3642:, similarly states in Sections VI.87 through VI.90, that it is the householders who feed all those in other three stages of life, and those who seek spiritual pursuits live on, attain fulfillment because of those who accept and prosper in Gṛhastha ashrama. Manusmriti uses the concept of ashrama broadly, and in verses III.77 to III.80, declares Gṛhastha stage as noble, excellent and that "just like all beings need air to survive, so do all beings take life from the
3355:
3678:(householder). Let him pursue and obtain, by ethical ways, home, wife, and wealth, discharge to the best of his ability the duties of his life's stage. He should satisfy the soul of his ancestors with funeral cakes; the gods with oblations; guests with hospitality; the sages with holy study; the progenitors of mankind with progeny; the spirits with reverence; and all the world with words of truth.
3702:(householder), acquiring wealth by honest means, should perform sacrifices; he should always give something in charity, should perform the rites of hospitality unto all arriving at his abode, and should never use anything without giving a portion thereof to others. He should abstain from all vicious acts, should never inflict pain on any creature. It is then only that he can achieve success.
42:
3649:
In
Sections IV.1 through IV.6, Manusmriti states a Brahmana, after being twice-born and completing his studies with his teacher, should marry and live in his house. He must seek a means of living that causes no injury or least possible injury to all living beings, except in times of distress. For
3452:
stage as the most important of all stages in sociological context, as human beings in this stage not only pursue a virtuous life, they produce food and wealth that sustains people in other stages of life, as well as the offspring that continues mankind. The householder stage is also considered in
3604:
discuss all four stages of life - student, householder, retired/hermit and ascetic. However they hold Gṛhastha āśrama as the highest because, explains verse III.4.48, not only does the householder performs the duties recommended for all four asramas, they have to produce food and goods on which
3658:(अमृत, accepting gifts and charity), Mrta (मृत, begging), Pramrta (प्रमृत, agriculture, tillage) and Satyanrta (सत्यानृत, trade, commerce, money lending). The text disapproves of one means of survival for the householder - Shvavritti (श्ववृत्ति, dog-like subsistence, servitude, slavery).
3693:
The Indian Epics have extensive debates on Gṛhastha stage of life, offering a contrasting spectrum of views on its merits and nature. An illustrative recommended guidelines for conduct in householder stage of life is stated in Book 1, the Adi Parva of the
Mahabharata, as follows,
3650:
this householder stage, the text declares that the
Brahmana (graduate from Brahmacharya) should accumulate property by ethically pursuing his varna's (class) occupation. Manusmriti lists five appropriate sources of income or means for survival for the educated Brahmana -
3566:
stage after a Hindu wedding . They would build a home, raise a family, earn wealth, enjoy worldly life and give donations to needy people, poor families, orphans, etc... They also have to follow the 5 great rituals ( Pancha Maha Yajnas) as follow:
4071:
See the following
Upanishads: Brahma, Sannyasa, Aruneya, Kantha, Paramahamsa, Jabala and Ashrama; For English translations and secondary source - see Paul Deussen (1906), The Philosophy of the Upanishads, T&T Clark, Edinburgh, pages
3544:(liberation, freedom, self-realization). Gṛhastha is considered to be the most intense of all four stages, where a man or woman pursues all four goals of life, with greater emphasis on first three - Dharma, Artha and Kama. In contrast,
3620:, specify only three stages of human life – Brahmacharya, Gṛhastha and Vanaprastha. They make no mention of gender, class restrictions on these stages of life. All three stages are recommended as path to
3464:
may, if they want, skip householder and retirement stage, go straight to
Sannyasa stage of life, thereby renouncing worldly and materialistic pursuits and dedicating their lives to spiritual pursuits.
3636:
in verses 3.2 and 3.3, is the foundation of all the ashramas, and essential to the existence and continuation of society because the other three ashramas do not produce offspring.
3418:(bachelor student) life stage, and embodies a married life, with the duties of maintaining a home, raising a family, educating one's children, and leading a family-centred and a
3559:(retirement, forest dweller, still an advisor to the next generation) stage. In ancient texts, Gṛhastha stage of life is said to extend from the age of about 25 to about 50.
3407:: गृहस्थ) literally means "being in and occupied with home, family" or "householder". It refers to the second phase of an individual's life in a four age-based stages of the
3958:
Mazumdar and
Mazumdar (2005), Home in the Context of Religion, in Home and Identity in Late Life: International Perspectives (Editor: Graham D. Rowles et al.), Springer,
3453:
Indian philosophy as one where the most intense physical, procreational, emotional, occupational, social and material attachments exist in a human being's life.
4217:
3674:
When the scriptural studies appropriate to the student have been completed, and he has received blessings of his Guru, let him enter into the order of the
4205:
3987:
3975:
4229:
3795:
3587:
Atithi yajna~ Hospitality to guest, saints, sages. It is said "Guest is God." We must take good care of our guest to get good deeds in our life.
