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for work in some areas, usually at the hands of narrower colleagues. Few, however, have challenged his contributions to plant evolutionary biology, nor questioned his ability to synthesize disparate literature into a coherent framework. His ability to read quickly, recognize novel insights, digest new material, and then integrate the knowledge were the hallmarks of his scientific work style. He was a masterful synthesizer and master of the review essay or synthetic thought piece.
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627:. As such, polyploids played a conservative role in evolution since problems with fertility prevented the acquisition and replication of new genetic material that might lead to a new line of evolution. This work continued with the 1947 paper "Types of polyploids: their classification and significance", which detailed a system for the classification of polyploids and described Stebbins' ideas about the role of
432:. Sax identified several errors in Stebbins's work and disapproved of his interpretation of results that, while in accordance with Jeffrey's views, were inconsistent with the work of contemporary geneticists. Jeffrey and Sax argued over Stebbins's dissertation, and the thesis was revised numerous times to accommodate their differing views.
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In science as in everything, small-scale synthesizers usually get credit from all constituent parties, but truly great synthesizers can fall between the cracks in the cycle of scientific credit. Ledyard
Stebbins was in the latter category; neither fish nor fowl, he frequently failed to receive credit
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was the most likely source of this variation, and that variation could be maximised though hybridization. As of 2006, research is ongoing regarding whether hybridization is an accidental consequence of evolution or if it is necessary for the creation and evolution of plant species; it has been argued
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In 1939, with
Babcock's support, Stebbins was made a full professor in the Department of Genetics at UC Berkeley, after the Department of Botany failed to promote him. Stebbins was required to teach a course on evolution, and during his preparation he became excited by contemporary research combining
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The book offered few original hypotheses, but
Stebbins hoped that by summarising the available research on plant evolution the book would "help to open the way towards a deeper understanding of evolutionary problems and more fruitful research in the direction of their solution." The book effectively
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to develop high school curricula based on evolution as the central unifying principle in biology. He also opposed scientific creationism groups. Stebbins was active in numerous science organizations—including the
International Union of Biological Sciences, the Western Society of Naturalists,
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species, and proposed that polyploids formed through hybridization have a greater potential to exploit varied environments, because they inherit all traits from both parents. They also showed that hybridization in the polyploid complex could provide a mechanism for genetic exchange between diploid
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Stebbins made an enormous contribution to scientific thought and botany by developing an intellectual framework for studying plant evolution including modern concepts of plant species and plant speciation. His contributions to the literature of plant evolutionary biology, in addition to his seven
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branch in
Sacramento in the early 1960s. Through the society, he created an active field trip program to increase interest in the native flora of California and to document rare plants. Stebbins was the state President of the Society during 1966. The society was instrumental in preventing the
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and provided the conceptual framework to organize a disparate set of disciplines into a new field: plant evolutionary biology. In the book
Stebbins argued that evolution needed to be studied as a dynamic problem and that evolution must be considered on three levels: first, that of individual
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Stebbins and Edgar
Anderson wrote a paper in 1954 on the importance of hybridization in adapting to new environments. They proposed novel adaptations would facilitate the invasion of habitats not utilized previously by either parent and that novel adaptations may facilitate the formation of
45:
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Stebbins regarded his contribution to the modern synthesis as the application of genetic principles already established by other workers to botany. "I didn't add any new elements to speak of. I just modified things so that people could understand how things were in the plant world."
732:, which proved to be one of the most important books in 20th-century botany. The book brought botanical science into the new synthesis of evolutionary theory, and became part of the canon of biological works written between 1936 and 1950 that formed the modern synthesis of evolution.
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in 1999. The same year he was co-recipient with Ernst Mayr of the
Distinguished Service award from the American Institute of Biological Sciences. A colloquium was held by the National Academies of Science in 2000 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the publication of
726:. In 1946, Stebbins was invited on Dobzhansky's recommendation to present the prestigious lectures. Stebbins' lectures drew together the otherwise disparate fields of genetics, ecology, systematics, cytology, and paleontology. In 1950, these lectures were published as
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in 1950, where he was a key figure in the establishment of the university's department of genetics; he was the department's first chairman and held the position from 1958 to 1963. At Davis, the focus of his research changed to incorporate newer areas, such as
846:. He argues for the role of adaptive radiation in the diversification of the angiosperms and the usefulness of applying our current understanding of species' genetics and ecology to gain knowledge about the evolution of ancient species. He also wrote
1186:(1950), that brought botany into the synthesis. It had the same impact in botany as Dobzhansky's book in population genetics, integrating the widely scattered literature of plant evolution and providing abundant suggestions for further research."
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was the first book to provide a wide-ranging explanation of how evolutionary mechanisms operated in plants at the genetic level. It brought concepts related to plant evolution into line with animal evolution as it emerged from
Dobzhansky's 1937
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in 1940, demonstrated how work done on artificial polyploids and natural polyploid complexes had shown that polyploidy was important in developing large, complex, and widespread genera. However, by looking at the history of polyploidy in plant
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of this variation; and third, that of the separation and divergence of populations as the result of the building up of isolating mechanisms leading to the formation of species. He used the work of biosystematists
Clausen, Keck, Hiesey, and
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in angiosperm evolution, where he argued that chromosome number may be a useful tool for the construction of phylogenies. These reviews were highly influential and provided a basis for others to study the role of polyploidy in evolution.
333:. Stebbins was known throughout his life as Ledyard, to distinguish himself from his father. The family encouraged their sons' interest in natural history during their periodic journeys to Seal Harbor. In 1914, Edith contracted
783:, which were still upheld by some botanists. Following that publication, Stebbins was regarded as an expert on modern evolutionary theory and is widely credited with the founding of the science of plant evolutionary biology.
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604:. Chromosomes from each of the genomes A, B and C are represented by different colours. The cartoon shows the origin of the AABB, AACC and BBCC species which have chromosome sets from their AA, BB and CC ancestors.
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Stebbins, G. L. (V. C. Hollowell, V. B. Smocovitis and E. P. Duggan, editors). 2007. The Ladyslipper and I. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
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that he referred to as "Evolution Hill"—the area is now known as the S.F.B. Morse Botanical Area and is managed by the Del Monte Forest Foundation. He was a major contributor to the Society's 1996 book
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During his tenure at UC Davis, he trained more than 30 graduate students in genetics, developmental biology and agricultural science. In 1973, Stebbins gave his last lectures at UC Davis and was made
681:. He was able to establish the plant in the field, and after 39 years of field trials was able to show that the autopolyploid was not as successful as its diploid parent in an unchanging environment.
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bred by biologist Percy Saunders. Saunders and Stebbins attended the 1932 International Congress of Genetics in Ithaca, New York. Here, Stebbins's interest was captured by talks given by
1182:, Ernst Mayr and William Provine, editors. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1998. p. 138. Regarding the synthesis: "More than anything else, it was Stebbins' book,
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species that were otherwise unable to breed. Their observations offered insight into species formation and knowledge of how all these complex processes could provide information on the
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Stebbins's Ph.D. was granted by Harvard in 1931. In March that year, he married Margaret Chamberlin, with whom he had three children. In 1932, he took a teaching position in biology at
946:. Following his retirement, he travelled widely, taught, and visited colleagues for the next 20 years. His last paper, "A brief summary of my ideas on evolution", was published in the
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variation—that is, genetically identical plants could have different phenotypes in different environments. One of the book's most original chapters used the cytogenetics work of
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memorial service—he had been active in the church in his later years following his 1958 marriage to his second wife, Barbara Monaghan Stebbins. His ashes were scattered at
282:, "Few later works dealing with the evolutionary systematics of plants have not been very deeply affected by Stebbins' work." He also researched and wrote widely on the role of
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by the California Native Plant Society; it is still used by state and federal bodies in the United States for conservation policy-making. Stebbins was also a member of the
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the Botanical Society of America, and the Society for the Study of Evolution—and served as President of the American Society of Naturalists. He was elected to the
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Stebbins was passionate about teaching evolution, advocating during the 1960s and 70s the teaching of Darwinian evolution in public schools. He worked closely with the
570:, have a complex of reproductive forms that center on sexually diploid populations that have also given rise to polyploid ones. Babcock and Stebbins also observed that
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842:, which was published in 1974, following his delivery of the Prather Lectures at Harvard. Stebbins discusses the origins, genetics and developmental biology of the
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309:, and was involved in the development of evolution-based science programs for California high schools, as well as the conservation of rare plants in that state.
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His research on plant evolution also progressed during this period; he worked on the genetics of forage grasses, looking at polyploidy and the evolution of the
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Smocovitis, V. B. (1999). "Living with Your Biographical Subject: Special Problems of Distance, Privacy and Trust in the Biography of G. Ledyard Stebbins Jr".
