Irish language - Knowledge

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and slender consonants, which is fundamental to Irish phonology and grammar, is not fully or consistently observed in urban Irish. This and other changes make it possible that urban Irish will become a new dialect or even, over a long period, develop into a creole (i.e. a new language) distinct from Gaeltacht Irish. It has also been argued that there is a certain elitism among Irish speakers, with most respect being given to the Irish of native Gaeltacht speakers and with "Dublin" (i.e. urban) Irish being under-represented in the media. This, however, is paralleled by a failure among some urban Irish speakers to acknowledge grammatical and phonological features essential to the structure of the language.

2088: 1589: 2102:(Irish Language Commissioner) which was established in 2004 and any complaints or concerns pertaining to the Act are brought to them. There are 35 sections included in the Act all detailing different aspects of the use of Irish in official documentation and communication. Included in these sections are subjects such as Irish language use in official courts, official publications, and placenames. The Act was recently amended in December 2019 in order to strengthen the already preexisting legislation. All changes made took into account data collected from online surveys and written submissions. 4083: 14341: 6080: 2319:. This flight also affected Britain. Up until that time most emigrants spoke Irish as their first language, though English was establishing itself as the primary language. Irish speakers had first arrived in Australia in the late 18th century as convicts and soldiers, and many Irish-speaking settlers followed, particularly in the 1860s. New Zealand also received some of this influx. Argentina was the only non-English-speaking country to receive large numbers of Irish emigrants, and there were few Irish speakers among them. 520: 1505: 477: 17084: 11597: 10929: 14386: 2266:, only co-decision regulations were available until 2022, due to a five-year derogation, requested by the Irish Government when negotiating the language's new official status. The Irish government had committed itself to train the necessary number of translators and interpreters and to bear the related costs. This derogation ultimately came to an end on 1 January 2022, making Irish a fully recognised EU language for the first time in the state's history. 1445:

insisted on using the language in law courts (even when they knew English), and Irish was also common in commercial transactions. The language was heavily implicated in the "devotional revolution" which marked the standardisation of Catholic religious practice and was also widely used in a political context. Down to the time of the Great Famine and even afterwards, the language was in use by all classes, Irish being an urban as well as a rural language.

12586: 1131: 1429:(monoglot Irish-speaking grandparents with bilingual children and monoglot English-speaking grandchildren). By the mid-18th century, English was becoming a language of the Catholic middle class, the Catholic Church and public intellectuals, especially in the east of the country. Increasingly, as the value of English became apparent, parents sanctioned the prohibition of Irish in schools. Increasing interest in emigrating to the 1703: 4272:, writing in the last years of the 16th century, said that "the English Irish and the very citizens (excepting those of Dublin where the lord deputy resides) though they could speak English as well as we, yet commonly speak Irish among themselves, and were hardly induced by our familiar conversation to speak English with us". In Galway, a city dominated by Old English merchants and loyal to the Crown up to the 3768:, as well as having many characteristic words and shades of meanings. However, since the demise of those Irish dialects spoken natively in what is today Northern Ireland, it is probably an exaggeration to see present-day Ulster Irish as an intermediary form between Scottish Gaelic and the southern and western dialects of Irish. Northern Scottish Gaelic has many non-Ulster features in common with Munster Irish. 2727: 2717: 2687: 2679: 2657: 2649: 2627: 2619: 2597: 2589: 2567: 2559: 2537: 2529: 2507: 2499: 2477: 2469: 1414: 2347:

strengthened in the second half of the 20th century. Today the language is taught at tertiary level in North America, Australia and Europe, and Irish speakers outside Ireland contribute to journalism and literature in the language. There are significant Irish-speaking networks in the United States and Canada; figures released for the period 2006–2008 show that 22,279

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the language. The proportion of Irish-speaking children in Leinster went down as follows: 17% in the 1700s, 11% in the 1800s, 3% in the 1830s, and virtually none in the 1860s. The Irish census of 1851 showed that there were still a number of older speakers in County Dublin. Sound recordings were made between 1928 and 1931 of some of the last speakers in

4190:(1547–1618) lamented that "When their posterity became not altogether so wary in keeping, as their ancestors were valiant in conquering, the Irish language was free dennized in the English Pale: this canker took such deep root, as the body that before was whole and sound, was by little and little festered, and in manner wholly putrified". 2212:(UUP), was hostile to the language. The context of this hostility was the use of the language by nationalists. In broadcasting, there was an exclusion on the reporting of minority cultural issues, and Irish was excluded from radio and television for almost the first fifty years of the previous devolved government. After the 1998 4377:

provide audio files in the three major dialects. The differences between dialects are considerable, and have led to recurrent difficulties in conceptualising a "standard Irish." In recent decades contacts between speakers of different dialects have become more frequent and the differences between the

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It has been suggested that the comparative standard is still the Irish of the Gaeltacht, but other evidence suggests that young urban speakers take pride in having their own distinctive variety of the language. A comparison of traditional Irish and urban Irish shows that the distinction between broad

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The language saw its most rapid initial decline in counties Dublin, Kildare, Laois, Wexford, and Wicklow. In recent years, County Wicklow has been noted as having the lowest percentage of Irish speakers of any county in Ireland, with only 0.14% of its population claiming to have passable knowledge of

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With the strengthening of English cultural and political control, language change began to occur but this did not become clearly evident until the 18th century. Even then, in the decennial period 1771–81, the percentage of Irish speakers in Meath was at least 41%. By 1851 this had fallen to less than

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in County Meath to the north. In this area of "Englyshe tunge" English had never actually been a dominant language – and was moreover a relatively late comer; the first colonisers were Normans who spoke Norman French, and before these Norse. The Irish language had always been the language of the bulk

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Parliamentary legislation is supposed to be available in both Irish and English but is frequently only available in English. This is notwithstanding that Article 25.4 of the Constitution of Ireland requires that an "official translation" of any law in one official language be provided immediately in

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For a number of years there has been vigorous debate in political, academic and other circles about the failure of most students in English-medium schools to achieve competence in Irish, even after fourteen years of teaching as one of the three main subjects. The concomitant decline in the number of

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Of the 1.76 million who said they could speak Irish, 73,803 said they speak it daily outside the education system, a fall of 3,382 on the 2011 figure. ... (421,274) said they never spoke Irish. ... Of the 73,803 daily Irish speakers (outside the education system), 20,586 (27.9%) lived in Gaeltacht

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Sir CHARLES OMAN asked the Secretary of State for the Colonies whether he has protested against the recent attempt of the Provisional Government in Ireland to force compulsory Erse into all official correspondence, in spite of the agreement that Erse and English should be equally permissible .. MR

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is required to appoint people who are competent in the Irish language, as long as they are also competent in all other aspects of the vacancy to which they are appointed. This requirement is laid down by the University College Galway Act, 1929 (Section 3). In 2016, the university faced controversy

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The total number of people (aged 3 and over) in Ireland who declared they could speak Irish in April 2022 was 1,873,997, representing 40% of respondents, but of these, 472,887 said they never spoke it and a further 551,993 said they only spoke it within the education system. Linguistic analyses of

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The demise of native cultural institutions in the seventeenth century saw the social prestige of Irish diminish, and the gradual Anglicisation of the middle classes followed. The census of 1851 showed, however, that the towns and cities of Munster still had significant Irish-speaking populations.

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Irish was sufficiently strong in early 18th century Dublin to be the language of a coterie of poets and scribes led by Seán and Tadhg Ó Neachtain, both poets of note. Scribal activity in Irish persisted in Dublin right through the 18th century. An outstanding example was Muiris Ó Gormáin (Maurice

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English authorities of the Cromwellian period, aware that Irish was widely spoken in Dublin, arranged for its official use. In 1655 several local dignitaries were ordered to oversee a lecture in Irish to be given in Dublin. In March 1656 a converted Catholic priest, Séamas Corcy, was appointed to

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The Irish of Dublin, situated as it was between the east Ulster dialect of Meath and Louth to the north and the Leinster-Connacht dialect further south, may have reflected the characteristics of both in phonology and grammar. In County Dublin itself the general rule was to place the stress on the

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It has been suggested that Ireland's towns and cities are acquiring a critical mass of Irish speakers, reflected in the expansion of Irish language media. Many are younger speakers who, after encountering Irish at school, made an effort to acquire fluency, while others have been educated through

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Down to the early 19th century and even later, Irish was spoken in all twelve counties of Leinster. The evidence furnished by placenames, literary sources and recorded speech indicates that there was no Leinster dialect as such. Instead, the main dialect used in the province was represented by a

