1170:
1162:
335:
26:
236:
708:, many related projects have used their design for inspiration, creating an ecosystem of related or derivative 3D printers, most of which are also open source designs. The availability of these open source designs means that variants of 3D printers are easy to invent. The quality and complexity of printer designs, however, as well as the quality of kit or finished products, varies greatly from project to project. This rapid development of open source 3D printers is gaining interest in many spheres as it enables hyper-customization and the use of
1290:
608:
546:
438:
561:), where it melts and is then extruded. Flow geometry of the extruder, heating method and the melt flow behavior of a non-Newtonian fluid are of main consideration in the part. The rollers are the only drive mechanism in the material delivery system, therefore filament is under tensile stress upstream to the roller and under compression at the downstream side acting as a plunger. Therefore, compressive stress is the driving force behind the extrusion process.
404:
244:
600:
87:
638:
619:
363:
152:
729:
by products like RepRap. E3D and BondTech are the most known extruder manufacturers currently on the market. Consistent improvements are seen in the form of increased heating temperature of liquefiers, better control and precision of prints, and improved support for a wide variety of materials. Besides the improved hardware, the ability to calibrate the extruder according to the hardware setup has come a long way.
1183:
189:
315:—all of which are viscous suspension of solid powder particles in a liquid medium, which is dried after deposition. In this case, the material is generally pushed towards the nozzle by the action of a piston, and the nozzle is not heated. Paste-like materials such as ceramics and chocolate can be extruded using the fused filament process and a specialized paste extruder.
371:
591:
also used in prototyping scaffolds for medical tissue engineering applications. Moreover, EAM with multi extrusion have become very popular to fabricate biomimetic composites. FFF is also applied in manufacturing within other sectors, including aerospace, automotive, construction, electronics, energy, pharmaceuticals, sports, textiles, and toys.
227:(AM), involves manufacturing a part by depositing material layer by layer. There is a wide array of different AM technologies that can do this, including material extrusion, binder jetting, material jetting and directed energy deposition. These processes have varied types of extruders and extrude different materials to achieve the final product.
64:
the work or the print head is then moved vertically by a small amount to begin a new layer. The speed of the extruder head may also be controlled to stop and start deposition and form an interrupted plane without stringing or dribbling between sections. "Fused filament fabrication" was coined by the members of the
407:
410:
409:
405:
325:, i.e. small granules of thermoplastic material or mixtures of thermoplastic binder with powder fillers. The material is pushed towards the nozzle by the action of a piston or a rotating screw, which are contained by an extrusion barrel. In this case the whole extrusion barrel is heated, along with the nozzle.
411:
63:
material. Filament is fed from a large spool through a moving, heated printer extruder head, and is deposited on the growing work. The print head is moved under computer control to define the printed shape. Usually the head moves in two dimensions to deposit one horizontal plane, or layer, at a time;
728:
Customer-driven product customization and demand for cost and time savings have increased interest in agility of manufacturing process. This has led to improvements in rapid prototyping technologies. The development of extruders is going rapidly because of the open source 3-D printer movement caused
590:
FFF and the other technologies of additive manufacturing by material extrusion (EAM) techniques are commonly used for prototyping and rapid manufacturing. Rapid prototyping facilitates iterative testing, and for very short runs, rapid manufacturing can be a relatively inexpensive alternative. EAM is
564:
The force required to extrude the melt must be sufficient to overcome the pressure drop across the system, which strictly depends on the viscous properties of the melted material and the flow geometry of the liquefier and nozzle. The melted material is subjected to shear deformation during the flow.
1301:
mechanism. These have a large open print volume with a three-armed delta robot mounted at the top. This design of robot is noted for its low inertia and ability for fast movement over a large volume. Stability and freedom from vibration when moving a heavy print head on the end of spindly arms is a
1246:, now use box-like semi-enclosed frames of either laser-cut plywood, plastic, pressed steel sheet and more recently aluminum extrusions. These are cheap, rigid and can also be used as the basis for an enclosed print volume, allowing temperature control within it to control warping of the print job.
1190:
The majority of fused filament printers follow the same basic design. A flat bed is used as the starting point for the print workpiece. A gantry above this carries the moving print head. The gantry design is optimized for movement mostly in the horizontal X & Y directions, with a slow climb in
796:
Filaments used for printing with FDM printers are also substantially more cost-effective than their SLA resin counterparts. If we use 3DBenchy as a benchmark for comparing both technologies, it would cost roughly $ 0.20 to print such a model with an FDM machine, whereas the same object would cost
624:
623:
620:
445:
As the nozzle is moved over the table in a prescribed geometry, it deposits a thin bead of extruded plastic, called a ‘‘road’’ which solidifies quickly upon contact with the substrate and/or roads deposited earlier. Solid layers are generated by following a rasterizing motion where the roads are
1262:
The ways extruders are mounted on the rest of the machine have evolved over time into informal mounting standards. Such factor standards allow new extruder designs to be tested on existing printer frames, and new printer frame designs to use existing extruders. These informal standards include:
764:
project has developed printers for general use with anything that can be extruded through a nozzle, from chocolate to silicone sealant and chemical reactants. Printers following the project's designs have been available from suppliers in kits or in pre-assembled form since 2012 at prices in the
1249:
A handful of machines use polar coordinates instead, usually machines optimized to print objects with circular symmetry. These have a radial gantry movement and a rotating bed. Although there are some potential mechanical advantages to this design for printing hollow cylinders, their different
625:
1148:
poly lactic acid (PLA), polycarbonate (PC), nylon alloys, polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and co-polyesters; and flexible materials including: flexible PLA, thermoplastic elastomer and thermoplastic polyurethane filaments
408:
297:- In these types of 3d printing machines, the feedstock is in form of a rod instead of a filament. Since the rod is thicker than the filament, it can be pushed towards the hot end by means of a piston or rollers, applying a greater force and/or velocity compared to conventional FFF.
946:
General purpose. These materials have varying physical properties, such as heat resistance, UV resistance, storage requirements, ease of printing, cost, and chemical tolerance. They are available in a variety of formulations to fine tune them to the specific applications (such as
792:
As of
September 2018 RepRap style printers are readily available in kit form through online retailers. These kits come complete with all parts needed to make a functioning printer, often including electronic files for test printing as well as a small quantity of PLA filament.
280:
to form a thin, tacky bead of plastic that will adhere to the material it is laid on. The nozzle will usually have a diameter of between 0.3 mm and 1.0 mm. Different types of nozzles and heating methods are used depending upon the material to be printed.
1904:
Bose, Animesh; Schuh, Christopher A.; Tobia, Jay C.; Tuncer, Nihan; Mykulowycz, Nicholas M.; Preston, Aaron; Barbati, Alexander C.; Kernan, Brian; Gibson, Michael A. (2018-06-01). "Traditional and additive manufacturing of a new
Tungsten heavy alloy alternative".
