Fundamental rights in India

1931:", while not defined in the Constitution, has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to mean any community which numerically forms less than 50% of the population of the state in which it seeks to avail the right under Article 30. To claim the right, it is essential that the educational institution must have been established as well as administered by a religious or linguistic minority. Further, the right under Article 30 can be availed of even if the educational institution established does not confine itself to the teaching of the religion or language of the minority concerned, or a majority of students in that institution do not belong to such a minority. This right is subject to the power of the State to impose reasonable regulations regarding educational standards, conditions of service of employees, fee structure, and the use of any aid granted by it. 1739:, subject to certain other safeguards present in Article 22. The provisions pertaining to preventive detention were discussed with scepticism and misgivings by the Constituent Assembly, and were reluctantly approved after a few amendments in 1949. Article 22 provides that when a person is detained under any law of preventive detention, the State can detain such person without trial for only three months, and any detention for a longer period must be authorised by an advisory board. The person being detained also has the right to be informed about the grounds of detention, and be permitted to make a representation against it, at the earliest opportunity. 1723:

existence"; it would include the right to live with human dignity and all other aspects which made life "meaningful, complete and worth living". Subsequent judicial interpretation has broadened the scope of Article 21 to include within it a number of rights including those to livelihood, good health, clean environment, water, speedy trial and humanitarian treatment while imprisoned. The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the Fundamental Rights under Article 21A by the 86th Constitutional amendment of 2002. Article 20 provides protection from conviction for offences in certain respects, including the rights against

1716:, that the incorporation of such a clause would hamper social legislation and cause procedural difficulties in maintaining order, and therefore it ought to be excluded from the Constitution altogether. The Constituent Assembly in 1948 eventually omitted the phrase "due process" in favor of "procedure established by law". As a result, Article 21, which prevents the encroachment of life or personal liberty by the State except in accordance with the procedure established by law, was, until 1978, construed narrowly as being restricted to executive action. However, in 1978, the Supreme Court in the case of 2249:, which is built on the basic foundation representing the dignity and freedom of the individual, could not be altered, and that it was "of supreme importance" and could not be destroyed by means of amendment(s) to the Constitution. Many constitutional amendments to Part III of the Constitution were made deleting, adding or diluting the fundamental rights before the judgement of Golaknath case (Constitutional amendments 1, 4, 7, and 16) and after the validity of 24th constitutional amendment was upheld by the Supreme Court (Constitutional amendments 25, 42, 44, 50, 77, 81, 85, 86, 93, and 97). 1903:, the government can imprison a person for a maximum of three months. It means that if the government feels that a person being at liberty can be a threat to the law and order or to the unity and integrity of the nation, it can detain or arrest that person to prevent him/her from doing this possible harm. After three months, such a case is to be brought before an advisory board for review, unless specific legislation(s) by Parliament regarding preventive detention do(es) not necessitate scrutiny by such an advisory board. 1221:. These rights are known as "fundamental" as they are the most essential for all-round development i.e., material, intellectual, moral and spiritual and protected by fundamental law of the land i.e. constitution. If the rights provided by Constitution especially the Fundamental rights are violated the Supreme Court and the High Courts can issue writs under Articles 32 and 226 of the Constitution, respectively, directing the State Machinery for enforcement of the fundamental rights. 1793:. The Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act, 1976, has been enacted by Parliament to give effect to this Article. Article 24 prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in factories, mines and other hazardous jobs. Parliament has enacted the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, providing regulations for the abolition of, and penalties for employing, child labour, as well as provisions for rehabilitation of former child labourers. 4629: 2133:. The phrases "security of State", "public order" and "morality" are of wide implication. The meaning of phrases like "reasonable restrictions" and "the interest of public order" have not been explicitly stated in the Constitution, and this ambiguity leads to unnecessary litigation. The freedom to assemble peaceably and without arms is exercised, but in some cases, these meetings are broken up by the police through the use of non-fatal methods. 1476:, like freedom of speech and religion, were not recognised and protected by the State. According to them, "democracy" is, in essence, a government by opinion and therefore, the means of formulating public opinion should be secured to the people of a democratic nation. For this purpose, the constitution guaranteed to all the citizens of India the freedom of speech and expression and various other freedoms in the form of the fundamental rights. 2327:

there would be no obligation on the part of the State to pay anything as compensation. Furthermore, the aggrieved person would also have no right to move the court under Article 32 due to the right to property no longer being a fundamental right, though it would still be a constitutional one. If the government appeared to have acted unfairly, the action could have been challenged in a court of law by aggrieved citizens before the amendment.

42: 803: 1760: 4573: 1526:. These provisions act as a check both on state action as well as the action of private individuals. However, these rights are not absolute or uncontrolled and are subject to reasonable restrictions as necessary for the protection of general welfare. They can also be selectively curtailed. The Supreme Court has ruled that all provisions of the Constitution, including fundamental rights, can be amended, but that 1879:

prosecution and prison terms of up to one year). In 1996, another Supreme Court ruling nullified the earlier one. But with the passage of the Mental Healthcare Bill 2017, attempted suicide has been decriminalised. "Personal liberty" includes all the freedoms which are not included in Article 19 (that is, the six freedoms). The right to travel abroad is also covered under "personal liberty" in Article 21.

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As per the Act, private educational institutions should reserve 25 percent seats for children from the weaker sections of society. The Union and the state governments had agreed to share the financial burden in the ratio of 55:45, while the Finance Commission gave Rs. 250 billion to the states for implementing the Act. The Union government approved an outlay of Rs. 150 billion for 2010–2011.

1735:. Article 22 provides specific rights to arrested and detained persons, in particular the rights to be informed of the grounds of arrest, consult a lawyer of one's own choice, be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours of the arrest, and the freedom not to be detained beyond that period without an order of the magistrate. The Constitution also authorizes the State to make laws providing for 2022:

Parliament. Article 35 also clarifies that the term "law in force" has the same meaning as in Article 372, which deals with the continuance of existing laws and their adaptation. Article 35 was added to the Constitution by the Constituent Assembly to ensure that there is uniformity and consistency in the laws relating to the fundamental rights across the country.

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principle that no criminal law can be made retrospective, that is, for an act to become an offence, the essential condition is that it should have been an offence legally at the time of committing it. Moreover, no person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. Compulsion in this article refers to what in law is called

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imposing these restrictions vary according to the freedom sought to be restricted and include national security, public order, decency and morality, contempt of court, incitement to offences and defamation. The State is also empowered, in the interests of the general public to nationalize any trade, industry or service to the exclusion of the citizens.

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persons for legitimate purposes, provided there is a reasonable basis for the same, meaning that the classification is required to be non-arbitrary, based on a method of intelligible differentiation among those sought to be classified, as well as have a rational relation to the object sought to be achieved by the classification.

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working in India. India was ranked 88 out of 159 in 2005, according to the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians worldwide. In 2014, India had improved marginally to a rank of 85. The right to equality in matters regarding public employment is not conferred upon

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in 1951. Article 31B says that any acts and regulations included in the Ninth Schedule of the constitution by the Parliament can override the fundamental rights and such laws cannot be repealed or made void by the judiciary on the grounds of violating fundamental rights. Thus fundamental rights given

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even in cases not involving the violation of Fundamental Rights. The Supreme Court has the jurisdiction to enforce the Fundamental Rights even against private bodies, and in case of any violation, award compensation as well to the affected individual. Exercise of jurisdiction by the Supreme Court can

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Article 30 confers upon all religious and linguistic minorities the right to set up and administer educational institutions of their choice to preserve and develop their own culture, and prohibits the State, while granting aid, from discriminating against any institution on the basis of the fact that

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and sects, subject to public order, morality and health, to manage their own affairs in matters of religion, set up institutions of their own for charitable or religious purposes, and own, acquire and manage a property in accordance with law. These provisions do not derogate from the State's power to

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prohibits discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth, and also gender or any of them. This right can be enforced against the State as well as private individuals, with regard to free access to places of public entertainment or places of public resort maintained partly

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announced the implementation of the Act. Children, who had either dropped out of schools or never been to any educational institution, would get elementary education as it would be binding on the part of the local and state governments to ensure that all children in the 6–14 age group get schooling.

