1444:
1370:
1662:. The consul coordinated his activities with the assembly; in some states, he did so with a council of other nobles. The assembly met regularly, and would discuss all major state decisions. This body also had full financial, administrative, and judicial authority. Other officers, who rarely receive any mention, obeyed the decisions of the assembly.
1783:
governments, and the vague, sporadic quality of the evidence allows for wide disagreements. Some emphasize the central role of the assemblies and thus tout them as democracies; other scholars focus on the upper-class domination of the leadership and possible control of the assembly and see an
1701:
in India it is generally believed existed as early as the 6th century BC, and persisted in some areas until the 4th century. The ancient
Buddhist texts provide many accounts of the various ancient Indian states at the time of the
1503:
means group or community. It can also be used to refer to a body of attendants and can refer to any assemblage or association of men formed for the attainment of the same aims, denotes the gathering of a given community. The word
1795:
The rulers always belonged to warrior class. This is mentioned in Hindu, Buddhist, Jain texts. The oligarchs are always from warrior class. This leads many scholars to claim that the true nature of
1722:, existed as early as the 6th century BC, and both of their administrations were divided into executive, judicial, and military functions. Even in the other kingdoms of the
1753:(assemblies), which includes injunctions on manipulating the noble leaders. Yet the chapter does not mention how to influence the mass of the citizens, indicating that the
1597:
were generally located in the periphery of the major ancient Indian states, both geographically and culturally, and tend to occupy the higher ground near the
2008:
1398:
1685:, the heads of the most important families. On the other hand, the smaller state of Shakyas and Koliyas, during the period around
955:
99:
2141:
2121:
1106:
1046:
1776:'s invasion of India (now Pakistan and northwest India) mentions that independent and democratic states existed in India.
1455:. Among the Mahajanapadas and other smaller states around them, some of the states followed a republican form of government
1179:
1096:
1391:
1249:
875:
566:
2164:
1961:
1266:
1076:
536:
1919:
2090:
1862:
1356:
821:
606:
1903:'The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools: The Social and Political Milieu (Materials on Vedic Śåkhås, 8)'
1224:
895:
1136:
1384:
230:
1151:
1605:
of Vajji, Malla, Koliya, and Shakya mentioned above all situated at the foothills of
Himalayas, near eastern
521:
1131:
1346:
1309:
1229:
1189:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1551:, the texts often use the phrase to refer a type of aristocractic rule, contrast to monarchy (साम्राज्य
1184:
885:
556:
1828:
1194:
1161:
1061:
1056:
726:
343:
1606:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1111:
686:
89:
466:
1930:
1719:
1244:
1234:
1199:
915:
561:
152:
64:
1743:, an ancient Indian handbook for monarchs on how to rule efficiently, sometimes referred to as "
2159:
1254:
1239:
771:
706:
255:
245:
182:
2111:
1852:
368:
1992:
1299:
1121:
935:
816:
428:
408:
318:
162:
44:
1726:, their monarchical rule would also include republican communities such as the community of
1519:
1284:
1026:
965:
328:
250:
157:
124:
1730:, The villages at this era also had their own assemblies under their village heads called
8:
1773:
1259:
1204:
1126:
1036:
925:
438:
220:
210:
205:
94:
2174:
2169:
2002:
1762:
1340:
1314:
1156:
1146:
1116:
1071:
1016:
865:
806:
581:
496:
215:
1902:
2137:
2117:
2086:
1957:
1858:
1818:
1745:
1351:
1324:
1101:
1041:
1021:
905:
676:
586:
338:
235:
23:
1888:
Concise
History of Ancient India: Political theory, administration and economic life
621:
79:
1823:
1678:
1658:
1610:
1543:
1468:
1334:
1294:
1011:
845:
751:
651:
636:
546:
476:
383:
378:
353:
260:
240:
225:
84:
666:
576:
2131:
1886:
1374:
1066:
1051:
691:
571:
531:
506:
486:
433:
418:
270:
265:
134:
129:
119:
74:
49:
1956:
Pletcher, Kenneth (2010). The
History of India. Rosen Education Service. p. 64.