3445:
concept, something essential to completing the full development of a human being and fulfilling all the needs of the individual and society.
4025:
4277:
3516:, which identified four stages of a human life, with distinct differences based on natural human needs and drives, as well as how these
4273:
4241:
Muller translates it as dog-like menial subsistence, William Jones translates this as service for hire, Prasad translates it as slavery
4196:
Muller translates it as gleaning of corn, William Jones as lawful gleaning and gathering, Prasad translates it as proper natural work
90:
3773:
2262:
853:
4358:
4254:
2141:
4316:
4126:
4004:
3963:
3832:
3385:
3018:
3893:
3861:
4299:
4087:
English
Translation: UC Pandey, Gautama Dharma Sutra, with the Mitaksara' Sanskrit commentary of Haradatta, 1966,
2171:
1007:
3908:
L Mullatti (1995), Families in India: Beliefs and
Realities, Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 26(1): 11-25
3851:
3605:
people in other ashramas survive. The shared duties of four ashramas are - tenderness for all living creatures (
4272:
See, for example, Adi
Sankara's commentary on The Bhagavad Gita of the Mahabharata, AM Sastri (Translator), at
4082:
3881:
127:
3548:
is the stage where the individual renounces Artha and Kama, and pursues Moksha with a single minded pursuit.
3441:(renunciation). Combined with other three life stages, Hindu philosophy considers these stages as a facet of
1600:
2151:
2091:
76:
4328:
699:
4166:
4104:
3321:
3212:
1822:
3340:
3011:
2915:
1862:
1536:
1221:
533:
4283:
1857:
4260:
4184:
3317:
2963:
2081:
1817:
110:
95:
763:
4047:
3633:
3617:
2873:
2866:
2845:
2554:
2444:
2416:
2146:
1041:
828:
803:
719:
4343:
3088:
2301:
2206:
2131:
1317:
1239:
132:
100:
1279:
3770:
3378:
3287:
3217:
3053:
2682:
2451:
2111:
1017:
694:
4173:
4111:
3928:
4143:
3327:
3305:
3195:
3060:
2633:
2241:
2121:
1529:
1515:
683:
678:
3313:
3309:
3301:
3190:
2852:
2430:
2400:
2231:
2136:
2032:
1767:
1661:
8:
3597:
3411:
3345:
3238:
3074:
2605:
2467:
2211:
2101:
2086:
1992:
1932:
1897:
1382:
1294:
913:
572:
183:
85:
56:
1483:
673:
3999:
R Sharma (1986), A Socio-political Study of the Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa, Motilal
Banarsidass,
3267:
3253:
2972:
2497:
2393:
2221:
2201:
2196:
2191:
1797:
1563:
1434:
1046:
932:
4036:. Adyar, Chennai: The Adyar Library and Research Centre: 379–406 – via Academia.
3807:
S Radhakrishnan (1922), The Hindu Dharma, International Journal of Ethics, 33(1): 1-22
4363:
4312:
4311:
J. A. B Van Buitenen (1974), The Book of the Beginning, University of Chicago Press,
4122:
4088:
4000:
3959:
3889:
3857:
3828:
3371:
3277:
3246:
3202:
2859:
2810:
2745:
2504:
2490:
2236:
2161:
1982:
1942:
1937:
1927:
1772:
1468:
1402:
997:
734:
25:
3500:
means that which "being in and occupied with home, family" or simply "householder".
1842:
1254:
541:
3153:
3115:
3095:
3046:
2995:
2894:
2689:
2675:
2626:
2569:
2116:
1777:
1696:
1447:
1367:
992:
418:
272:
169:
4121:
English Translation 2: RK Sharma (1999), Indian Society, Institutions and Change,
2531:
4050:: The Vedanta-Sutras, Pt. 2, Vol. XXXVIII, Oxford University Press, pages 324-325
3359:
3282:
3230:
3039:
2943:
2887:
2824:
2640:
2541:
2437:
2186:
2166:
2037:
1912:
1892:
1812:
1508:
1494:
1392:
1372:
1335:
927:
922:
649:
528:
492:
437:
432:
259:
3624:(inner Self, Soul). In contrast, later texts specify four stages of human life.