622:
572:
The temperature is regulated by heat input from electrical coil heaters. The system continuously adjusts the power supplied to the coils according to the temperature difference between the desired value and the value detected by the thermocouple, forming a
376:
373:
276:. The cold end pushes feedstock into the hot end. The hot end consists of a heating chamber and a nozzle. The heating chamber hosts the liquefier, which melts the feedstock to transform it into a liquid. It allows the molten material to exit from the small
372:
1823:
Conner, Brett P.; Manogharan, Guha P.; Martof, Ashley N.; Rodomsky, Lauren M.; Rodomsky, Caitlyn M.; Jordan, Dakesha C.; Limperos, James W. (2014). "Making sense of 3-D printing: Creating a map of additive manufacturing products and services".
474:
Although as a printing technology FFF is very flexible, and it is capable of dealing with small overhangs by the support from lower layers, FFF generally has some restrictions on the slope of the overhang, and cannot produce unsupported
1203:
drives. It is common, owing to the differences in movement speed, to use toothed belts for the X, Y drives and a leadscrew for Z. Some machines also have X axis movement on the gantry, but move the bed (and print job) for Y. As, unlike
470:
For successful bonding of the roads in the process, thermal control of the deposited material is necessary. The system can be kept inside a chamber, maintained at a temperature below the melting point of the material being deposited.
840:
The many different variants of EAM, i.e. of material
Extrusion based Additive Manufacturing allow dealing with many additional material types, summarised in the table below. Several material classes can be extruded and 3d printed:
375:
284:
Different types of nozzles have different ways of replacing them. The most common used nozzles are the V6 nozzles made popular by E3D and MK8 nozzles. Changing the nozzle must be done while hot, to avoid plastic leaks.
1305:
As the print head moves the distance of its filament from storage coil to head also changes, the tension created on the filament is another technical challenge to overcome to avoid affecting the print quality.
780:
are another example of an open-source application of fused deposition modeling technology. The flagship model in the LulzBot line, the TAZ printer takes inspiration for its design from the RepRap Mendel90 and
98:
The 3D printer head or 3D printer extruder is a part in material extrusion additive manufacturing responsible for raw material melting or softening and forming it into a continuous profile. A wide variety of
2284:
Melchels, Ferry; Severin
Wiggenhauser, Paul; Warne, David; Barry, Mark; Ong, Fook Rhu; Chong, Woon Shin; Werner Hutmacher, Dietmar; Schantz, Jan-Thorsten (2011). "CAD/CAM-assisted breast reconstruction".
621:
406:
2771:
Ning, Fuda; Cong, Weilong; Qiu, Jingjing; Wei, Junhua; Wang, Shiren (2015-10-01). "Additive manufacturing of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites using fused deposition modeling".
1648:
2009:
Volpato, N.; Kretschek, D.; Foggiatto, J. A.; Gomez da Silva Cruz, C. M. (2015-12-01). "Experimental analysis of an extrusion system for additive manufacturing based on polymer pellets".
1254:
to convert from
Cartesian to polar coordinates, gaining any advantage from this design also requires the print slicing algorithms to be aware of the rotational symmetry from the outset.
3375:
859:
268:
The 3D printer liquefier is the component predominantly used in this type of printing. Extruders for these printers have a cold end and a hot end. The cold end pulls material from the
427:, orienting the model for the build process and mathematically slicing the model according to the processing parameters selected. If required, support structures may be generated.
167:, in 1988. With the 2009 expiration of the patent on this technology, people could use this type of printing without paying Stratasys for the right to do so, opening up commercial,
374:
1219:
project, make extensive use of 3D printed components in their own construction. These are typically printed connector blocks with a variety of angled holes, joined by cheap steel
259:
to print items, where a feedstock material is pushed through an extruder. In most fused filament fabrication 3D printing machines, the feedstock material comes in the form of a
533:
can significantly increase the layer adhesion and leads to improved mechanical properties of the 3D printed objects. An inert gas is routinely used to prevent oxidation during
2055:
Rane, Kedarnath; Di Landro, Luca; Strano, Matteo (2019-01-06). "Processability of SS316L powder - binder mixtures for vertical extrusion and deposition on table tests".
1223:. This makes a construction that is cheap and easy to assemble, easily allows non-perpendicular framing joints, but does require access to a 3D printer. The notion of '
175:) 3D printer applications. This has led to a two-orders-of-magnitude price drop since this technology's creation. Stratasys still owns the trademark on the term "FDM".
2940:
Liu, Wanjun; Zhang, Yu Shrike; Heinrich, Marcel A.; Ferrari, Fabio De; Jang, Hae Lin; Bakht, Syeda
Mahwish; Alvarez, Mario Moisés; Yang, Jingzhou; Li, Yi-Chen (2017).
1272:
1267:
2619:
685:, and which is capable of replicating itself by printing many of its own (plastic) parts to create more machines. RepRaps have already been shown to be able to print
514:
material may affect the strength of the printed object. Recently a German company demonstrated for the first time the technical possibility of processing granular
248:
1774:
659:
Several projects and companies are making efforts to develop affordable 3D printers for home desktop use. Much of this work has been driven by and targeted at
3218:
1250:
geometry and the resulting non-mainstream approach to print planning still keeps them from being popular as yet. Although it is an easy task for a robot's
837:
tubing are used in the process due to the material's ability to withstand high temperatures. This ability is especially useful in transferring filaments.
2879:, Proceeding of Euro PM 2019 Congress & Exhibition, Maastricht 13.-16. October 2019,, European Powder Metallurgy Association EPMA, Shrewsbury, 2019,
1169:
2897:
Sun, Jie; Zhou, Weibiao; Huang, Dejian; Fuh, Jerry Y. H.; Hong, Geok Soon (2015-08-01). "An
Overview of 3D Printing Technologies for Food Fabrication".
456:
are typically employed to move the extrusion head. The mechanism used is often an X-Y-Z rectilinear design, although other mechanical designs such as
1656:
569:
behavior is observed in most of the materials used in this type of 3-D printing. This is modeled using power law for generalized
Newtonian fluids.
1568:"The effects of printing orientation on the electrochemical behaviour of 3D printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)/carbon black electrodes"
1974:
Wang, Jiwen; Shaw, Leon L.; Cameron, Thomas B. (2006). "Solid
Freeform Fabrication of Permanent Dental Restorations via Slurry Micro-Extrusion".
1277:
1227:' 3D printers like this has been something of a dogmatic theme within the RepRap designs. The lack of stiffness in the rod also requires either
785:
models. The LulzBot 3D printer is currently the only printer on the market to have received the "Respects Your
Freedom" certification from the
1302:
technical challenge though. This design has mostly been favored as a means of gaining a large print volume without a large and heavy gantry.
