111:
281:
him continue to plague him, and eventually he is not able to run from his problems or the people who are hunting him. After Gisli is discovered, Aud and their foster-daughter Gudrid fight side-by-side with Gisli until he is killed in a final, strenuous battle. Even after Gisli is dead, he is still honoured and respected for being a loyal and honest man. The saga notes that his final blow was just as strong as his first. Once Gisli faces his death, Thordis experiences remorse for his murder and stabs Eyjolf in the leg. After Bork wrenches the sword out of her hand and attempts to calm the group, Thordis declares herself divorced from Bork and leaves the house. Aud, Vestein's sons, and three others leave
Iceland. Aud converts to the Christian faith and with Gunhillda, the widow of Vestein, takes a pilgrimage to Rome, never to return to Iceland.
269:
persuaded to pursue a lawsuit of outlawry, rather than attempt to kill Gisli at once. Once Gisli is outlawed he constantly runs from a group of men who wish to find and murder him, led by Bork. This task proves to be more difficult than perceived, as they are unable to locate Gisli in his various hiding places. While Gisli is on the run, Vestein's two sons decide to seek their own vengeance for their father's murder. The two boys murder
Thorkel. Both Bork and Gisli wish to avenge the death, but others, relatives of Vestein such as Gisli's wife Aud, discourage it and nothing is done. Gisli says that it is just as well that he has not met nor will ever meet the lads. The lads' fates are mentioned on the last page of the saga.
273:
261:
49:
194:
17:
213:
Vestein returns from abroad and is reported to be heading for Gisli's home. Gisli sends his farmhands to warn
Vestein away, entrusting his messengers with a special coin he crafted as a token of dire danger. But Vestein refuses to heed the warning. Along the way Vestein meets more people who tell him
201:
Thorkel then decides he must part company with his brother, and take up farming with
Thorgrim, demanding a division of their assets. Thorkel will relinquish the land and farm, but will claim movable assets, including the broken heirloom sword Grásiða. Thorkel and Thorgrim have the sword reforged as a
89:
the 'longer version' (attested primarily in two eighteenth-century scholarly transcripts of a lost medieval manuscript known as the 'Membrana regia deperdita': AM 149 fol and
Copenhagen, Det kongelige bibliotek, NKS 1181 fol. This version is often referred to as 'Y' for 'yngri' or 'S' for 'større' .
146:
Gisli and his elder brother
Thorkel develop a strained relationship over whether to support Bard, a man seducing their elder sister Thordis. Gisli kills Bard, and Thorkel incites the dead man's relative Skeggi the Dueller (Hólmgang-Skeggi) to take revenge and stand as suitor for Thordis. The dueller
217:
While lodging at the home of Gisli and Aud, Vestein is discovered stabbed to death by a spear. The saga states that the custom obligated the person who extracted the murder weapon to carry out vengeance, and Gisli takes the spear (Grásiða). No witness saw the murderer, but Gisli has been haunted by
74:
survives in thirty-three manuscripts and fragments from the Middle Ages down to the twentieth century. It is generally thought to have been composed in written form in the first half of the thirteenth century, but the earliest manuscript, the fragment
Reykjavík, Stofnun Árna Magnússonar, AM 445 c I
312:
In contrast to the heroic Gisli is his elder brother
Thorkel, one of whose major flaws is pointed out to be that of laziness. When the brothers divide their property Thorkel concedes that he is making Gisli perform all the work of running the farm., and when Thorkel eavesdrops on his wife, this is
280:
Aud, Gisli’s wife, remains loyal throughout the saga and refuses to divulge the location of her husband, even when Eyjolf offers her three hundred silver pieces, help in remarriage and reminds her of her current hard life at
Geirthjofsfjordhur. Gisli's dreams of a mysterious woman pouring blood on
268:
In order to avenge the death of
Vestein, a man to whom he is bound, Gisli murders Thorgrim and escapes into the night without being discovered. However, Thordis, Gisli’s widowed sister, suspects that Gisli must have murdered her husband, and tells her new husband, Thorgrim's brother Bork. Bork is
226:
Gisli sent his foster daughter Gudrid (Geirmund's sister) to Saebol to see what was happening, and discovered that Thorgrim, Thorkel and the rest are fully armed, prepared for a fight. Thorkel commented on Vesteinn's death that there was a time when that would have been "regarded as news indeed".