1706:, including their forms of governments and political workings. Among the larger
1508:
in
Sanskrit means association, assembly, company or community. For instance, in
471:
298:
1686:
1587:
1567:
1538:
1304:
1031:
997:
796:
786:
741:
701:
696:
641:
631:
626:
611:
541:
526:
511:
501:
413:
313:
303:
293:
596:
2153:
1723:
1711:
1707:
1618:
1571:
1559:
1548:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1141:
975:
945:
855:
761:
756:
731:
711:
551:
423:
398:
373:
358:
348:
333:
288:
54:
30:
1813:
1758:
1739:
1653:, the monarch apparently always belonged to a family of the noble class of
1423:
811:
791:
776:
736:
721:
681:
616:
601:
491:
393:
59:
1934:
1460:
1789:
1289:
826:
766:
716:
661:
456:
388:
114:
109:
1369:
1715:
1329:
1319:
781:
746:
671:
656:
591:
516:
461:
363:
308:
187:
172:
1909:, Harvard University Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, p. 313
1574:. Many smaller states and tribes near these great states also had the
1785:
1655:
1598:
1527:
1430:
801:
481:
177:
69:
1808:
1769:
1749:
of
Ancient India", also contains a chapter on how to deal with the
1621:. In contrast, the states which followed a monarchical government (
1509:
1496:
1492:
1426:
646:
403:
167:
104:
1681:, the ruling clan of Vajji, had a primary governing body of 7,077
1718:, and the Vajji (or Vṛji) confederation, centered in the city of
1523:
1761:
or oligarchical body, rather than democracy in a modern or even
1924:
1703:
1670:
1626:
1583:
1579:
1514:
323:
1772:, a Greek historian who wrote two centuries after the time of
1637:
According to the
Buddhist sources, key characteristics of the
1562:, the sixteen great states in ancient India, two followed the
1614:
1537:
can be translated as (rule by) tribal assembly. In ancient
1500:
1483:
1419:
1477:
1474:
1673:), or a confederacy of clans (e.g. Vajji). Most of the
1003:
1480:
2085:. University of California Press. pp. 148–149.
1799:
is not comparable to truly democratic institutions.
1625:) were generally located in the flood plains of the
1689:, had the assembly open to all men, rich and poor.
1471:
2133:Naga Cults and Traditions in the Western Himalaya
1997:. Brill Archive. pp. 93–. GGKEY:HYY6LT5CFT0.
1947:Anguttara Nikaya I. p. 213; IV. pp. 252, 256, 261
2151:
1891:, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, p. 140
1857:. University of California. pp. 146–150.
1779:Scholars differ over how best to describe the
1677:are aristocratic in nature: For instance, the
2113:Society and Religion: From Rugveda to Puranas
1392:
2007:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2055:
2053:
2025:, Calcutta: University of Calcutta, p. 107
1399:
1385:
2067:
2065:
1990:
1451:were the sixteen most powerful states in
2083:Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300
1884:
1854:Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300
1846:
1844:
1442:
2109:
2050:
1669:was either that of a single clan (e.g.
1645:(consul), and a deliberative assembly (
956:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
2152:
2080:
2062:
1850:
2129:
1841:
1692:
1107:1946 Italian institutional referendum
1047:Spanish American wars of independence
2136:, Indus Publishing, pp. 63–64,
2116:, Popular Prakashan, pp. 100–,
876:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
13:
2110:Gadkari, Jayant (1 January 1996),
2103:
2023:Political History of Ancient India
1907:Inside the texts, Beyond the Texts
14:
2186:
1549:the great states in ancient India
1547:which make frequent reference to
16:Political structure in South Asia
2021:Raychaudhuri Hemchandra (1972),
1578:form of government, such as the
1467:
1368:
896:Discourses Concerning Government
2074:
2059:Bongard-Levin, 1996, pp. 61–106
2041:
2028:
2015:
1586:, the small tribal state which
1162:Barbadian Republic Proclamation
1984:
1975:
1966:
1950:
1941:
1912:
1895:
1885:Majumdar, Asoke Kumar (1977),
1878:
1632:
1097:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt
1077:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1:
2036:Kautilya and the Arthashastra
1834:
1436:
1347:Republic without republicans
1092:11 September 1922 Revolution
1087:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
7:
1802:
1665:The general make-up of the
1461:
1082:Turkish War of Independence
1004:
10:
2191:
1994:Republics in ancient India
1714:, centered in the city of
1137:1970 Cambodian coup d'état
886:The Commonwealth of Oceana
2165:Local government in India
1905:in Witzel, Michael (ed.)
