth occupied the citadel at Angers with some supporters and while under siege from Fulk, she fell from a great height, and then was burnt at the stake for
319:
Fulk married
Elisabeth of Vendôme (c. 979–999), daughter of Count Bouchard of Vendôme, and they had one daughter, Adèle, who married Bodon, son of Landry,
227:, and they fought a battle over it in 994. But Odo I died of a sudden illness, and his son and successor, Odo II, did not manage to evict Fulk.
420:, and provided armed security against robbers, murderers and enslavers along the route. In 1035, he embarked upon a third pilgrimage with
223:
in French (source of the
English word "dungeon", which, however, implies a cellar rather than a tower). He built it in the territory of
356:
106:
380:. Fulk and his men foiled the ambush, killing Conan's son, Alain, in the process. In 992 Fulk laid siege to Conan's castle at
717:
391:
While Fulk and Odo II fought many skirmishes over territory and alliances, their biggest battle occurred in July 1016 at the
472:
388:. Conan was killed in the subsequent battle, and Fulk installed a governor/regent, as the succeeding count was a child.
242:, and even the tower of Montboyau, erected just across the Loire from Tours in 1016. He also fortified the castles at
276:
Fulk was also a devout
Christian who built, enlarged or endowed several abbeys and monasteries, such as the Abbey of
262:, among many others. "The construction of castles for the purpose of extending a ruler's power was part of Fulk
460:
309:
346:
102:
707:
662:
421:
293:
116:
400:
150:
712:
468:
247:
429:
277:
243:
216:
157:. It is estimated Fulk constructed approximately 100 castles as well as abbeys throughout the
417:
369:
224:
702:
697:
480:
435:
305:
403:
arrived to help Fulk, routing Odo's surprised men. Several thousand were reported killed.
251:
239:
8:
392:
142:
323:. Their eldest son, Bouchard, inherited VendĂ´me. Elisabeth's death was recounted in the
428:
in 1040 on his return from that trip, and was buried in the chapel of his monastery at
373:
313:
80:
633:
377:
679:
645:
476:
320:
201:
154:
669:
350:
308:, Count of Meaux and Troyes, and Adelaide of Burgundy. He had an older sister,
301:
126:
691:
316:, and a younger brother, Geoffrey. A half-brother, Maurice, was born in 980.
259:
193:
158:
212:. The two men traded towns, followers and insults throughout their lives.
30:
385:
235:
396:
281:
178:
349:, in 1006, who became known as Geoffrey Martel and succeeded Fulk as
231:
230:
Fulk continued building more towers in a slow encirclement of Tours:
189:
182:
174:
185:
during the course of his life. He had two wives and three children.
339:
328:
162:
161:
in what is now France. He fought successive wars with neighbors in
75:
335:
255:
447:
381:
197:
170:
209:
205:
166:
425:
68:
572:
514:
512:
510:
508:
424:, and in 1038, he made his final pilgrimage. He died in
584:
560:
505:
548:
536:
524:
493:
617:The Age of Pilgrimage, The Medieval Journey to God
368:Fulk Nerra's first victory was in June 992 at the
471:was count from 1068 to 1109. Fulk IV's grandson,
153:celebrated as one of the first great builders of
689:
606:, Editions Alan Sutton, St. Cyr-sur-Loire, 2009
342:, around December 1005. They had two children:
479:, heir to the English throne, and began the
638:Fulk Nerra, the Neo-Roman Consul, 987–1040
204:, his neighbor 128 km east along the
29:
269:strategy," wrote Peter Fraser Purton, in
632:
590:
578:
566:
554:
542:
530:
518:
434:
334:Fulk subsequently married Hildegarde of
271:A History of Medieval Siege, c. 450–1220
107:Ermengarde of Anjou, Duchess of Burgundy
644:
499:
690:
467:was Count of Anjou from 1060 to 1068;
196:of his era. With his county seat at
13:
215:Fulk finished his first castle at
14:
729:
640:. University of California Press.
459:Château-Landon), upon his death.
609:
401:Count Herbert Wake-Dog of Maine
596:
406:
16:11th-century Frankish nobleman
1:
652:. Cambridge University Press.
453:
372:, where he managed to defeat
138:
48:
718:10th-century French nobility
310:Ermengarde-Gerberga of Anjou
7:
325:Chronicles of Saint-Florent
103:Geoffrey II, Count of Anjou
10:
734:
626:
469:Fulk IV RĂ©chin (the Mouth)
422:Robert I, Duke of Normandy
200:, Fulk's bitter enemy was
117:Geoffrey I, Count of Anjou
676:
667:
659:
384:, but he slipped away to
374:Conan I, Duke of Brittany
363:
296:, also known as Geoffrey
287:
122:
112:
96:
86:
74:
66:21 June 1040 (aged 69–70)
55:
40:
28:
21:
486:
399:. Reinforcements led by
359:, born sometime in 1017.
338:, whose family was from
23:Fulk III, Count of Anjou
483:line of English kings.