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1702:
986:). Betty Smocovitis, a historian of science who is preparing a book-length biography on Stebbins, described Stebbins's scientific contribution as follows:
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Colloquium on Variation and Evolution in Plants and Microorganisms – Toward a New Synthesis : 50 Years After Stebbins -By Michael I. Chegg
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as his supervisor and Fernald on his supervisory panel. During his Ph.D. candidature, Stebbins sought advice and supervision from geneticist
824:. He proposed that a high degree of genetic variability was necessary for major evolutionary advances, that because of slow mutation rates,
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and publishing numerous papers on the subject though the 1940s. He produced an artificial autotetraploid grass from the diploid species
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660:. With the encouragement of this group of scientists, Stebbins directed his research towards evolution. He became involved with the
297:, and was active in numerous organizations involved in the promotion of evolution, and of science in general. He was elected to the
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1007:. The UC Davis Herbarium maintains a G. Ledyard Stebbins student grant program, established in celebration of his 90th birthday.
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Bradshaw, A. D.; Smocovitis, V. B. (2005). "George Ledyard Stebbins. 6 January 1906 – 19 January 2000: Elected ForMemRS 1999".
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2015:
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816:. He continued to publish widely and extensively on plant evolution, writing over 200 papers and several books after 1950.
459:. Stebbins reproduced McClintock's crossover experiments in the peony, and published several papers on the cytogenetics of
321:, the youngest of three children. His parents were George Ledyard Stebbins, a wealthy real estate financier who developed
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continues to be widely cited in contemporary scientific botanical literature more than 50 years after its publication.
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books, include more than 280 journal articles and book chapters, a compilation of which were published in 2004—
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for taxonomic studies, a method that Fernald did not support. Stebbins chose to concentrate his doctoral work on the
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that contemporary studies are part of an intellectual lineage that started with the work of Stebbins and Anderson.
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The American Species of Crepis: their interrelationships and distribution as affected by polyploidy and apomixis
439:. While at Colgate, he continued his work in cytogenetics; in particular, he continued to study the genetics of
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in speciation and plant evolution; his work in this area has had a lasting influence on research in the field.
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types formed from the hybridization of two different species always have a wider distribution than diploid or
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957:. Stebbins died in his home in Davis the same year from a cancer-related illness. Stebbins was honored at a
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698:. The presenters introduced the connection between two important discoveries—the units of evolution (
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in recognition of his contributions to conservation and evolutionary science. The reserve is part of the
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1951:"Transfer and Origin of Adaptations through Natural Hybridization: Were Anderson and Stebbins Right?"
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and still provides the conceptual framework for research in plant evolutionary biology; according to
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This article is about the botanist George Ledyard Stebbins. For the American gospel song writer, see
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Stebbins was active in conservation issues in California during his later life. He established a
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505:-funded project characterizing the genetics and evolutionary processes of plants from the genus
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to show that genetic systems like hybridization and polyploidy were also subject to selection.
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From 1960, Stebbins was instrumental in the establishment of the Department of Genetics at the
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Rieseberg, L. H. (1995). "The Role of Hybridization in Evolution: Old Wine in New Skins".
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Stebbins wrote several books during his time at UC Davis. These included his follow-up to
249:, led him to develop a comprehensive synthesis of plant evolution incorporating genetics.
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Anderson, E.; Stebbins, G. L. Jr. (1954). "Hybridization as an evolutionary stimulus".
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stabilized hybrid species. Following this paper, Stebbins developed the first model of
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Yoon C. K. January 21, 2000. Ledyard Stebbins, 94, Dies; Applied Evolution to Plants.
694:'s Jesup Lectures were the starting point for many of the most important works of the
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Stebbins's review, "The significance of polyploidy in plant evolution", published in
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533:(chromosome doubling), and could make seed without fertilization (a process known as
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Stebbins started graduate studies at Harvard in 1928, initially working on flowering
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2076:"The Four Awards Bestowed by The Academy of Natural Sciences and Their Recipients".
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shows how hybridization, and polyploidy have given rise to new species in the genus
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365:. After graduating from high school, he embarked on a major in political studies at
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ended any serious belief in alternative mechanisms of evolution in plants, such as
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537:). The collaboration between Babcock and Stebbins produced numerous papers and two
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Ledyard Stebbins, G. (1940). "The Significance of Polyploidy in Plant Evolution".
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in 1952. Stebbins received numerous awards for his contributions to science: the
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Smocovitis, V. B. (2001). "G. Ledyard Stebbins and the evolutionary Synthesis".
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Smocovitis, V. B. (2001). "G. Ledyard Stebbins and the evolutionary synthesis".
541:. The first monograph, published in 1937, resulted in splitting off the Asiatic
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in 1946, and was one of the few botanists involved with the new organization.
274:. It is regarded as one of the main publications which formed the core of the
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329:, and Edith Alden Candler Stebbins; both parents were native New Yorkers and
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6195:
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6020:
6015:
5963:
5898:
5831:
5680:
5647:
5614:
5478:
5389:
5131:
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4004:
3666:
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3616:
3495:
3425:
3407:
3399:
3324:
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3112:
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3037:
2955:
2908:
2880:
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2442:
2413:
2370:
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1984:
1892:
1715:
1678:
1490:
1441:
1352:
1298:
958:
712:
641:
624:
587:
as the most important work on the formation of species during that period.
415:
395:
369:. By the third year of his undergraduate study, he had decided to major in
334:
245:, and his association with a group of evolutionary biologists known as the
7367:
7340:
7278:
7211:
1637:
995:
In 1980, the University of California, Davis, named a parcel of land near
7329:
7304:
7289:
7222:
6543:
6148:
5955:
5836:
5813:
5747:
5670:
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5394:
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4700:
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3757:
3715:
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720:
co-presented the lecture series and Mayr later published his lectures as
358:
342:
149:
110:
102:
98:
2478:
590:
386:
is one of the species studied by Stebbins for his doctoral dissertation.
5942:
5581:
5242:
5018:
4913:
4870:
4485:
4448:
3671:
3472:
3420:
2931:
2405:
2295:
1966:
1935:
1838:
1575:
1540:
1344:
843:
776:
717:
678:
636:
genetics and evolution. He became associated with a group known as the
530:
482:
420:
411:
382:
287:
279:
271:
222:
1778:
G. Ledyard Stebbins, January 6, 1906 – January 19, 2000. Spring 2000,
1481:
1456:
1180:
The Evolutionary Synthesis: Perspectives on the Unification of Biology
7267:
7262:
5005:
4775:
3125:
2513:
1669:
1652:
764:
580:
538:
44:
4813:
2396:
2380:"G. Ledyard Stebbins Jr. and the evolutionary synthesis (1924–1950)"
2379:
1927:
1830:
1567:
1532:
1335:
1319:"G. Ledyard Stebbins Jr. and the evolutionary synthesis (1924–1950)"
1318:
2517:
1392:
809:
760:
600:
534:
471:
429:
341:
to improve her health. In California, Stebbins was enrolled at the
259:
190:
172:
6270:
2463:, vol. 85, Washington DC: National Academies Press, pp. 1–24.
1852:
Stebbins, G. L. (1959). "The role of hybridization in evolution".
493:
In 1935, Stebbins was offered a genetics research position at the
1457:"Foundations of invasion genetics: The Baker and Stebbins legacy"
668:
547:
366:
242:
7152:
406:
in 1929 in biological sciences and continued to work toward his
229:
of the 20th century. Stebbins received his Ph.D. in botany from
813:
507:
477:
370:
362:
218:
2078:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
976:
The Scientific Papers of G. Ledyard Stebbins (1929–2000)
933:
Inventory of Rare and Endangered Vascular Plants of California
1871:
Seehousen, O (2004). "Hybridization and adaptive radiation".
1514:"Polyploidy, Hybridization, and the Invasion of New Habitats"
583:
of a genus. This monograph was described by Swedish botanist
444:
656:. During this time he also became friends with the botanist
2270:
699:
2090:
10.1635/0097-3157(2007)156[403:TFABBT]2.0.CO;2
1416:
Types of polyploids; their classification and significance
1086:
Flowering plants: evolution above the species level (1974)
619:, he argued that polyploidy was only common in herbaceous
443:
and began to study the behaviour of chromosomes in hybrid
2458:
George Ledyard Stebbins, January 6, 1906–January 19, 2000
481:
was the subject of Stebbins' and Babcock's work on plant
1762:
Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences
931:. Stebbins was instrumental in the establishment of the
750:
within an interbreeding population; second, that of the
566:, and its role in plant evolution. Some genera, such as
525:. Like the genera that Stebbins had previously studied,
2201:
Pioneering Evolutionist Ledyard Stebbins Dies at Age 94
1418:. Advances in Genetics. Vol. 1. pp. 403–429.