3148:
2526:
Pearce, Joshua M.; et al. (2010). "3-D Printing of Open Source Appropriate Technologies for Self-Directed Sustainable Development".
2661:
2571:
430:
The nozzle can be moved in both horizontal and vertical directions, and is mounted to a mechanical stage, which can be moved in the
510:, among many others, with different trade-offs between strength and temperature properties. In addition, even the color of a given
833:(HIPS). In general, the polymer is in the form of a filament fabricated from virgin resins. Additionally, fluoropolymers such as
3391:
3344:
2475:
3311:
2884:
3005:
Schouten, Martijn; Wolterink, Gerjan; Dijkshoorn, Alexander; Kosmas, Dimitrios; Stramigioli, Stefano; Krijnen, Gijs (2020).
805:
Plastic is the most common material for 3d printing via FFF and other EAM variants. Various polymers may be used, including
1161:
3546:
2226:"Improved mechanical properties of 3D-printed parts by fused deposition modeling processed under the exclusion of oxygen"
3448:
1467:
1155:
heat exchangers, heat sinks, scaffoldings for bone tissue growth, chemical/ gas filters and custom scientific hardware
713:
2746:
2707:
2435:
3238:
2268:
1807:
1732:
1689:
1446:
354:
lowers after each layer is deposited. For this kind of 3D printing technology additional vertical support structures
3505:
3222:
2108:
913:
1948:
967:
917:
806:
483:
203:
105:
3163:
3427:
1541:
921:
2224:
Lederle, Felix; Meyer, Frederick; Brunotte, Gabriella-Paula; Kaldun, Christian; Hübner, Eike G. (2016-04-19).
1679:
678:
334:
3458:
1331:
652:
into filament. These involve machines used to shred and extrude the plastic material into filament such as
467:
in order to start the next layer. This process continues until the fabrication of the object is completed.
2841:
Grida, Imen; Evans, Julian R. G. (2003-04-01). "Extrusion freeforming of ceramics through fine nozzles".
3339:
1231:, or gives the risk of a gantry structure that flexes and vibrates in service, reducing print quality.
822:
682:
131:
121:
3053:
3510:
3411:
3304:
2371:"Comparative property analysis of fused filament fabrication PLA using fresh and recycled feedstocks"
1406:
925:
818:
737:
The cost of 3D printers has decreased dramatically since about 2010, with machines that used to cost
677:
is one of the longest running projects in the desktop category. The RepRap project aims to produce a
534:
441:
Process: 1 – 3D Printer Extruder, 2 – deposited material (modeled part), 3 – controlled movable table
80:
2140:
Bellini, Anna; Güçeri, Selçuk; Bertoldi, Maurizio (2014). "Liquefier Dynamics in Fused Deposition".
3474:
3432:
3401:
2540:
1228:
1140:
786:
720:
since technologies are easily and economically made from resources available to local communities.
3007:"A Review of Extrusion-Based 3D Printing for the Fabrication of Electro-and Biomechanical Sensors"
2411:
1173:
Metallographic section of printed and sintered filament layer (iron-tricalciumphosphate-composite)
549:
3D Printer Extruder Driving Force. Where D_f is Diameter of Filament and L_f is Length of filament
3500:
3406:
1468:"3D printable conductive materials for the fabrication of electrochemical sensors: A mini review"
830:
745:. For instance, as of 2017, several companies and individuals are selling parts to build various
717:
272:, using gear- or roller-based torque to the material and controlling the feed rate by means of a
2727:
1208:, head movement speeds are low, stepper motors are universally used and there is no need to use
3453:
2535:
2493:
Anzalone, Gerald C.; Zhang, Chenlong; Wijnen, Bas; Sanders, Paul G.; Pearce, Joshua M. (2013).
2198:
1243:
380:
224:
91:
2747:"Polyformer is an open-source machine that recycles plastic bottles into 3D printing filament"
2456:
3495:
3396:
20:
2680:
648:
There are multiple projects in the open-sourced community aimed at processing post-consumer
3297:
3196:
2953:
2382:
2294:
1579:
694:
554:
260:
100:
25:
3274:
2593:
2579:
1508:
Jones, R.; Haufe, P.; Sells, E.; Iravani, P.; Olliver, V.; Palmer, C.; Bowyer, A. (2011).
521:
During FFF, the hot molten polymer is exposed to air. Operating the FFF process within an
518:
into filament form and 3D printing parts from the filament material using FFF technology.
8:
3349:
1356:
1321:
3200:
2957:
2386:
2298:
1880:
1583:
1466:
Hamzah, Hairul Hisham; Saiful, Arifin Shafiee; Aya, Abdalla; Patel, Bhavik Anil (2018).
202:
Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
3091:
3065:
3034:
2982:
2941:
2922:
2553:
2318:
2306:
2090:
2034:
1930:
1600:
1567:
1487:
1416:
1371:
973:
235:
2854:
2784:
2336:
Islam, Muhammed Kamrul; Hazell, Paul J.; Escobedo, Juan P.; Wang, Hongxu (July 2021).
1800:
Additive Manufacturing Technologies: Rapid Prototyping to Direct Digital Manufacturing
1566:
Bin Hamzah, Hairul Hisham; Keattch, Oliver; Covill, Derek; Patel, Bhavik Anil (2018).
1297:
A different approach is taken with 'Rostock' or 'Kossel' pattern printers, based on a
3515:
3334:
3095:
3083:
3038:
3026:
2987:
2969:
2914:
2880:
2858:
2823:
2788:
2322:
2310:
2264:
2094:
2082:
2038:
2026:
1991:
1987:
1934:
1922:
1803:
1728:
1685:
1605:
1491:
1426:
1391:
1361:
1022:
994:
826:
668:
574:
424:
76:
3183:
Stephens, Brent; Azimia, Parham; El Orcha, Zeineb; Ramos, Tiffanie (November 2013).
2926:
2557:
71:
Fused filament printing is now the most popular process (by number of machines) for
3479:
3209:
3204:
3184:
3075:
3018:
2977:
2961:
2906:
2850:
2815:
2780:
2545:
2506:
2390:
2349:
2302:
2237:
2180:
2149:
2072:
2064:
2018:
1983:
1914:
1833:
1749:
1595:
1587:
1521:
1479:
1152:
To make SiOC(N) first the printed polymer is dipped in PDC, absorbed then sintered
1127:
Composites with Carbon Black, Graphene, Carbon Nano tubes or Copper Nanoparticles
346:
that melts and extrudes it depositing it, layer after layer, in the desired shape
2354:
2337:
2258:
2068:
1918:
1483:
1251:
1070:
1042:
990:
909:
814:
487:
416:
392:
111:
68:
project to give an acronym (FFF) that would be legally unconstrained in its use.