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of the Constitution, the fundamental rights of people such as freedom of speech and expression, gathering peaceably without arms and forming associations or unions shall not effect the interests of the sovereignty unity and integrity of India. The words sovereignty and integrity are the qualities to

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more legitimate. Employment of child labour in hazardous job environments has been reduced, but their employment even in non-hazardous jobs, including their prevalent employment as domestic help violates the spirit and ideals of the Constitution. More than 16.5 million children are employed and

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Rights of a person arrested under ordinary circumstances is laid down in the right to life and personal liberty. No one can be arrested without being told the grounds for his arrest. If arrested, the person has the right to defend himself through a lawyer of his choice. Also, an arrested citizen has

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extended the protection of Article 21 to legislative action, holding that any law laying down a procedure must be just, fair and reasonable, and effectively reading due process into Article 21. In the same case, the Supreme Court also ruled that "life" under Article 21 meant more than a mere "animal

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in February 1967, the Supreme Court ruled that Parliament had no power to curtail the fundamental rights. They were made permanent and sacrosanct, reversing the Supreme Court's earlier decision which had upheld Parliament's power to amend all parts of the Constitution, including Part III related to

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is protected as an intrinsic part of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 and as a part of the freedoms guaranteed by Part III of the Constitution. It protects the inner sphere of the individual from interference from both State and non-State actors and allows individuals to make

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and hence, suicide or any attempt thereof, is deemed an offence (attempted suicide being interpreted as a crime has seen many debates. The Supreme Court of India gave a landmark ruling in 1994. The court repealed section 309 of the Indian penal code, under which people attempting suicide could face

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The Right to Freedom is covered in Article 19 to 22, with the view of guaranteeing individual rights that were considered vital by the framers of the Constitution, and these Articles also include certain restrictions that may be imposed by the State on individual liberty under specified conditions.

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These fundamental rights help not only in protection but also the prevention of gross violations of human rights. They emphasise on the fundamental unity of India by guaranteeing to all citizens the access and use of the same facilities, irrespective of background. Some fundamental rights apply for

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The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the fundamental rights in 2002 under the 86th Amendment of 2002. However this right was brought in to implementation after eight years in 2010. On 2 April 2010, India joined a group of few countries in the world, with a historical law

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The liberalisation of the economy and the government's initiative to set up special economic zones has led to many protests by farmers and have led to calls for the reinstatement of the fundamental right to private property. The Supreme Court had sent a notice to the government questioning why the

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of 1978 removed the right to property from the list of fundamental rights. A new provision, Article 300-A, was added to the constitution, which provided that "no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law". Thus, if a legislator made a law depriving a person of his property,

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state's legislature to define "permanent residents" of the state and provide special rights and privileges to them. Article 35A was added to the Constitution through a presidential order in 1954, without any amendment by the Parliament. It was abrogated by another presidential order in 2019, along

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to the armed forces, the restriction of fundamental rights during martial law, and the punishment for violating the fundamental rights. It also states that any law that was in force before the Constitution came into effect on these matters will continue to be valid until amended or repealed by the

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Article 29 grants any section of citizens having a distinct language, script, or culture of its own, the right to conserve and develop the same, and thus safeguards the rights of minorities by preventing the State from imposing any external culture on them. It also prohibits discrimination against

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In 2002, through the 86th Amendment Act, Article 21A was incorporated. It made the right to primary education part of the right to freedom, stating that the state would provide free and compulsory education to children from six to fourteen years of age. Six years after an amendment was made in the

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Protection with respect to a conviction for offences is guaranteed under the right to life and personal liberty. According to Article 20, no one can be awarded punishment which is more than what the law of the land prescribes at the time of commission of the crime. This legal axiom is based on the

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under Articles 19 and 31. Article 19 guaranteed to all citizens the right to acquire, hold and dispose of property. Article 31 provided that "no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law." It also provided that compensation would be paid to a person whose property has been

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throughout the territory of our country, freedom to reside and settle in any part of the country of India and the freedom to practice any profession. All these freedoms are subject to reasonable restrictions that may be imposed on them by the State, listed under Article 19 itself. The grounds for

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The Right to Equality is one of the chief guarantees of the Constitution. It is embodied in Articles 14–18, which collectively encompass the general principles of equality before law and non-discrimination and Articles 17–18 which collectively encompass further the philosophy of social equality.

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Article 34 of the Constitution grants authority to the Parliament to provide indemnification for government servants or individuals who may have taken actions in relation to the maintenance or restoration of order within regions where martial law had been enforced. This constitutional provision

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The first demand for fundamental rights came in the form of the "Constitution of India Bill, in 1895. Also popularly known as the Swaraj Bill 1895, it was written during the emergence of Indian nationalism and increasingly vocal demands by Indians for self-government. It talked about freedom of

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guarantees equality before law as well as equal protection of the law to all people within the territory of India. This includes the equal subjection of all persons to the authority of law, as well as equal treatment of persons in similar circumstances. The latter permits the State to classify

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for the enforcement of their fundamental rights. It is not necessary that the aggrieved party has to be the one to do so. Poverty-stricken people may not have the means to do so and therefore, in the public interest, anyone can commence litigation in the court on their behalf. This is known as

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by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions. When the Constitution of India came into force it basically gave seven fundamental rights to its citizens. However, Right to Property was removed as a Fundamental Right through 44th

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means possessing supreme or ultimate power. "in modern democracies the people's will is in theory sovereign" synonyms: supreme, absolute, unlimited, unrestricted, unrestrained, unbounded, boundless, infinite, ultimate, total, unconditional, full, utter, paramount; principal, chief, dominant,

2049:"If I was asked to name any particular article in this Constitution as the most important – an article without which this Constitution would be a nullity – I could not refer to any other article except this one (Article 32). It is the very soul of the Constitution and the very heart of it." 1813:

and the right to preach, practice and propagate any religion of their choice. This right is, however, subject to public order, morality and health, and the power of the State to take measures for social welfare and reform. The right to propagate, however, does not include the right to

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gave extensive powers to the British government and allowed indefinite arrest and detention of individuals, warrantless searches and seizures, restrictions on public gatherings, and intensive censorship of media and publications. The public opposition to this act eventually led to

2109:. The right to freedom and personal liberty has a number of limiting clauses, and thus has been criticised for failing to check the sanctioning of powers often deemed "excessive". There is also the provision of preventive detention and suspension of fundamental rights in times of 1626:

in matters of public employment and prevents the State from discriminating against anyone in matters of employment on the grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, place of residence or income. It creates exceptions for the implementation of measures of

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has been given the status of a fundamental right under Article 19(1) of the Constitution in 2005. Article 19 (1) under which every citizen has freedom of speech and expression and the right to know how the government works, what roles it plays, what its functions are, and so on.

1388:. Also, the directive principles of state policy in Irish constitution were looked upon by the people of India as an inspiration for independent India's government to comprehensively tackle complex social and economic challenges across a vast, diverse nation and population. 1940:

Article 32 provides a guaranteed remedy, in the form of a Fundamental Right itself, for enforcement of all the other Fundamental Rights, and the Supreme Court is designated as the protector of these rights by the Constitution. The Supreme Court has been empowered to issue

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prohibits the State from conferring any titles other than military or academic distinctions, and the citizens of India cannot accept titles from a foreign state. Thus, Indian aristocratic titles and title of nobility conferred by the British have been abolished. However,

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has an adverse effect on these rights. Under such a state, the rights conferred by Article 19 (freedoms of speech, assembly and movement, etc.) remain suspended. Hence, in such a situation, the legislature may make laws that go against the rights given in Article 19. The

2195:, which has to be passed by a special majority of both houses of Parliament. This means that an amendment requires the approval of two-thirds of the members present and voting. However, the number of members voting in support of the amendment shall not be less than the 1836:

in a wholly or partially state-funded educational institution, and educational institutions receiving aid from the State .The State cannot compel any of their members to receive religious instruction or attend religious worship without their (or their guardian's)

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had said that the rights invested with the Supreme Court through this Article could not be taken away unless the Constitution itself is amended and hence it was 'one of the greatest safeguards that can be provided for the safety and security of the individual'.

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The fundamental rights were included in the constitution because they were considered essential for the development of the personality of every individual and to preserve human dignity. The writers of the constitution regarded democracy of no avail if

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of a reasonable number of seats by the State for socially and educationally backward classes, as well as reservation of up to, 50 percent of seats in any educational institution run by a minority community for citizens belonging to that

1855:(injury, beating or unlawful imprisonment to make a person do something that he may not want to do). This article is known as a safeguard against self-incrimination. The other principle enshrined in this article is known as the principle of 1912:

The Cultural and Educational rights, given in Articles 29 and 30, are measures to protect the rights of cultural, linguistic, and religious minorities, by enabling them to conserve their heritage and protecting them against discrimination.