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Ulster Irish is the dialect spoken in the Gaeltacht regions of Donegal. These regions contain all of Ulster's communities where Irish has been spoken in an unbroken line back to when the language was the dominant language of Ireland. The Irish-speaking communities in other parts of Ulster are a

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is a collective term for the Goidelic languages, and when the context is clear it may be used without qualification to refer to each language individually. When the context is specific but unclear, the term may be qualified, as Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic or Manx Gaelic. Historically the name

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praise'). The ratio of analytic to synthetic forms in a given verb paradigm varies between the various tenses and moods. The conditional, imperative and past habitual forms prefer synthetic forms in most persons and numbers, whereas the subjunctive, past, future and present forms prefer mostly

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The decline of Irish in Ireland and a slowing of emigration helped to ensure a decline in the language abroad, along with natural attrition in the host countries. Despite this, small groups of enthusiasts continued to learn and cultivate Irish in diaspora countries and elsewhere, a trend which

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Irish was not marginal to Ireland's modernisation in the 19th century, as is often assumed. In the first half of the century there were still around three million people for whom Irish was the primary language, and their numbers alone made them a cultural and social force. Irish speakers often

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The total number of people who answered 'yes' to being able to speak Irish in April 2016 was 1,761,420, a slight decrease (0.7 per cent) on the 2011 figure of 1,774,437. This represents 39.8 per cent of respondents compared with 41.4 in 2011... Of the 73,803 daily Irish speakers (outside the

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at primary level. These Irish-medium schools report some better outcomes for students than English-medium schools. In 2009, a paper suggested that within a generation, non-Gaeltacht habitual users of Irish might typically be members of an urban, middle class, and highly educated minority.

4392:, is a standard for the spelling and grammar of written Irish, developed and used by the Irish government. Its rules are followed by most schools in Ireland, though schools in and near Irish-speaking regions also use the local dialect. It was published by the translation department of 1839:, quoted him as follows: "It is an absolute indictment of successive Irish Governments that at the foundation of the Irish State there were 250,000 fluent Irish speakers living in Irish-speaking or semi Irish-speaking areas, but the number now is between 20,000 and 30,000." 1802:). While the fluent Irish speakers of these areas, whose numbers have been estimated at 20–30,000, are a minority of the total number of fluent Irish speakers, they represent a higher concentration of Irish speakers than other parts of the country and it is only in 4194:

initial vowel of words. With time it appears that the forms of the dative case took over the other case endings in the plural (a tendency found to a lesser extent in other dialects). In a letter written in Dublin in 1691 we find such examples as the following:

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English expanded strongly in Leinster in the 18th century but Irish speakers were still numerous. In the decennial period 1771–81 certain counties had estimated percentages of Irish speakers as follows (though the estimates are likely to be too low):

4170:, County Louth (now available in digital form). The last known traditional native speaker in Omeath, and in Leinster as a whole, was Annie O'Hanlon (née Dobbin), who died in 1960. Her dialect was, in fact, a branch of the Irish of south-east Ulster. 1654:

Irish or English, and receive lessons in Irish during their two years of training. Official documents of the Irish government must be published in both Irish and English or Irish alone (in accordance with the Official Languages Act 2003, enforced by

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Relatively few of the emigrants were literate in Irish, but manuscripts in the language were brought to both Australia and the United States, and it was in the United States that the first newspaper to make significant use of Irish was established:

1479:, was published after 1685 along with a translation of the New Testament. Otherwise, Anglicisation was seen as synonymous with 'civilising' the native Irish. Currently, modern day Irish speakers in the church are pushing for language revival. 2759:

and by various varieties of "urban" Irish. The latter have acquired lives of their own and a growing number of native speakers. Differences between the dialects make themselves felt in stress, intonation, vocabulary and structural features.

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Item, that every inhabitant within oure said towne endeavour themselfes to speake English, and to use themselfes after the English facon; and, speciallye, that you, and every one of you, doe put your children to scole, to lerne to speke

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details the objectives it plans to work towards in an attempt to preserve and promote both the Irish language and the Gaeltacht. It is divided into four separate phases with the intention of improving 9 main areas of action including:

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of the population. An English official remarked of the Pale in 1515 that "all the common people of the said half counties that obeyeth the King's laws, for the most part be of Irish birth, of Irish habit and of Irish language".

675:, 43,557 individuals stated they spoke Irish on a daily basis, 26,286 spoke it on a weekly basis, 47,153 spoke it less often than weekly, and 9,758 said they could speak Irish, but never spoke it. From 2006 to 2008, over 22,000 2850:). There are a number of differences between the popular South Connemara form of Irish, the Mid-Connacht/Joyce Country form (on the border between Mayo and Galway) and the Achill and Erris forms in the north of the province. 8872: 8894: 3881:

The main dialect had characteristics which survive today only in the Irish of Connacht. It typically placed the stress on the first syllable of a word, and showed a preference (found in placenames) for the pronunciation

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The Act was passed 14 July 2003 with the main purpose of improving the number and quality of public services delivered in Irish by the government and other public bodies. Compliance with the Act is monitored by the

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it is meant to "develop a sustainable economy and a successful society, to pursue Ireland's interests abroad, to implement the Government's Programme and to build a better future for Ireland and all her citizens."

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Historically, Connacht Irish represents the westernmost remnant of a dialect area which once stretched from east to west across the centre of Ireland. The strongest dialect of Connacht Irish is to be found in

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See the discussion and the conclusions reached in 'Language and Occupational Status: Linguistic Elitism in the Irish Labour Market,' The Economic and Social Review, Vol. 40, No. 4, Winter, 2009, pp. 435–460:

2885:("mountain") is in Connacht and Ulster as opposed to in the south. In addition Connacht and Ulster speakers tend to include the "we" pronoun rather than use the standard compound form used in Munster, e.g. 9118:, An Electronic Edition: Chapter 1 (The Names of Ireland, with the Compasse of the Same, also what Shires or Counties it Conteineth, the Diuision or Partition of the Land, and of the Language of the People) 1699:, a fluent Irish speaker, would be its 13th president. He assumed office in January 2018; in June 2024, he announced he would be stepping down as president at the beginning of the following academic year. 9018: 7751: 1842:

In the 1920s, when the Irish Free State was founded, Irish was still a vernacular in some western coastal areas. In the 1930s, areas where more than 25% of the population spoke Irish were classified as

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Saolaítear gach duine den chine daonna saor agus comhionann i ndínit agus i gcearta. Tá bua an réasúin agus an choinsiasa acu agus ba cheart dóibh gníomhú i dtreo a chéile i spiorad an bhráithreachais.

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There is contemporary evidence of the use of Irish in other urban areas at the time. In 1657 it was found necessary to have an Oath of Abjuration (rejecting the authority of the Pope) read in Irish in

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There is, however, a growing body of Irish speakers in urban areas, particularly in Dublin. Many have been educated in schools in which Irish is the language of instruction. Such schools are known as

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CHURCHILL .. I do not anticipate that Irish Ministers will willingly incur the very great confusion which would inevitably result from the use of Irish for the material parts of their correspondence.

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The Strategy was produced on 21 December 2010 and will stay in action until 2030; it aims to target language vitality and revitalization of the Irish language. The 30-page document published by the

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Irish was spoken as a community language in Irish towns and cities down to the 19th century. In the 16th and 17th centuries it was widespread even in Dublin and the Pale. The English administrator

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and at committees, although in the case of the latter they have to give prior notice to a simultaneous interpreter in order to ensure that what they say can be interpreted into other languages.

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methods employed depending on tense, number, mood and person. For example, in the official standard, present tense verbs have conjugated forms only in the 1st person and autonomous forms (i.e.

9735: 6481:(in Munster), which were previously represented by the pre-reformed spellings. For this reason, the pre-reform spellings are used by some speakers to reflect the dialectal pronunciations. 4316:

The late 18th and 19th centuries saw a reduction in the number of Dublin's Irish speakers, in keeping with the trend elsewhere. This continued until the end of the 19th century, when the

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have three forms: abstract, general and ordinal. The numbers from 2 to 10 (and these in combination with higher numbers) are rarely used for people, numeral nominals being used instead:

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The general goal for this strategy was to increase the number of daily speakers from 83,000 to 250,000 by the end of its run. By 2022, the number of such speakers had fallen to 71,968.

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and so on, in monosyllabic words and in the stressed syllable of multisyllabic words where the syllable is followed by a consonant, some short vowels are lengthened while others are

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In the 2016 census, 10.5% of respondents stated that they spoke Irish, either daily or weekly, while over 70,000 people (4.2%) speak it as a habitual daily means of communication.