189:
A chain of dreadful events is set into motion when Thorkel is eavesdropping and overhears his wife Asgerd and Gisli's wife Aud talking about their past loves. Thorkel learns that his wife was actually fond of Vestein before she married. Gisli too learns from his wife that she had been fond of
178:(an assembly), the hero's close-knit group learns that a wise man named Gest has predicted discord among them (the "Haukdal men") in three years. To forestall this, Gisli, Thorkel, Thorgrim (brother-in-law to both), and Vestein (Gisli's brothers-in-law) decide to enter a pact of
248:) in which he was bested by Gisli, he leered towards Vestein's mound and recited in verse that the sound of spear biting into the man caused him no anguish, which has been construed to be Thorgrim gloating over Vestein's death and taunting Gisli to take revenge if he dares.
63:. It tells the story of Gísli, a tragic hero who must kill one of his brothers-in-law to avenge another brother-in-law. Gisli is forced to stay on the run for thirteen years before he is hunted down and killed. The events depicted in the saga took place between 860 and 980.
313:
because he was lazily warming himself at the house while everyone else was laboring hard during the busiest time at the farm. The longer version explicitly calls Thorkel lazy, and adds he is a dandy preoccupied more with fashionable attire than labor.
251:
Despite these innuendoes, it has been commented that shorter version of the saga does not make absolutely clear if Thorgrim had been the one who actually stabbed Vestein to death, even though he is definitely the culprit in the longer version.
214:
to be on guard. At Saebol (Thorgrim and Thorkel's farm), the boy Geirmund tells him not to tarry and go straight to Gisli (this boy lived with Gisli and Thorkel, until the brothers split their assets). The boy refuses to admit seeing Vestein.
170:
of Iceland. The siblings marry: Gisli marries Aud, sister of Vestein Vesteinsson; Thorkel marries a woman named Asgerd; and Thordis marries Thorgrim Thorsteinsson the Godi. They live as neighbors, the brothers at Hol, and Thorgrim at Saebol.
190:
Thorgrim the Godi prior to marriage. Thorkel reacts to the news more badly than Gisli, and first lashes out at his wife by refusing to let her sleep in the same bed as him, which is immediately quashed by her who threatens him with divorce.
50:
94:
The longer version differs from the shorter mainly in having a profoundly different (and longer) version of the opening sequence of the saga's narrative, set in Norway. The parts set in Iceland are substantially similar.
186:, "foster brotherhood"). However, Thorgrim has a change of heart and the pact is not completed. From this moment on the characters’ actions seem to be largely controlled by fate as they head down a tragic path.
292:
is a classic outlaw saga that is centered on the internal struggles of Gisli. As Gisli's fate unfolds, he experiences conflicting passions of love, hate, and complex emotional bonds. Differing from the typical
102:
was composed in the thirteenth century, with voices tending towards the middle of the century, and most commentators preferring 1225×50. However, there is little hard evidence to support this.
75:
4to, is from around 1400 and the earliest extensive text in AM 556a 4to, from the later fifteenth. The saga is generally thought to exist in three main versions originating in the Middle Ages:
1089:
147:
challenges Kolbjorn who has become Thordis's new preferred suitor, but Gisli fights the duel instead and prevails over Skeggi who has a ringing sword named Gunnlogi (Battle-flame).
218:
dreams for several nights, and is convinced he knows the murderer. Gisli will later kill Thorgrim, but there are some psychological developments in the wake of Vestein's death.
402:, ed. by Judy Quinn and Emily Lethbridge (Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark, 2010), pp. 123–52 (pp. 127–28); Þórður Ingi Guðjónsson, 'Editing the Three Versions of
150:
Even though Gisli spared the dueller's life, the dueller's sons forcibly recruit Kolbjorn, and the band sets fire to the hero's family house. Thorbjorn earns his nickname
123:
In the opening chapter set in Norway, Gisli Thorkelsson is an uncle and namesake of the saga's title character. This Gisli avenges his elder brother Ari, defeating a
234:
Thorgrim on the other hand said in the girl Gudrid's presence that respect must be paid to Vestein's death, and in fact played the role of placing the "Hel-shoes" (
131:
Kol, and the ensuing squabble results in the death of both men and a broken sword. The thrall lays a curse against the family on this sword in the longer version.