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are not equally applicable in each state /region and can be made different by making additions/deletions to Ninth Schedule by constitutional amendments. In 2007, the Supreme Court ruled that there could not be any blanket immunity from

2105:, the right to economic assistance in case of unemployment, old age, and similar rights be enshrined as constitutional guarantees to address issues of poverty and economic insecurity, though these provisions have been enshrined in the 2106: 2016:

Article 35 of the Indian Constitution is a provision that gives the Parliament the exclusive power to make laws on certain matters related to the fundamental rights, such as the reservation of public employment, the application of

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persons of any nationality whereas others are available only to the citizens of India. The right to life and personal liberty is available to all people and so is the right to freedom of religion. On the other hand, freedoms of

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The fundamental rights were included in the First Draft Constitution (February 1948), the Second Draft Constitution (17 October 1948) and final Third Draft Constitution (26 November 1949), prepared by the Drafting Committee.

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or any act of compelling a person to work without wages where he was legally entitled not to work or to receive remuneration for it. However, it permits the State to impose compulsory service for public purposes, including

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for the benefit of any backward class of citizens to ensure adequate representation in public service, as well as reservation of an office of any religious institution for a person professing that particular religion.

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In the following period attempts were made from quarters asking the British government to grants rights for Indians. These demand were made in resolution by the INC between 1917 and 1919 in several reports and bills

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Fundamental rights primarily protect individuals from any arbitrary state actions, but some rights are enforceable against individuals. For instance, the Constitution abolishes untouchability and also prohibits

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The school management committee or the local authority would identify the drop-outs or out-of-school children aged above six and admit them in classes appropriate to their age after giving special training.

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status for India and elections under universal suffrage, would guarantee rights deemed fundamental, representation for religious and ethnic minorities, and limit the powers of the government. In 1931, the

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The Right against Exploitation contained in Articles 23–24, lays down certain provisions to prevent exploitation of the weaker sections of the society by individuals or the State. Article 23 prohibits

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or wholly out of State funds. However, the State is not precluded from making special provisions for women and children or any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens, including the

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throughout the country demanding guaranteed civil freedoms, and limitations on government power. Indians, who were seeking independence and their own government, were particularly influenced by the

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where every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality and life. These rights apply universally to all citizens of India, irrespective of their

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any citizen for admission into any educational institutions maintained or aided by the State, on the grounds only of religion, race, caste, language or any of them. However, this is subject to

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for the laws inserted in the Ninth Schedule. Apex court also stated it shall examine laws included in the Ninth Schedule after 1973 for any incompatibility with the basic structure doctrine.

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can be used by the recipient as a title and do not, accordingly, come within the constitutional prohibition". The Supreme Court, on 15 December 1995, upheld the validity of such awards.

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within 24 hours. The rights of a person arrested under ordinary circumstances are not available to an enemy alien. They are also not available to persons under any law providing for

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Protection of life and personal liberty is also stated under the right to life and personal liberty. Article 21 declares that no citizen can be denied his life and liberty except by

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acquire property belonging to a religious denomination. The State is also empowered to regulate any economic, political or other secular activity associated with religious practice.

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in 1971, the fundamental rights given to the people were permanent and could not be repealed or diluted by Parliament. The 24th constitutional amendment introduced a new article –

2267: 3916: 3097: 1349:, it was held by the Apex Court that Fundamental Rights can be amended by the Parliament, however, such amendment should not contravene the basic structure of the Constitution. 1404:(the largest Indian political party of the time) adopted resolutions committing itself to the defence of fundamental civil rights, as well as socio-economic rights such as the 4773: 4377: 6972: 2347:

is said to be of direct benefit to children who do not go to school. This Act provides for the appointment of teachers with the requisite entry and academic qualifications.

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Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices. Specifically, they have also been used to abolish

5724: 5124: 4912: 1975:, for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights, while the High Courts have been empowered under Article 226 – which is not a Fundamental Right in itself – to issue these 693: 685: 677: 2168:

of Part 1 of the Indian constitution, defines India (Bharat) as a Union of states. In a nutshell, India "is its people, not its land", as enshrined in the Constitution.

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is a fundamental right, the cases involving violations of fundamental rights take an inordinate amount of time for resolution by the Supreme Court which is against the

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The freedoms guaranteed by Article 19 are further sought to be protected by Articles 20–22. The scope of these articles, particularly with respect to the doctrine of

1236:, freedom of association and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of 3749: 1805:

in India. According to the Constitution, there is no official State religion, and the State is required to treat all religions equally, impartially and neutrally.

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wanted a specific guarantee of fundamental rights expressly incorporated in the constitution so that it could be easily enforced. He drafted this Article 32.

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The Constitution guarantees the right to life and personal liberty, which in turn cites specific provisions in which these rights are applied and enforced:

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Constitutional Amendment in 1978. In 2009, Right to Education Act was added. Every child between the age of 6 to 14 years is entitled to free education.

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and hence prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. They also forbid trafficking of human beings and

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in any form, making it an offense punishable by law. The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 was enacted by Parliament to further this objective.

633: 593: 393: 353: 337: 333: 3938: 2535:, State (encompassing all the authorities in India) has been capitalised and the term state (referring to the state governments) is in lowercase. 2394: 1509: 778: 513: 473: 433: 317: 273: 3424: 7160: 6581: 5069: 321: 301: 221: 4790: 4561: 1420:, which inspired the fundamental duties of citizens as a means of collective patriotic responsibility for national interests and challenges. 305: 289: 281: 225: 205: 2613: 5864: 4147: 2262: 313: 309: 297: 293: 285: 277: 209: 193: 3442: 1309:

literally mean those freedoms which are essential for personal good as well as the good of the community. The rights guaranteed under the

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Article 27 guarantees that no one can be compelled to pay taxes for the promotion of any particular religion or religious institution.

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of law. This means that a person's life and personal liberty can be disputed only if that person has committed a crime. However, the

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Article 33 of the Indian constitution grants the Parliament the authority to enact legislation aimed at limiting the extension of

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Article 19 guarantees six freedoms in the nature of civil rights, which are available only to citizens of India. These include the

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When India obtained independence on 15 August 1947, the task of developing a constitution for the nation was undertaken by the

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composing of representatives of Indian political parties proposed constitutional reforms for India that apart from calling for

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of the Supreme Court also upheld with majority the validity of the 24th constitutional amendment. However, it ruled that the

2165: 1456: 161: 153: 141: 129: 121: 105: 81: 73: 50: 7544: 7539: 7400: 7213: 7137: 6210: 5874: 4716: 4319: 4264:"What causes judicial delay? Judgements diluting time frames in Code of Civil Procedure worsen the problem of adjournments" 3997: 2114: 1385: 855: 157: 137: 117: 101: 77: 69: 4193: 3666:"Article 34 Constitution of India: Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area" 2092:"Right to Privacy is an integral part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty guaranteed in Article 21 of the Constitution," 6228: 6059: 5481: 4907: 3742: 2389: 2026: 1166: 951: 771: 113: 65: 6483: 6478: 6337: 5455: 5415: 4885: 4843: 4055: 4023: 2670:

This was the case where fundamental rights were enforced against private individuals (date of ruling 15 December 1995).

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The Right to Freedom of Religion, covered in Articles 25–28, provides religious freedom to all citizens and ensures a

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be cultivated/emulated by Indian people as urged by the Constitution but not used related to the territory of India.

2160: 2118: 1990:. This right cannot be suspended, except under the provisions of Article 352, when a state of emergency is declared. 860: 4218: 7058: 7053: 7046: 6669: 6639: 5744: 5709: 5486: 4890: 4858: 4853: 4766: 4682: 4660: 4110: 2238: 1689: 1417: 1192: 697: 3887: 3720: 3695: 3629: 3599: 7433: 7243: 7068: 7004: 6977: 6223: 5915: 5714: 5658: 4950: 4848: 4838: 4297: 3964: 3837:"DNA Explainer: Why is Article 32 called 'heart' and 'soul' of Constitution and its ever changing interpretation" 2532: 2299: 1718: 1452: 827: 817: 1607:. This exception has been provided since the classes of people mentioned are considered deprived and in need of 7602: 7592: 7343: 6923: 5410: 4689: 1747: 764: 25: 7328: 7191: 6953: 6747: 6664: 6503: 6253: 5929: 5889: 5633: 2684:; AIR 1973 S.C. 1461, (1973) 4 SCC 225 – In what became famously known as the "Fundamental Rights case", the 2524: 2149: 2122: 2101:

The fundamental rights have been revised for many reasons. Political and other groups have demanded that the

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cannot alter the basic structure of the constitution. Since the fundamental rights can be altered only by a

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another individual, since it would amount to an infringement of the other's right to freedom of conscience.