3079:
2637:
2511:
2494:
2184:
1837:
3525:
3520:
3054:"Polymer-derived SiOC replica of material extrusion-based 3-D printed plastics"
3006:
2395:
2370:
1591:
1396:
1289:
1046:
869:
698:
660:
566:
449:
388:
160:
3022:
2910:
2369:
Dash, Aparna; Kabra, Shruti; Misra, Sidhant; G, Hrishikeshan (November 2022).
2242:
2225:
2022:
1705:
1526:
1509:
1239:
607:
3540:
3087:
3030:
2973:
2918:
2862:
2827:
2792:
2086:
2030:
1995:
1926:
1421:
1224:
1192:
929:
901:
810:
777:
709:
686:
664:
649:
511:
491:
322:
273:
60:
2708:"SLA vs FDM printers for miniatures: pros and cons of each type – 3D Solved"
2008:
545:
3289:
2991:
2965:
2314:
2169:"The effects of PLA color on material properties of 3-D printed components"
1623:
1609:
1436:
1366:
1326:
1220:
1205:
1200:
948:
453:
308:
303:- In these types of 3D printing machines, the feedstock comes in form of a
2338:"Biomimetic armour design strategies for additive manufacturing: A review"
858:
Green mixtures of ceramic or metal powders and polymeric binders, used in
557:
is introduced by mechanical pressure from rollers, into the liquefier (or
3370:
3320:
3052:
Kulkarni, Apoorv; Sorarù, Gian Domenico; Pearce, Joshua M. (2020-03-01).
2819:
2077:
1949:"Universal Paste extruder – Ceramic, Food and Real Chocolate 3D Printing"
1775:"Trademark Status Document Retrieval (TSDR): Registration Number 4325106"
1316:
1298:
852:
499:
384:
56:
3259:"RepRap project's complete list of G-code used by 3D printer's firmware"
2549:
848:
Composite materials with polymeric matrix and short or long hard fibers;
321:- In these types of 3d printing machines the feedstock comes in form of
1854:
1431:
1209:
963:
653:
641:
476:
437:
2283:
2260:
Fifth National Conference on Rapid Design, Prototyping and Manufacture
2153:
599:
243:
1772:
1441:
1376:
1196:
1004:
998:
637:
630:
522:
495:
256:
200:
about post-processing (solvent smoothing, annealing/remelting, etc.).
164:
2257:
Jacobson, David; Rennie, Allan; Bocking, Chris (29 September 2004).
2168:
681:(FOSH) 3D printer, whose full specifications are released under the
86:
3070:
2594:"Extruder Calibration Guide (with Calculator) - E Step Calibration"
1381:
1351:
1341:
782:
761:
690:
611:
526:
457:
29:
3164:"Evaluation Protocol for Make Magazine's 2015 3D Printer Shootout"
2877:
Fused Filament Fabrication of Biodegradable Materials for Implants
1616:
1165:
FFF printed and sintered components made of stainless steel (316L)
845:
Thermoplastic polymers, it is the most typical application of FDM;
3004:
1401:
1336:
1050:
773:
362:
151:
188:
2806:
Cesarano, Joseph (1998). "A Review of Robocasting Technology".
1411:
1346:
1216:
851:
Ceramic slurries and clays, often used in combination with the
746:
705:
674:
558:
507:
503:
396:
304:
277:
269:
172:
65:
2011:
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
1822:
1459:
1182:
1907:
International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials
1386:
1235:
933:
530:
446:
deposited side by side within an enveloping domain boundary.
140:
72:
3109:
1565:
3258:
3182:
3127:
1074:
937:
834:
515:
312:
2492:
2223:
1234:
Many machines, especially commercial machines such as the
463:
Once a layer is completed, the platform is lowered in the
2728:"Which 3D printer filament emits the most nanoparticles?"
878:
Additive Manufacturing technologies by material Extrusion
168:
83:
may offer better results, but they are much more costly.
2620:"Disruptions: On the Fast Track to Routine 3-D Printing"
419:) being printed using FFF on a RepRapPro Fisher printer.
399:"Prusa Mendel" 3D printer for molten polymer deposition.
342:
of plastic material is fed through a heated moving head
3185:"Ultrafine Particle Emissions from Desktop 3D Printers"
2939:
2335:
2942:"Rapid Continuous Multimaterial Extrusion Bioprinting"
1678:
Chua, Chee Kai; Leong, Kah Fai; Lim, Chu Sing (2003).
1542:"A Comprehensive List of All 3D Printing Technologies"
1507:
667:
communities, with additional ties to the academic and
423:
FFF begins with a software process which processes an
3149:"Results of Make Magazine's 2015 3D Printer Shootout"
2256:
2139:
3051:
1903:
1465:
1257:
577:
loop. This is similar to ambient heating of a room.
2662:"Desktop fabricator may kick-start home revolution"
2054:
1849:
1847:
1009:Insulation, consumers objects, dental applications
3239:"3D Printing process and How FDM technology works"
1797:
1215:Many printers, originally those influenced by the
1077:, tricalciumphosphate, yttria-stabilized zirconia
2109:"Xomerty Design Guide: Fused Deposition Modeling"
1559:
1534:
716:. This technology can also assist initiatives in
3538:
2191:
2167:Wittbrodt, Ben; Pearce, Joshua M. (2015-10-01).
2142:Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering
1844:
1671:
633:3D printer during Mozilla Maker party, Bangalore
2896:
2368:
2166:
1973:
103:are extruded, including thermoplastics such as
2770:
1681:Rapid Prototyping: Principles and Applications
1030:structural ceramics, piezoelectric components
951:blends, or the addition of flame retardants).
3305:
2476:"An Inexpensive Way to Print Out Metal Parts"
2428:
2412:"A Space For DIY People To Do Their Business"
2135:
2133:
75:-grade 3D printing. Other techniques such as
59:process that uses a continuous filament of a
3319:
2564:
1816:
1741:
1684:. Singapore: World Scientific. p. 124.
1677:
415:A timelapse video of a robot model (logo of
2630:
2611:
2519:
2467:
1773:United States Patent and Trademark Office.
1510:"Reprap-- the replicating rapid prototyper"
876:Materials that can be 3d printed with EAM (
159:Fused deposition modeling was developed by
3312:
3298:
2840:
2130:
1798:Gibson, I; Rosen, D W; Stucker, B (2010).
1503:
1501:
585:
338:In fused filament fabrication, a filament
288:
3208:
3069:
2981:
2654:
2539:
2510:
2495:"Low-Cost Open-Source 3-D Metal Printing"
2394:
2353:
2241:
2076:
2050:
2048:
1941:
1710:United States Patent and Trademark Office
1599:
1525:
1191:the Z direction as the piece is printed.