1056:
808:
509:
4062:(1906), The Philosophy of the Upanishads, T&T Clark, Edinburgh, pages 54-61
3272:
3081:
2929:
2580:
2474:
2423:
2226:
2052:
1972:
1922:
1907:
1872:
1827:
1729:
1501:
1362:
1244:
1193:
1178:
1158:
1122:
1051:
833:
788:
739:
497:
122:
3431:
879:
659:
590:
105:
4352:
3667:
3639:
3601:
3513:
2936:
2901:
2838:
2784:
2777:
2738:
2731:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2619:
2563:
2181:
2126:
2106:
2096:
2076:
2047:
1957:
1752:
1747:
1737:
1686:
1608:
1522:
1355:
1304:
1203:
1138:
977:
744:
198:
1917:
1681:
889:
884:
4178:
4148:
4116:
4059:
3933:
3727:
3552:
2908:
2817:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2696:
2354:
2176:
2012:
2007:
1967:
1877:
1867:
1837:
1807:
1742:
1646:
1568:
1299:
1264:
1188:
1163:
1092:
942:
793:
580:
479:
466:
461:
4092:
1117:
3732:
3556:
3525:
2979:
2703:
2596:
2526:
2339:
2293:
2254:
2156:
1997:
1987:
1852:
1721:
1711:
1580:
1575:
1478:
1377:
1269:
1259:
1229:
1198:
1107:
874:
688:
611:
603:
405:
174:
4181:, The Sacred Books of the East, Oxford University Press, pages 128-129;
4138:
3946:
3936:, Family Life and Monastic Life, Chapter 10 with page 101 in particular
3025:
2986:
2950:
2831:
2770:
2377:
2369:
2280:
2057:
1832:
1787:
1641:
1631:
1397:
1345:
1274:
1183:
1112:
1102:
1097:
869:
644:
621:
616:
345:
145:
4119:, The Sacred Books of the East, Oxford University Press, pages 214-215
3707:
3135:
3067:
3004:
2922:
2754:
2325:
2285:
2216:
2062:
2027:
1977:
1947:
1882:
1802:
1706:
1676:
1656:
1340:
1284:
1249:
1234:
1153:
1148:
1130:
456:
370:
301:
240:
937:
3764:
3737:
3722:
3545:
3437:
3415:
3404:
3207:
2763:
2589:
2546:
2513:
2364:
2359:
2332:
2042:
2022:
1952:
1902:
1782:
1671:
1587:
1558:
1553:
1422:
1412:
1309:
1289:
1213:
1208:
1173:
843:
823:
783:
749:
729:
709:
595:
471:
206:
164:
159:
33:
2270:
4026:"The concept of Pañca mahāyajña : Origin and transformation"
3651:
3621:
3140:
3130:
2880:
2801:
2793:
2610:
2536:
2521:
2318:
2017:
1962:
1701:
1651:
1621:
1616:
1488:
1463:
1350:
982:
861:
838:
813:
724:
714:
523:
487:
375:
360:
355:
291:
286:
250:
245:
232:
4151:, The Sacred Books of the East, Oxford University Press, page 89
3176:
1027:
1022:
848:
3757:
3742:
3655:
3606:
3541:
3529:
3442:
3419:
3408:
3145:
2959:
2275:
2002:
1887:
1792:
1762:
1757:
1691:
1666:
1455:
1325:
1168:
1143:
1082:
967:
962:
952:
894:
818:
778:
773:
704:
629:
564:
549:
451:
395:
380:
326:
306:
219:
214:
51:
16:
Second phase of an individual's life in the Hindu ashram system
3460:
stage of life is a recommendation, but not a requirement. Any
3747:
3610:
3533:
3509:
3162:
3032:
2797:
2309:
1847:
1716:
1626:
1473:
1427:
1407:
1087:
1072:
1012:
1002:
987:
972:
947:
798:
768:
654:
554:
385:
350:
321:
316:
311:
296:
224:
3646:
because of the food they produce and knowledge they apply".
3616:
Some chapters of the Upanishads, for example hymn 4.4.22 of
3584:
Bhuta yajna~ Service to poor, needy, handicapped and animals
3827:
RK Sharma (1999), Indian Society, Institutions and Change,
3752:
3575:
3537:
1636:
1417:
1387:
1330:
1077:
1064:
957:
559:
400:
390:
365:
331:
281:
263:
3654:(ऋत, lawful gleaning and gathering, proper natural work),
504:
41:
4286:, Book 13 of the Mahabharata, KM Ganguli (Translator)
3448:
Ancient and medieval era texts of Hinduism consider
4169:
Chapter 4, Verses 1-6, pages 114-115 (in Sanskrit);
3849:
3949:, International Journal of Ethics, 40(2): 232-245
3698:It hath been said in the oldest Upanishad that a
3571:Brahma yajna~ Study of vedas, meditation, prayers
4350:
3581:Pitr yajna~ Care of parents, aged and old people
3926:What is Hinduism? (Editors of Hinduism Today),
3882:"5. Grihastha Ashrama, Vanprastha and Sanyasa"
4183:English Translation 2: William Jones (1796),
4023:
3990:Sanskrit English Dictionary, Koeln University
3978:Sanskrit English Dictionary, Koeln University
3798:Sanskrit English Dictionary, Koeln University
3496:means "devoted to, occupied with, being in".