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This linguistic dynamism was reflected in the efforts of certain public intellectuals to counter the decline of the language. At the end of the 19th century, they launched the

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was also a driver, as fluency in English allowed the new immigrants to get jobs in areas other than farming. An estimated one quarter to one third of US immigrants during the

8280: 9578: 9376:"Gá le doirse a oscailt do nuachainteoirí na Gaeilge: Cén chaoi gur féidir cainteoirí gníomhacha, féinmhuiníneacha a dhéanamh astu seo a fhoghlaimíonn an Ghaeilge ar scoil?" 2875:

with lengthened vowels and heavily reduced endings gives it a distinct sound. Distinguishing features of Connacht and Ulster dialect include the pronunciation of word-final

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All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

9326: 7604: 14995: 7915: 7716: 12546: 9548: 9068:"Cur síos ar an chainteoir ó dhúchas deireannach ón Ó Méith, Co Lú, Anna Uí AnnluainCur síos ar an chainteoir ó dhúchas deireannach ón Ó Méith, Co Lú, Anna Uí Annluain" 8506: 8142: 7035: 4242:. In 1657 the English colonists in Dublin presented a petition to the Municipal Council complaining that in Dublin itself "there is Irish commonly and usually spoken". 1460:), and particular emphasis was placed on the folk tradition, which in Irish is particularly rich. Efforts were also made to develop journalism and a modern literature. 2239:

The Irish language has often been used as a bargaining chip during government formation in Northern Ireland, prompting protests from organisations and groups such as

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Before Irish became an official language it was afforded the status of treaty language and only the highest-level documents of the EU were made available in Irish.

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examinations. Exemptions are made from this requirement for students who were born or completed primary education outside of Ireland, and students diagnosed with

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is generally on the second syllable of a word when the first syllable contains a short vowel, and the second syllable contains a long vowel or diphthong, or is -

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officially honoured several volunteer translators for developing the Irish edition, and said the push for Irish language rights remains an "unfinished project".

8842: 3874:, though with many local variations. Two smaller dialects were represented by the Ulster speech of counties Meath and Louth, which extended as far south as the 3568:

in Munster; there is a subtle difference in meaning, however, the first choice being a simple statement of fact, while the second brings emphasis onto the word

8635: 6803: 6675: 4434:, pronounced with the middle of the tongue pushed up towards the hard palate). While broad–slender pairs are not unique to Irish (being found, for example, in 1452:

in an attempt to encourage the learning and use of Irish, although few adult learners mastered the language. The vehicle of the revival was the Gaelic League (

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In 1996, the three electoral divisions in the State where Irish had the most daily speakers were An Turloch (91%+), Scainimh (89%+), Min an Chladaigh (88%+).

1729:, and faced incredulity when trying to get by speaking only Irish in Dublin. He was unable to accomplish some everyday tasks, as portrayed in his documentary 9375: 4102:) was an area around late medieval Dublin under the control of the English government. By the late 15th century it consisted of an area along the coast from 2128: 8164: 9993: 9475: 2200:

Before the partition of Ireland in 1921, Irish was recognised as a school subject and as "Celtic" in some third level institutions. Between 1921 and 1972,

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Fitzgerald, Garrett, 'Estimates for baronies of minimal level of Irish-speaking amongst successive decennial cohorts, 117–1781 to 1861–1871,' Volume 84,

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Fitzgerald, Garrett, 'Estimates for baronies of minimal level of Irish-speaking amongst successive decennial cohorts, 117-1781 to 1861–1871,' Volume 84,

2221: 17004: 15463: 7632: 4308:, provisions are sold in the markets, and cried in the streets, in Irish". Irish speakers constituted over 40% of the population of Cork even in 1851. 16015: 9403:

Nic Fhlannchadha, S.; Hickey, T.M. (12 January 2016). "Minority Language Ownership and Authority: Perspectives of Native Speakers and New Speakers".

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Although it has been noted that the Catholic Church played a role in the decline of the Irish language before the Gaelic Revival, the Protestant

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and a similar approach to pronunciation of vowels and consonants but there are noticeable differences in vocabulary, with certain words such as

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requires all students wishing to embark on a degree course in the NUI federal system to pass the subject of Irish in the Leaving Certificate or

17138: 14374: 9378:[Need to open doors for new speakers of Irish: How can active, self-confident speakers be made from those who learn Irish at school?]. 3139:

essentially a Connacht dialect but shows some similarities to Ulster Irish due to large-scale immigration of dispossessed people following the

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are attended by tens of thousands of teenagers annually. Students live with Gaeltacht families, attend classes, participate in sports, go to

1630:(police), etc., were required to have some proficiency in Irish. By law, a Garda who was addressed in Irish had to respond in Irish as well. 9094:

Mere Irish and Fior-Ghael: Studies in the Idea of Irish Nationality, Its Development and Literary Expression Prior to the Nineteenth Century

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and simplifying vowel combinations. Where multiple versions existed in different dialects for the same word, one was selected, for example:

2315:. Irish emigration to the United States was well established by the 18th century, and was reinforced in the 1840s by thousands fleeing from 1780: 17033: 8580: 8536: 7980: 7452: 7415: 6269:). Extending the use of the overdot to Roman type would theoretically have the advantage of making Irish texts significantly shorter, e.g. 8116: 1558:(English being the other official language). Despite this, almost all government business and legislative debate is conducted in English. 16200: 15624: 15536: 14409: 9067: 8321: 8692: 7628:"Is there an educational advantage to speaking Irish? An investigation of the relationship between education and ability to speak Irish" 7083:"1. Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over for the United States: 2006–2008" 1467:

also made only minor efforts to encourage use of Irish in a religious context. An Irish translation of the Old Testament by Leinsterman

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result of language revival – English-speaking families deciding to learn Irish. Census data shows that 4,130 people speak it at home.

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Irish became an official language of the EU on 1 January 2007, meaning that MEPs with Irish fluency can now speak the language in the

15968: 15846: 14277: 12244: 12215: 8558: 834:, the standard written form, is guided by a parliamentary service and new vocabulary by a voluntary committee with university input. 14382: 5272:-free; the 3rd person singular acts as a person-free personal form that can be followed or otherwise refer to any person or number. 17153: 16866: 15502: 14477: 10324: 6664: 1615: 1082:

may be seen when English speakers discuss the relationship between the three Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx).

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reported speaking Irish as their first language at home, with several times that number claiming "some knowledge" of the language.

9570: 8748:"An Analysis of the Irish-Speaking Communities of North America: Who are they, what are their opinions, and what are their needs?" 7439:

Modern Irish (MI), sometimes called Late Modern Irish (LMI), is regarded as beginning about 1600 and extending to the present day.

6780: 1859:, and northwest Donegal, where many residents still use Irish as their primary language. These areas are often referred to as the 17038: 16062: 15851: 14297: 14287: 10213: 6609: 1640:

Nevertheless, Irish remains a required subject of study in all schools in the Republic of Ireland that receive public money (see

3914:) in Carlow. East Leinster showed the same diphthongisation or vowel lengthening as in Munster and Connacht Irish in words like 17128: 16212: 16096: 15756: 15427: 14317: 14302: 14292: 11043: 10090: 10055: 9981: 9316: 8340: 7594: 4349:("new speakers") and use whatever opportunities are available (festivals, "pop-up" events) to practise or improve their Irish. 9540: 8479: 7896: 7874: 7706: 17014: 16045: 14307: 12691: 10030: 10012: 9964: 9956: 9945: 9623: 9514: 8533:"CAIN: Issues: Language: O'Reilly, C. (1997) Nationalists and the Irish Language in Northern Ireland: Competing Perspectives" 8132: 7569: 7496: 7462: 7425: 7109: 6680: 6550: 4881: 1195: 9349: 16916: 16299: 16185: 14980: 11547: 10513: 5980:

Mutations are often the only way to distinguish grammatical forms. For example, the only non-contextual way to distinguish

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Ulster Irish sounds quite different from the other two main dialects. It shares several features with southern dialects of

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The percentage of respondents who said they spoke Irish daily outside the education system in the 2011 census in the State.

1641: 1167: 8462: 8435: 3076:. Another interesting aspect of this sub-dialect is that almost all vowels at the end of words tend to be pronounced as : 655:, particularly in the last decades of the century. Today, Irish is still commonly spoken as a first language in Ireland's 481:

Proportion of respondents who said they could speak Irish in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland censuses of 2011

16254: 16167: 16124: 15122: 14732: 14312: 4685: 2838:. Much closer to the larger Connacht Gaeltacht is the dialect spoken in the smaller region on the border between Galway ( 1822: 499: 7778: 4182:(1518–1581) commented as follows: "All English, and the most part with delight, even in Dublin, speak Irish," while the 17019: 16783: 16686: 16180: 16091: 15866: 15669: 15629: 15617: 15612: 15600: 15528: 14367: 10914: 10444: 10083: 9101: 6690: 6255:

The use of Gaelic type and the overdot today is restricted to when a traditional style is consciously being used, e.g.