540:
255:Fused filament fabrication uses material
2805:
1288:
1181:
1177:
1168:
1160:
636:
617:
606:
598:
544:
482:Myriad materials are available, such as
436:
402:
369:
361:
333:
242:
234:
155:A desktop FFF printer made by Stratasys.
150:
85:
24:
2875:S.B. Hein, L. Reineke, V. Reinkemeyer:
2843:Journal of the European Ceramic Society
2449:
2438:. Computerworld New Zealand. 2008-04-07
1976:Journal of the American Ceramic Society
1878:
1498:
1293:Printing by a large delta robot printer
1284:
749:designs, with prices starting at about
358:are needed to sustain overhanging parts
3539:
3392:Powder bed and inkjet head 3D printing
3345:Continuous liquid interface production
2808:MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive
2744:
2617:
2525:
2473:
2436:"Open source 3D printer copies itself"
2409:
2045:
1881:"How To Change The 3D Printer Nozzle?"
1727:. South Melbourne, VIC: Affirm Press.
1722:
1641:
1080:support removal, debinding, sintering
1055:support removal, debinding, sintering
1027:support removal, debinding, sintering
3293:
3219:"How Fused Deposition Modeling Works"
2474:Bhanoo, Sindya N. (9 December 2013).
1766:
1747:
732:
230:
2486:
1058:Tooling, fixtures, mechanical parts
1003:support removal, furnace drying and
797:almost $ 1.00 if created with resin.
594:
182:
2678:
2403:
13:
3449:Electron beam freeform fabrication
3141:
2528:Journal of Sustainable Development
2230:Progress in Additive Manufacturing
1195:drive the movement through either
1065:Green metal/ceramic/binder mixture
714:open source appropriate technology
14:
3558:
2785:10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.06.013
2705:
2410:Kalish, Jon (November 28, 2010).
1447:Von Neumann universal constructor
1258:Extruder mount to rest of machine
1130:Annealing for lower conductivity
239:Filament production with extruder
223:3D printing, also referred to as
117:polyethylene terephthalate glycol
32:, a simple fused filament printer
3506:Digital modeling and fabrication
1988:10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00672.x
1649:"FDM(Fused Deposition Modeling)"
1117:bioprinted organs and scaffolds
187:
3120:
3102:
3045:
2998:
2933:
2890:
2869:
2834:
2799:
2764:
2738:
2720:
2699:
2687:. Free Software Foundation, Inc
2672:
2586:
2362:
2329:
2277:
2250:
2217:
2160:
2101:
2002:
1967:
1897:
1872:
1791:
1472:Electrochemistry Communications
807:acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
580:
484:Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
106:acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
3428:Laminated object manufacturing
3210:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.06.050
2899:Food and Bioprocess Technology
2773:Composites Part B: Engineering
2638:"3D printers list with prices"
1716:
1698:
723:
47:(with the trademarked acronym
1:
2855:10.1016/S0955-2219(02)00163-2
1750:"Stratasys Legal Information"
1453:
1123:Conductive polymer composites
891:Post-processing requirements
679:free and open source hardware
53:filament freeform fabrication
3459:Laser engineered net shaping
3275:"FDM Technology Made Simple"
3221:. THRE3D.com. Archived from
2355:10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109730
2307:10.1088/1758-5082/3/3/034114
2069:10.1016/j.powtec.2019.01.010
1919:10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2018.01.019
1484:10.1016/j.elecom.2018.09.006
1332:Direct metal laser sintering
1016:Green ceramic/binder mixture
800:
776:3D printers manufactured by
704:Because of the FOSH aims of
7:
3080:10.1016/j.addma.2019.100988
2745:Morris, Ali (26 May 2022).
2679:Gay, Joshua (29 Apr 2013).
2618:Bilton, Nick (2013-02-17).
2512:10.1109/ACCESS.2013.2293018
2185:10.1016/j.addma.2015.09.006
1838:10.1016/j.addma.2014.08.005
1309:
1083:Mechanical parts, implants
868:Biological pastes, used in
629:Printing in progress in an
603:RepRap version 2.0 (Mendel)
329:
10:
3563:
3547:Fused filament fabrication
3442:Directed energy deposition
3376:EAM of metals and ceramics
3366:Fused filament fabrication
3340:Computed axial lithography
2375:Materials Research Express
1725:A Revolution in the Making
1592:10.1038/s41598-018-27188-5
1037:Green metal/binder mixture
985:Ceramic slurries and clays
860:EAM of metals and ceramics
823:polyethylene terephthalate
683:GNU General Public License
301:Cold extrusion of slurries
178:
146:
132:thermoplastic polyurethane
122:polyethylene terephthalate
37:Fused filament fabrication
18:
3511:Distributed manufacturing
3488:
3467:
3441:
3420:
3412:Selective laser sintering
3385:Powder bed binding/fusion
3384:
3358:
3328:Resin photopolymerization
3327:
3023:10.1109/JSEN.2020.3042436
2911:10.1007/s11947-015-1528-6
2457:"First RepRapped circuit"
2273:– via Google Books.
2263:. John Wiley & Sons.
2243:10.1007/s40964-016-0010-y
2023:10.1007/s00170-015-7300-2
1624:"Category:Thermoplastics"
1527:10.1017/S026357471000069X
1407:Selective laser sintering
958:Polymer matrix composites
819:high-density polyethylene
535:selective laser sintering
45:fused deposition modeling
3475:Construction 3D printing
3433:Ultrasonic consolidation
3402:Selective heat sintering
3321:3D printing technologies
2396:10.1088/2053-1591/ac96d4
1802:. Boston, MA: Springer.
1273:Quick-fit extruder mount
1268:Vertical X Axis Standard
1141:polymer derived ceramics
978:Structural applications
787:Free Software Foundation
366:Example of a 3D printer.
319:Hot extrusion of pellets
3501:3D printing marketplace
3407:Selective laser melting
3277:. chizel.io. 2018-07-16
3189:Atmospheric Environment
2199:"PEEK being 3D-printed"
831:high impact polystyrene
718:sustainable development
586:Commercial applications
289:Variants of the process
3454:Laser metal deposition
3243:homeshop3dprinting.com
3058:Additive Manufacturing
2966:10.1002/adma.201604630
2342:Materials & Design
2173:Additive Manufacturing
1879:Ciprian (4 May 2020).