914:
from the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
1591:"Genetics and the origin of species: An introduction"
677:
through treatment with the chromosome doubling agent
217:(January 6, 1906 – January 19, 2000) was an American
1703:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
759:
to show that it was possible to distinguish between
716:
had interested Stebbins since they met in 1930) and
684:
562:, Babcock and Stebbins described the concept of the
463:, which established his reputation as a geneticist.
398:—particularly that of the flora of New England—with
2002:
Flowering plants: evolution above the species level
1141:is used to indicate this person as the author when
839:
Flowering Plants: Evolution Above the Species Level
2327:"G. Ledyard Stebbins (1906-2000): An appreciation"
1999:
1699:
1083:
2529:
2307:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1854:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1255:"G. Ledyard Stebbins (1906–2000) An appreciation"
7547:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
7443:
4814:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
2449:Smocovitis, V. B. 2001. "Stebbins, G. Ledyard".
1816:
1554:Raven, P (1974). "Plant systematics 1947–1972".
1378:
706:as the primary mechanism of evolution. In 1941,
2331:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1752:
1598:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1259:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1005:University of California Natural Reserve System
902:, and the John Frederick Lewis Award from the
7552:Members of the American Philosophical Society
7138:
6256:
2499:
2052:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter S"
418:of plant reproductive processes in the genus
225:who is widely regarded as one of the leading
551:. The second, published in 1938, was titled
16:American botanist and geneticist (1906-2000)
1799:University of California History - Genetics
1111:(1977) with Dobzhansky, Ayala and Valentine
1039:and others are named in honor of Stebbins.
312:
7492:University of California, Berkeley faculty
7145:
7131:
6263:
6249:
2506:
2492:
2456:Smocovitis, V. B. and F. J. Ayala. 2004.
2420:
2377:
2235:
2165:
2161:
2159:
1650:
1588:
1316:
929:California's Wild Gardens: A Living Legacy
794:
710:(whose work on hybridization in the genus
43:
7512:People from St. Lawrence County, New York
2395:
2360:
2350:
2203:, January 20, 2000, UC Davis News Service
1974:
1913:
1870:
1668:
1627:
1617:
1480:
1334:
1288:
1278:
501:. Babcock needed assistance with a large
4223:
1997:
1851:
1753:Smocovitis, V. B.; Ayala, F. J. (2000).
1511:
1413:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1178:Mayr, Ernst. "Botany: Introduction" in
589:
489:, shown here, was a species he examined.
470:
375:
7497:University of California, Davis faculty
2793:
2515:United States National Medal of Science
2194:
2156:
2057:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1556:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
1521:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
1454:
475:Polyploidy and speciation in the genus
7444:
2435:10.1146/annurev.genet.35.102401.091525
2180:10.1146/annurev.genet.35.102401.091525
2112:Del Monte Forest Foundation Properties
1948:
1748:
1746:
1069:Chromosomal Evolution in Higher Plants
7126:
6244:
5343:
5342:
4812:
4222:
3736:
2792:
2528:
2487:
2324:
2129:
2069:
1653:"George Ledyard Stebbins (1906-2000)"
1553:
1305:
1252:
908:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
723:Systematics and the Origin of Species
7487:Foreign members of the Royal Society
2294:
2044:
1115:Darwin to DNA, Molecules to Humanity
879:Biological Sciences Curriculum Study
872:Darwin to DNA, Molecules to Humanity
799:Stebbins took an appointment at the
7522:People from Carpinteria, California
7482:National Medal of Science laureates
2479:Full list of Stebbins' publications
2132:"G. Ledyard Stebbins Jr. 1906–2000"
2037:Raven, P. H. Angiosperm evolution.
1743:
1589:Ayala, F. J.; Fitch, W. M. (1997).
1042:
623:and infrequent in woody plants and
252:His most important publication was
13:
2451:American National Biography Online
1063:The Basis of Progressive Evolution
852:The Basis of Progressive Evolution
742:Genetics and the Origin of Species
662:Society for the Study of Evolution
495:University of California, Berkeley
241:on the genetic evolution of plant
235:University of California, Berkeley
14:
7563:
7472:Botanists active in North America
2472:
2238:Journal of the History of Biology
1738:Variation and evolution in plants
1184:Variation and Evolution in Plants
1050:Variation and Evolution in Plants
955:Variation and Evolution in Plants
910:in 1952. He was awarded the 1983
906:. He was elected a Fellow of the
900:Peabody Museum of Natural History
785:Variation and Evolution in Plants
736:Variation and Evolution in Plants
729:Variation and Evolution in Plants
686:Variation and Evolution in Plants
511:and was interested in developing
255:Variation and Evolution in Plants
121:Variation and Evolution in Plants
7542:Scientists from New York (state)
7532:20th-century American biologists
7517:Deaths from cancer in California
7452:American evolutionary biologists
652:and the evolutionary geneticist
7537:20th-century American botanists
7477:Modern synthesis (20th century)
2287:
2272:International Plant Names Index
2264:
2229:
2214:Pioneer biologist Stebbins dies
2206:
2123:
2104:
2031:
1991:
1942:
1907:
1873:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
1864:
1845:
1810:
1791:
1772:
1730:
1693:
1644:
1582:
1547:
1505:
1448:
1407:
919:California Native Plant Society
856:Chromosomal Evolution in Plants
801:University of California, Davis
529:commonly hybridized, displayed
295:University of California, Davis
7467:Botanists active in California
1372:
1359:
1246:
1237:
1213:
1189:
1172:
1159:
1057:Processes of Organic Evolution
922:destruction of a beach on the
904:American Philosophical Society
848:Processes of Organic Evolution
560:The American Species of Crepis
466:
410:He became interested in using
349:where he became influenced by
303:American Philosophical Society
1:
3737:
2530:Behavioral and social science
2212:Wright, S. January 28, 2000.
2110:Del Monte Forest Foundation.
1998:Stebbins, G. Ledyard (1974).
1424:10.1016/S0065-2660(08)60490-3
1153:
696:modern evolutionary synthesis
7507:Botanical Society of America
6723:Constantine John Alexopoulos
6502:Arthur Henry Reginald Buller
6273:Botanical Society of America
1414:Stebbins, G. L. Jr. (1947).
1001:Stebbins Cold Canyon Reserve
963:Stebbins Cold Canyon Reserve
884:National Academy of Sciences
862:with co-authors Dobzhansky,
299:National Academy of Sciences
198:Author abbrev. (botany)
7:
1740:. Columbia University Press
896:Addison Emery Verrill Medal
233:in 1931. He went on to the
215:George Ledyard Stebbins Jr.
56:George Ledyard Stebbins Jr.
10:
7568:
7527:Scientists from California
6520:Charles Joseph Chamberlain
6425:Frederick Charles Newcombe
6353:William Ashbrook Kellerman
5418:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
2453:. Oxford University Press.
2384:American Journal of Botany
2378:Smocovitis, V. B. (1997).
1916:American Journal of Botany
1885:10.1016/j.tree.2004.01.003
1797:University of California.
1780:UC Davis Alumni newsletter
1651:Smocovitis, V. B. (2000).
1455:Barrett, S. C. H. (2015).
1365:Gustafsson, Å. 1946–1947.
1323:American Journal of Botany
1317:Smocovitis, V. B. (1997).
949:American Journal of Botany
890:, the Gold Medal from the
812:in crop plants, including
752:distribution and frequency
640:, which included botanist
383:Antennaria plantaginifolia
337:and the Stebbins moved to
18:
7502:Harvard University alumni
7397:
7168:
6953:
6798:
6687:George Sherman Avery, Jr.
6637:
6476:
6401:Douglas Houghton Campbell
6317:Benjamin Lincoln Robinson
6279:
6180:
6029:
5878:
5699:
5505:
5353:
5349:
5338:
5272:
5174:
5063:
4974:
4895:
4823:
4819:
4808:
4765:
4674:
4566:
4457:
4393:William Hayward Pickering
4338:
4233:
4229:
4218:
4144:
4036:
3890:
3766:
3747:
3743:
3732:
3643:
3452:
3266:
3084:
2940:
2803:
2799:
2788:
2745:
2686:
2598:
2558:
2539:
2535:
2524:
2423:Annual Review of Genetics
2313:: 129–131. Archived from
2168:Annual Review of Genetics
2084:(1): 403–404. June 2007.
1755:"George Ledyard Stebbins"
1369:. C. W. K. Gleerup, Lund.
1367:Apomixis in higher plants
968:
892:Linnean Society of London
888:National Medal of Science
339:Santa Barbara, California
307:National Medal of Science
208:
196:
178:
168:
161:
142:National Medal of Science
126:
116:
94:
76:
51:
42:
28:
7368:Graham Barry Warren
6645:Albert Francis Blakeslee
5842:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
5288:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
2919:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
2008:Harvard University Press
1512:Stebbins, G. L. (1985).