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from the United Kingdom, and then, in 2003, by the British government's ratification in respect of the language of the

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The Official Languages Scheme was enacted 1 July 2019 and is an 18-page document that adheres to the guidelines of the

1611: 9705: 1371:, dating from the 13th century, was the basis of the literary language of both Ireland and Gaelic-speaking Scotland. 1174: 37:"Gaoidhealg" redirects here. For the shared literary form that was in use from the 13th to the 16th–18th century, see 15876: 15595: 15057: 15002: 13775: 13588: 10183: 10154: 10140: 9901: 9832: 9803: 9774: 9667: 8834: 7854: 7174: 7145: 3961:(1547), by the English physician and traveller Andrew Borde. The illustrative phrases he uses include the following: 2188: 1214: 1104: 611: 7997: 7845:Ó Murchú, Máirtín (1993). "Aspects of the societal status of Modern Irish". In Ball, Martin J.; Fife, James (eds.). 6299: 1470: 17042: 16066: 15698: 15641: 15581: 14839: 12126: 11781: 8919: 7820:"Census of Population 2016 – Profile 10 Education, Skills and the Irish Language – CSO – Central Statistics Office" 7805: 6624: 4648: 1669: 9603: 5217: 4331:

Urban Irish has been the beneficiary, from the last decades of the 20th century, of a rapidly expanding system of

17143: 16679: 16306: 15752: 15458: 15329: 15142: 14853: 14500: 12767: 12177: 10965: 5348:

is largely conveyed through the autonomous verb form, however there also exist other structures analogous to the

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Irish and some have been raised with Irish. Those from an English-speaking background are now often described as

2985:" in the other areas). This placing of the B-sound is also present at the end of words ending in vowels, such as 2308: 2263: 2114:. The purpose of the Scheme is to provide services through the mediums of Irish and/or English. According to the 2087: 1148: 821: 489: 31: 8366: 6185:"long (sign)"), but it is ignored for purposes of alphabetisation. It is used, among other conventions, to mark 6065:; the beginning, core, and end of words can each change radically and even simultaneously depending on context. 5174: 5170: 5166: 2853:

Features in Connacht Irish differing from the official standard include a preference for verbal nouns ending in

1181: 16311: 16207: 15881: 15861: 15816: 15514: 15417: 15167: 14725: 14668: 11626: 10454: 10450: 10233: 9923: 6685: 6650: 6262: 5025: 4918: 2398: 2282: 2278: 2205: 1665: 1637:, the requirement for entrance to the public service was changed to proficiency in just one official language. 1152: 288: 5225: 5052: 3175:

respectively. In addition to a vocabulary typical of other area of Connacht, one also finds Ulster words like

544:

The first chapter of Mo Sgéal Féin, read by native Irish speaker Mairéad Uí Lionáird in the Muskerry Gaeltacht

17133: 16289: 15998: 15912: 15339: 14696: 14360: 13758: 11422: 10884: 10740: 10405: 10341: 9450:"'I'm gonna speak Irish the way that's natural for me' – craoltóir buartha faoi éilíteachas shaol na Gaeilge" 9113: 7258:

An example of the use of the word "Gaelic" to describe the language, seen throughout the text of the article.

6635: 6144:. However, contemporary Irish uses the full Latin alphabet, with the previously unused letter used in modern 1651: 1120: 817: 374: 9289: 5295:, with a full complement of forms except for the verbal adjective. The two verbs share the one verbal noun. 425: 392: 16946: 16264: 16190: 16040: 15973: 15897: 15771: 15728: 15495: 15432: 15384: 15254: 15249: 15050: 14031: 11669: 11018: 10588: 10440: 10317: 7061: 6705: 6695: 5984:"her", "his" and "their", is through initial mutations since all meanings are represented by the same word 5395: 4946: 1825:, described the Irish language policy followed by Irish governments as a "complete and absolute disaster". 1540: 1163: 467: 449: 8973: 6507: 6491: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6448: 6439: 6430: 6202: 6194: 5919: 4987: 4423: 2998: 2958: 2954: 2876: 17123: 17118: 16284: 15657: 13231: 12491: 11978: 11804: 10576: 10491: 10088:

Ní Mhunghaile, Lesa. 'An Eighteenth Century Irish scribe's private library: Muiris Ó Gormáin's books' in

7530: 6327: 4939: 4888: 4669: 4662: 4362: 4328:, and accompanied by renewed literary activity. By the 1930s Dublin had a lively literary life in Irish. 3019:, a characteristic also of other Connacht dialects. All these pronunciations are distinctively regional. 2082: 850: 828:

is responsible for the promotion of the language throughout the island. Irish has no regulatory body but

772: 257: 7561:

An Irish-Speaking Island: State, Religion, Community, and the Linguistic Landscape in Ireland, 1770–1870

5385: 1821:

areas are fluent in Irish. The author of a detailed analysis of the survey, Donncha Ó hÉallaithe of the

16989: 16628: 16294: 15988: 15389: 15214: 15023: 14874: 13802: 13677: 13282: 13251: 12631: 11321: 11158: 11154: 10891: 10564: 10462: 9866: 9736:"Irish 'fada' to get legal protection – and must appear in all State IT systems and computer keyboards" 9691: 8719: 8294: 6925: 6713: 6700: 4964: 4798: 4757: 4743: 4720: 4706: 4692: 4634: 4590: 4576: 4537: 4523: 4496: 4486: 4476: 4431: 4367:

There is no single official standard for pronouncing the Irish language. Certain dictionaries, such as

2811:, in eastern Canada, had a form of Irish derived from the Munster Irish of the later 18th century (see 1391:

From the 18th century on, the language lost ground in the east of the country. The reasons behind this

11493: 7819: 6917: 1111:) was also sometimes used in Scots and then in English to refer to Irish; as well as Scottish Gaelic. 16696: 16552: 16272: 16086: 16008: 15993: 15978: 15826: 15761: 15723: 15713: 15703: 15563: 15394: 15356: 14748: 14674: 13763: 13598: 13226: 11619: 11463: 10022: 8778: 5389: 5056: 4973: 4655: 4551: 2804: 2763:

Roughly speaking, the three major dialect areas which survive coincide roughly with the provinces of

2228:

the British government promised to enact legislation to promote the language and in 2022 it approved

1634: 1515: 1486:

Irish speakers in 1800, which dropped to 320,000 by the end of the famine, and under 17,000 by 1911.

1426: 1383:, is said to date from the 17th century, and was the medium of popular literature from that time on. 719: 16714: 14948: 13563: 8250: 7310: 7194: 16941: 16071: 15685: 15314: 15009: 14103: 13537: 13513: 12839: 12015: 11958: 11743: 11702: 11223: 10711: 9045: 7673: 7237: 6062: 6046: 5418: 5410: 5361: 4904: 3136: 794: 461: 189: 11528: 11488: 9449: 8602: 8419: 8392: 8055: 7326:"Interinstitutional Style Guide: Section 7.2.4. Rules governing the languages of the institutions" 2192:

A sign for the Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure in Northern Ireland, in English, Irish and

2098: 17108: 17009: 16958: 16674: 16426: 16175: 16035: 15841: 15786: 15776: 15743: 15576: 15488: 15284: 15244: 15224: 15204: 15107: 15030: 13814: 13462: 13008: 12722: 12541: 12431: 11120: 11053: 11038: 10932: 10853: 10498: 10310: 9893: 8225: 6894: 6023: 5802: 5261: 5193: 5139: 4544: 4430:, pronounced with the back of the tongue pulled back towards the soft palate) and one "slender" ( 4339:, teaching entirely through Irish. As of 2019 there are 37 such primary schools in Dublin alone. 4320:

saw the creation of a strong Irish–speaking network, typically united by various branches of the

1551: 1425:(two languages being used by the same community in different social and economic situations) and 1141: 805: 632: 179: 17: 14551: 9848: 8576: 8532: 7977: 7014:""Reawakening the Irish Language through the Irish Education System: Challenges and Priorities"" 4268:, were Irish-speaking or bilingual by the 16th century. The English administrator and traveller 3771:

One noticeable trait of Ulster Irish, Scots Gaelic and Manx is the use of the negative particle

17029: 16906: 16532: 16052: 15907: 15796: 15747: 15422: 15219: 14860: 14282: 14201: 14164: 13236: 12521: 12516: 12131: 11444: 11316: 11150: 11063: 11003: 10559: 10251: 9662:. L. A. Ó hAnluain, Christian Brothers (Eagrán nua ed.). Baile Átha Cliath: An Gúm. 1999. 8577:"Belfast Agreement – Full text – Section 6 (Equality) – "Economic, Social and Cultural issues"" 8113: 7305: 6659: 5530: 4713: 4604: 4273: 3954:, which generally became in east Leinster (as in Munster), and in the west (as in Connacht). 3311: 2394: 2316: 1869:), a term originally officially applied to areas where over 50% of the population spoke Irish. 1588: 1438: 742: 718:, with an estimated 200,000–250,000 daily Canadian speakers of Irish in 1890. On the island of 652: 628: 529: 8695:[Irish is the 21st official language of the European Union] (in Irish). Archived from 8199:

Siggins, Lorna (6 January 2003). "Only 25% of Gaeltacht households fluent in Irish – survey".