1294:
1187:
1174:
1166:
741:now costing less than
645:
634:
615:
604:
555:thermoplastic filament
550:
541:Physics of the process
442:
420:
400:
367:
359:
252:
240:
225:additive manufacturing
198:is missing information
156:
95:
33:
3496:3D printing processes
3397:Electron beam melting
1706:"Patent#:US005121329"
1292:
1185:
1178:Print head kinematics
1172:
1164:
894:Typical applications
712:designs to fabricate
640:
628:
610:
602:
553:During extrusion the
548:
440:
414:
379:
365:
337:
295:Hot extrusion of rods
249:direct drive extruder
246:
238:
154:
92:direct drive extruder
89:
28:
21:3D printing processes
3225:on February 21, 2014
3011:IEEE Sensors Journal
2820:10.1557/PROC-542-133
1953:Richrap.blogspot.com
1723:Rundle, Guy (2014).
1285:Delta robot printers
1107:Biological materials
940:, recycled plastics
460:have been employed.
387:object (designed by
350:. A moving platform
265:wound onto a spool.
137:aliphatic polyamides
3350:Solid ground curing
3201:2013AtmEn..79..334S
3017:(11): 12900–12912.
2958:2017AdM....2904630L
2550:10.5539/jsd.v3n4p17
2387:2022MRE.....9k5303D
2299:2011BioFa...3c4114M
1584:2018NatSR...8.9135B
1357:MakerBot Industries
1322:3D printer extruder
1186:RepRap-type printer
881:
695:opensource hardware
525:atmosphere such as
171:, and open-source (
125:(PET), high-impact
77:photopolymerisation
16:3D printing process
3359:Material extrusion
2946:Advanced Materials
2480:The New York Times
1659:on August 12, 2013
1572:Scientific Reports
1372:Plastics extrusion
1295:
1240:Ultimaker S Series
1188:
1175:
1167:
875:
733:Cost of 3D printer
646:
635:
616:
605:
551:
443:
421:
401:
368:
360:
253:
241:
231:Material extrusion
157:
101:filament materials
96:
90:Illustration of a
34:
3534:
3533:
3516:Rapid prototyping
3468:Building printing
3335:Stereolithography
2885:978-1-899072-51-4
2668:. 9 January 2007.
2598:3D Print Beginner
2463:. April 19, 2009.
2154:10.1115/1.1688377
2057:Powder Technology
1885:3D Print Beginner
1427:Stereolithography
1392:Rapid prototyping
1362:Marlin (firmware)
1159:
1158:
1095:chocolate, sugar
1023:Calcium phosphate
972:support removal,
827:polyphenylsulfone
689:and metal parts.
626:
595:Free applications
575:negative feedback
412:
377:
221:
220:
43:), also known as
3554:
3480:Contour crafting
3421:Sheet lamination
3314:
3307:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3214:
3212:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3136:
3135:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3073:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2905:(8): 1605–1615.
2894:
2888:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2734:. 25 April 2023.
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2578:. Archived from
2576:TechForTrade.org
2572:"3D4D Challenge"
2568:
2562:
2561:
2543:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2205:. March 21, 2015
2195:
2189:
2188:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2113:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2080:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2017:(9): 1519–1531.
2006:
2000:
1999:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1655:. Archived from
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1603:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1463:
1098:support removal
943:support removal
882:
874:
821:(HDPE), PC/ABS,
768:
760:The open source
756:
752:
744:
740:
644:AW3D v.4 (Prusa)
627:
413:
378:
216:
213:
207:
191:
183:
163:, co-founder of
81:powder sintering
3562:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3484:
3463:
3437:
3416:
3380:
3354:
3323:
3318:
3280:
3278:
3273:
3264:
3262:
3257:
3248:
3246:
3237:
3228:
3226:
3217:
3173:
3171:
3162:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3142:Further reading
3139:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3050:
3046:
3003:
2999:
2938:
2934:
2895:
2891:
2874:
2870:
2839:
2835:
2804:
2800:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2743:
2739:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2712:
2710:
2706:Mayer, Martin.
2704:
2700:
2690:
2688:
2681:"Aleph Objects"
2677:
2673:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2646:
2644:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2616:
2612:
2603:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2524:
2520:
2491:
2487:
2472:
2468:
2461:blog.reprap.org
2455:
2454:
2450:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2420:
2418:
2408:
2404:
2367:
2363:
2334:
2330:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2255:
2251:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2165:
2161:
2138:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2053:
2046:
2007:
2003:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1902:
1898:
1889:
1887:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1855:"FDM Extruders"
1853:
1852:
1845:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1781:
1771:
1767:
1758:
1756:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1721:
1717:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1564:
1560:
1551:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1506:
1499:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1312:
1287:
1260:
1252:motion planning
1180:
1071:Stainless steel
1043:Stainless steel
885:Material class
815:polylactic acid
803:
766:
754:
750:
742:
738:
735:
726:
618:
597:
588:
583:
543:
488:Polylactic acid
403:
370:
332:
291:
233:
217:
211:
208:
201:
192:
181:
149:
112:polylactic acid
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3560:
3550:
3549:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3526:3D bioprinting
3523:
3521:RepRap project
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3492:
3490:
3489:Related topics
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3317:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3271:
3255:
3235:
3215:
3180:
3160:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3119:
3101:
3044:
2997:
2952:(3): 1604630.
2932:
2889:
2868:
2849:(5): 629–635.
2833:
2798:
2763:
2737:
2719:
2698:
2671:
2653:
2629:
2624:New York Times
2610:
2585:
2582:on 2014-12-27.
2563:
2541:10.1.1.678.781
2518:
2485:
2466:
2448:
2427:
2402:
2361:
2328:
2287:Biofabrication
2276:
2269:
2249:
2216:
2190:
2159:
2129:
2100:
2044:
2001:
1982:(1): 346–349.
1966:
1940:
1896:
1871:
1843:
1815:
1808:
1790:
1765:
1740:
1733:
1715:
1697:
1690:
1670:
1640:
1615:
1558:
1533:
1520:(1): 177–191.
1497:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1397:RepRap Project
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1270:
1259:
1256:
1193:Stepper motors
1179:
1176:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1040:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1001:
988:
980:
979:
976:
970:
961:
953:
952:
944:
941:
907:
896:
895:
892:
889:
886:
873:
872:
866:
863:
856:
849:
846:
802:
799:
734:
731:
725:
722:
687:circuit boards
614:Model 2 (2009)
596:
593:
587:
584:
582:
579:
567:Shear thinning
542:
539:
450:Stepper motors
389:George W. Hart
331:
328:
327:
326:
316:
298:
290:
287:
232:
229:
219:
218:
195:
193:
186:
180:
177:
161:S. Scott Crump
148:
145:
94:and its parts.
19:Main article:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3559:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3315:
3310:
3308:
3303:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3276:
3272:
3260:
3256:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2709:
2702:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2667:
2666:New Scientist
2663:
2657:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2437:
2431:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2293:(3): 034114.