3379:
4259:English Translation: HH Wilson (Translator)
3886:Social and cultural history of ancient India
3879:
3888:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 68.
3856:. Northern Book Centre. pp. 110–114.
3791:
3789:
3574:Deva yajna~ Offering of clarified butter (
3386:
3372:
3555:(student) stage of life, and followed by
3520:integrated with fulfilling, joyful four
3786:
2263:Sources and classification of scripture
4351:
4300:The Mahabharata - First Book Adi Parva
4294:
4292:
4249:
4247:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4107:Chapter 6, Verses 87-90 (in Sanskrit);
4019:
4017:
4015:
4013:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3813:
890:Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)
885:Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)
3875:
3873:
3551:The stage "Gṛhastha" is preceded by
3540:(love, relationships, emotions) and
4289:
4244:
4171:English Translation 1: Max Muller,
4154:
3492:means "home, family, house", while
13:
4331:The Mahabharata, verse 3, page 132
4010:
3911:
3838:
3810:
14:
4375:
4337:
4263:Book III, Chapter IX, pages 93-94
4109:English Translation: Max Muller,
3870:
3853:Axiological approach to the Vedas
3536:(wealth, health, means of life),
4185:Manu Smriti - Ordinances of Manu
3683:Vishnu Purana, 3.IX.1 - 3.IX.31
3508:Gṛhastha is part of the ancient
3353:
40:
4321:
4305:
4266:
4235:
4223:
4211:
4199:
4190:
4132:
4097:
4075:
4065:
4053:
4040:
3993:
3981:
3969:
3952:
3947:The Principles of Hindu Ethics
3939:
3902:
3801:
3710:, The Mahabharata, Chapter 91
3628:Dharmasutras and Dharmasmritis
3435:(forest dweller, retired) and
128:Epic-Puranic royal genealogies
1:
3780:
3670:in Book 3 Chapter IX, states
3591:
3503:
3184:Other society-related topics:
880:Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)
4359:Hindu philosophical concepts
4257:pages 209-211 (in Sanskrit);
4024:Sundareswaran, N.K. (2019).
3850:Sahebrao Genu Nigal (1986).
3632:Grihastha ashrama, declares
3467:
3429:is conceptually followed by
3295:Hinduism and other religions
2092:Chandrashekarendra Saraswati
7:
4187:Chapter the Fourth, page 89
3715:
3562:A man or woman entered the
3532:(piety, morality, duties),
3040:Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram
3012:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
745:Arishadvargas (six enemies)
689:Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)
684:Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)
10:
4380:
4329:Sambhava Parva - Adi Parva
4030:The Adyar Library Bulletin
2916:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
1601:Gurus, sants, philosophers
1537:Akshar Purushottam Darshan
725:Uparati (self-settledness)
4298:KM Ganguli (Translator),
4282:For another example, see
4232:Koeln University, Germany
4220:Koeln University, Germany
4208:Koeln University, Germany
3929:Two noble paths of Dharma
3723:The Four Ashramas of Yoga
2082:Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati
740:Samadhana (concentration)
604:Three paths to liberation
111:Tribal religions in India
96:Historical Vedic religion
91:Indus Valley Civilisation
4048:Sacred Books of the East
3618:Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
3476:(गृहस्थ) is a composite
916:, sacrifice, and charity
4261:Vishnu Purana, Volume 3
3089:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
2302:Timeline of Hindu texts
2207:Siddharameshwar Maharaj
1240:Pumsavana Simantonayana
895:Śabda (word, testimony)
133:Epic-Puranic chronology
101:Dravidian folk religion
4327:MN Dutt (Translator),
3945:Alban Widgery (1930),
3713:
3686:
3456:In Indian traditions,
3054:Eighteen Greater Texts
2683:Brahma Vaivarta Purana
2112:Krishnananda Saraswati
1356:Vijayadashami-Dussehra
870:Pratyakṣa (perception)
730:Titiksha (forbearance)
3880:Manilal Bose (1998).