1092:Harvard University Press
806:developmental morphology
638:Bay Area Biosystematists
497:working with geneticist
325:and helped to establish
313:Early life and education
247:Bay Area Biosystematists
6908:Gregory Joseph Anderson
6902:William Louis Culberson
6699:William Campbell Steere
6365:George Francis Atkinson
6335:Beverly Thomas Galloway
6311:Lucien Marcus Underwood
5153:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
3071:George Ledyard Stebbins
2992:James Augustine Shannon
2352:10.1073/pnas.97.13.6945
2250:10.1023/A:1004731419724
2145:: 69–70. Archived from
1619:10.1073/pnas.94.15.7691
1381:The American Naturalist
1280:10.1073/pnas.97.13.6945
874:was published in 1982.
834:Variation and Evolution
795:UC Davis and later life
545:species into the genus
522:Drosophila melanogaster
357:instructor and amateur
227:evolutionary biologists
7384:Robert Williamson
7379:Peter M. Williams
7300:John G. McWhirter
7003:Christopher H. Haufler
6860:Mildred Esther Mathias
6848:Ernest M. Gifford, Jr.
6842:Patricia Kern Holmgren
6812:Barbara Frances Palser
6586:Merritt Lyndon Fernald
6580:John Theodore Buchholz
6508:Margaret Clay Ferguson
6496:Harley Harris Bartlett
6467:William Chambers Coker
6443:Nathaniel Lord Britton
6371:William Francis Ganong
6305:Nathaniel Lord Britton
5610:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
5597:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
4553:Harry George Drickamer
4499:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
4173:M. Frederick Hawthorne
4047:John D. Baldeschwieler
3287:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
2969:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
1949:Arnold, M. A. (2004).
1716:10.1098/rsbm.2005.0026
993:
605:
490:
400:Merritt Lyndon Fernald
387:
237:, where his work with
183:Merritt Lyndon Fernald
7325:John G. Shepherd
7212:John Brian Clegg
6890:David Leonard Dilcher
6878:Shirley Cotter Tucker
6836:Charles Bixler Heiser
6824:William August Jensen
6616:Ralph Erskine Cleland
6592:William Jacob Robbins
6574:Edgar Nelson Transeau
6461:Benjamin Minge Duggar
6455:Henry Chandler Cowles
6437:Joseph Charles Arthur
6389:William Gilson Farlow
6359:Franklin Sumner Earle
6329:Joseph Charles Arthur
6201:Sylvester James Gates
5587:William Alfred Fowler
5569:Robert Rathbun Wilson
5382:Robert Burns Woodward
4194:Geraldine L. Richmond
3942:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
3225:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
3154:Vernon B. Mountcastle
3010:Sterling B. Hendricks
2827:Marshall W. Nirenberg
2822:Theodosius Dobzhansky
2670:William Julius Wilson
2325:Raven, P. H. (2000).
2300:"G. Ledyard Stebbins"
2130:Faber, P. M. (2000).
1736:Stebbins, G.L. 1950.
1253:Raven, P. H. (2000).
1197:"G. Ledyard Stebbins"
1012:Calystegia stebbinsii
988:
826:genetic recombination
654:Theodosius Dobzhansky
593:
474:
457:chromosomal crossover
379:
317:Stebbins was born in
21:George Coles Stebbins
7341:Alfred G. Sykes
7279:John Paul Maier
7273:Peter L. Knight
7105:Brenda Molano-Flores
6830:Herbert George Baker
6610:Neil Everett Stevens
6604:Irving Widmer Bailey
6598:Gilbert Morgan Smith
6562:Arthur Johnson Eames
6293:Charles Edwin Bessey
6172:Warren M. Washington
6136:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
6045:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
5990:Martin Schwarzschild
5771:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
5763:J. Robert Schrieffer
5733:E. Margaret Burbidge
5577:Nicolaas Bloembergen
5554:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
5433:Vladimir K. Zworykin
5185:John Griggs Thompson
5108:Martin David Kruskal
4948:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
4421:Erwin Wilhelm Müller
4375:Ralph Brazelton Peck
4330:Jack St. Clair Kilby
4257:John Robinson Pierce
4224:Engineering sciences
4155:Jacqueline K. Barton
4010:George M. Whitesides
3929:Dudley R. Herschbach
3867:Richard B. Bernstein
3836:Walter H. Stockmayer
3384:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
3315:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
3205:Stanley Norman Cohen
3192:Rita Levi-Montalcini
3028:Keith Roberts Porter
2891:Alfred H. Sturtevant
2886:Michael Heidelberger
2858:Fritz Albert Lipmann
2461:Biographical Memoirs
2006:. Cambridge, Mass.:
1225:search.amphilsoc.org
1221:"APS Member History"
1090:. Cambridge, Mass.:
777:Lamarckian evolution
380:The perennial plant
327:Acadia National Park
7415:G. Ledyard Stebbins
7352:John F. Toland
7335:James Stirling
7201:Ian Carmichael
7099:Vivian Negron-Ortiz
6997:Edward L. Schneider
6866:William Louis Stern
6789:Theodore Delevoryas
6759:Harlan Parker Banks
6741:Harold Charles Bold
6717:G. Ledyard Stebbins
6622:Henry Allan Gleason
6556:Edmund Ware Sinnott
6526:George James Peirce
6490:Liberty Hyde Bailey
6449:Charles Elmer Allen
6419:Robert Almer Harper
6347:Robert Almer Harper
6341:Charles Reid Barnes
6222:Shirley Ann Jackson
6141:Charles P. Slichter
5985:Marshall Rosenbluth
5977:Wallace S. Broecker
5930:Eugene M. Shoemaker
5691:Victor F. Weisskopf
5638:Herbert S. Gutowsky
5620:Edgar Bright Wilson
5461:George Kistiakowsky
5079:Stephen Cole Kleene
4590:George H. Heilmeier
4577:Mildred Dresselhaus
4468:Edward H. Heinemann
4398:Frederick E. Terman
4362:Richard T. Whitcomb
4283:Clarence L. Johnson
4244:Theodore von Kármán
4131:Stephen J. Benkovic
4110:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
4097:Marvin H. Caruthers
4052:Ralph F. Hirschmann
3992:Darleane C. Hoffman
3882:Harden M. McConnell
3823:Frank H. Westheimer
3635:Stanley B. Prusiner
3599:Robert J. Lefkowitz
3358:Howard Martin Temin
3215:Maurice R. Hilleman
3210:Joseph L. Goldstein
3149:Donald A. Henderson
3066:Earl Reece Stadtman
3051:Elizabeth C. Crosby
3015:Orville Alvin Vogel
2845:Donald D. Van Slyke
2794:Biological sciences
2343:2000PNAS...97.6945R
1610:1997PNAS...94.7691A
1473:2015MolEc..24.1927B
1271:2000PNAS...97.6945R
1169:, Section B, Page 9
1132:author abbreviation
1024:Harmonia stebbinsii
1018:Lomatium stebbinsii
692:Columbia University
611:American Naturalist
402:. He completed his
30:G. Ledyard Stebbins
7238:Athene Donald
6967:Patricia G. Gensel
6872:Ray Franklin Evert
6854:Barbara D. Webster
6705:Kenneth V. Thimann
6693:Frits Warmolt Went
6669:Adriance S. Foster
6628:Ivey Foreman Lewis
6568:Karl McKay Wiegand
6413:John Merle Coulter
6299:John Merle Coulter
6271:Presidents of the
6094:G. Brent Dalrymple
5912:Arthur L. Schawlow
5819:James A. Van Allen
5710:Philip W. Anderson
5666:Richard P. Feynman
5592:Linus Carl Pauling
5227:Dennis P. Sullivan
4784:John B. Goodenough
4717:Edwin N. Lightfoot
4685:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
4666:Kenneth N. Stevens
4434:Raymond D. Mindlin
4357:Harold E. Edgerton
4202:A. Paul Alivisatos
4081:Stephen J. Lippard
4060:Ernest R. Davidson
3997:Harold S. Johnston
3831:William S. Johnson
3795:George C. Pimentel
3630:Susan L. Lindquist
3612:Francis S. Collins
3506:Victor A. McKusick
3481:Francisco J. Ayala
3463:Nancy C. Andreasen
3413:Robert A. Weinberg
3187:Har Gobind Khorana
3172:Michael E. DeBakey
3159:George Emil Palade
3131:Wendell L. Roelofs
3121:Howard L. Bachrach
2951:Barbara McClintock
2853:Edward F. Knipling
2219:2005-11-23 at the
2117:2006-10-06 at the
1967:10.1105/tpc.160370
1804:2006-06-14 at the
1785:2006-09-15 at the
1036:Lewisia stebbinsii
999:, California, the
944:professor emeritus
924:Monterey Peninsula
868:James W. Valentine
822:adaptive radiation
606:
491:
455:, who spoke about
453:Barbara McClintock
449:Thomas Hunt Morgan
437:Colgate University
424:, with cytologist
388:
323:Seal Harbor, Maine
319:Lawrence, New York
305:, was awarded the
270:to describe plant
231:Harvard University
107:Harvard University
70:Lawrence, New York
7439:
7438:
7405:Robert Huber
7389:Magdi Yacoub
7120:
7119:
7039:Elizabeth Kellogg
7033:Stephen G. Weller
6961:Douglas E. Soltis
6926:Barbara A. Schaal
6884:W. Hardy Eshbaugh
6765:Lincoln Constance
6681:Harriet Creighton
6395:Lewis Ralph Jones
6383:Erwin Frink Smith
6238:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6167:Esther M. Conwell
6107:Robert N. Clayton
6099:Riccardo Giacconi
6063:Raymond Davis Jr.