234:, Montrésor, Mirebeau,
192:against the dissipated
146:
450:
127:Adelaide of Vermandois
100:Adele of Vendome-Anjou
663:Geoffrey Grisegonelle
619:, Paulist Press, 2003
438:
418:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
370:Battle of Conquereuil
225:Odo I, Count of Blois
92:Hildegarde of Sundgau
634:Bachrach, Bernard S.
602:Christian Thevenot,
481:House of Plantagenet
473:Geoffrey Plantagenet
306:Robert of Vermandois
292:Fulk was the son of
90:Elisabeth of VendĂ´me
615:Jonathan Sumption,
393:Battle of Pontlevoy
294:Geoffrey I of Anjou
278:Beaulieu-lès-Loches
250:, Chateau-Gontier,
135:Fulk III, the Black
581:, p. 102–103.
451:
357:Ermengarde-Blanche
708:House of Ingelger
686:
685:
677:Succeeded by
314:Conan of Brittany
132:
131:
81:House of Ingelger
725:
660:Preceded by
657:
656:
653:
650:Crusader Castles
641:
620:
613:
607:
600:
594:
588:
582:
576:
570:
564:
558:
552:
546:
540:
534:
528:
522:
516:
503:
497:
445:
378:Robert the Pious
268:
155:medieval castles
140:
65:
63:
50:
46:
35:Seal of Fulk III
33:
19:
18:
733:
732:
728:
727:
726:
724:
723:
722:
713:Counts of Anjou
688:
687:
682:
680:Geoffrey Martel
673:
665:
629:
624:
623:
614:
610:
601:
597:
589:
585:
577:
573:
565:
561:
553:
549:
541:
537:
529:
525:
517:
506:
498:
494:
489:
456:
446:castle keep at
443:
409:
366:
321:Count of Nevers
290:
266:
202:Odo II of Blois
149:) was an early
105:
101:
91:
67:
61:
59:
47:
44:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
731:
721:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
684:
683:
678:
675:
670:Count of Anjou
666:
661:
655:
654:
642:
628:
625:
622:
621:
608:
595:
593:, p. 253.
583:
571:
569:, p. 100.
559:
547:
535:
523:
521:, p. 262.
504:
491:
490:
488:
485:
455:
452:
408:
405:
365:
362:
361:
360:
354:
351:Count of Anjou
312:, who married
304:, daughter of
302:Adele of Meaux
289:
286:
284:to Jerusalem.
177:and made four
151:Count of Anjou
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
72:
71:
57:
53:
52:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
730:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
695:
693:
681:
672:
671:
664:
658:
651:
647:
646:Kennedy, Hugh
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:
618:
612:
605:
604:Foulque Nerra
599:
592:
591:Bachrach 1993
587:
580:
579:Bachrach 1993
575:
568:
567:Bachrach 1993
563:
557:, p. 76.
556:
555:Bachrach 1993
551:
545:, p. 16.
544:
543:Bachrach 1993
539:
533:, p. 14.
532:
531:Bachrach 1993
527:
520:
519:Bachrach 1993
515:
513:
511:
509:
502:, p. 12.
501:
496:
492:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
465:(the Bearded)
464:
461:Geoffroy III
449:
442:
437:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
413:
404:
402:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
358:
355:
352:
348:
345:
344:
343:
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
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295:
285:
283:
279:
274:
272:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:Foulque Nerra
144:
136:
128:
125:
121:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
99:
95:
89:
85:
82:
79:
77:
73:
70:
58:
54:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
668:
649:
637:
616:
611:
603:
598:
586:
574:
562:
550:
538:
526:
500:Kennedy 1995
495:
462:
457:
440:
414:
410:
390:
367:
333:
324:
318:
298:Grisegonelle
297:
291:
275:
270:
263:
229:
220:
214:
194:Carolingians
187:
159:Loire Valley
134:
133:
76:Noble family
703:1040 deaths
698:970s births
407:Pilgrimages
386:Conquereuil
347:Geoffrey II
282:pilgrimages
236:Montrichard
179:pilgrimages
692:Categories
475:, married
454:Succession
397:Cher River
260:Semblançay
208:river, at
143:Old French
141:970–1040;
62:1040-06-21
45:Fulk Nerra
674:987–1040
232:Montbazon
190:Capetians
183:Jerusalem
175:Aquitaine
87:Spouse(s)
648:(1995).
636:(1993).
463:Le Barbu
430:Beaulieu
353:in 1040.
340:Lorraine
329:adultery
217:Langeais
163:Brittany
627:Sources
477:Matilda
336:Sundgau
256:Mayenne
248:Amboise
448:Loches
444:'s
382:Nantes
364:Combat
300:, and
288:Family
267:'s
252:Chinon
244:Angers
240:Loches
221:donjon
198:Angers
171:Poitou
123:Mother
113:Father
487:Notes
441:Nerra
439:Fulk
264:Nerra
210:Tours
206:Loire
167:Blois
97:Issue
426:Metz
258:and
173:and
69:Metz
56:Died
41:Born
181:to
51:970
694::
507:^
432:.
331:.
273:.
254:,
246:,
238:,
169:,
165:,
145::
139:c.
49:c.
137:(
64:)
60:(
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