3696:
3672:
3170:Varna-related topics:
3061:Eighteen Lesser Texts
2634:Devi Bhagavata Purana
1530:Svabhavika Bhedabheda
1516:Achintya Bheda Abheda
1448:Philosophical schools
750:Ahamkara (attachment)
710:Vairagya (dispassion)
638:Mokṣa-related topics:
4344:Four ashrama of yoga
4083:Gautama Dharma Sutra
3302:Hinduism and Jainism
2232:Vethathiri Maharishi
2137:Nisargadatta Maharaj
705:Viveka (discernment)
80:(500/200 BCE–300 CE)
4081:Sanskrit Original:
3634:Gautama Dharmasutra
3598:Chandogya Upanishad
3360:Hinduism portal
3239:Hinduism by country
3075:Iraiyanar Akapporul
3019:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
2102:Dayananda Saraswati
2087:Bhaktivinoda Thakur
1993:Sripada Srivallabha
1933:Raghunatha Siromani
1898:Narasimha Saraswati
875:Anumāṇa (inference)
3480:of two root words
3472:The Sanskrit word
3254:Caribbean Shaktism
2973:Kanakadhara Stotra
2222:U. G. Krishnamurti
2202:Satyadhyana Tirtha
1798:Gangesha Upadhyaya
1456:Six Astika schools
700:Ānanda (happiness)
679:Anātman (non-self)
3396:
3395:
3247:Balinese Hinduism
2746:Markandeya Purana
1983:Satyanatha Tirtha
1938:Raghuttama Tirtha
1928:Raghavendra Swami
1773:Ramdas Kathiababa
854:Sources of dharma
720:Dama (temperance)
715:Sama (equanimity)
81:
4371:
4332:
4325:
4319:
4309:
4303:
4296:
4287:
4270:
4264:
4251:
4242:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4188:
4174:The Laws of Manu
4163:
4152:
4144:The Laws of Manu
4136:
4130:
4112:The Laws of Manu
4101:
4095:
4079:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4057:
4051:
4046:Max Muller, The
4044:
4038:
4037:
4021:
4008:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3967:
3956:
3950:
3943:
3937:
3924:
3909:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3877:
3868:
3867:
3847:
3836:
3825:
3808:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3711:
3684:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3318:and Christianity
3288:Pilgrimage sites
3218:Reform movements
3096:Vinayagar Agaval
3047:Five Great Epics
2996:Tamil literature
2895:Sushruta Samhita
2690:Bhavishya Purana
2676:Brahmanda Purana
2627:Bhagavata Purana
2555:Other scriptures
2117:Mahavatar Babaji
1697:Satyakama Jabala
1368:Ganesh Chaturthi
1222:Rites of passage
735:Shraddha (faith)
153:Major traditions
79:
44:
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3644:Gṛhastha Āśrama
3611:self-restraints
3594:
3524:of life called
3512:concept called
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2888:Charaka Samhita
2867:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra
2825:Shilpa Shastras
2804:
2757:
2641:Naradiya Purana
2613:
2608:
2583:
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2516:
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2192:Shirdi Sai Baba
2187:Sathya Sai Baba
2167:Ramana Maharshi
2071:
2038:Vadiraja Tirtha
2033:Vācaspati Miśra
1913:Srinivasacharya
1893:Narahari Tirtha
1873:Matsyendranatha
1858:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa
1823:Jagannatha Dasa
1813:Haridasa Thakur
1732:
1611:
1603:
1593:
1592:
1548:
1509:Vishishtadvaita
1458:
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1393:Makar Sankranti
1373:Vasant Panchami
1336:Maha Shivaratri
1320:
1224:
1133:
1067:
1036:
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900:
899:
864:
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695:Prajña (wisdom)
691:
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632:
606:
575:
544:
542:Meaning of life
529:God in Hinduism
518:
482:
480:Supreme reality
457:Subtle elements
446:
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266:
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77:Hindu synthesis
73:
68:
17:
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11:
5:
4377:
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4338:External links
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4333:
4320:
4317:978-0226846484
4304:
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4222:
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4127:978-8171566655
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4005:978-8120800786
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3964:978-0826127150
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2881:Pramana Sutras
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2846:Samkhya Sutras
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2417:Brihadaranyaka
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2227:Upasni Maharaj
2224:
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2053:Vedanta Desika
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1194:Carnatic music
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1179:Bhagavata Mela
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1123:Kundalini yoga
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573:Stages of life
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534:God and gender
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467:Gross elements
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123:Itihasa-Purana
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36:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4376:
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4362:
4360:
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4356:
4354:
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4341:
4330:
4324:
4318:
4314:
4308:
4301:
4295:
4293:
4285:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4262:
4256:
4255:Vishnu Purana
4250:
4248:
4238:
4231:
4226:
4219:
4214:
4207:
4202:
4193:
4186:
4180:
4177:, p. 128, at
4176:
4175:
4168:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4115:, p. 214, at
4114:
4113:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4068:
4061:
4056:
4049:
4043:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3989:
3984:
3977:
3972:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3948:
3942:
3935:
3932:, p. 101, at
3931:
3930:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3905:
3897:
3895:81-7022-598-1
3891:
3887:
3883:
3876:
3874:
3865:
3863:81-85119-18-X
3859:
3855:
3854:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3834:
3830:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3814:
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3792:
3790:
3785:
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3772:
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3724:
3721:
3720:
3709:
3703:
3701:
3695:
3688:
3687:
3679:
3677:
3671:
3669:
3668:Vishnu Purana
3661:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3627:
3626:
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3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3514:Chaturashrama
3511:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3451:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3422:social life.