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and are enforceable in a court of law. However, this does not mean that they are absolute or immune from

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to particular groups, which may encompass individuals within the Indian Army and intelligence agencies.

1318: 236: 7556: 7492: 7029: 6997: 6918: 6397: 6258: 6180: 6049: 6034: 5997: 5884: 5779: 5739: 5496: 5465: 5374: 5052: 5007: 4756: 4749: 4744: 4672: 4569: 4222: 2585: 1987: 1489: 1479:

All people, irrespective of race, religion, caste or gender, have been given the right to petition the

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Article 35 should not be confused with Article 35A, which was a separate article that empowered the

7534: 7019: 6875: 6850: 6619: 6248: 6200: 6190: 6150: 6140: 5774: 5729: 5689: 5663: 5643: 5420: 5369: 5327: 5208: 5192: 4981: 4833: 4805: 4249:"2. Analysis of the legal position in India on speedy trial versus judicial delay | Article 2" 3939:"Babasaheb's warning: In politics, hero-worship is a path to degradation and eventual dictatorship" 3045:

Article – Law and the Poor: Some Recent Developments in India (Book – Criminal Law and Criminology)

2272: 2246: 2192: 2085: 2074: 2013:

of those involved in maintaining or restoring order during periods when martial law was in effect.

1444: 1401: 1377: 744: 739: 60: 7529: 7122: 7110: 7080: 6742: 6689: 6463: 6233: 6185: 6076: 6039: 6029: 6024: 5769: 5694: 5618: 5094: 4870: 4795: 4694: 4677: 4655: 4471: 2624: 2528: 2062: 1623: 1245: 4628: 4144: 7477: 7117: 7073: 6948: 6880: 6870: 6835: 6473: 6468: 6317: 6130: 6125: 6071: 5992: 5762: 5757: 5734: 5570: 5057: 4945: 4940: 4778: 4736: 4704: 3748:. Government of India, Ministry of Law and Justice, Legislative Department. pp. 5 and 33. 2685: 2153: 2126: 1822: 1697: 1535: 1480: 1218: 1061: 3043: 1554:

may by order suspend the right to move the court for the enforcement of other rights as well.

7438: 7311: 7296: 7165: 7142: 6860: 6710: 6634: 6586: 6576: 6165: 6113: 6098: 5539: 5460: 5389: 5384: 5177: 5142: 5084: 5000: 4591: 2689: 2144: 1810: 1505: 1310: 1233: 1210: 1146: 1086: 946: 941: 876: 33: 7223: 6958: 6896: 6865: 6855: 6815: 6810: 6549: 6488: 6342: 6135: 6118: 5595: 4964: 2292: 1919: 1900: 1896: 1736: 1608: 1484: 1459:

and called upon all member states to adopt these rights in their respective constitutions.

1185: 1121: 1005: 916: 901: 896: 886: 4399: 1416:. Committing themselves to socialism in 1936, the Congress leaders took examples from the 8: 7514: 7507: 7502: 7301: 7238: 7228: 7024: 6992: 6963: 6357: 6312: 6276: 6195: 6002: 5979: 5752: 5575: 5347: 5256: 4823: 4667: 4601: 4577: 4171: 2516: 2512: 2511:

The term "State" includes all authorities within the territory of India. It includes the

2384: 2374: 1959: 1833: 1713: 1701: 1693: 1539: 1527: 1269: 1136: 1116: 1056: 990: 891: 7458: 7443: 7410: 7360: 7323: 7100: 7063: 6933: 6840: 6795: 6790: 6629: 6614: 6593: 6523: 6498: 6443: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6019: 5519: 5394: 5364: 5317: 5284: 5099: 4699: 4643: 3879: 3394: 2858: 2649: 2563: 2379: 2054: 2018: 1994: 1732: 1628: 1551: 1381: 1156: 1151: 1081: 1025: 983: 956: 749: 7497: 7487: 7482: 7385: 7370: 7105: 6987: 6982: 6845: 6825: 6820: 6732: 6727: 6544: 6493: 6304: 6103: 5967: 5668: 5322: 4517: 4498: 4475: 3049: 2322:

The provisions relating to the right to property were changed a number of times. The

2315: 1790: 1777: 1724: 1501: 1229: 1225: 1161: 1126: 1111: 1030: 1015: 963: 936: 3398: 3374: 7425: 7380: 7375: 7275: 7248: 7095: 6906: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6720: 6609: 6564: 6385: 6294: 6066: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5924: 5653: 5613: 5544: 5246: 5074: 5064: 5034: 4761: 4463: 4348: 3386: 3138: 2981: 2814: 2136: 2080: 1976: 1604: 1600: 1440: 1106: 3913:"Explained: What have been the Supreme Court's recent observations on Article 32?" 2302:

case, the Supreme Court ruled that the amendment to Article 31C was not valid and

2139:

has not been included in the right to freedom, which is necessary for formulating

7524: 7448: 7390: 7355: 7036: 7014: 6938: 6715: 5839: 5834: 5824: 5817: 5585: 5440: 5425: 5251: 5134: 4616: 4355: 4294:"Paras 316 and 317 of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, (AIR 1973 SC 1461)" 4151: 4129: 3493: 3145: 2520: 2002: 1856: 1728: 1675: 1473: 1428: 1178: 1131: 1101: 1071: 1066: 968: 734: 3990: 1712:, was heavily debated by the Constituent Assembly. It was argued, especially by 7551: 7519: 7465: 7415: 7405: 7306: 7127: 7009: 6785: 5920: 5648: 5638: 5450: 5359: 5312: 5307: 5279: 5236: 5231: 5167: 4197: 3802:"What is Article 32 which Ambedkar said was 'heart' and 'soul' of Constitution" 2351: 2140: 2042: 2038: 1928: 1644: 1512:. The right to equality in matters of public employment cannot be conferred to 1432: 1409: 1325: 1096: 1076: 1020: 3390: 2084:

autonomous life choices. On 24 August 2017, the Supreme Court of India in its

7581: 7453: 7316: 7041: 6559: 6518: 5846: 5802: 5699: 5274: 5213: 5182: 5162: 5157: 4494: 4111:

Constitution of India-Part IV Article 41 Directive Principles of State Policy

3472: 2102: 1947: 1884: 1871: 1802: 1781: 1767: 1664: 1660: 1522: 1329: 1241: 1214: 1091: 881: 2480: 1332:. They also protect cultural and educational rights of ethnic and religious 6569: 6539: 6086: 5549: 5266: 5152: 2545: 2331:

right should not be brought back, but in 2010, the Court rejected the PIL.

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essentially empowers the Parliament to absolve these individuals from any

7470: 6674: 6289: 6284: 6012: 5829: 5812: 5704: 5332: 5299: 5241: 5223: 5187: 4865: 2303: 2204: 2176: 2031: 2010: 2006: 1867: 1860: 1815: 1709: 1372: 4056:"Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) & anr. v. Union of India & ors" 4024:"Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) & anr. v. Union of India & ors" 3991:"Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) & anr. v. Union of India & ors" 2005:

or consequences arising from their actions undertaken in the context of

1942: 1244:. Violations of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the 6513: 6405: 5807: 5491: 5289: 4611: 4606: 3883: 3867: 3687: 3621: 2485: 2430:

https://jobseek.buzz/2023/09/08/fundamental-rights-indian-constitution/

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making education a fundamental right of every child coming into force.

1965: 1892: 1347: 1333: 729: 724: 1667:

distinctions can be conferred on the citizens of India. The awards of

6007: 4828: 2200: 1249: 5580: 16:

Inalienable rights guaranteed to People in India by its Constitution

6410: 5445: 3806: 2196: 2009:

implementation. In essence, it allows for the legal protection and

1982: 1953: 1493: 1396: 1217:

such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as

1927:

it is administered by a religious or cultural minority. The term "

802: 41: 3443:"Mental health bill decriminalising suicide passed by Parliament" 1759: 1413: 1449:

committees and sub-committees responsible for different subjects

4992: 4597:

Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties

1852: 1265: 794: 3083:"Criminal Rights and Constitutional Wrongs: A View from India" 2053:

During the Constituent Assembly debates in December 1948, Dr.

1427:, composed of elected representatives under the presidency of 4572: 3755:

from the original on 29 December 2023 – via India Code.