8087: 6964: 6828: 6083:

The official symbol of the Irish Defence Forces, showing a Gaelic typeface with dot diacritics

3331: 16691: 16662: 16195: 15442: 15374: 15344: 15299: 15294: 15269: 15127: 14846: 14786: 14757: 14701: 14691: 14658: 14048: 13863: 13608: 13508: 12879: 12717: 12696: 12108: 11657: 11473: 11193: 11131: 8696: 6776: 6740: 5452:"I have a book." (Literally, "there is a book at me", cf. Russian У меня есть книга, Finnish 5349: 5292: 4277: 2808: 2213: 2209: 2193: 2134: 1379:

Modern Irish, sometimes called Late Modern Irish, as attested in the work of such writers as

15412: 11513: 11198: 6332:, which simplified and standardised the orthography and grammar by removing inter-dialectal 4082: 1188: 17061: 16828: 16599: 16576: 16361: 16247: 16101: 16076: 15945: 15766: 15738: 15334: 15324: 15274: 15234: 15192: 15187: 15182: 15172: 15157: 15152: 15147: 15132: 15117: 15112: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15087: 14920: 14867: 14601: 14573: 14430: 14390: 14191: 14063: 13797: 13447: 12844: 12762: 12571: 12496: 11709: 11577: 11498: 11309: 11304: 11058: 11033: 10998: 8797: 8215:

Hindley 1991, Map 7: Irish speakers by towns and distinct electoral divisions, census 1926.

7370: 6876:

For the Tongue of the Gael: a Selection of Essays and Philological on Irish-Gaelic Subjects

5357: 4771: 4614: 4597: 3692: 3547: 3140: 2402: 2225: 2068:

and are obliged to speak Irish. All aspects of Irish culture and tradition are encouraged.

1574: 809: 14556: 10821: 10749: 9639: 8562: 1250:. These writings have been found throughout Ireland and the west coast of Great Britain. 8: 16936: 16838: 16734: 16622: 16467: 16157: 16147: 16057: 15733: 15590: 15571: 15525: 15437: 15379: 15319: 15309: 15289: 15279: 15264: 15259: 15239: 15209: 15177: 15162: 15137: 15073: 14881: 14779: 14663: 14453: 14385: 14340: 14078: 13947: 13877: 13858: 13837: 13770: 13593: 13467: 13287: 13272: 13267: 13221: 13196: 12869: 12757: 12742: 12556: 12375: 12170: 12120: 12010: 12003: 11986: 11752: 11716: 11336: 11218: 11141: 11073: 11028: 10958: 10846: 10781: 10349: 10289: 6669: 6209: 5902:"John!" (lenition as part of the vocative case, the vocative lenition being triggered by 5837: 5021: 4305: 4276:(1641–1653), the use of the Irish language had already provoked the passing of an Act of 4131: 3833:. Another noticeable trait is the pronunciation of the first person singular verb ending 2401:. Certain Irish vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation features are still used in modern 2256: 2016: 1627: 1555: 1342:. From the 12th century, Middle Irish began to evolve into modern Irish in Ireland, into 813: 664: 636: 345: 16763: 13477: 11188: 6735:

Irish is the first official language of the Irish state. Irish is not widely used as an

4264:

In other urban centres the descendants of medieval Anglo-Norman settlers, the so-called

4253:

Gorman), a prolific producer of manuscripts who advertised his services (in English) in

3393:

etc. are used in the West and North, particularly when the words are last in the clause.

1695:

staged protests against this decision. The following year the university announced that

16963: 16896: 16891: 16818: 16801: 16719: 16406: 16401: 16334: 15963: 15831: 15781: 15718: 15693: 15689: 15607: 15551: 15349: 15304: 15229: 15199: 14706: 14244: 13975: 13868: 13832: 13753: 13708: 13603: 13429: 13320: 13277: 13206: 13013: 12788: 12551: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12436: 12293: 12249: 12073: 11909: 11867: 11572: 11483: 11233: 10767: 10569: 10425: 10384: 10262: 9685: 9469: 9430: 7678: 7655: 7125: 6039: 5808: 5406: 5402: 5324:'is praised, one praises' ), whereas all other persons are conveyed analytically (i.e. 5303: 5265: 5213: 5147: 5143: 5112: 5070: 5048: 4764: 4323: 4265: 4187: 4183: 4127: 4123: 2812: 2359: 2338: 2229: 1788:

There are rural areas of Ireland where Irish is still spoken daily to some extent as a

1763: 1564: 1455: 1368: 1363: 934: 723: 683: 648: 620: 236: 194: 9953:

Scriptural Instruction in the Vernacular: The Irish Society and its Teachers 1818–1827

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As in Munster Irish, some short vowels are lengthened and others diphthongised before

441: 16994: 16924: 16644: 16506: 16371: 16277: 16227: 16142: 16003: 15917: 14934: 14927: 14108: 14083: 14073: 13809: 13782: 13663: 13518: 13503: 13498: 13457: 13452: 13357: 13246: 13201: 13191: 13183: 12854: 12808: 12798: 12639: 12466: 12446: 12405: 11725: 11693: 11679: 11543: 11183: 11146: 10659: 10539: 10508: 10179: 10150: 10136: 10079: 10075: 10026: 10008: 9960: 9941: 9937: 9919: 9915: 9897: 9828: 9799: 9770: 9673: 9663: 9619: 9518: 9097: 9088:

See "Tony Crowley, "The Politics of Language in Ireland 1366–1922: A Sourcebook" and

7850: 7659: 7599: 7565: 7492: 7458: 7421: 7170: 7141: 7105: 6309: 6129: 6074: 5811:, which express grammatical relationship and meaning in verbs, nouns and adjectives: 5299: 5197: 5017: 5007: 4932: 4678: 4620: 4562: 4509: 4464: 4454: 4395: 3342: 3307: 3279: 2204:

had devolved government. During those years the political party holding power in the

2028: 1990: 1464: 856: 790: 778: 16500: 16237: 10758: 10047: 9434: 7773: 6995: 6079: 3034:) is quite similar to that of South Connemara, with a similar approach to the words 2004: 1942: 495: 16853: 16833: 16654: 16609: 15983: 15664: 15646: 15533: 14888: 14807: 14631: 14519: 14514: 14137: 14098: 14053: 14040: 13960: 13939: 13842: 13787: 13472: 13292: 13211: 13023: 12803: 12737: 12627: 12506: 12501: 12471: 12441: 12395: 12357: 12223: 11991: 11966: 11934: 11915: 11876: 11852: 11794: 11770: 11642: 11523: 11468: 11263: 11023: 10774: 10503: 9611: 9420: 9412: 7900: 7870: 7645: 7637: 7526:""The unadulterated Irish language": Irish Speakers in Nineteenth Century New York" 7013: 6305: 6290: 5414: 5381: 5369: 5245: 5241: 5233: 5151: 5074: 5003: 4750: 4583: 4530: 4459: 4449: 4435: 3269: 2335:, which started in Ireland in the 1890s, found a response abroad, with branches of 2201: 1978: 1856: 1607: 1582: 1380: 1090: 888: 825: 672: 585: 349: 184: 38: 14469: 12079: 11088: 10862: 10202: 9416: 6946: 6601: 5888:"lack of the requirement" (lenition marking the genitive case of a masculine noun) 4234:

preach in Irish at Bride's parish every Sunday, and was also ordered to preach at

2307:. The first large movements began in the 17th century, largely as a result of the 1806:

areas that Irish continues to be spoken as a community vernacular to some extent.