3421:
3417:
3414:. It follows
3413:
3412:asrama system
3410:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3389:
3384:
3382:
3377:
3375:
3370:
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3366:
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3338:
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3329:
3325:
3323:
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3311:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3261:Hindu culture
3259:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3227:
3226:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3213:Organisations
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3197:
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3160:
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3155:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3077:
3076:
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3056:
3055:
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3048:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2989:
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2981:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2970:
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2965:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2937:Yoga Vasistha
2934:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2902:Natya Shastra
2899:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2839:Brahma Sutras
2836:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2785:Sthapatyaveda
2782:
2780:
2779:
2778:Gandharvaveda
2775:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2739:Varaha Purana
2736:
2734:
2733:
2732:Skanda Purana
2729:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2669:Brahma Purana
2666:
2664:
2663:
2662:Garuda Purana
2659:
2657:
2656:
2655:Matsya Purana
2652:
2650:
2649:
2648:Vāmana Purana
2645:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2620:Vishnu Purana
2617:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2564:Bhagavad Gita
2561:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
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2225:
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2208:
2205:
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2200:
2198:
2195:
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2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:Radhakrishnan
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2127:Narayana Guru
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2107:Jaggi Vasudev
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2097:Chinmayananda
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1958:Ramprasad Sen
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
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1879:
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1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1808:Gorakshanatha
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1753:Allama Prabhu
1751:
1749:
1748:Akka Mahadevi
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1738:Abhinavagupta
1736:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1687:Prashastapada
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
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1625:
1623:
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1618:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1547:Other schools
1545:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1523:Shuddhadvaita
1520:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
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1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1204:Kalaripayattu
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1139:Bharatanatyam
1137:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1018:Nritta-Nritya
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
920:
915:
911:
910:
904:
903:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
867:
863:
859:
858:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
755:
754:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
671:
665:
664:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
642:
639:
636:
635:
631:
627:
626:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
605:
601:
600:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
574:
570:
569:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
547:
543:
539:
538:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
515:
514:
511:
508:
506:
503:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
489:
486:
485:
481:
477:
476:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
449:
443:
442:
439:
436:
434:
431:
430:
424:
423:
420:
415:
414:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
343:
340:
337:
336:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
279:
276:
274:
270:
269:
265:
261:
256:
255:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
234:
230:
229:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
208:
204:
203:
200:
195:
194:
186:
185:
180:
179:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
157:
151:
150:
147:
142:
141:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
119:
118:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
78:
75:
74:
72:
64:
63:
58:
55:
53:
50:
49:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
4323:
4307:
4268:
4237:
4225:
4213:
4201:
4192:
4179:Google Books
4172:
4149:Google Books