1780:, making it an offence punishable by law, and also prohibits 1261: 3868:"Right to Constitutional Remedy: Significance of Article 32" 2623:. rajyasabha.nic.in/, Rajya Sabha. p. 5. Archived from 2296:(earlier applicable only to clauses b & c of Article 39) 7170: 3226: 1237: 2523:. It also includes all local or other authorities such as 4400:"Court rejects plea to make property a fundamental right" 2591: 2481:"Sardar Patel was the real architect of the Constitution" 2446: 4516:(13th ed.). Nagpur: Wadhwa & Co. p. 1972. 3721:"Article 35 Constitution of India | Article 35 in Hindi" 3600:"Article 33 Constitution of India | Article 33 in Hindi" 3003:"Water as a Fundamental Right: A Perspective from India" 1313:

are fundamental as they have been incorporated into the

3480: 2656:. www.worldlii.org, World Legal Information Institute. 2570:. www.worldlii.org, World Legal Information Institute. 2970:"Making social rights conditional: Lessons from India" 2345:

Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act

2233:– enabling Parliament to legislate on the subjects of 6219:

Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)

4430:"Education is now a fundamental right of every child" 2034:, which granted special status to Jammu and Kashmir. 2210: 3771:"Article 32: Rights for All or for a Favoured Few?" 3219:"Home: Central Information Commission (CIC) Online" 1935: 1772:

is prohibited under the Right against Exploitation.