1829:Monarchy in ancient India
1310:The Emperor's New Clothes
1062:5 October 1910 revolution
1057:French Revolution of 1848
80:Liberty as non-domination
1901:Witzel, Michael (1997):
1768:Outside Indian sources,
1152:1987 Fijian coups d'état
1112:1952 Egyptian revolution
90:Political representation
2081:Thapar, Romila (2002).
2071:Sharma 1968, pp. 109–22
1931:Oxford University Press
1851:Thapar, Romila (2002).
1132:1969 Libyan coup d'état
916:Discourse on Inequality
65:Consent of the governed
1456:
1422:and clan structure of
2130:Handa, O. C. (2004),
1981:Robinson, 1997, p. 23
1972:Robinson, 1997, p. 22
1927:UK English Dictionary
1446:
1300:Criticism of monarchy
1122:North Yemen civil war
936:The Federalist Papers
231:Federal parliamentary
1285:Classical radicalism
1027:Republic of Florence
966:Democracy in America
125:Separation of powers
100:Public participation
1774:Alexander the Great
1375:Politics portal
1180:Antigua and Barbuda
1127:Zanzibar Revolution
1037:American Revolution
926:The Social Contract
95:Popular sovereignty
1693:Historical records
1649:). Elected by the
1641:seem to include a
1520:monastic community
1457:
1341:Primus inter pares
1157:Nepalese Civil War
1147:Iranian Revolution
1117:14 July Revolution
1072:Russian Revolution
1067:Chinese Revolution
1017:Republic of Venice
866:Discourses on Livy
2143:978-81-7387-161-0
2123:978-81-7154-743-2
2034:Trautmann T. R.,
1819:Magadha-Vajji war
1409:
1408:
1352:Republican empire
1325:List of republics
1174:National variants
1102:Spanish Civil War
1042:French Revolution
1022:Republic of Genoa
906:The Spirit of Law
839:Theoretical works
183:Neo-republicanism
2182:
2146:
2126:
2097:
2096:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2060:
2057:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2032:
2026:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2006:
1998:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1937:on July 5, 2020.
1933:. Archived from
1916:
1910:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1848:
1824:History of India
1544:Anguttara Nikaya
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1464:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1373:
1372:
1357:Republican Party
1335:Peasant republic
1295:Communitarianism
1012:Classical Athens
1007:
981:
971:
961:
951:
941:
931:
921:
911:
901:
891:
881:
871:
861:
851:
85:Mixed government
19:
18:
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2189:
2185:
2184:
2183:
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2180:
2179:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2124:
2106:
2104:Further reading
2101:
2100:
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2070:
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2029:
2020:
2016:
2000:
1999:
1991:Sharma (1968).
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1900:
1896:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1849:
1842:
1837:
1805:
1757:is more of an
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1635:
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1439:
1405:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1175:
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1166:
1052:Trienio Liberal
993:
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929:
919:
909:
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889:
879:
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859:
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831:
567:Flynn (Stephen)
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201:
193:
192:
148:
140:
139:
135:Social equality
130:Social contract
120:Self-governance
75:Democratization
50:Anti-corruption
45:Anti-monarchism
40:
24:Politics series
17:
12:
11:
5:
2188:
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2061:
2049:
2040:
2027:
2014:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1962:978-1615301225
1949:
1940:
1911:
1894:
1877:
1863:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1694:
1691:
1687:Gautama Buddha
1634:
1631:
1588:Gautama Buddha
1555:in Sanskrit).
1539:Buddhist texts
1518:refers to the
1438:
1435:
1418:was a type of
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
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1389:
1381:
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1307:
1305:Egalitarianism
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1281:
1279:Related topics
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1250:United Kingdom
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6:
4:
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2:
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2160:Ancient India
2158:
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2155:
2145:
2139:
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2128:
2125:
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2114:
2108:
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2094:
2092:0-520-24225-4
2088:
2084:
2077:
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2056:
2054:
2047:Diodorus 2.39
2044:
2038:, Leiden 1971
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2031:
2024:
2018:
2010:
2004:
1996:
1995:
1987:
1978:
1969:
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1944:
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1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1724:mahajanapadas
1721:
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1713:
1709:
1708:mahajanapadas
1705:
1700:
1690:
1688:
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1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
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1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1607:Uttar Pradesh
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1590:was born to.