1312:
127:
with a sword of assured victory named Grásiða (Grey-blade, Grey-flank, Graysteel). But he refuses to return the sword borrowed from his wife's
297:, it uses the common theme of vengeance to divide loyalties within family instead of strengthening familial bonds. More than most sagas,
86:, often referred to in scholarship as 'E' for 'eldri' or 'M' for 'minni' , and from which most other manuscripts seem to be descended)
110:
1182:
227:
Thorkel also insisted on knowing if Aud is griefstricken, posing the question twice to Gisli; this has been analyzed as petty bit of
1382:
783:
1131:
362:
Not explicitly identified as Grásiða here (Ch. 13), but later (Ch. 16) he is in possession of it and uses it in vengeance.
1367:
272:
143:
then passes from (Ari and Gisli Thorkelsson) to Thorbjorn Thorkelsson Sur, whose son Gisli Sursson is the title hero.
1292:
1212:
1080:
1036:
977:
813:
629:
444:, ed. by Judy Quinn and Emily Lethbridge (Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark, 2010), pp. 105–21 (p. 108).
1202:
242:) onto Vestein's body to prepare it for interment in the burial mound. However, during the subsequent ball-games (
1217:
1010:
608:, p. xxii: "He tries .. by the solem oath of foster-brothers, but is of no avail. What must be, must be".
1307:
1175:
442:
Creating the Medieval Saga: Versions, Variability, and Editorial Interpretations in Old Norse Saga Literature
408:
Creating the Medieval Saga: Versions, Variability, and Editorial Interpretations in Old Norse Saga Literature
400:
Creating the Medieval Saga: Versions, Variability, and Editorial Interpretations in Old Norse Saga Literature
79:
the 'fragmentary version' (attested by AM 445 c I 4to, often known in scholarship as version 'B' for 'brot' )
1500:
306:
410:, ed. by Judy Quinn and Emily Lethbridge (Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark, 2010), pp. 105–21.
193:
1387:
904:
260:
202:
spear, with the assistance of a black magician and blacksmith named Thorgrim Nef (Nose, or Bottlenose).
1479:
993:
953:
1377:
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337:
210:
Thorkel now in league with Thorgrim discuss various things, perhaps even planning Vestein's murder.
1297:
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183:
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1317:
1287:
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680:
In Dasent's version, Thorgrim the Godi forges the spear, rather than "Thorgrim Bottlenose".
1357:
8:
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60:
24:
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461:, ed. by Else Mundal (Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 2013), pp. 77–113 (p. 83).
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1402:
1372:
1262:
1247:
1453:
1337:
175:
1005:. Translated by Martin S. Regal. New York: Penguin Books. 2000. pp. 496–557.
1448:
1443:
1433:
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325:
1352:
1342:
942:. Mildmay, C. E. St. John (illustrator). Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. 1866.
398:: Textual Variation, Editorial Constructions, and Critical Interpretations', in
1322:
1242:
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in the stables. Gisli and Thorkel retaliate by exterminating the perpetrators.
1494:
1146:
1133:
1109:
882:, p. 33:"..thou shouldest have all the toil and trouble about the farm".
374:
advanced the theory that Thorkel was meant to be regarded as the real killer.
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83:
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16:
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Gropper, Stefanie (2017). Ármann Jakobsson; Sverrir Jakobsson (eds.).
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124:
972:(Notes and introductory essay). University of Toronto Press. 1973 .
140:
1110:
Full text and English translation at the Icelandic Saga Database
128:
1028:
Chaos & Love: The Philosophy of the Icelandic Family Sagas
427:, Editiones Arnamagnæanæ, A 5 (Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1960).