2292:
2288:
2280:
2272:
2270:9781860584657
2266:
2262:
2261:
2253:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2134:
2117:
2110:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2078:11311/1074304
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2049:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1809:9781441911193
1805:
1801:
1794:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1755:
1754:stratasys.com
1751:
1744:
1736:
1734:9781922213303
1730:
1726:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1693:
1691:9789812381170
1687:
1683:
1682:
1674:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1502:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1422:Stepper motor
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1291:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1255:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1229:triangulation
1226:
1225:bootstrapping
1222:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1206:laser cutters
1202:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1171:
1163:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
989:
987:
986:
982:
981:
977:
975:
971:
969:
965:
962:
960:
959:
955:
954:
950:
945:
942:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
908:
906:
905:
903:
902:Thermoplastic
898:
897:
893:
890:
887:
884:
883:
879:
871:
867:
864:
861:
857:
854:
850:
847:
844:
843:
842:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
811:polycarbonate
808:
798:
794:
790:
788:
784:
779:
778:Aleph Objects
775:
770:
763:
758:
748:
730:
721:
719:
715:
711:
710:public domain
707:
702:
701:3D printers.
700:
696:
693:is the other
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
671:communities.
670:
666:
665:early adopter
662:
657:
655:
651:
650:plastic waste
643:
639:
632:
613:
609:
601:
592:
578:
576:
570:
568:
562:
560:
556:
547:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
512:thermoplastic
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
492:Polycarbonate
489:
485:
480:
478:
472:
468:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
439:
435:
433:
428:
426:
418:
417:Make magazine
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
364:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
324:
320:
317:
314:
310:
306:
302:
299:
296:
293:
292:
286:
282:
279:
275:
274:stepper motor
271:
266:
264:
263:
258:
250:
247:Diagram of a
245:
237:
228:
226:
215:
212:December 2020
205:
199:
196:This section
194:
190:
185:
184:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
153:
144:
142:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
108:
107:
102:
93:
88:
84:
82:
78:
74:
69:
67:
62:
61:thermoplastic
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
31:
27:
22:
3365:
3279:. Retrieved
3263:. Retrieved
3261:. RepRap.org
3247:. Retrieved
3242:
3227:. Retrieved
3223:the original
3192:
3188:
3172:. Retrieved
3170:. 2014-11-07
3168:makezine.com
3167:
3152:. Retrieved
3131:
3122:
3113:
3104:
3061:
3057:
3047:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2876:
2871:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2756:26 September
2754:. Retrieved
2750:
2740:
2731:
2722:
2711:. Retrieved
2701:
2689:. Retrieved
2684:
2674:
2665:
2656:
2645:. Retrieved
2641:
2632:
2623:
2613:
2602:. Retrieved
2600:. 2020-04-14
2597:
2588:
2580:the original
2575:
2566:
2534:(4): 17–29.
2531:
2527:
2521:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2479:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2440:. Retrieved
2430:
2419:. Retrieved
2415:
2405:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2259:
2252:
2236:(1–2): 3–7.
2233:
2229:
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2202:
2193:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2145:
2141:
2122:December 12,
2120:. Retrieved
2115:
2103:
2060:
2056:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1955:. 2012-04-06
1952:
1943:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1888:. Retrieved
1884:
1874:
1862:. Retrieved
1858:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1799:
1793:
1782:. Retrieved
1778:
1768:
1757:. Retrieved
1753:
1743:
1724:
1718:
1709:
1700:
1680:
1673:
1663:December 27,
1661:. Retrieved
1657:the original
1652:
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1627:
1618:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1550:. Retrieved
1548:. 2018-11-05
1546:MANUFACTUR3D
1545:
1536:
1517:
1513:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1437:Thermocouple
1367:Methacrylate
1327:Ball bearing
1304:
1296:
1261:
1248:
1233:
1221:threaded rod
1214:
1201:toothed belt
1189:
1139:
1138:
1122:
1106:
1105:
1089:
1088:
1064:
1063:
1036:
1035:
1015:
1014:
984:
983:
957:
956:
949:ESD material
900:
899:
877:
870:bioprinting.
865:Food pastes;
839:
804:
795:
791:
771:
759:
736:
727:
703:
697:project for
673:
663:/enthusiast/
658:
647:
589:
581:Applications
571:
563:
552:
520:
481:
473:
469:
464:
462:
454:servo motors
448:
444:
431:
429:
422:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
318:
300:
294:
283:
267:
261:
254:
222:
209:
197:
158:
136:
130:
126:
120:
116:
110:
104:
97:
70:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
35:
3371:Robocasting
3195:: 334–339.
2779:: 369–378.
2505:: 803–810.
2499:IEEE Access
2203:3dprint.com
2179:: 110–116.
2116:Hubspot.net
2063:: 553–562.
1859:RepRap wiki
1826:Addit Manuf
1748:Stratasys.
1653:rpworld.net
1628:RepRap Wiki
1578:(1): 9135.
1317:3D printing
1299:delta robot
1244:Creality K2
1210:servomotors
1090:Food pastes
853:robocasting
829:(PPSU) and
724:Development
654:recyclebots
500:Polystyrene
477:stalactites
465:z direction
385:hyperboloid
383:video of a
127:polystyrene
57:3D printing
3229:7 February
3071:1909.02442
3064:: 100988.
2713:2022-06-15
2647:2013-10-30
2604:2020-05-24
2442:2013-10-30
2421:2012-01-31
2348:: 109730.
2148:(2): 237.
1959:2 November
1890:2020-05-24
1864:24 October
1784:2017-08-20
1759:2016-07-20
1633:2 November
1552:2018-11-06
1478:: 27–371.
1454:References
1432:Thermistor
1197:leadscrews
1021:Zirconia,
855:technique;
739:US$ 20,000
642:Airwolf 3D
391:) made of
135:(TPU) and
3265:26 August
3110:"Rostock"
3096:202537657
3088:2214-8604
3039:229660718
3031:1530-437X
2974:1521-4095
2919:1935-5149
2863:0955-2219
2828:1946-4274
2793:1359-8368
2642:3ders.org
2536:CiteSeerX
2323:206108959
2209:March 26,
2118:. Xometry
2095:104453792
2087:0032-5910
2039:110866375
2031:1433-3015
1996:1551-2916
1935:139180552
1927:0263-4368
1913:: 22–28.
1832:: 64–76.
1779:uspto.gov
1492:105586826
1442:Ultimaker
1377:Printrbot
1212:instead.
1005:sintering
888:examples
801:Materials
767:US$ 2,000
743:US$ 1,000
631:Ultimaker
523:inert gas
496:Polyamide
381:Timelapse
257:extrusion
204:talk page
165:Stratasys
3541:Category
3128:"Kossel"
2992:27859710
2927:20446103
2622:. Bits.