1466: 1364:speech, right to privacy, right to franchise, etc. 6067:Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators 2725: 2723: 2065:is present for enforcement of fundamental rights. 1907: 2588:was introduced (date of ruling 15 December 1995). 2441:Constitution of India-Part III Fundamental Rights 7579: 4468:The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation 2291:of the Constitution to accord precedence to the 1496:on their own on the basis of newspaper reports. 1378:mass campaigns of non-violent civil disobedience 1302:Right to constitutional remedies (Article 32–35) 2720: 2395:List of amendments of the Constitution of India 2298:over the fundamental rights of individuals. In 2129:and political violence, without safeguards for 1796: 1492:". In some cases, High Court judges have acted 1299:Cultural and educational rights (Article 29–30) 1224:These include individual rights common to most 4361: 2199:of the total members of a house – whether the 1252:. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic 5008: 4555: 4533:Indian History, World Developments and Civics 4099:Indian History, World Developments and Civics 2703:Indian History, World Developments and Civics 2314:The Constitution originally provided for the 1754: 1742: 1534:, their inclusion is a check not only on the 1209:enshrined in part III (Article 12–35) of the 1186: 772: 2552:. New York and London: Harpers and Brothers. 2191:Changes to the fundamental rights require a 1887:cleared the Right to Education Bill in 2008. 1296:Right to freedom of religion (Article 25–28) 3570: 3568: 3519: 3517: 3504: 3502: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3048:. New Delhi: Deep & Deep. p. 564. 2974:International Journal of Constitutional Law 2681:Kesavananda Bharati vs. The State of Kerala 2473: 2278: 2215: 5015: 5001: 4562: 4548: 4530: 3769:Acharyulu, M. Sridhar (21 November 2020). 3134: 3132: 3130: 2597: 2519:, the governments and legislatures of the 2452: 2252: 1293:Right against exploitation (Article 23–24) 1193: 1179: 779: 765: 6229:Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) 6109:Fundamental rights, principles and duties 4491:Introduction to the Constitution of India 4368:Mahapatra, Dhananjay (28 February 2009). 4367: 3965:"Justice KS Puttaswamy v. Union of India" 3768: 2985: 2652:Bodhisattwa Gautam vs. Subhra Chakraborty 2566:Bodhisattwa Gautam vs. Subhra Chakraborty 1278:France's Declaration of the Rights of Man 6171:Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) 4093: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4083: 3831: 3829: 3799: 3764: 3762: 3709:Article 35A of the Constitution of India 3565: 3514: 3499: 3372: 3301: 2688:decided that the basic structure of the 1758: 7270: 5173:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley 4774:Lieutenant governors and administrators 4342: 4123:Senior Inspector justifies lathi-charge 3907: 3905: 3865: 3644:"Article 34 Of The Indian Constitution" 3127: 2400:List of acts of the Parliament of India 1591:Article 15 of the Constitution of India 1573:Article 14 of the Constitution of India 7580: 6459:Securities and Exchange Board of India 5566:National Geological Monuments of India 4462: 4261: 4036:from the original on 23 September 2020 4013:This citation is of the interim order. 4003:from the original on 23 September 2020 3800:Krishnan, Revathi (17 November 2020). 3731:from the original on 3 September 2023. 3676:from the original on 3 September 2023. 3654:from the original on 10 December 2023. 3610:from the original on 3 September 2023. 3193: 2967: 2919: 2907: 2608: 2606: 2531:etc. To avoid confusion with the term 1809:Article 25 guarantees all persons the 1343:Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala 7269: 6383: 6259:Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) 6224:Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) 5965: 5517: 5032: 4996: 4543: 4300:from the original on 14 December 2014 4274:from the original on 4 September 2017 4156:2006 Indian anti-reservation protests 4134:2006 Indian anti-reservation protests 4080: 3945:from the original on 27 February 2021 3847:from the original on 26 November 2020 3826: 3814:from the original on 29 December 2020 3781:from the original on 10 December 2020 3759: 3688:"Article 35 in Constitution of India" 3622:"Article 33 in Constitution of India" 2865:from the original on 13 November 2013 2660:from the original on 22 November 2005 2574:from the original on 22 November 2005 2544: 2527:, Municipal Boards, District Boards, 2334: 2068: 1457:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 4511: 4488: 4410:from the original on 22 October 2010 4097:Tayal, B.B. & Jacob, A. (2005), 3971:from the original on 16 January 2019 3902: 3586: 3574: 3559: 3547: 3535: 3523: 3508: 3360: 3348: 3336: 3324: 3312: 3295: 3283: 3271: 3259: 3247: 3205: 3181: 3169: 3157: 3121: 3041: 2955: 2943: 2931: 2895: 2883: 2845: 2801: 2789: 2777: 2765: 2753: 2741: 2729: 2714: 2701:Tayal, B.B. & Jacob, A. (2005), 2505: 2309: 2115:Maintenance of Internal Security Act 2107:directive principles of state policy 2096: 1557: 6254:National Investigation Agency (NIA) 6176:Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) 5865:Autonomous administrative divisions 4422: 4406:. Chennai, India. 19 October 2010. 4330:from the original on 1 October 2018 3866:Rakshit, Nirmalendu Bikash (1999). 3698:from the original on 14 March 2024. 3632:from the original on 14 March 2024. 3080: 2603: 2390:Part I of the Constitution of India 2247:basic structure of the constitution 2027:Jammu and Kashmir (union territory) 1841: 1682: 13: 6244:Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) 4370:"Should right to property return?" 4262:Ranjan, Brajesh (25 August 2016). 3919:from the original on 28 April 2021 3453:from the original on 27 March 2017 3000: 2616:Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2003 2464: 2154:Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2003 2113:. The provisions of acts like the 14: 7614: 7598:National human rights instruments 6439:Ministry of Commerce and Industry 6181:Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) 5466:Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) 4380:from the original on 4 March 2009 4320:"IX Schedule laws open to review" 4219:Index of perception of corruption 4196:. 3 December 2014. Archived from 4068:from the original on 17 July 2020 3023:from the original on 25 June 2020 2827:from the original on 29 June 2021 2237:using its constituent powers per 2225:fundamental rights. Up until the 2211:Fundamental rights and its issues 2181:justice delayed is justice denied 2119:Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act 1891:to be brought before the nearest 1287:Right to equality (Article 14–18) 5022: 4627: 4571: 4531:Tayal, B. B.; Jacob, A. (2005). 3890:from the original on 25 May 2020 3405:from the original on 21 May 2008 3375:"Indian grants right to suicide" 3090:Singapore Academy of Law Journal 3062:from the original on 20 May 2021 1936:Right to Constitutional Remedies 1690:freedom of speech and expression 1467:Significance and characteristics 1418:Constitution of the Soviet Union 1290:Right to freedom (Article 19–22) 1283:The six fundamental rights are: 801: 40: 5482:History of India (1947–present) 4392: 4312: 4286: 4255: 4241: 4228: 4212: 4186: 4160: 4138: 4116: 4104: 4048: 4016: 3983: 3957: 3931: 3859: 3793: 3735: 3713: 3702: 3680: 3658: 3636: 3614: 3592: 3580: 3553: 3541: 3529: 3465: 3435: 3417: 3366: 3354: 3342: 3330: 3318: 3289: 3277: 3265: 3253: 3241: 3211: 3199: 3187: 3175: 3163: 3151: 3115: 3074: 3035: 2994: 2961: 2949: 2937: 2925: 2913: 2901: 2889: 2877: 2851: 2839: 2807: 2795: 2783: 2771: 2759: 2747: 2735: 2708: 2695: 2673: 2642: 2533:states and territories of India 2493:from the original on 5 May 2006 2300:Minerva Mills v. Union of India 1908:Cultural and educational rights 1719:Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India 1453:United Nations General Assembly 1248:, subject to discretion of the 1228:, such as equality before law, 828:Natural rights and legal rights 818:Claim rights and liberty rights 6249:Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) 6201:Special Protection Group (SPG) 6191:Railway Protection Force (RPF) 4436:. 1 April 2010. Archived from 4194:"How corrupt is your country?" 2556: 2538: 2458: 2434: 2423: 2263:first constitutional amendment 2243:13 member constitutional bench 1435:became the chairperson of the 1: 7344:Engineering colleges in India 6973:Electronics and semiconductor 6186:National Security Guard (NSG) 5930:World Heritage Sites in India 5518: 4535:. Avichal Publishing Company. 4514:Shorter Constitution of India 3872:Economic and Political Weekly 2416: 2227:24th constitutional amendment 2186: 1650: 1635: 1614: 1584: 1566: 1425:Constituent Assembly of India 856:Economic, social and cultural 715:Constituent Assembly of India 6234:Enforcement Directorate (ED) 6055:State legislative assemblies 5966: 5895:States and union territories 5604:Biogeographic classification 4903:State legislative assemblies 4493:(15th ed.). New Delhi: 3477:; AIR 1978 S.C. 597, (1978). 2370:Lawmaking procedure in India 2235:Part III of the constitution 1797:Right to freedom of religion 1510:non-resident Indian citizens 1359:Indian independence movement 1274:United States Bill of Rights 1260:, place of birth, religion, 1152:Self-determination of people 833:Negative and positive rights 7: 7401:Water supply and sanitation 6384: 6166:Border Security Force (BSF) 5911:National monuments of India 5033: 3743:"The Constitution of India" 2550:Liberty in the Modern State 2362: 2319:taken for public purposes. 1547:state of national emergency 1384:and the development of the 1315:Fundamental Law of the Land 1207:Fundamental Rights in India 823:Individual and group rights 10: 7619: 6454:Central Statistical Office 6060:State legislative councils 6035:Union Council of Ministers 4908:State legislative councils 4673:Union Council of Ministers 4456: 4223:Transparency International 2586:Public interest litigation 2150:overseas citizens of India 2072: 1988:public interest litigation 1821:Article 26 guarantees all 1755:Right against exploitation 1743:Right to information (RTI) 1643:abolishes the practice of 1588: 1570: 1514:overseas citizens of India 1490:public interest litigation 1356: 1352: 720:Constitution bench (India) 7424: 7334:Medical colleges in India 7289: 7285: 7265: 7184: 7153: 6889: 6758: 6698: 6650: 6602: 6532: 6484:Foreign exchange reserves 6479:Foreign direct investment 6449:Economic Advisory Council 6419: 6396: 6392: 6379: 6303: 6275: 6209: 6196:Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) 6158: 6149: 6094: 6085: 5978: 5974: 5961: 5903: 5855: 5793: 5682: 5594: 5576:Sacred mountains of India 5558: 5530: 5526: 5513: 5474: 5403: 5298: 5265: 5222: 5201: 5148:Indus Valley Civilisation 5133: 5045: 5041: 5028: 4933: 4923:Leaders of the Opposition 4913:Speakers and Chairpersons 4816: 4636: 4625: 4584: 3391:10.1136/bmj.308.6941.1392 3096:: 714–735. Archived from 2410:The Constitution of India 1883:Indian Constitution, the 6620:Multi Commodity Exchange 6239:Intelligence Bureau (IB) 4891:Leader of the Opposition 4859:Leader of the Opposition 4512:Basu, Durga Das (2003). 4489:Basu, Durga Das (1993). 4349:44th Amendment Act, 1978 3139:86th Amendment Act, 2002 3081:Dam, Shubhankar (2013). 2584:This was the case where 2489:. United News of India. 2279:Amendment to Article 31C 2216:Basic structure doctrine 2193:constitutional amendment 2086:Right to Privacy verdict 2075:Right to Privacy verdict 1542:and state legislatures. 1532:constitutional amendment 1445:Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 1402:Indian National Congress 1319:Constitutional amendment 1270:England's Bill of Rights 810:Theoretical distinctions 745:Basic structure doctrine 6464:Enforcement Directorate 5925:Indian-origin religions 5916:National parks of India 5725:Highest point by states 5487:Economic liberalisation 4472:Oxford University Press 4168:"Child labour in India" 3487:right to education bill 3144:9 December 2011 at the 2968:Khosla, Madhav (2011). 2253:Validity of Article 31B 2063:constitutional remedies 1823:religious denominations 1624:equality of opportunity 1447:became chairpersons of 1382:independence of Ireland 1246:Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 7434:Arts and entertainment 7069:Science and technology 7005:Information technology 6685:Government initiatives 5581:Sacred rivers of India 5571:Sacred groves of India 5125:Science and technology 4946:Chief Justice of India 4941:Supreme Court of India 4791:Deputy chief ministers 4705:Central Civil Services 4495:Prentice Hall of India 4354:24 August 2018 at the 4145:Lathi Charge in Mumbai 2598:Tayal & Jacob 2005 2525:Municipal Corporations 2453:Tayal & Jacob 2005 2350:Former Prime Minister 2161:Article 19 of Part III 2127:cross-border terrorism 2094: 2051: 1773: 1698:freedom of association 1049:Other groups of rights 7603:Human rights in India 7593:Constitution of India 7391:Socio-economic issues 7339:Law colleges in India 7329:Universities in India 6577:Reserve Bank of India 5380:Independence movement 5178:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 4801:Principal secretaries 4690:Deputy Prime Minister 3373:Nandan G (May 1994). 