5951:Albert Overhauser
5894:Edwin M. McMillan
5855:Arnold O. Beckman
5832:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
5809:Paul C. Lauterbur
5786:Robert Hofstadter
5738:Maurice Goldhaber
5725:Charles H. Townes
5676:Edward M. Purcell
5643:Frederick Rossini
5497:Wolfgang Panofsky
5428:John H. Van Vleck
5344:Physical sciences
5334:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5296:Solomon W. Golomb
5256:Andrew J. Viterbi
5251:Leonard Kleinrock
5198:Calyampudi R. Rao
5166:Ronald R. Coifman
5074:George F. Carrier
5055:Donald C. Spencer
5050:Saunders Mac Lane
4985:Marshall H. Stone
4935:Shiing-Shen Chern
4842:Solomon Lefschetz
4804:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4741:David J. Wineland
4709:John M. Prausnitz
4650:C. Kumar N. Patel
4645:James L. Flanagan
4613:John Roy Whinnery
4600:H. Guyford Stever
4582:Nick Holonyak Jr.
4545:George W. Housner
4540:Willis M. Hawkins
4535:Daniel C. Drucker
4517:Robert Byron Bird
4509:Bernard M. Oliver
4416:Peter C. Goldmark
4403:Wernher von Braun
4349:George E. Mueller
4322:Nathan M. Newmark
4317:J. Presper Eckert
4296:Claude E. Shannon
4265:Charles S. Draper
4214:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4181:Judith P. Klinman
4065:Gábor A. Somorjai
3976:Isabella L. Karle
3963:George S. Hammond
3924:Gertrude B. Elion
3877:Rudolph A. Marcus
3728:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3654:Ralph L. Brinster
3573:Torsten N. Wiesel
3550:Norman E. Borlaug
3537:Solomon H. Snyder
3532:J. Michael Bishop
3491:Mario R. Capecchi
3371:Salome G. Waelsch
3302:E. Donnall Thomas
3177:Theodor O. Diener
3076:Paul Alfred Weiss
2904:Bernard B. Brodie
2840:George G. Simpson
2784:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2729:Michael I. Posner
2630:Eleanor J. Gibson
2582:George J. Stigler
2550:Neal Elgar Miller
2390:(12): 1625–1637.
2337:(13): 6945–6946.
2225:Dateline UC Davis
2017:978-0-674-30685-1
1604:(15): 7691–7697.
1482:10.1111/mec.13014
1461:Molecular Ecology
1329:(12): 1625–1637.
1265:(13): 6945–6946.
1201:www.nasonline.org
1101:978-0-674-30685-1
1030:Elymus stebbinsii
870:. His last book,
858:and the textbook
564:polyploid complex
483:species formation
268:natural selection
258:, which combined
212:
211:
179:Academic advisors
163:Scientific career
154:
146:
88:Davis, California
7559:
7362:Alan Walker
7295:Ernest McCulloch
7290:Iain Mattaj
7176:Frances Ashcroft
7147:
7140:
7133:
7124:
7123:
7093:Michael Donoghue
7087:Cynthia S. Jones
7057:Richard Olmstead
7009:Pamela S. Soltis
6979:Scott D. Russell
6896:Beryl B. Simpson
6818:Warren H. Wagner
6783:Arthur Cronquist
6771:Richard C. Starr
6735:Aaron John Sharp
6663:Ralph H. Wetmore
6532:Ezra Jacob Kraus
6484:Jacob R. Schramm
6431:William Trelease
6287:William Trelease
6265:
6258:
6251:
6242:
6241:
6050:Gilbert F. White
5995:George Wetherill
5889:Allan M. Cormack
5847:Jack Steinberger
5827:D. Allan Bromley
5776:H. Richard Crane
5753:Frederick Reines
5743:Helmut Landsberg
5658:George Uhlenbeck
5559:Vladimir Haensel
5521:Allan R. Sandage
5492:Herbert C. Brown
5474:Herbert Friedman
5400:Leon M. Lederman
5372:Julian Schwinger
5351:
5350:
5340:
5339:
5309:Alexandre Chorin
5283:Richard A. Tapia
5264:David B. Mumford
5092:Alberto Calderón
5037:Joseph B. Keller
5024:Michael Freedman
4993:Herman Goldstine
4847:H. Marston Morse
4821:
4820:
4810:
4809:
4749:Rudolf E. Kálmán
4733:Robert S. Langer
4725:Jan D. Achenbach
4558:Herbert E. Grier
4309:Igor I. Sikorsky
4270:Othmar H. Ammann
4231:
4230:
4220:
4219:
4186:Jerrold Meinwald
3955:Norman Hackerman
3934:Glenn T. Seaborg
3849:William O. Baker
3777:F. Albert Cotton
3745:
3744:
3734:
3733:
3711:Mary-Claire King
3604:Bert W. O'Malley
3560:Thomas E. Starzl
3555:Phillip A. Sharp
3542:Charles Yanofsky
3524:Evelyn M. Witkin
3519:James E. Darnell
3345:Paul C. Zamecnik
3310:Mary Ellen Avery
3282:Herbert W. Boyer
3277:Baruj Benacerraf
3248:Joshua Lederberg
3238:Viktor Hamburger
3200:Michael S. Brown
3046:Robert H. Burris
2801:
2800:
2790:
2789:
2737:Mortimer Mishkin
2662:William K. Estes
2646:Roger N. Shepard
2638:Robert K. Merton
2622:George A. Miller
2569:Herbert A. Simon
2537:
2536:
2526:
2525:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2485:
2484:
2446:
2417:
2399:
2374:
2364:
2354:
2321:
2319:
2304:
2282:
2281:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2233:
2227:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2163:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2136:
2127:
2121:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2056:
2048:
2042:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2005:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1978:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1814:
1808:
1795:
1789:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1672:
1670:10.1038/35007195
1648:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1621:
1595:
1586:
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1551:
1545:
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1484:
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1207:
1193:
1187:
1176:
1170:
1163:
1150:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1105:
1089:
1043:Key publications
781:soft inheritance
769:C. D. Darlington
276:modern synthesis
152:
144:
138:
83:
80:January 19, 2000
65:
63:
47:
37:
26:
25:
7567:
7566:
7562:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7557:
7556:
7442:
7441:
7440:
7435:
7393:
7206:Lorna Casselton
7186:Rosa Beddington
7181:Anthony Barrett
7164:
7151:
7121:
7116:
7069:Loren Rieseberg
6991:Allison A. Snow
6985:Linda E. Graham
6949:
6944:Carol C. Baskin
6932:Daniel Crawford
6920:Harry T. Horner
6794:
6777:Charles Heimsch
6633:
6550:C. Stuart Gager
6514:Lester W. Sharp
6472:
6407:A. S. Hitchcock
6275:
6269:
6239:
6226:
6214:Sean C. Solomon
6176:
6128:Daniel Kleppner
6120:Lonnie Thompson
6115:Ralph A. Alpher
6081:W. Jason Morgan
6068:Charles Keeling
6058:Marvin L. Cohen
6025:
6008:John N. Bahcall
6003:Don L. Anderson
5969:Peter Goldreich
5922:Steven Weinberg
5874:
5804:Walter Elsasser
5781:Herman Feshbach
5695:
5633:Samuel Goudsmit
5625:Chien-Shiung Wu
5564:Frederick Seitz
5531:John A. Wheeler
5516:Robert H. Dicke
5501:
5364:Luis W. Alvarez
5345:
5326:
5314:David Blackwell
5268:
5219:Carl R. de Boor
5190:Karen Uhlenbeck
5170:
5124:Louis Nirenberg
5059:
5032:Ralph E. Gomory
4970:
4966:Donald E. Knuth
4953:Hassler Whitney
4891:
4815:
4796:
4761:
4693:Andreas Acrivos
4670:
4658:Eli Ruckenstein
4637:Hermann A. Haus
4608:Calvin F. Quate
4595:Luna B. Leopold
4562:
4453:
4439:Robert N. Noyce
4429:Emmett N. Leith
4388:Manson Benedict
4370:Rudolf Kompfner
4334:
4288:Warren K. Lewis
4225:
4206:
4140:
4102:Peter B. Dervan
4073:John I. Brauman
4032:
3984:Norman Davidson
3911:John D. Roberts
3886:
3854:Konrad E. Bloch
3800:Richard N. Zare
3762:
3739:
3720:
3677:Sallie Chisholm
3659:Rudolf Jaenisch
3639:
3622:J. Craig Venter
3581:Rita R. Colwell
3448:
3434:David Baltimore
3325:Robert W. Kates
3297:David G. Nathan
3292:Edward B. Lewis
3262:
3258:Harland G. Wood
3253:Roger W. Sperry
3108:Glenn W. Burton
3080:
3056:Arthur Kornberg
3023:Roger Guillemin
3000:Hallowell Davis
2964:Daniel I. Arnon
2956:Albert B. Sabin
2936:
2909:Detlev W. Bronk
2881:Harry F. Harlow
2876:Kenneth S. Cole
2863:William C. Rose
2835:Francis P. Rous
2795:
2776:
2741:
2721:Gordon H. Bower
2682:
2678:Robert M. Solow
2594:
2590:Milton Friedman
2554:
2531:
2520:
2512:
2475:
2470:
2397:10.2307/2446460
2317:
2302:
2290:
2285:
2269:
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2234:
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2221:Wayback Machine
2211:
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1928:10.2307/2445981
1912:
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1869:
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1831:10.2307/2405784
1815:
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1806:Wayback Machine
1796:
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1777:
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1136:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1102:
1082:
1045:
971:
864:Francisco Ayala
797:
689:
674:Ehrharta erecta
648:, physiologist
629:paleopolyploidy
469:
355:natural history
315:
157:
136:
90:
85:
81:
72:
67:
66:January 6, 1906
61:
59:
58:
57:
38:
33:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7437:
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7428:
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7410:Marc Kirschner
7407:
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7399:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7347:Janet Thornton
7344:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7320:Dolph Schluter
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7285:Barry Marshall
7282:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7258:Timothy Gowers
7255:
7250:
7248:Douglas Fearon
7245:
7243:Philip England