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:Mahajanapadas
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1540:
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1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1463:
1454:
1453:Ancient India
1450:
1449:Mahajanapadas
1445:
1441:
1434:
1432:
1431:ancient India
1428:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1402:
1397:
1395:
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1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1267:United States
1265:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1246:
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1236:
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1191:
1188:
1186:
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1177:
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1158:
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462:Adams (John)
283:Philosophers
60:Civic virtue
22:Part of the
1790:aristocracy
1781:gana sangha
1755:gana sangha
1651:gana sangha
1643:gana mukhya
1639:gana sangha
1633:Institution
1576:gana sangha
1564:gana sangha
1535:gana sangha
1533:The phrase
1412:Gana-Sangha
1290:Common good
1230:New Zealand
1225:Netherlands
970:(1835–1840)
940:(1787–1788)
850:(c. 375 BC)
772:Robespierre
547:Etherington
482:Benn (Tony)
451:Politicians
429:Tocqueville
389:Montesquieu
369:Machiavelli
115:Rule of law
110:Res publica
2154:Categories
1870:28 October
1835:References
1746:The Prince
1728:Rajakumara
1716:Kusinagara
1623:saamarajya
1617:region of
1582:, and the
1558:Among the
1553:saamarajya
1528:bhikkhunis
1416:Gana-Rajya
1330:Monarchism
1320:Liberalism
1315:Jacobinism
1005:Gaṇasaṅgha
860:(54–51 BC)
344:Harrington
221:Democratic
211:Capitalist
206:Autonomous
188:Venizelism
173:Khomeinism
2175:Republics
2170:Oligarchy
2003:cite book
1786:oligarchy
1679:Licchavis
1656:Kshatriya
1599:Himalayas
1541:like the
1495:: गण) in
1459:The word
1437:Etymology
1427:republics
1185:Australia
817:Venizelos
807:Spadolini
797:Slaughter
742:McDonnell
707:Mackenzie
652:Jefferson
607:Griffiths
587:de Gaulle
582:Garibaldi
542:Drakeford
434:Warburton
354:Jefferson
349:Honderich
329:Condorcet
216:Christian
178:Nasserism
153:Classical
70:Democracy
1920:"sangha"
1809:Janapada
1803:See also
1770:Diodorus
1763:Athenian
1732:gramakas
1720:Vaishali
1572:Mallakas
1530:(nuns).
1524:bhikkhus
1510:Buddhism
1497:Sanskrit
1493:Sanskrit
1255:Scotland
1195:Barbados
846:Republic
762:Prescott
732:Naysmith
722:McKechin
682:La Malfa
677:Khomeini
637:Iorwerth
602:Griffith
577:Gambetta
572:Galloway
557:Ferguson
537:Davidson
532:Cromwell
527:Connolly
507:Campbell
424:Sunstein
409:Rousseau
404:Polybius
339:Franklin
319:Chappell
314:Cattaneo
251:People's
236:Imperial
168:Kemalism
105:Republic
39:Concepts
1765:sense.
1751:sanghas
1584:Shakyas
1580:Koliyas
1220:Morocco
1210:Jamaica
1205:Ireland
1190:Bahamas
992:History
812:Taverne
787:Skinner
767:Ritchie
712:Madison
692:Lincoln
642:Jackson
632:Huppert
627:Hopkins
552:Fabiani
512:Chapman
497:Bolívar
487:Bennett
477:Bartley
467:Atatürk
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374:Madison
304:Bentham
294:Baggini
261:Secular
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147:Schools
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1671:Shakya
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1627:Ganges
1601:. The
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1506:sangha
1245:Sweden
1235:Norway
1200:Canada
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782:Skates
737:Mannin
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702:Mackay
667:Juárez
622:Hébert
617:Hatton
612:Harvie
502:Burgon
419:Sidney
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399:Pettit
324:Cicero
289:Arendt
271:Soviet
266:Sister
158:Modern
1683:rajas
1659:Varna
1619:Nepal
1615:Terai
1611:Bihar
1568:Vajji
1420:tribe
1260:Wales
1240:Spain
1215:Japan
802:Smith
777:Sayed
757:Pound
752:Nehru
747:Nandy
717:Magid
697:Lucas
687:Lewis
597:Grévy
592:Greer
492:Black
472:Azaña
394:Paine
364:Locke
334:Crick
309:Bodin
299:Bello
200:Types
2138:ISBN
2118:ISBN
2087:ISBN
2009:link
1958:ISBN
1872:2013
1859:ISBN
1737:The
1697:The
1593:The
1570:and
1501:Pali
1499:and
1462:gaṇa
1447:The
827:Wood
672:Kane
384:Mill
359:Kant
1522:of
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647:Jay
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