1722: 1036:, as well as of Ireland. When required by the context, these are distinguished as 16953: 16881: 16876: 16706: 16584: 16511: 16152: 15836: 15811: 14941: 14642: 14606: 14580: 14539: 14180: 14118: 14058: 14021: 13993: 13955: 13920: 13900: 13683: 13673: 13658: 13545: 13352: 13216: 12979: 12834: 12793: 12783: 12622: 12561: 12481: 12476: 12461: 12456: 12369: 12034: 11928: 11888: 11789: 11558: 11518: 11326: 11279: 11242: 11162: 11114: 11109: 11013: 10518: 10369: 9820: 9791: 9762: 9380: 9321: 9221: 8665: 8484: 8201: 8169: 8120: 7984: 7559: 7486: 7198: 7162: 6736: 6176: 5373: 5269: 5249: 5237: 5126: 4415: 4409: 3761: 2348: 1827: 1687:

when it announced the planned appointment of a president who did not speak Irish.

1403: 1343: 1247: 1233: 1063: 1029: 781:

written form devised by a parliamentary commission in the 1950s. The traditional

707: 676: 221: 171: 155: 11389: 10133:

Multilingualism in European Bilingual Contexts : Language Use and Attitudes

7871:"NUI Entry Requirements – Ollscoil na hÉireann – National University of Ireland" 7082: 2422: 1758:

reported that over 2.3 million people worldwide were learning Irish through the

454: 17088: 16984: 16823: 16811: 15652: 15636: 15586: 14772: 14585: 14568: 14425: 14219: 14209: 14185: 14132: 14088: 14003: 13965: 13910: 13905: 13873: 13718: 13698: 13523: 13424: 13403: 13398: 13035: 12969: 12964: 12953: 12934: 12928: 12924: 12732: 12727: 12686: 12613: 12599: 12511: 12486: 12451: 12410: 12400: 12336: 12323: 12263: 12207: 12199: 12190: 12163: 12146: 12102: 12055: 12026: 11819: 11732: 11600: 11478: 11360: 11208: 11173: 11126: 11078: 11068: 10988: 10951: 10430: 10415: 10364: 10359: 9929: 9907: 9890:

Spenser's Monstrous Regiment: Elizabethan Ireland and the Poetics of Difference

9870: 9217: 7916:"University of Galway president Ciarán Ó hÓgartaigh to step down from his role" 7488:

The Great Silence: The Study of a Relationship Between Language and Nationality

7329: 7296:

Dalton, Martha (July 2019). "Nuclear Accents in Four Irish (Gaelic) Dialects".

7136:] (in Irish) (2d ed.). Dublin: Irish Texts Society. pp. 507 s.v. 6644: 6616: 6088: 4781: 4503: 4317: 4179: 3710: 3575: 3301: 2872: 2824: 2387: 2332: 2242: 1954: 1789: 1751:

the other official language, if not already passed in both official languages.

1593: 1495: 1476: 1449: 1392: 1285: 1269: 1000: 975: 946: 786: 782: 750: 746: 730: 691: 644: 624: 565: 353: 318: 307: 272: 140: 107: 100: 93: 75: 11408: 11393: 9615: 3248:

Munster Irish is the dialect spoken in the Gaeltacht areas of the counties of

2343:

being established in all the countries to which Irish speakers had emigrated.

1644:). Teachers in primary schools must also pass a compulsory examination called 737:, dating back to at least the 4th century AD, which was gradually replaced by 17102: 16639: 16472: 16346: 15821: 15806: 14637: 14624: 14534: 14016: 13988: 13895: 13887: 13629: 13581: 13367: 13315: 13044: 12984: 12974: 12874: 12849: 12635: 12085: 11923: 11582: 11562: 11439: 11348: 11274: 11136: 10554: 10481: 10420: 9089: 8724: 8720:"Irish to be fully recognised as an official EU language from New Year's Day" 6640: 6333: 6157: 5365: 5345: 5205: 5178: 5159: 5116: 4999: 4826: 4419: 4269: 4258: 3765: 3243: 3023: 2393:

Irish was spoken as a community language until the early 20th century on the

2355: 2292: 1880: 1711: 1623: 1619: 1430: 1347: 1033: 1017: 1005: 878: 754: 711: 663:

Irish speakers are therefore based primarily on the number of daily users in

418: 328: 283: 11376: 10702: 9677: 7169:. Redakcja Wydawnictw Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego. pp. 423k. 6591: 5981: 4300:

lay preacher in Irish, wrote: "In some of the largest southern towns, Cork,

931:, used to refer to the language family, is derived from the Old Irish term. 16793: 16729: 16724: 16634: 16617: 16442: 16381: 15871: 15856: 14334: 14127: 13915: 13439: 13393: 13332: 13241: 13018: 12996: 12989: 12426: 12351: 12341: 12273: 11902: 11832: 11566: 11508: 11256: 11203: 10523: 10435: 10389: 10379: 10354: 10284: 10135:, ed. David Lasagabaster and Ángel Huguet. Multilingual Matters Ltd. 2007. 10072:

Irish and English: Essays on the Linguistic and Cultural Frontier 1600–1900

9713: 8822:

areas. The total population of all Gaeltacht areas in April 2016 was 96,090

8060: 7343: 7190: 6672:, a subject of the Junior Cycle examination in Secondary schools in Ireland 6647:

used in Irish monasteries. It included Greek, Hebrew and Celtic neologisms.

6469:

despite the reformed spellings only reflecting South Connacht realisations

6186: 6168: 6153: 6096: 5929: 5221: 5209: 5033: 5029: 5011: 4866: 4859: 4852: 4845: 4838: 4791: 4736: 4641: 4627: 4569: 4516: 4491: 4481: 4471: 4427: 3867: 3724: 3259: 3227: 3027: 2953:

In South Connemara, for example, there is a tendency to replace word-final

2835: 2233: 1966: 1904: 1570: 1339: 1327: 1321: 980: 758: 738: 703: 687: 671:

and 51,707 outside it, totalling 71,968. In response to the 2021 census of

314: 296: 231: 128: 12618: 11416: 11385: 11352: 11008: 9827:. Redakcja Wydawnictw Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego. p. 432. 9798:. Redakcja Wydawnictw Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego. p. 412. 9769:. Redakcja Wydawnictw Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego. p. 417. 7641: 7268: 5298:

Irish verb formation employs a mixed system during conjugation, with both

3400:

that are not included in the Standard. For example, "I see" in Munster is

1731: 1268:

through the 5th century. Old Irish, dating from the 6th century, used the

409: 16930: 16843: 16542: 16486: 16447: 15708: 14793: 14249: 14234: 13635: 13554: 13362: 13347: 13337: 13310: 13136: 13089: 13001: 12747: 12364: 12268: 12155: 11366: 11356: 11296: 11168: 10803: 10632: 10549: 10223: 9974:

A History of the Irish Language: From the Norman Invasion to Independence

9969: 9657: 7454:

A History of the Irish Language: From the Norman Invasion to Independence

7417:

A History of the Irish Language: From the Norman Invasion to Independence

6219: 6108: 5833: 5377: 5353: 4875: 4821: 4246: 3875: 3812: 3737:

dialects today is that which is spoken, with slight differences, in both

3659:

after preposition + singular article, with all prepositions except after

3249: 2383: 2312: 2300: 1351: 1331: 1276:

to Latin manuscripts. During this time, the Irish language absorbed some

766: 699: 476: 45: 14717: 12904: 12670: 10830: 8915: 8865:"Census of Population 2022 Profile 8 - The Irish Language and Education" 8835:"Census 2016 Summary Results – Part 1 – CSO – Central Statistics Office" 7801: 7746: 5252:; 2 relative forms, the present and future relative; and in some verbs, 3623:(the Standard lenites only feminine nouns in the dative in these cases). 3406:, which is the independent form; Ulster Irish also uses a similar form, 1504: 726:

of Irish developed before falling out of use in the early 20th century.