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7218:David Cockayne
7215:
7208:
7203:
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7196:Simon Campbell
7193:
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7084:
7078:
7072:
7066:
7060:
7054:
7048:
7042:
7036:
7030:
7024:
7021:Kent Holsinger
7018:
7015:Karl J. Niklas
7012:
7006:
7000:
6994:
6988:
6982:
6976:
6973:Judy Jernstedt
6970:
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6957:
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6875:
6869:
6863:
6857:
6851:
6845:
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6833:
6827:
6821:
6815:
6809:
6806:Peter H. Raven
6802:
6800:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6792:
6786:
6780:
6774:
6768:
6762:
6756:
6753:Arthur Galston
6750:
6744:
6738:
6732:
6729:Paul J. Kramer
6726:
6720:
6714:
6711:Vernon Cheadle
6708:
6702:
6696:
6690:
6684:
6678:
6672:
6666:
6660:
6657:Edgar Anderson
6654:
6651:Katherine Esau
6648:
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6607:
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6440:
6434:
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6404:
6398:
6392:
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6377:Roland Thaxter
6374:
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6320:
6314:
6308:
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6236:
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6209:Burton Richter
6206:
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6184:
6182:
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6177:
6175:
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6169:
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6162:Yakir Aharonov
6159:
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6138:
6133:
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6125:
6122:
6117:
6112:
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6076:Richard Garwin
6073:
6070:
6065:
6060:
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6047:
6042:
6040:Willis E. Lamb
6037:
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5857:
5852:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5799:Philip Abelson
5796:
5793:
5791:Chen-Ning Yang
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5765:
5760:
5758:Bruno B. Rossi
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5715:Yoichiro Nambu
5712:
5707:
5703:
5701:
5697:
5696:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
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5579:
5574:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5526:John C. Slater
5523:
5518:
5513:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5486:
5481:
5476:
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5466:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5413:Jacob Bjerknes
5410:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5384:
5379:
5374:
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5361:
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5258:
5253:
5248:
5245:
5240:
5237:
5232:
5229:
5224:
5221:
5216:
5213:
5211:James G. Glimm
5208:
5205:
5203:Elias M. Stein
5200:
5195:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5155:
5150:
5147:
5145:Shing-Tung Yau
5142:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5126:
5121:
5118:
5113:
5110:
5105:
5102:
5097:
5094:
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5058:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5013:
5011:Antoni Zygmund
5008:
5003:
5000:
4998:Isadore Singer
4995:
4990:
4987:
4982:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4961:Joseph L. Doob
4958:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4942:
4940:George Dantzig
4937:
4932:
4930:John W. Backus
4927:
4924:
4919:
4916:
4911:
4908:
4906:Richard Brauer
4903:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4887:William Feller
4884:
4881:
4876:
4873:
4868:
4865:
4860:
4857:
4852:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4836:
4834:Norbert Wiener
4831:
4827:
4825:
4817:
4816:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4792:Thomas Kailath
4789:
4786:
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4778:
4773:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4751:
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4563:
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4555:
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4542:
4537:
4532:
4529:
4524:
4522:H. Bolton Seed
4519:
4514:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4475:
4473:Donald L. Katz
4470:
4465:
4461:
4459:
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4454:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4444:Earl R. Parker
4441:
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4327:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4311:
4306:
4301:
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4290:
4285:
4280:
4278:Hugh L. Dryden
4275:
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4199:
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4178:
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4165:
4162:
4160:Peter J. Stang
4157:
4152:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4136:Marye Anne Fox
4133:
4128:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4112:
4107:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4091:
4089:Tobin J. Marks
4086:
4083:
4078:
4075:
4070:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4018:Stuart A. Rice
4015:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3986:
3981:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3965:
3960:
3957:
3952:
3950:Donald J. Cram
3947:
3944:
3939:
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3926:
3921:
3919:Ronald Breslow
3916:
3913:
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3898:
3894:
3892:
3888:
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3884:
3879:
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3869:
3864:
3861:
3859:Elias J. Corey
3856:
3851:
3846:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3825:
3820:
3818:Carl S. Marvel
3815:
3810:
3805:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3790:Roald Hoffmann
3787:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3768:
3764:
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3722:
3721:
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3706:Stanley Falkow
3703:
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3698:Rakesh K. Jain
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3521:
3516:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3501:Gene E. Likens
3498:
3493:
3488:
3486:George F. Bass
3483:
3478:
3475:
3470:
3468:Peter H. Raven
3465:
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3410:
3405:
3402:
3397:
3394:
3392:Alexander Rich
3389:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3373:
3368:
3366:Daniel Nathans
3363:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3347:
3342:
3340:Folke K. Skoog
3337:
3332:
3330:Salvador Luria
3327:
3322:
3320:Elvin A. Kabat
3317:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3233:Katherine Esau
3230:
3227:
3222:
3220:Eric R. Kandel
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3166:
3164:Joan A. Steitz
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3138:
3136:Berta Scharrer
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3103:Seymour Benzer
3100:
3097:
3095:Philip Handler
3092:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2982:Erwin Chargaff
2979:
2977:Britton Chance
2974:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2927:Robert Huebner
2924:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2816:
2814:C. B. van Niel
2811:
2807:
2805:
2797:
2796:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2772:Albert Bandura
2769:
2766:
2764:Robert Axelrod
2761:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2723:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2707:
2705:R. Duncan Luce
2702:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2664:
2659:
2656:
2654:Paul Samuelson
2651:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2614:Patrick Suppes
2611:
2609:Leonid Hurwicz
2606:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2541:
2533:
2532:
2522:
2521:
2511:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2474:
2473:External links
2471:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2447:
2418:
2375:
2322:
2320:on 2006-08-23.
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2277: Stebbins
2263:
2244:(3): 421–438.
2228:
2205:
2193:
2155:
2152:on 2005-05-27.
2122:
2103:
2068:
2043:
2030:
2016:
1990:
1961:(3): 562–570.
1941:
1922:(7): 944–953.
1906:
1879:(4): 198–207.
1863:
1844:
1825:(4): 378–388.
1809:
1790:
1771:
1742:
1729:
1692:
1643:
1581:
1562:(1): 166–178.
1546:
1527:(4): 824–832.
1504:
1467:(9): 1927–41.
1447:
1432:
1406:
1393:10.1086/280872
1387:(750): 54–66.