2690:Constitution of India 2145:freedom of expression 2123:National Security Act 2090: 2047: 1986:or on the basis of a 1874:does not include the 1834:religious instruction 1832:Article 28 prohibits 1811:freedom of conscience 1762: 1408:and the abolition of 1311:Constitution of India 1211:Constitution of India 869:Rights by beneficiary 34:Constitution of India 6665:Economic development 6509:Voluntary guidelines 6504:Industrial licensing 5634:Environmental issues 5416:Non-Aligned Movement 5193:Seleucid–Mauryan war 4200:on 16 September 2018 4150:17 June 2008 at the 4128:30 June 2018 at the 3915:. 19 November 2020. 3878:(34/35): 2379–2381. 3843:. 18 November 2020. 3492:26 June 2009 at the 3042:Gaur, K. D. (2002). 2546:Laski, Harold Joseph 2293:Directive Principles 1901:preventive detention 1897:preventive detention 1748:Right to information 1737:preventive detention 1167:Water and sanitation 6427:Ministry of Finance 5431:Indo-Pakistani wars 5375:Partition of Bengal 4578:Government of India 3941:. 15 October 2019. 3725:Indian Constitution 3604:Indian Constitution 3229:on 10 February 2016 3103:on 19 December 2014 2987:10.1093/icon/mor005 2517:Parliament of India 2513:Government of India 2385:Federalism in India 2220:While deciding the 2152:, according to the 1714:Benegal Narsing Rau 1702:freedom of movement 1694:freedom of assembly 1226:liberal democracies 851:Civil and political 7588:Fundamental rights 7396:Standard of living 7086:Telecommunications 6603:Financial services 6524:Atmanirbhar Bharat 6444:Finance Commission 5609:Biosphere reserves 5365:Bengal Renaissance 5353:Commander-in-Chief 5318:East India Company 4876:Deputy Chairperson 4700:All India Services 4374:The Times of India 4268:The Times of India 3562:, pp. 354–355 3550:, pp. 348–349 3538:, pp. 346–347 3447:The Indian Express 3351:, pp. 336–337 3327:, pp. 327–328 3262:, pp. 110–111 3196:, pp. 110–112 3172:, pp. 282–284 3124:, pp. 260–261 3010:Vermont Law Review 2946:, pp. 105–106 2922:, pp. 104–105 2910:, pp. 101–102 2859:"Right To Freedom" 2848:, pp. 167–168 2780:, pp. 133–134 2465:Gandhi, Rajmohan. 2380:President of India 2335:Right to education 2055:Babasaheb Ambedkar 2019:fundamental rights 1995:fundamental rights 1774: 1733:self-incrimination 1725:ex post facto laws 1629:affirmative action 1609:special protection 1437:Drafting Committee 1386:Irish constitution 750:Uniform civil code 7575: 7574: 7571: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7261: 7260: 7257: 7256: 6806:Jammu and Kashmir 6432:Finance ministers 6375: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6363:Women in politics 6338:Political parties 6271: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6077:Chief Secretaries 6050:State governments 6045:Cabinet Secretary 5998:Foreign relations 5957: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5509: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5497:COVID-19 pandemic 5370:Political reforms 4990: 4989: 4954: 4898:State legislature 4844:Secretary General 4806:Advocate generals 4796:Chief secretaries 4787: 4770: 4757:State governments 4750:Solicitor General 4712:Cabinet Secretary 4686: 4664: 4652: 4523:978-81-8038-206-2 4464:Austin, Granville 3475:v. Union of India 3449:. 27 March 2017. 2316:right to property 2310:Right to property 2283:Section 4 of the 2261:are added by the 2257:Articles 31A and 2197:absolute majority 2097:Critical analysis 1977:prerogative writs 1791:community service 1778:human trafficking 1731:and freedom from 1558:Right To Equality 1230:freedom of speech 1219:citizens of India 1203: 1202: 861:Three generations 789: 788: 7610: 7530:Physical culture 7351:Ethnic relations 7287: 7286: 7267: 7266: 7249:Mumbai Consensus 6801:Himachal Pradesh 6690:Numbering system 6680:Green revolution 6555:Historical Forex 6394: 6393: 6381: 6380: 6353:Scheduled groups 6156: 6155: 6092: 6091: 5976: 5975: 5963: 5962: 5945:Tourism in India 5940:History of India 5935:Culture of India 5545:Geology of India 5528: 5527: 5515: 5514: 5446:Naxal Insurgency 5441:White Revolution 5436:Green Revolution 5043: 5042: 5030: 5029: 5017: 5010: 5003: 4994: 4993: 4948: 4781: 4764: 4745:Attorney General 4680: 4668:Union government 4658: 4646: 4631: 4576: 4575: 4564: 4557: 4550: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4527: 4508: 4485: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4365: 4359: 4346: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4245: 4239: 4232: 4226: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4170:. 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Archived from 3223:rti.india.gov.in 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3136: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3102: 3087: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3022: 3007: 3001:Narain, Vrinda. 2998: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2965: 2959: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2886:, pp. 96–97 2881: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2826: 2819: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2792:, pp. 94–95 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2756:, pp. 90–91 2751: 2745: 2744:, pp. 56–57 2739: 2733: 2732:, pp. 93–94 2727: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2699: 2693: 2677: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2654:; 1995 ICHRL 69" 2646: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2630:on 25 April 2006 2629: 2622: 2610: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2568:; 1995 ICHRL 69" 2560: 2554: 2553: 2542: 2536: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2427: 2375:President's rule 2137:Freedom of press 2121:(AFSPA) and the 2081:right to privacy 2069:Right to privacy 1842:Right to privacy 1683:Right To Freedom 1605:Scheduled Tribes 1601:Scheduled Castes 1538:but also on the 1536:executive branch 1441:Jawaharlal Nehru 1393:Nehru Commission 1195: 1188: 1181: 1142:Rest and leisure 805: 791: 790: 781: 774: 767: 44: 21: 20: 7618: 7617: 7613: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7608: 7607: 7578: 7577: 7576: 7563: 7535:Public holidays 7420: 7366:Life expectancy 7281: 7280: 7253: 7180: 7149: 7054:Pharmaceuticals 6885: 6754: 6694: 6660:COVID-19 impact 6646: 6598: 6528: 6415: 6388: 6367: 6299: 6263: 6205: 6145: 6141:District Courts 6081: 6072:Chief Ministers 5970: 5949: 5899: 5851: 5789: 5763:Western coastal 5758:Eastern coastal 5745:Mountain passes 5678: 5664:Protected areas 5590: 5586:Stones of India 5554: 5522: 5501: 5470: 5456:Space programme 5426:Sino-Indian War 5421:Five-Year Plans 5399: 5294: 5261: 5252:Delhi Sultanate 5218: 5209:Middle kingdoms 5202:Middle Kingdoms 5197: 5129: 5037: 5024: 5021: 4991: 4986: 4982:District courts 4929: 4812: 4779:Chief ministers 4632: 4623: 4617:Concurrent List 4580: 4570: 4568: 4524: 4505: 4497:. p. 475. 4482: 4474:. p. 390. 4459: 4454: 4453: 4443: 4441: 4434:Hindustan Times 4428: 4427: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4383: 4381: 4366: 4362: 4356:Wayback Machine 4347: 4343: 4333: 4331: 4318: 4317: 4313: 4303: 4301: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4277: 4275: 4260: 4256: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4233: 4229: 4221:, published by 4217: 4213: 4203: 4201: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4177: 4175: 4174:on 12 July 2014 4166: 4165: 4161: 4152:Wayback Machine 4143: 4139: 4130:Wayback Machine 4121: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4096: 4081: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4026: 4022: 4021: 4017: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3948: 3946: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3922: 3920: 3911: 3910: 3903: 3893: 3891: 3864: 3860: 3850: 3848: 3835: 3834: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3798: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3767: 3760: 3752: 3745: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3727:. 24 May 2016. 3719: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3703: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3620: 3619: 3615: 3606:. 24 May 2016. 3598: 3597: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3515: 3507: 3500: 3494:Wayback Machine 3485: 3481: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3371: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3347: 3343: 3335: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3311: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3258: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3232: 3230: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3180: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3146:Wayback Machine 3137: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3085: 3079: 3075: 3065: 3063: 3056: 3040: 3036: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3005: 2999: 2995: 2966: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2942: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2868: 2866: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2817: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2728: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2700: 2696: 2692:was unamendable 2678: 2674: 2663: 2661: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2620: 2612: 2611: 2604: 2600:, p. A-25. 2596: 2592: 2577: 2575: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2543: 2539: 2521:states of India 2510: 2506: 2496: 2494: 2479: 2478: 2474: 2463: 2459: 2455:, p. A-23. 2451: 2447: 2439: 2435: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2365: 2337: 2312: 2281: 2273:judicial review 2255: 2239:Article 368 (1) 2218: 2213: 2189: 2099: 2077: 2071: 2003:legal liability 1938: 1910: 1857:double jeopardy 1844: 1799: 1757: 1745: 1729:double jeopardy 1685: 1676:Padma Vibhushan 1653: 1638: 1617: 1593: 1587: 1575: 1569: 1560: 1474:civil liberties 1469: 1429:Rajendra Prasad 1361: 1355: 1340:In the case of 1215:civil liberties 1199: 1072:Civil liberties 785: 756: 755: 754: 740:Judicial review 735:Concurrent List 709: 701: 700: 271: 261: 260: 239: 229: 228: 216: 200: 179: 169: 168: 164: 132: 96: 63: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7616: 7606: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7573: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7561: 7560: 7559: 7549: 7548: 7547: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7511: 7510: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7474: 7473: 7463: 7462: 7461: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7430: 7428: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 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6723: 6713: 6708: 6702: 6700: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6670:Liberalisation 6667: 6662: 6656: 6654: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6606: 6604: 6600: 6599: 6597: 6596: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6584: 6574: 6573: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6536: 6534: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6402: 6400: 6390: 6389: 6377: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6309: 6307: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6281: 6279: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6215: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6162: 6160: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6095: 6089: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6047: 6042: 6040:Civil Services 6037: 6032: 6030:Prime Minister 6027: 6025:Vice President 6022: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6010: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5984: 5982: 5972: 5971: 5959: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5921:Nature worship 5918: 5913: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5892: 5890:Municipalities 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5861: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5827: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5810: 5805: 5799: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5766: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5715:Extreme points 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5659:National parks 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5619:Climate change 5616: 5611: 5606: 5600: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5562: 5560: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5536: 5534: 5524: 5523: 5511: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5451:Smiling Buddha 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5328:1857 rebellion 5325: 5320: 5315: 5313:Princely state 5310: 5304: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5287: 5285:European trade 5282: 5277: 5271: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5232:Medieval India 5228: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5168:Yavana Kingdom 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5139: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5115:Paper currency 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5055: 5049: 5047: 5039: 5038: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5019: 5012: 5005: 4997: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4978: 4977: 4975:Sitting judges 4972: 4970:Chief justices 4962: 4961: 4960: 4958:Sitting judges 4955: 4937: 4935: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4839:Deputy speaker 4836: 4826: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4776: 4771: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4714: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4702: 4695:Civil services 4692: 4687: 4678:Prime Minister 4675: 4665: 4656:Vice President 4653: 4640: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4621: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4599: 4594: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4581: 4567: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4528: 4522: 4509: 4503: 4486: 4480: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4451: 4440:on 9 July 2010 4421: 4391: 4360: 4341: 4311: 4285: 4254: 4240: 4227: 4211: 4185: 4159: 4137: 4115: 4103: 4079: 4047: 4015: 3982: 3956: 3930: 3901: 3858: 3825: 3792: 3758: 3734: 3712: 3701: 3679: 3657: 3635: 3613: 3591: 3579: 3564: 3552: 3540: 3528: 3513: 3498: 3479: 3464: 3434: 3416: 3385:(6941): 1392. 