17024: 16547: 16457: 16421: 16411: 16217: 14906: 14561: 14172: 14160: 13613: 13577: 13377: 13342: 13302: 12894: 12656: 12647: 11048: 10909: 10623: 8636:"'Historic milestone' passed as Irish language legislation becomes law" 6804:"'Historic milestone' passed as Irish language legislation becomes law" 6655: 6112: 6100: 6058: 6042: 5847: 5398: 5201: 5082: 5078: 5044: 4983: 4954: 4831: 4730: 3957:

Early evidence regarding colloquial Irish in east Leinster is found in

3748: 3387:

in other dialects. These are strong tendencies, and the personal forms

3321: 3031: 1683: 1633:

In 1974, in part through the actions of protest organisations like the

1273: 1246:

inscriptions from the 4th century AD, a stage of the language known as

1155: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 553: 16668: 15042: 10695: 9425: 7650: 7389: 4414:

In pronunciation, Irish most closely resembles its nearest relatives,

3442:

in the Standard. Similarly, the traditional form preserved in Munster

2062: 1831:, referring to his analysis published in the Irish language newspaper 17056: 16777: 16561: 16416: 16391: 16366: 15791: 14987: 14962: 14545: 13572: 12679: 12114: 12067: 11895: 11825: 11503: 11412: 11344: 11249: 11083: 10839: 10374: 10259: – Irish Gaelic Arts, Culture, And History Alive Worldwide Today 10122:

Labhrann Laighnigh: Téacsanna agus Cainteanna ó Shean-Chúige Laighean

10004: 9138:

Hell or Connnaught! The Cromwellian Colonisation of Ireland 1652–1660

8819:. Dublin, Ireland: Central Statistics Office. 2017. pp. 66, 69. 6516:), realised and in Munster, reflecting the pre-Caighdeán spellings 6164: 5829: 5422: 5162: 5136: 4912: 4334: 4297: 4173: 3498: 3345:

verbs in parallel with a pronominal subject system, thus "I must" is

3231: 3147:

have a much softer sound, with a tendency to terminate words such as

2831: 2304: 2296: 2287:

The Irish language was carried abroad in the modern period by a vast

1892: 1852: 1775: 1741: 1422: 1281: 1265: 1259: 924: 798: 668: 656: 434: 402: 384: 366: 226: 16742: 16462: 12884: 12585: 11178: 10812: 10688: 10470: 10227: 8507:"Irish Language and the Gaeltacht – CSO – Central Statistics Office" 7036:"Irish Language and the Gaeltacht – CSO – Central Statistics Office" 6629: 2122: 1718:

traditional native speakers has also been a cause of great concern.

1338:. It is the language of a large corpus of literature, including the 1130: 16968: 16901: 16566: 16452: 16396: 15801: 14814: 14229: 13693: 13146: 13101: 13065: 13053: 12899: 12859: 12674: 12666: 12661: 12643: 12566: 12303: 12298: 12283: 12061: 11611: 9266:Ó Conluain & Ó Céileachair 1976, pp. 148–153, 163–169, 210–215. 8607: 6324:

standard was subsequently approved by the State and developed into

6321: 6313: 6223: 6145: 6119: 6104: 5868:"I threw" (lenition as a past-tense marker, caused by the particle 5815: 5182: 5102: 5092: 4235: 4093: 4086: 3808: 3738: 3289: 2794: 2764: 2379: 2375: 2367: 2288: 2041: 1916: 1759: 1677: 1483: 1335: 928: 919: 908: 868: 695: 507: 12914: 11370: 11213: 10019:

Grand Opportunity: The Gaelic Revival and Irish Society, 1893–1910

8895:"Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media" 7626:

Watson, Iarfhlaith; Nic Ghiolla Phádraig, Máire (September 2009).

5425:; this has disappeared in Modern Irish except in fossilised form. 5189:

by convention, though it originates in the Proto-Celtic ablative.

3866:

broad central belt stretching from west Connacht eastwards to the

16886: 16871: 16770: 16557: 16537: 15511: 15480: 14955: 14913: 14618: 14612: 14239: 14214: 14093: 14068: 13703: 13668: 13641: 13568: 13550: 13141: 13077: 12701: 12331: 12308: 11998: 11971: 11813: 11686: 10650: 10302: 9348:

Walsh, John; OʼRourke, Bernadette; Rowland, Hugh (October 2015).

6317: 6050: 5825: 5434:("at", etc.) is used in conjunction with the transient "be" verb 5276: 4301: 4119: 4111: 3871: 3556:"it" is frequently used. Thus "I am an Irish person" can be said 2774: 2756: 2363: 2326: 1928: 1702: 640: 503: 118: 14457: 10245: 8952:. Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen's University of Belfast. 8937:. Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen's University of Belfast. 7361:"House of Commons, 1 August 1922: Ireland: Erse language (18)". 3845:, also common to the Isle of Man and Scotland (Munster/Connacht 3581:

Both masculine and feminine words are subject to lenition after

3424:

being the dependent form, which is used after particles such as

2331:. In Australia, too, the language found its way into print. The 16756: 16749: 16594: 16527: 16386: 14800: 14437: 14224: 14011: 13793:

Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles

13713: 13688: 13652: 13646: 13559: 13482: 13408: 13327: 12829: 12313: 12258: 12039: 11399: 11381: 10614: 10605: 9853:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

9489: 8796:

Clarke, Sandra; Paddock, Harold; MacKenzie, Marguerite (1999).

8165:"Ar fheabhas! President praises volunteer Duolingo translators" 6054: 6035: 6031: 6027: 5229: 5186: 5155: 5066: 5037: 4167: 4107: 4103: 3734: 3126: 2784: 1834: 1792:. These regions are known individually and collectively as the 1726: 1707: 1597: 1434: 762: 715: 10641: 7711: 4373:, provide a single pronunciation. Online dictionaries such as 4257:. There were still an appreciable number of Irish speakers in 1755: 1413: 937:

of the language in the various modern Irish dialects include:

891:. The modern spelling results from the deletion of the silent 667:

outside the education system, which in 2022 was 20,261 in the

16806: 16376: 14821: 13113: 12919: 12864: 12752: 12346: 12288: 12278: 12236: 12186: 11553: 11404: 11104: 10974: 10544: 9405:

International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism

8693:"Is í an Ghaeilge an 21ú teanga oifigiúil den Aontas Eorpach" 6092: 3116: 2423:

Daily Irish speakers in Gaeltacht areas between 2011 and 2022

2371: 1277: 1241: 902: 734: 659:

regions, in which 2% of Ireland's population lived in 2022.

323: 15017:

First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland

10196: 8935:

A Phonetic Study of the Irish of Tory Island, County Donegal

8661:"Thousands call for Irish Language Act during Belfast rally" 6912: 6910: 6908: 5154:. Adjectives generally follow nouns, though some precede or 1399:

Discouragement of its use by the Anglo-Irish administration.

1093: 877:

prior the spelling reform of 1948, which was originally the

14996:

President of the Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey

13372: 12909: 12889: 12824: 12652: 10719: 10170:

Williams, Nicholas. 'Na Canúintí a Theacht chun Solais' in

9990:

Preventing the Future: Why was Ireland so poor for so long?

9279:, pp. 168–181, Seán Ó Mórdha (ed.), An Clóchomhar Tta 1981. 9223:

The History of the Town and Country of the County of Galway

9205:

The Irish Sections of Fynes Moryson's unpublished itinerary

7941:"Academic claims the forced learning of Irish 'has failed'" 7019:. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education. 4239: 4115: 3950:(crowd). A feature of the dialect was the pronunciation of 3878:, and a Munster dialect found in Kilkenny and south Laois. 2418:

education system), 20,586 (27.9%) lived in Gaeltacht areas.

1673: 594: 10294: 10159:

Williams, J. E. Caerwyn & Ní Mhuiríosa, Máirín (ed.).

8014:

Nollaig Ó Gadhra, 'The Gaeltacht and the Future of Irish,

7625: 6708:, a detailed account of the current state of the language. 2152:"Family Transmission of the Language – Early Intervention" 506:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

145:

People aged 3+ stating they could speak Irish "very well":

16494: 10679: 10207: 9544: 9275:

Máirín Ní Mhuiríosa, "Cumann na Scríbhneoirí: Memoir" in

8137: 7976:

Donncha Ó hÉallaithe: "Litir oscailte chuig Enda Kenny":

7707:"Douglas Hyde's inauguration – a signal of a new Ireland" 6905: 2054:

parish in Ireland. Irish language summer colleges in the

600: 591: 10943: 9041: 6473:, failing to represent the other dialectal realisations 6095:, was used to write Primitive Irish and Old Irish until 913: 749:. On the island, the language has three major dialects: 15923:

List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland

10274: 9290:"Dublin : Gaelscoileanna – Irish Medium Education" 8341:"Official Languages Act 2003 (and related legislation)" 7960:"End compulsory Irish, says FG, as 14,000 drop subject" 6424:

does not reflect all dialects to the same degree, e.g.

5428:

Irish has no verb to express having; instead, the word

2354:

The Irish language is also one of the languages of the

2091:

Dublin airport sign in both English and Irish languages

1585:

Irish is one of only a few recordings of that dialect.