1371:
1358:
1304:
1245:
1236:
1212:
1188:
1171:
1167:New York Times
1157:
1155:
1152:
1147:botanical name
1128:
1127:
1126:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1080:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1044:
1041:
997:Lake Berryessa
970:
967:
898:from the Yale
796:
793:
708:Edgar Anderson
688:
683:
650:William Hiesey
585:Åke Gustafsson
576:autotetraploid
468:
465:
392:plant taxonomy
353:, an American
351:Ralph Hoffmann
314:
311:
210:
209:
206:
205:
200:
194:
193:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
159:
158:
156:
155:
147:
139:
130:
128:
124:
123:
118:
117:Known for
114:
113:
109:(Ph.D. 1931);
105:, California;
96:
92:
91:
86:
84:(aged 94)
78:
74:
73:
68:
55:
53:
49:
48:
40:
39:
32:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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7478:
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7473:
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7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7449:
7447:
7432:
7429:
7426:
7425:Edward Witten
7423:
7421:
7420:Gilbert Stork
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7402:
7400:
7396:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7369:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7357:Tony Trewavas
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7342:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7310:John Ockendon
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
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7281:
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7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7233:Raymond Dixon
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7213:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
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7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7173:
7171:
7167:
7163:
7159:
7158:Royal Society
7155:
7148:
7143:
7141:
7136:
7134:
7129:
7128:
7125:
7112:
7109:
7106:
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7079:
7076:
7073:
7070:
7067:
7064:
7061:
7058:
7055:
7052:
7049:
7046:
7045:Pamela Diggle
7043:
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7034:
7031:
7028:
7025:
7022:
7019:
7016:
7013:
7010:
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6995:
6992:
6989:
6986:
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6980:
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6974:
6971:
6968:
6965:
6962:
6959:
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6952:
6945:
6942:
6939:
6938:Nancy Dengler
6936:
6933:
6930:
6927:
6924:
6921:
6918:
6915:
6914:Grady Webster
6912:
6909:
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6903:
6900:
6897:
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6891:
6888:
6885:
6882:
6879:
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6807:
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6803:
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6797:
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6784:
6781:
6778:
6775:
6772:
6769:
6766:
6763:
6760:
6757:
6754:
6751:
6748:
6747:Ralph Emerson
6745:
6742:
6739:
6736:
6733:
6730:
6727:
6724:
6721:
6718:
6715:
6712:
6709:
6706:
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6569:
6566:
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6554:
6551:
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6539:
6538:E. D. Merrill
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6524:
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6339:
6336:
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6330:
6327:
6324:
6323:Byron Halsted
6321:
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6312:
6309:
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6300:
6297:
6294:
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6288:
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6220:
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6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
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6192:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6183:
6179:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6154:James E. Gunn
6152:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6086:Edward Witten
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6053:
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6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
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5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
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5975:
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5959:
5957:
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5933:
5931:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5904:Roger Revelle
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5877:
5871:
5870:Henry Stommel
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5860:Eugene Parker
5858:
5856:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5720:Edward Teller
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5698:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5686:Lyman Spitzer
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5605:Hans A. Bethe
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5549:Maurice Ewing
5547:
5545:
5544:Carl Djerassi
5542:
5539:
5537:
5536:Saul Winstein
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5484:Eugene Wigner
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5469:Paul Bartlett
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5456:Louis Hammett
5454:
5452:
5451:Gregory Breit
5449:
5447:
5446:Francis Birch
5444:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5405:William Rubey
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5341:
5337:
5323:
5322:Michael Artin
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5265:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5235:Bradley Efron
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5173:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5161:Felix Browder
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5137:Stephen Smale
5135:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5084:John McCarthy
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5045:Samuel Karlin
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4855:Oscar Zariski
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4811:
4807:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4629:Ray W. Clough
4627:
4624:
4622:
4621:Alfred Y. Cho
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4491:John G. Trump
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4304:Edwin H. Land
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4252:Vannevar Bush
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4221:
4217:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4168:Allen J. Bard
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4123:JoAnne Stubbe
4121:
4119:
4118:Joanna Fowler
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4028:Susan Solomon
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3872:Melvin Calvin
3870:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3813:Yuan Tseh Lee
3811:
3809:
3808:Harry B. Gray
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3782:Gilbert Stork
3780:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3735:
3731:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3690:Bruce Alberts
3688:
3686:
3685:May Berenbaum
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3591:Lubert Stryer
3589:
3587:
3586:Nina Fedoroff
3584:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3568:Anthony Fauci
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3511:Harold Varmus
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3444:Lynn Margulis
3442:
3440:
3439:Jared Diamond
3437:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3379:Thomas Eisner
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3353:Maxine Singer
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3335:Paul A. Marks
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3144:Stanley Cohen
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3033:Efraim Racker
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2987:James V. Neel
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2899:Horace Barker
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:Sewall Wright
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2787:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2756:Anne Treisman
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:Kenneth Arrow
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2577:Anne Anastasi
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2497:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2209:
2202:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2160:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2053:
2047:
2040:
2034:
2019:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2003:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1747:
1739:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1663:(6778): 562.
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1433:9780120176014
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1240:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1144:
1133:
1130:The standard
1124:
1123:0-7167-1331-4
1120:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1077:0-7131-2287-0
1074:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
992:
987:
985:
984:3-906166-15-5
981:
977:
966:
964:
960:
956:
951:
950:
945:
940:
938:
934:
930:
925:
920:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
880:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
840:
835:
830:
827:
823:
817:
815:
811:
807:
802:
792:
788:
786:
782:
778:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
753:
749:
744:
743:
737:
733:
731:
730:
725:
724:
719:
715:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
687:
682:
680:
676:
675:
670:
665:
663:
659:
658:Herbert Baker
655:
651:
647:
646:David D. Keck
644:, taxonomist
643:
639:
633:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
612:
603:
602:
597:
596:Triangle of U
592:
588:
586:
582:
577:
573:
572:allopolyploid
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
549:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:
518:
514:
510:
509:
504:
500:
499:E. B. Babcock
496:
488:
484:
480:
479:
473:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
427:
426:E. C. Jeffrey
423:
422:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
385:
384:
378:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:ornithologist
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:Episcopalians
328:
324:
320:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
284:hybridization
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:
250:
248:
244:
240:
239:E. B. Babcock
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
207:
204:
201:
199:
195:
192:
188:
187:E. C. Jeffrey
184:
181:
177:
174:
171:
167:
164:
160:
151:
148:
143:
140:
135:
134:Linnean Medal
132:
131:
129:
125:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
93:
89:
79:
75:
71:
54:
50:
46:
41:
36:
27:
22:
7431:Richard Zare
7414:
7374:Denis Weaire
7366:
7339:
7315:John Pethica
7277:
7253:Gary Gibbons
7228:Derek Denton
7210:
7191:Derek Briggs
7081:Linda Watson
7075:Andrea Wolfe
6954:2000–present
6716:
6675:Oswald Tippo
6196:Sandra Faber
6191:Sidney Drell
6021:Leo Kadanoff
6016:James Cronin
5964:Hans Dehmelt
5899:Robert Pound
5865:Robert Sharp
5681:John Sinfelt
5648:Verner Suomi
5615:Lewis Sarett
5479:Lars Onsager
5423:Henry Eyring
5390:John Bardeen
5132:Richard Karp
5100:Allen Newell
4879:Jerzy Neyman
4504:Tung-Yen Lin
4481:Bill Hewlett
4411:Morris Cohen
4005:John W. Cahn
3906:Karl Folkers
3667:Lucy Shapiro
3617:Elaine Fuchs
3496:Ann Graybiel
3426:Janet Rowley
3408:James Watson
3400:Ruth Patrick
3243:Philip Leder
3113:Mildred Cohn
3070:
3061:Severo Ochoa
3038:E. O. Wilson
2460:
2450:
2426:
2422:
2387:
2383:
2334:
2330:
2315:the original
2310:
2306:
2288:Bibliography
2276:
2266:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2224:
2208:
2196:
2171:
2167:
2147:the original
2142:
2138:
2125:
2106:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2059:. Retrieved
2046:
2038:
2033:
2021:. Retrieved
2001:
1993:
1958:
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1248:
1239:
1228:. Retrieved
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1114:
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642:Jens Clausen
634:
609:
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396:biogeography
389:
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335:tuberculosis
316:
292:
253:
251:
214:
213:
202:
169:Institutions
162:
120:
82:(2000-01-19)
7462:2000 deaths
7457:1906 births
7330:Joseph Silk
7305:John Mollon
7223:David Delpy
7113:(2024–2025)
7111:Jenny Xiang
7027:Judith Skog
6963:(1999–2000)
6544:Aven Nelson
6149:Berni Alder
5956:Frank Press
5837:Walter Kohn
5814:George Pake
5748:Walter Munk
5671:Herman Mark
5653:Henry Taube
5441:Jesse Beams
5395:Peter Debye
5377:Harold Urey
5301:Barry Mazur
4863:John Milnor
4757:Amnon Yariv
4701:Leo Beranek
4527:Ernst Weber
4380:Abel Wolman
3971:Thomas Cech
3901:Elkan Blout
3841:Max Tishler
3758:Roger Adams
3716:Simon Levin
3182:Harry Eagle
3005:Paul Gyorgy
2697:Gary Becker
2429:: 803–814.