741:
851:
849:
551:
166:
Around 952, the hero's family leave Norway and move to the
155:
905:"Database of medieval Icelandic saga literary adaptations"
82:
the 'shorter version' (attested primarily in AM 556a 4to,
476:
846:
861:
822:
662:
436:Þórður Ingi Guðjónsson, 'Editing the Three Versions of
805:
The Growth of the Medieval Icelandic Sagas (1180-1280)
500:
1031:. New York: Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 60–72.
309:
to represent old ways of vengeance and family honor.
98:There is a consensus that the written archetype of
961:
90:Only two other manuscripts contain this version.).
1492:
529:
527:
775:Gender, Violence, and the Past in Edda and Saga
235:
1065:"On the Possibility of an Oral Background for
731:
729:
716:
714:
712:
710:
154:("Whey", "Soursop") by dousing fire using the
1176:
1073:Oral Art Forms and Their Passage Into Writing
960:
747:
650:
557:
524:
482:
336:(2022). The saga was also adapted to film by
23:— Illustration by C. E. St. John Mildmay, in
20:Gisli, wife Aud, and foster-daughter Gudrid.
1075:, Museum Tusculanum Press, pp. 29–42,
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563:
1183:
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512:
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1097:Journal of English and Germanic Philology
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1052:Journal of English and Germanic Philology
828:
798:
264:Gisli about to slay Thorgrim with Grásiða
66:
808:. Cornell University Press. p. 81.
453:Emily Lethbridge, 'Dating the Sagas and
271:
259:
192:
109:
15:
1190:
1117:Text with normalized Icelandic spelling
617:
611:
459:Dating the Sagas: Reviews and Revisions
1493:
1090:Gender, Violence, and the ‘Enigma’ of
1050:: Sexual Themes and the Heroic Past".
932:
891:
879:
867:
692:, Ch. 12, pp. 513; Ch. 8, pp. 509–509.
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605:
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1164:
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1000:
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771:
759:
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704:, Ch. 12, pp. 513–514; Ch. 10, p. 511
701:
689:
656:
644:
624:. Taylor & Francis. p. 205.
581:
569:
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470:
42:
349:
276:Gisli slips through Bork's fingers.
13:
316:
44:[ˈcistlaˈsaːɣaˈsur̥sɔnar̥]
14:
1512:
1103:
1046:Clark, David (2007). "Revisiting
968:. Translated by George Johnston.
162:Brothers divided again in Iceland
778:. OUP Oxford. pp. 109–110.
305:, in particular by referring to
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885:
873:
834:
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324:served as inspiration for both
1383:Þorsteins saga Síðu-Hallssonar
488:
447:
430:
413:
388:
1:
935:The Story of Gisli the Outlaw
926:
659:, Ch. 10 and 11, pp. 511–513.
301:makes use of motifs from the
1293:Gunnars saga Keldugnúpsfífls
1233:Egils saga Skalla-Grímssonar
894:, p. xxxiv and Ch. VI, p. 29
596:, Ch. IV, pp. 22–24; p. xxii
57:The saga of Gísli the Outlaw
7:
1368:Reykdæla saga ok Víga-Skútu
1003:The Sagas of the Icelanders
748:Johnston & Foote (1973)
558:Johnston & Foote (1973)
483:Johnston & Foote (1973)
332:(1919) and Kári Gíslason's
105:
10:
1517:
1480:Icelandic Literary Society
1467:
1421:
1218:Bjarnar saga Hítdœlakappa
1198:
1063:Danielson, Tommy (2008),
909:Christopher W. E. Crocker
284:
1313:Hávarðar saga Ísfirðings
1308:Harðar saga ok Hólmverja
1298:Gunnlaugs saga ormstungu
1203:Auðunar þáttr vestfirzka
1001:"Gisli Sursson's Saga".
425:Membrana regia deperdita
381:
197:The Forging of the Spear
135:Brothers’ feud in Norway
114:The broken sword Grásiða
40:Icelandic pronunciation:
1213:Bárðar saga Snæfellsáss
1147:65.876829°N 23.635798°W
548:, Ch. III–IV, pp. 13–24
236:
992:: CS1 maint: others (
952:: CS1 maint: others (
800:Andersson, Theodore M.
762:, Ch. 15, pp. 518–520.
738:, Ch. 14, pp. 516–518.
723:, Ch. 13, pp. 515–516.