2558:42030603
2315:21900731
1610:29904165
1514:Robotica
1382:Prusa i3
1352:Hyrel 3D
1342:Fab@Home
1310:See also
1236:Bambu X1
1133:Sensors
1047:Titanium
995:Zirconia
928:, PPSF,
904:polymers
825:(PETG),
783:Prusa i3
762:Fab@Home
691:Fab@Home
612:Fab@Home
527:nitrogen
458:deltabot
425:STL file
395:using a
330:Printing
262:filament
129:(HIPS),
119:(PETG),
73:hobbyist
30:Prusa i3
3281:10 July
3245:(Video)
3197:Bibcode
2983:5235978
2954:Bibcode
2732:alveo3D
2691:2 April
2685:fsf.org
2416:NPR.org
2383:Bibcode
2295:Bibcode
1601:6002470
1580:Bibcode
1417:Spindle
1402:Robo 3D
1337:Fab lab
1112:bioink
1051:Inconel
991:Alumina
817:(PLA),
809:(ABS),
774:LulzBot
769:range.
755:US$ 100
490:(PLA),
486:(ABS),
434:plane.
323:pellets
179:Process
147:History
115:(PLA),
109:(ABS),
55:, is a
3249:4 June
3174:1 June
3154:1 June
3132:RepRap
3114:RepRap
3094:
3086:
3037:
3029:
2990:
2980:
2972:
2925:
2917:
2883:
2861:
2826:
2791:
2751:Dezeen
2556:
2538:
2381:(11).
2321:
2313:
2267:
2093:
2085:
2037:
2029:
1994:
1933:
1925:
1806:
1731:
1688:
1608:
1598:
1490:
1412:Sindoh
1347:G-code
1217:RepRap
1143:(PDCs)
999:Kaolin
974:curing
936:9085,
813:(PC),
747:RepRap
706:RepRap
675:RepRap
669:hacker
559:hotend
508:rubber
504:lignin
502:(PS),
498:(PA),
494:(PC),
397:RepRap
305:slurry
278:nozzle
173:RepRap
66:RepRap
51:), or
3092:S2CID
3066:arXiv
3035:S2CID
2923:S2CID
2554:S2CID
2319:S2CID
2112:(PDF)
2091:S2CID
2035:S2CID
1931:S2CID
1488:S2CID
1387:RAMPS
1280:mount
1278:OpenX
934:Ultem
531:argon
311:or a
309:paste
270:spool
141:nylon
3283:2019
3267:2015
3251:2014
3231:2014
3176:2015
3156:2015
3084:ISSN
3027:ISSN
2988:PMID
2970:ISSN
2915:ISSN
2881:ISBN
2859:ISSN
2824:ISSN
2789:ISSN
2758:2022
2693:2015
2311:PMID
2265:ISBN
2211:2015
2124:2018
2083:ISSN
2027:ISSN
1992:ISSN
1961:2014
1923:ISSN
1866:2014
1804:ISBN
1729:ISBN
1686:ISBN
1665:2017
1635:2014
1606:PMID
1242:and
1075:Iron
968:CFRP
964:GFRP
938:PEEK
926:HDPE
914:PETG
835:PTFE
772:The
516:PEEK
313:clay
307:, a
79:and
3205:doi
3076:doi
3019:doi
2978:PMC
2962:doi
2907:doi
2851:doi
2816:doi
2812:542
2781:doi
2546:doi
2507:doi
2391:doi
2350:doi
2346:205
2303:doi
2238:doi
2181:doi
2150:doi
2146:126
2073:hdl
2065:doi
2061:345
2019:doi
1984:doi
1915:doi
1834:doi
1830:1–4
1596:PMC
1588:doi
1522:doi
1480:doi
1199:or
922:ASA
918:ABS
910:PLA
751:£99
699:DIY
661:DIY
529:or
452:or
393:PLA
169:DIY
143:).
49:FDM
41:FFF
3543::
3241:.
3203:.
3193:79
3191:.
3187:.
3166:.
3130:.
3112:.
3090:.
3082:.
3074:.
3062:32
3060:.
3056:.
3033:.
3025:.
3015:21
3013:.
3009:.
2986:.
2976:.
2968:.
2960:.
2950:29
2948:.
2944:.
2921:.
2913:.
2901:.
2857:.
2847:23
2845:.
2822:.
2814:.
2810:.
2787:.
2777:80
2775:.
2749:.
2730:.
2683:.
2664:.
2640:.
2596:.
2574:.
2552:.
2544:.
2530:.
2501:.
2497:.
2478:.
2459:.
2414:.
2389:.
2379:55
2377:.
2373:.
2344:.
2340:.
2317:.
2309:.
2301:.
2289:.
2232:.
2228:.
2201:.
2175:.
2171:.
2144:.
2132:^
2114:.
2089:.
2081:.
2071:.
2059:.
2047:^
2033:.
2025:.
2015:81
2013:.
1990:.
1980:89
1978:.
1951:.
1929:.
1921:.
1911:73
1909:.
1883:.
1857:.
1846:^
1828:.
1777:.
1752:.
1708:.
1651:.
1626:.
1604:.
1594:.
1586:.
1574:.
1570:.
1544:.
1518:29
1516:.
1512:.
1500:^
1486:.
1476:96
1474:.
1470:.
1238:,
1073:,
1049:,
1045:,
997:,
993:,
966:,
932:,
930:PC
924:,
920:,
916:,
912:,
880:)
789:.
757:.
753:/
656:.
537:.
506:,
479:.
432:xy
356:d)
352:e)
348:c)
344:b)
340:a)
3313:e
3306:t
3299:v
3285:.
3269:.
3253:.
3233:.
3213:.
3207::
3199::
3178:.
3158:.
3134:.
3116:.
3098:.
3078::
3068::
3041:.
3021::
2994:.
2964::
2956::
2929:.
2909::
2903:8
2887:.
2865:.
2853::
2830:.
2818::
2795:.
2783::
2760:.
2716:.
2695:.
2650:.
2626:.
2607:.
2560:.
2548::
2532:3
2515:.
2509::
2503:1
2482:.
2445:.
2424:.
2399:.
2393::
2385::
2358:.
2352::
2325:.
2305::
2297::
2291:3
2246:.
2240::
2234:1
2213:.
2187:.
2183::
2177:8
2156:.
2152::
2126:.
2097:.
2075::
2067::
2041:.
2021::
1998:.
1986::
1963:.
1937:.
1917::
1893:.
1868:.
1840:.
1836::
1812:.
1787:.
1762:.
1737:.
1712:.
1694:.
1667:.
1637:.
1612:.
1590::
1582::
1576:8
1555:.
1530:.
1524::
1494:.
1482::
862:;
251:.
214:)
210:(
206:.
139:(
39:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