4147:, p. 89, at
4142:
4134:
4117:Google Books
4110:
4099:
4077:
4067:
4060:Paul Deussen
4055:
4042:
4033:
4029:
3995:
3983:
3971:
3954:
3941:
3934:Google Books
3927:
3904:
3885:
3852:
3803:
3762:
3728:Brahmacharya
3699:
3697:
3692:
3675:
3673:
3665:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3631:
3615:
3595:
3563:
3561:
3553:Brahmacharya
3550:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3461:
3457:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3436:
3430:
3426:
3424:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3320: /
3316: /
3312: /
3308: /
3306:and Buddhism
3304: /
3268:Architecture
3231:Other topics
3169:
3152:
3124:Four varnas:
3123:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2909:Panchatantra
2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2860:Nyāya Sūtras
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2818:Artha Śastra
2816:
2809:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2725:Kūrma Purana
2723:
2718:Linga Purana
2716:
2711:Shiva Purana
2709:
2702:
2697:Padma Purana
2695:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2595:
2588:
2573:s (Hinduism)
2570:
2562:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2483:Atharvaveda:
2482:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2347:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2197:Shraddhanand
2172:Ravi Shankar
2152:R. D. Ranade
2013:Śyāma Śastri
2008:Swaminarayan
1968:Rupa Goswami
1878:Morya Gosavi
1838:Jiva Goswami
1743:Adi Shankara
1569:Pratyabhijña
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1300:Samavartanam
1280:Vidyāraṃbhaṃ
1265:Annaprashana
1189:Dandiya Raas
1164:Mohiniyattam
1057:Nididhyāsana
862:Epistemology
794:Brahmacharya
674:Ātman (self)
637:
585:
581:Brahmacharya
510:Saccidānanda
462:Panchikarana
338:
271:
262: /
258:Other major
182:
116:
115:
70:
18:
4302:Section XCI
4274:pages 83-95
3733:Vanaprastha
3557:Vanaprastha
3526:Purushartha
3462:Brahmachari
3432:Vānaprastha
3314:and Judaism
3310:and Sikhism
3278:Iconography
3203:Nationalism
3196:Persecution
2980:Shiva Stuti
2874:Yoga Sutras
2704:Agni Purana
2606:Other texts
2597:Mahabharata
2340:Atharvaveda
2237:Vivekananda
2162:Rama Tirtha
2157:Ramakrishna
2132:Nigamananda
2122:Mahesh Yogi
1998:Sripadaraja
1988:Siddheshwar
1883:Mukundarāja
1863:Madhusūdana
1853:Kanaka Dasa
1778:Chakradhara
1722:Yajnavalkya
1712:Vishvamitra
1581:Pancharatra
1479:Vaisheshika
1435:Ratha Yatra
1383:Janmashtami
1378:Rama Navami
1295:Ritushuddhi
1270:Chudakarana
1260:Nishkramana
1230:Garbhadhana
1199:Pandav Lila
1108:Bhakti yoga
993:Prāyaścitta
764:Niti śastra
612:Bhakti yoga
591:Vānaprastha
406:Vishvakarma
339:Post-Vedic:
175:Vaishnavism
117:Traditional
4353:Categories
4284:Chapter 63
4253:Original:
4167:ManuSmriti
4165:Original:
4139:Max Muller
4105:ManuSmriti
4103:Original:
4007:, page 435
3781:References
3640:Manusmriti
3592:Literature
3504:Discussion
3484:(गृह) and
3154:Varna-less
3026:Tiruppukal
2987:Vayu Stuti
2951:Panchadasi
2944:Swara yoga
2832:Kama Sutra
2771:Dhanurveda
2431:Taittiriya
2409:Yajurveda:
2401:Kaushitaki
2378:Upanishads
2370:Upanishads
2294:Scriptures
2142:Prabhupada
2058:Vidyaranya
1943:Ram Charan
1918:Prabhākara
1833:Jayatīrtha
1788:Dadu Dayal
1783:Chāngadeva
1642:Bharadwaja
1632:Ashtavakra
1398:Kumbh Mela
1346:Durga Puja
1275:Karnavedha
1255:Nāmakaraṇa
1184:Yakshagana
1113:Karma yoga
1103:Jnana yoga
1098:Hatha yoga
1035:Meditation
1008:Tirthadana
789:Aparigraha
645:Paramātman
630:Liberation
622:Karma yoga
617:Jnana yoga
346:Dattatreya
146:Traditions
71:Historical
4218:satyAnRta
4129:, page 28
4093:702663294
3835:, page 28
3708:Adi Parva
3700:Grihastha
3578:) in fire
3478:grha-stha
3468:Etymology
3328:Criticism
3322:and Islam
3283:Mythology
3136:Kshatriya
3068:Athichudi
3005:Tirumurai
2923:Tirumurai
2532:Vyākaraṇa
2468:Chandogya
2460:Samaveda:
2348:Divisions
2326:Yajurveda
2286:Ātmatuṣṭi
2242:Yogananda
2217:Trailanga
2212:Sivananda
2077:Aurobindo
2063:Vyasaraja
2028:Tyagaraja
1978:Sankardev
1948:Ramananda
1843:Jñāneśvar
1818:Harivansh
1803:Gaudapada
1768:Chaitanya
1707:Vashistha
1677:Patanjali
1657:Jamadagni
1576:Vaishnava
1564:Pashupata
1341:Navaratri
1318:Festivals
1285:Upanayana
1250:Jatakarma
1235:Pumsavana
1154:Kuchipudi
1149:Kathakali
1118:Rāja yoga
1052:Samādhāna
933:Prarthana
907:Practices
834:Svādhyāya
438:Mythology
433:Cosmology
426:Worldview
371:Kartikeya
302:Prajapati
241:Saraswati
4364:Ashramas
4230:zvavRtti
3796:gRhastha
3771:Gahattha
3765:Buddhism
3738:Sannyasa
3716:See also
3705:—
3681:—
3676:Gṛhastha
3564:Gṛhastha
3546:Sannyasa
3498:Gṛhastha
3474:grhastha
3458:Gṛhastha
3450:Gṛhastha
3438:Sannyasa
3416:celibacy
3405:Sanskrit
3400:Gṛhastha
3341:Glossary
3273:Calendar
3208:Hindutva
3131:Brahmana
2802:samhitas
2794:Shastras
2764:Ayurveda
2755:Upavedas
2590:Ramayana
2581:Itihasas
2547:Jyotisha
2514:Vedangas
2498:Mandukya
2394:Aitareya
2386:Rigveda:
2365:Aranyaka
2360:Brahmana
2333:Samaveda
2048:Valluvar
2043:Vallabha
2023:Tulsidas
1953:Ramanuja
1903:Nayanars
1888:Namadeva
1730:Medieval
1672:Kashyapa
1588:Charvaka
1559:Kapalika
1423:Puthandu
1413:Vaisakhi
1310:Antyesti
1290:Keshanta
1214:Adimurai
1209:Silambam
1174:Sattriya
1159:Manipuri
844:Mitahara
824:Santosha
784:Achourya
596:Sannyasa
586:Gṛhastha
445:Ontology
419:Concepts
207:Trimurti
170:Smartism
165:Shaktism
160:Shaivism
34:Hinduism
26:a series
24:Part of
4278:179-182
4206:pramRta
4085:page 3;
4072:374-377
3662:Puranas
3622:Brahman
3488:(स्थ).