2174:: 803–814.
2041:187:734–735
2023:16 December
1710:: 397–408.
937:Sierra Club
912:Leidy Award
844:angiosperms
517:model plant
503:Rockefeller
487:C. sibirica
467:UC Berkeley
412:chromosomes
347:Carpinteria
343:Cate School
150:Leidy Award
111:UC Berkeley
103:Carpinteria
99:Cate School
7446:Categories
7063:Gordon Uno
7051:Tom Ranker
5943:Vera Rubin
5582:Paul Flory
5243:Hyman Bass
5116:John Cocke
5019:Raoul Bott
4922:Kurt Gödel
4914:John Tukey
4871:Paul Cohen
4486:George Low
4449:Simon Ramo
3672:Leroy Hood
3473:Carl Woese
3421:Bruce Ames
2932:Ernst Mayr
1955:Plant Cell
1860:: 231–251.
1768:: 290–313.
1230:2022-11-23
1206:2022-11-23
1154:References
765:phenotypic
718:Ernst Mayr
679:colchicine
621:perennials
539:monographs
531:polyploidy
441:Antennaria
421:Antennaria
288:polyploidy
280:Ernst Mayr
272:speciation
266:theory of
223:geneticist
62:1906-01-06
7268:Alan Hall
7263:Ron Grigg
7107:(2023–24)
7101:(2022–23)
7095:(2021–22)
7089:(2020–21)
7083:(2019–20)
7077:(2018–19)
7071:(2017–18)
7065:(2016–17)
7059:(2015–16)
7053:(2014–15)
7047:(2013–14)
7041:(2012–13)
7035:(2011–12)
7029:(2010–11)
7023:(2009–10)
6946:(1998–99)
6940:(1997–98)
6934:(1996–97)
6928:(1995–96)
6922:(1994–95)
6916:(1993–94)
6910:(1992–93)
6904:(1991–92)
6898:(1990–91)
6892:(1989–90)
6886:(1988–89)
6880:(1987–88)
6874:(1986–87)
6868:(1985–86)
6799:1975–1999
6638:1950–1974
6477:1925–1949
6280:1894–1924
5938:Val Fitch
5006:Peter Lax
4776:Shu Chien
4023:John Ross
3738:Chemistry
3126:Paul Berg
2518:laureates
2139:Fremontia
2098:198160356
1819:Evolution
1687:204481377
1109:Evolution
959:Unitarian
860:Evolution
761:genotypic
748:variation
704:selection
95:Education
7160:elected
7017:(2008–9)
7011:(2007–8)
7005:(2006–7)
6999:(2005–6)
6993:(2004–5)
6987:(2003–4)
6981:(2002–3)
6975:(2001–2)
6969:(2000–1)
5917:Ed Stone
2914:Jay Lush
2443:11700300
2414:21708566
2371:10860954
2298:(2002).
2296:Mayr, E.
2217:Archived
2188:11700300
2115:Archived
2061:13 April
1985:15004269
1893:16701254
1802:Archived
1783:Archived
1724:61053942
1679:10766227
1491:25442107
1442:20259289
1401:86709379
1353:21708566
1299:10860954
1137:Stebbins
1117:(1982) (
1094:. 1974.
1071:(1971) (
810:genetics
757:Turesson
617:families
601:Brassica
535:apomixis
430:Karl Sax
416:cytology
363:botanist
301:and the
264:Darwin's
260:genetics
219:botanist
203:Stebbins
191:Karl Sax
173:UC Davis
35:ForMemRS
7398:Foreign
7169:Fellows
7162:in 1999
7156:of the
7154:Fellows
6826:( 1978)
2406:2446460
2339:Bibcode
2258:7201522
2039:Science
1936:2445981
1901:9992822
1839:2405784
1638:9223250
1606:Bibcode
1576:2395189
1541:2399224
1499:4988918
1469:Bibcode
1345:2446460
1267:Bibcode
702:) with
669:Poaceae
625:annuals
581:history
548:Youngia
515:into a
461:Paeonia
445:peonies
367:Harvard
243:species
7427:
6862:(1984)
6856:(1983)
6850:(1982)
6844:(1981)
6838:(1980)
6832:(1979)
6820:(1977)
6814:(1976)
6808:(1975)
6791:(1974)
6785:(1973)
6779:(1972)
6773:(1971)
6767:(1970)
6761:(1969)
6755:(1968)
6749:(1967)
6743:(1966)
6737:(1965)
6731:(1964)
6725:(1963)
6719:(1962)
6713:(1961)
6707:(1960)
6701:(1959)
6695:(1958)
6689:(1957)
6683:(1956)
6677:(1955)
6671:(1954)
6665:(1953)
6659:(1952)
6653:(1951)
6647:(1950)
6630:(1949)
6624:(1948)
6618:(1947)
6612:(1946)
6606:(1945)
6600:(1944)
6594:(1943)
6588:(1942)
6582:(1941)
6576:(1940)
6570:(1939)
6564:(1938)
6558:(1937)
6552:(1936)
6546:(1935)
6540:(1934)
6534:(1933)
6528:(1932)
6522:(1931)
6516:(1930)
6510:(1929)
6504:(1928)
6498:(1927)
6492:(1926)
6486:(1925)
6469:(1924)
6463:(1923)
6457:(1922)
6451:(1921)
6445:(1920)
6439:(1919)
6433:(1918)
6427:(1917)
6421:(1916)
6415:(1915)
6409:(1914)
6403:(1913)
6397:(1912)
6391:(1911)
6385:(1910)
6379:(1909)
6373:(1908)
6367:(1907)
6361:(1906)
6355:(1905)
6349:(1904)
6343:(1903)
6337:(1902)
6331:(1901)
6325:(1900)
6319:(1899)
6313:(1898)
6307:(1897)
6301:(1896)
6295:(1895)
6289:(1894)
2441:
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2404:
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2186:
2096:
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1976:540259
1973:
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1059:(1966)
1053:(1950)
982:
969:Legacy
894:, the
814:barley
568:Crepis
543:Crepis
527:Crepis
513:Crepis
508:Crepis
478:Crepis
371:botany
153:(1983)
145:(1979)
137:(1973)
127:Awards
6181:2010s
6030:2000s
5879:1990s
5700:1980s
5506:1970s
5354:1960s
5273:2010s
5175:2000s
5064:1990s
4975:1980s
4896:1970s
4824:1960s
4766:2010s
4675:2000s
4567:1990s
4458:1980s
4339:1970s
4234:1960s
4145:2010s
4037:2000s
3891:1990s
3767:1980s
3748:1960s
3644:2010s
3453:2000s
3267:1990s
3085:1980s
2941:1970s
2804:1960s
2746:2010s
2687:2000s
2599:1990s
2559:1980s
2540:1960s
2402:JSTOR
2362:34367
2318:(PDF)
2303:(PDF)
2254:S2CID
2150:(PDF)
2135:(PDF)
2094:S2CID
2055:(PDF)
1932:JSTOR
1897:S2CID
1835:JSTOR
1758:(PDF)
1720:S2CID
1683:S2CID
1629:33678
1594:(PDF)
1572:JSTOR
1537:JSTOR
1517:(PDF)
1495:S2CID
1397:S2CID
1341:JSTOR
1290:34367
700:genes
408:Ph.D.
6218:2014
6205:2012
6187:2011
6158:2009
6145:2008
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6111:2005
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6090:2003
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5999:1998
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5908:1991
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5851:1989
5823:1988
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5729:1983
5706:1982
5662:1979
5629:1976
5601:1975
5573:1974
5540:1973
5512:1970
5488:1969
5465:1968
5437:1967
5409:1966
5386:1965
5368:1964
5360:1963
5318:2013
5305:2012
5292:2011
5279:2010
5260:2009
5247:2007
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5215:2003
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5070:1990
5041:1989
5028:1988
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4989:1983
4981:1982
4957:1979
4944:1976
4926:1975
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4910:1973
4902:1970
4883:1969
4875:1968
4867:1967
4859:1966
4851:1965
4838:1964
4830:1963
4788:2012
4780:2011
4772:2010
4753:2009
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4697:2002
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4261:1964
4248:1963
4240:1962
4198:2014
4190:2013
4177:2012
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4093:2006
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4077:2004
4069:2002
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3804:1986
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3754:1964
3702:2014
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3608:2008
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2996:1975
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2872:1967
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2810:1963
2768:2015
2760:2014
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2439:PMID
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2184:PMID
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2025:2015
2012:ISBN
1981:PMID
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1675:PMID
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