536:, Ch. 3–4, pp. 503–504
277:
265:
198:
115:
67:Manuscripts and dating
30:
1152:65.876829; -23.635798
772:Clark, David (2012).
275:
263:
196:
119:Cursed heirloom sword
113:
19:
1378:Þorsteins saga hvíta
1115:Gísla saga Súrssonar
1067:Gísla saga Súrssonar
843:, p. 492 and passim.
647:, Ch. 9, pp. 509–511
584:, Ch. 6, pp. 506–507
572:, Ch. 5, pp. 503–504
521:, Ch. 2, pp. 501–503
473:, Ch. 1, pp. 500–501
455:Gísla saga Súrssonar
438:Gísla saga Súrssonar
404:Gísla saga Súrssonar
396:Gísla saga Súrssonar
394:Emily Lethbridge, '
256:Gisli kills Thorgrim
222:Appearances of guilt
35:Gísla saga Súrssonar
27:'s 1866 translation.
1501:Sagas of Icelanders
1253:Finnboga saga ramma
1228:Droplaugarsona saga
1192:Sagas of Icelanders
1143: /
1099:115 (2016): 277-98.
940:George Webbe Dasent
231:on Thorkel's part.
61:sagas of Icelanders
25:George Webbe Dasent
1439:Contemporary sagas
1023:Bredsdorff, Thomas
307:Guðrún Gjúkadóttir
278:
266:
199:
174:While attending a
116:
31:
1488:
1487:
1422:Other saga genres
1398:Vápnfirðinga saga
1388:Þórðar saga hreðu
1358:Ljósvetninga saga
1328:Hrana saga hrings
1283:Grœnlendinga saga
1238:Eiríks saga rauða
1223:Brennu-Njáls saga
1088:Turco, Jeffrey. “
964:The Saga of Gisli
856:Bredsdorff (2001)
785:978-0-19-965430-7
671:, pp. 35–36.
509:, pp. xx, 7.
350:Explanatory notes
338:Ágúst Guðmundsson
180:blood brotherhood
1508:
1393:Valla-Ljóts saga
1338:Kjalnesinga saga
1333:Hænsa-Þóris saga
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938:. Translated by
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870:, p. xxxiv.
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334:The Sorrow Stone
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59:) is one of the
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1475:Íslenzk fornrit
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1449:Legendary sagas
1434:Chivalric sagas
1417:
1408:Víga-Glúms saga
1348:Króka-Refs saga
1318:Heiðarvíga saga
1303:Hallfreðar saga
1288:Gull-Þóris saga
1268:Fóstbrœðra saga
1258:Fljótsdæla saga
1208:Bandamanna saga
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317:Popular culture
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1429:Bishops' sagas
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1413:Víglundar saga
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1373:Svarfdæla saga
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1243:Eyrbyggja saga
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1444:Kings' sagas
1353:Laxdæla saga
1343:Kormáks saga
1278:Grettis saga
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1121:Proverbs in
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1468:Publication
1459:Short tales
1150: /
970:Peter Foote
421:Agnete Loth
295:family saga
1273:Gísla saga
1138:23°38′09″W
1135:65°52′37″N
1123:Gísla saga
1092:Gísla saga
1058:: 492–515.
1048:Gísla saga
1012:9979929308
927:References
915:2022-11-12
330:The Outlaw
322:Gísla saga
299:Gísla saga
290:Gísla saga
245:knattleikr
168:Westfjords
100:Gísla saga
84:Eggertsbók
72:Gísla saga
988:cite book
948:cite book
328:'s novel
125:berserker
1495:Category
1025:(2001).
802:(2006).
346:(1981).
343:Útlaginn
141:Surnadal
106:Synopsis
423:, ed.,
340:in his
238:helskór
1079:
1035:
1009:
976:
812:
782:
628:
457:', in
440:', in
406:', in
285:Themes
129:thrall
382:Notes
176:thing
1077:ISBN
1033:ISBN
1007:ISBN
994:link
974:ISBN
954:link
810:ISBN
780:ISBN
626:ISBN
621:Fate
419:Cf.
156:whey
1095:.”
1056:106
152:Súr
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