3365: 3353: 3341: 3329: 3317: 3300: 3288: 3276: 3264: 3252: 3240: 3210: 3198: 3186: 3174: 3162: 3150: 3126: 3114: 3073: 3054: 3034: 2993: 2960: 2948: 2936: 2924: 2912: 2900: 2888: 2876: 2850: 2838: 2806: 2804:, pp. 164 2794: 2782: 2770: 2758: 2746: 2734: 2719: 2707: 2694: 2672: 2641: 2602: 2590: 2555: 2537: 2504: 2472: 2469:. p. 206. 2457: 2445: 2433: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2352:Manmohan Singh 2336: 2333: 2324:44th Amendment 2311: 2308: 2287:, had changed 2285:42nd Amendment 2280: 2277: 2254: 2251: 2222:Golaknath case 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2188: 2185: 2141:public opinion 2098: 2095: 2073:Main article: 2070: 2067: 2043:B. R. Ambedkar 2039:B. R. Ambedkar 1937: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1924: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1888: 1880: 1864: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1830: 1827: 1819: 1798: 1795: 1756: 1753: 1744: 1741: 1696:without arms, 1684: 1681: 1652: 1649: 1645:untouchability 1637: 1634: 1616: 1613: 1589:Main article: 1586: 1583: 1571:Main article: 1568: 1565: 1559: 1556: 1468: 1465: 1433:B. R. Ambedkar 1410:untouchability 1354: 1351: 1326:untouchability 1304: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1254:human freedoms 1201: 1200: 1198: 1197: 1190: 1183: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1097:Free migration 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 987: 986: 981: 971: 966: 961: 960: 959: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 871: 870: 866: 865: 864: 863: 858: 853: 845: 844: 838: 837: 836: 835: 830: 825: 820: 812: 811: 807: 806: 798: 797: 787: 786: 784: 783: 776: 769: 761: 758: 757: 753: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 711: 710: 708:Related topics 707: 706: 703: 702: 272: 267: 266: 263: 262: 240: 235: 234: 231: 230: 180: 175: 174: 171: 170: 64: 59: 58: 55: 54: 46: 45: 37: 36: 30: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7615: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7558: 7555: 7554: 7553: 7550: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7467: 7464: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7427: 7423: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7326: 7325: 7322: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7277: 7273: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7239:Insurance Act 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7229:Companies Act 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7183: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7152: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7075: 7074:Biotechnology 7072: 7071: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7035: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 6999: 6996: 6995: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6978:Entertainment 6976: 6974: 6971: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6946: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6888: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6876:Uttar Pradesh 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6757: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6722: 6719: 6718: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6697: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6649: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6601: 6595: 6592: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6578: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6560:Digital rupee 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6531: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6519:Make in India 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6474:Foreign trade 6472: 6470: 6469:External debt 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6382: 6378: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6278: 6274: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6208: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6131:Chief Justice 6129: 6127: 6126:Supreme Court 6124: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6084: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5993:Energy policy 5991: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5964: 5960: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5848: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5753:Indo-Gangetic 5751: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5516: 5512: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5461:The Emergency 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5183:Kushan Empire 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5158:Mahajanapadas 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5031: 5027: 5018: 5013: 5011: 5006: 5004: 4999: 4998: 4995: 4983: 4980: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4966: 4963: 4959: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4932: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4896: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4867: 4864: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4768: 4763: 4760: 4759: 4758: 4755: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4565: 4560: 4558: 4553: 4551: 4546: 4545: 4542: 4534: 4529: 4525: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4504:81-203-0839-5 4500: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4481:0-19-564959-1 4477: 4473: 4470:. New Delhi: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4364: 4357: 4353: 4350: 4345: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4250: 4244: 4236: 4231: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4199: 4195: 4189: 4173: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4146: 4141: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4124: 4119: 4112: 4107: 4100: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4064: 4057: 4051: 4032: 4025: 4019: 3999: 3992: 3986: 3970: 3966: 3960: 3944: 3940: 3934: 3918: 3914: 3908: 3906: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3832: 3830: 3813: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3796: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3765: 3763: 3751: 3744: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3692:Indian Kanoon 3689: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3626:Indian Kanoon 3623: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3589:, p. 123 3588: 3583: 3577:, p. 122 3576: 3571: 3569: 3561: 3556: 3549: 3544: 3537: 3532: 3526:, p. 115 3525: 3520: 3518: 3511:, p. 345 3510: 3505: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3488: 3483: 3476: 3474: 3473:Maneka Gandhi 3468: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3420: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3369: 3363:, p. 343 3362: 3357: 3350: 3345: 3339:, p. 330 3338: 3333: 3326: 3321: 3315:, p. 111 3314: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3298:, p. 327 3297: 3292: 3286:, p. 326 3285: 3280: 3274:, p. 325 3273: 3268: 3261: 3256: 3250:, p. 110 3249: 3244: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3214: 3208:, p. 107 3207: 3202: 3195: 3190: 3184:, p. 106 3183: 3178: 3171: 3166: 3160:, p. 102 3159: 3154: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3123: 3118: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3084: 3077: 3061: 3057: 3055:81-7629-410-1 3051: 3047: 3046: 3038: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3004: 2997: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2964: 2958:, p. 259 2957: 2952: 2945: 2940: 2934:, p. 258 2933: 2928: 2921: 2916: 2909: 2904: 2898:, p. 167 2897: 2892: 2885: 2880: 2864: 2860: 2854: 2847: 2842: 2823: 2816: 2810: 2803: 2798: 2791: 2786: 2779: 2774: 2767: 2762: 2755: 2750: 2743: 2738: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2716: 2711: 2704: 2698: 2691: 2687: 2686:Supreme Court 2683: 2682: 2676: 2659: 2655: 2653: 2645: 2626: 2619: 2617: 2609: 2607: 2599: 2594: 2587: 2573: 2569: 2567: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2541: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2508: 2492: 2488: 2487: 2482: 2476: 2468: 2467:Patel: A Life 2461: 2454: 2449: 2442: 2437: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2360: 2356: 2353: 2348: 2346: 2341: 2332: 2328: 2325: 2320: 2317: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2276: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2241:. In 1973, a 2240: 2236: 2232: 2231:Article 13(4) 2228: 2223: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2103:right to work 2093: 2089: 2087: 2082: 2076: 2066: 2064: 2061:The right to 2059: 2056: 2050: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2020: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1984: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1961: 1956: 1955: 1950: 1949: 1948:habeas corpus 1944: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1915: 1914: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1886: 1885:Union Cabinet 1881: 1877: 1873: 1872:right to life 1869: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1804: 1803:secular state 1794: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1782:forced labour 1779: 1771: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1752: 1749: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1680: 1679: 1677: 1672: 1671: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1633: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1582: 1579: 1574: 1564: 1555: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1481:Supreme Court 1477: 1475: 1464: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1391:In 1928, the 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1371:In 1919, the 1369: 1365: 1360: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1338: 1335: 1331: 1330:forced labour 1327: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1242:habeas corpus 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1177: 1176: 1174: 1173: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 985: 982: 980: 977: 976: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 958: 955: 954: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 874: 873: 872: 868: 867: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 848: 847: 846: 843: 840: 839: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 815: 814: 813: 809: 808: 804: 800: 799: 796: 793: 792: 782: 777: 775: 770: 768: 763: 762: 760: 759: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 712: 705: 704: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 270: 265: 264: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 238: 233: 232: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 178: 173: 172: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 62: 57: 56: 53: 52: 48: 47: 43: 39: 38: 35: 32: 31: 27: 23: 22: 19: 7515:Martial arts 7439:Architecture 7312:Demographics 7297:Caste system 7274:Society and 6924:Construction 6706:By net worth 6540:Indian rupee 6343:Reservations 6211:Intelligence 6114:Human rights 6099:Constitution 5857:Subdivisions 5550:Indian Plate 5540:Fossil Parks 5475:Contemporary 5390:World War II 5267:Early Modern 5257:Vijayanagara 5153:Vedic period 5023:India topics 4592:Constitution 4585:Constitution 4532: 4513: 4490: 4467: 4442:. 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