3420:dharmic
3346:Outline
3141:Vaishya
3109:Society
2960:Stotras
2611:Puranas
2537:Nirukta
2527:Chandas
2522:Shiksha
2505:Prashna
2491:Mundaka
2355:Samhita
2319:Rigveda
2182:Samarth
2018:Tukaram
1963:Ravidas
1702:Valmiki
1652:Jaimini
1622:Angiras
1617:Agastya
1609:Ancient
1495:Advaita
1489:Vedanta
1484:Mīmāṃsā
1464:Samkhya
1351:Ramlila
1093:Sādhanā
983:Tarpana
968:Kīrtana
963:Bhajana
914:Worship
839:Shaucha
814:Akrodha
660:Saṃsāra
524:Ishvara
493:Nirguna
488:Brahman
452:Tattvas
376:Krishna
361:Hanuman
356:Ganesha
292:Chandra
287:Ashvins
251:Parvati
246:Lakshmi
233:Tridevi
199:Deities
106:Śramaṇa
86:History
67:Origins
57:History
4315:
4125:
4091:
4003:
3962:
3892:
3860:
3831:
3774:(Pali)
3758:Moksha
3743:Dharma
3607:ahimsa
3542:Moksha
3530:Dharma
3518:stages
3443:Dharma
3427:Asrama
3146:Shudra
2964:stutis
2800:, and
2798:sutras
2452:Maitri
2177:Ramdas
2070:Modern
2003:Surdas
1868:Madhva
1793:Eknath
1763:Basava
1758:Alvars
1692:Raikva
1682:Pāṇini
1667:Kapila
1662:Kanada
1647:Gotama
1554:Shaiva
1502:Dvaita
1403:Pongal
1326:Diwali
1305:Vivaha
1169:Odissi
1144:Kathak
1083:Yogini
1047:Dhyana
998:Tirtha
953:Bhakti
943:Temple
938:Śrauta
819:Arjava
779:Ahimsa
774:Niyama
757:Ethics
565:Moksha
550:Dharma
498:Saguna
396:Shakti
381:Kubera
327:Varuna
307:Pushan
220:Vishnu
215:Brahma
52:Hindus
3748:Artha
3689:Epics
3656:Amrta
3534:Artha
3522:goals
3510:Hindu
3409:Hindu
3163:Dalit
3116:Varna
3033:Kural
2571:Agama
2542:Kalpa
2438:Katha
2310:Vedas
2281:Ācāra
2276:Smṛti
2271:Śruti
2255:Texts
1848:Kabir
1717:Vyasa
1627:Aruni
1474:Nyaya
1428:Vishu
1408:Ugadi
1088:Asana
1073:Sadhu
1042:Tapas
1013:Matha
1003:Yatra
988:Vrata
973:Yajna
948:Murti
829:Tapas
804:Damah
799:Satya
769:Yamas
655:Karma
555:Artha
472:Guṇas
386:Radha
351:Durga
322:Ushas
317:Surya
312:Rudra
297:Indra
273:Vedic
264:Devis
260:Devas
225:Shiva
4313:ISBN
4276:and
4123:ISBN
4089:OCLC
4001:ISBN
3988:stha
3976:gRha
3960:ISBN
3890:ISBN
3858:ISBN
3829:ISBN
3753:Kama
3666:The
3600:and
3596:The
3576:ghee
3538:Kama
3490:Grha
3486:stha
3482:grha
3177:Jāti
2962:and
2475:Kena
2424:Isha
1637:Atri
1469:Yoga
1418:Bihu
1388:Onam
1331:Holi
1131:Arts
1078:Yogi
1065:Yoga
1028:Sevā
1023:Dāna
978:Homa
958:Japa
928:Ārtī
923:Puja
849:Dāna
809:Dayā
667:Mind
650:Maya
560:Kama
401:Sita
391:Rama
366:Kali
332:Vayu
282:Agni
184:List
3763:In
3652:Ṛta
3609:),
3494:sth
517:God
4355::
4291:^
4246:^
4156:^
4141:,
4034:83
4032:.
4028:.
4012:^
3913:^
3884:.
3872:^
3840:^
3812:^
3788:^
3528:-
2796:,
505:Om
28:on
4280:;
3898:.
3866:.
3403:(
3387:e
3380:t
3373:v
3156::
275::
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