9610:. De Gruyter Mouton. 11 April 2014. pp. 235–316. 9402: 8795: 8421:

Official Languages Act 2003: Language Scheme 2019–2022

8278: 6676:

List of artists who have released Irish-language songs

2230:

legislation to recognise Irish as an official language

2105: 13105: 10263:

Trinity College Dublin The Irish Language Synthesiser

10001:

The Death of the Irish Language: A Qualified Obituary

8990:"State of Ireland & Plan for its Reformation" in 8480:"Plan could treble number speaking Irish, says Cowen" 8460: 8042:

The Death of the Irish Language: A Qualified Obituary

8027:

Welsh Robert and Stewart, Bruce (1996). 'Gaeltacht,'

6739:

in most of Ireland, but its use is encouraged by the

6540:

despite not representing the Munster pronunciations.

1650:. As of 2005, Garda Síochána recruits need a pass in 1482:

It has been estimated that there were around 800,000

1105: 1096: 1037: 612: 603: 15653:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

13491: 9912:

The Dialects of Irish: Study of a Changing Landscape

9347: 8133:"Over 2.3m people using language app to learn Irish" 8088:"Why choose Irish-medium education? | Gaeloideachas" 6136:

a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u

5356:

constructions. There are also a number of preverbal

1851:

areas, numerically and socially, are those of South

597: 291: 278: 14499: 8226:"The Gaeltacht | Our Language & the Ghaeltacht" 6103:. Since the introduction of Latin script, the main 2222:

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

1395:were complex but came down to a number of factors: 588: 9167:Williams & Uí Mhuiríosa 1979, pp. 279 and 284. 7633:International Journal of the Sociology of Language 7030: 7028: 7026: 4174:Urban use from the Middle Ages to the 19th century 1409:The spread of bilingualism from the 1750s onwards. 714:. It was also, for a period, spoken widely across 16016:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland 10070:Kelly, James & Mac Murchaidh, Ciarán (eds.). 8464:20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010–2030 8417: 8319: 7284:Alternate names: Erse, Gaelic Irish, Irish Gaelic 6996:"Gaelic: Definition of Gaelic by Merriam-Webster" 5793:The latter is most commonly used in mathematics. 4422:. One notable feature is that consonants (except 2871:, "weakening". The non-standard pronunciation of 2129:20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010–2030 2123:20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language 2010–2030 17100: 9474:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 9456:. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019 4296:Much earlier, in 1819, James McQuige, a veteran 2358:, a non-governmental organisation that promotes 1326:By the 10th century, Old Irish had evolved into 16862:Association football in the Republic of Ireland 10994:Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups 8976:The Fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge 7189: 7102:Míle Míle i gCéin: The Irish Language in Canada 7023: 6858: 3959:The Fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge 3278:). The Gaeltacht areas of Cork can be found in 2979:(pronounced respectively as "shiv," "liv" and " 1554:as the national and first official language of 14928:Indigenous, minority and lesser-used languages 10178:, ed. Kim McCone and others. Maigh Nuad 1994. 10129:Language Use and Language Attitudes in Ireland 9447: 9096:, University of Notre Dame Press 1997, p. 51. 7774:"Allocution en irlandais, par M. Douglas Hyde" 7595:"The Irish language and the Church of Ireland" 6767: 6765: 5588:Irish has both decimal and vigesimal systems: 4438:), in Irish they have a grammatical function. 4386:("The Official Standard"), often shortened to 2879:as , rather than as in Munster. For example, 2216:, the language gradually received a degree of 2076: 1417:The distribution of the Irish language in 1871 160:People aged 3+ stating they could speak Irish: 44:For the Niger–Congo language called "Ga", see 15496: 15058: 14733: 14485: 14368: 13069: 12171: 11982:? (possibly independent or pre-Indo-European) 11627: 10959: 10318: 9818: 9789: 9760: 9004: 9002: 9000: 8972:Borde, Andrew (1870). Furnivall, F.J. (ed.). 8808: 7160: 6873: 6443: 5928:) covers the voicing of voiceless stops, and 3783:. Though southern Donegal Irish tends to use 3230:was possibly one of the last speakers of the 1577:. The record of his delivering his inaugural 13057: 10239: 10224:Irish Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words 9640:"Celtic languages – Irish | Britannica" 9441: 8595: 8194: 8192: 7523: 7298:International Conference of Phonetic Science 3337:Some typical features of Munster Irish are: 2755:Irish is represented by several traditional 15625:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 13117: 13081: 10889: 10860: 10851: 10837: 10828: 10819: 10810: 10801: 10779: 10765: 10756: 10747: 10738: 10700: 10686: 10677: 10657: 10648: 10639: 10630: 10621: 10612: 10603: 10574: 10489: 10460: 10407: 10275: 10252: 10214: 10172: 10161: 10112: 10105: 10098: 10036: 9825:An Ghaeilge, Podręcznik Języka Irlandzkiego 9796:An Ghaeilge, Podręcznik Języka Irlandzkiego 9767:An Ghaeilge, Podręcznik Języka Irlandzkiego 9140:, p. 156. Hamish Hamilton. SBN 241-89071-3. 9042:"The Doegen Records Web Project | DHO" 7457:. Oxford University Press. pp. 75–77. 7167:An Ghaeilge, Podręcznik Języka Irlandzkiego 6762: 6711: 6614: 6599: 6589: 6564: 6535: 6529: 6523: 6517: 6511: 6501: 6495: 6485: 6464: 6458: 6452: 6434: 6425: 6419: 6410: 6404: 6398: 6392: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6360: 6354: 6346: 6340: 6325: 6276: 6270: 6256: 6231: 6230:for this purpose, i.e. the dotted letters ( 6218:"dot of lenition") was used in traditional 6213: 6180: 6123: 6013: 6004: 5995: 5985: 5969: 5963: 5955: 5949: 5941: 5935: 5923: 5909: 5903: 5897: 5891: 5883: 5877: 5869: 5863: 5857: 5841: 5819: 5807:In Irish, there are two classes of initial 5785: 5777: 5769: 5761: 5753: 5745: 5737: 5729: 5719: 5713: 5705: 5699: 5691: 5685: 5677: 5671: 5663: 5657: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5628: 5622: 5614: 5608: 5600: 5592: 5579: 5573: 5565: 5559: 5553: 5545: 5537: 5518: 5507: 5496: 5485: 5474: 5463: 5444: 5435: 5429: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5286: 5280: 5130: 5120: 5106: 5096: 5086: 5060: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4368: 4344: 4332: 4321: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4097: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3752: 3742: 3700: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3574:. In effect the construction is a type of " 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3325: 3315: 3299: 3293: 3283: 3273: 3263: 3253: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3154: 3148: 3130: 3120: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3014: 3008: 3002: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2945: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2845: 2839: 2798: 2788: 2778: 2768: 2336: 2324: 2240: 2060: 2045: 2032: 2020: 2008: 1994: 1982: 1970: 1958: 1946: 1932: 1920: 1908: 1896: 1884: 1860: 1832: 1797: 1739: 1688: 1656: 1645: 1562: 1468: 1453: 1307: 1301: 1295: 1289: 1239: 1049: 1023: 1010: 993: 985: 968: 960: 952: 939: 896: 882: 872: 861: 848: 829: 797:(albeit with 7–8 letters used primarily in 770: 569: 255: 79: 17048:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland 15503: 15489: 15065: 15051: 14854:Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey 14740: 14726: 14492: 14478: 14375: 14361: 13093: 12185: 12178: 12164: 11634: 11620: 10966: 10952: 10325: 10311: 9515:"Irish Dialects copy of Irishlanguage.net" 9310: 9308: 9306: 8997: 8950:Grammar of Ros Goill Irish, County Donegal 8279:Trinity College Dublin (5 November 2020). 7998:"Study sees decline of Irish in Gaeltacht" 7510: 7508: 6854: 6852: 6308:), issued his own guidelines about how to 4212:(accusative case, the standard form being 4200:(accusative case, the standard form being 3902:. Examples are the placenames Crooksling ( 3733:Linguistically, the most important of the 2944:, when occurring at the end of words like 1066:), the language is usually referred to as 1043: 475: 14747: 9424: 8633: 8436:"20-Year Strategy for the Irish Language" 8189: 7649: 7484: 7354: 7309: 7217: 6801: 5275:There are two verbs for "to be", one for 1215:Learn how and when to remove this message 1016:in mid and East Kerry/Cork and Waterford 686:, Irish was the dominant language of the 643:and was the majority of the population's 16867:Association football in Northern Ireland 9367: 9350:Research Report on New Speakers of Irish 8980:. N. Trubner & Co. pp. 131–135. 8932: 8029:The Oxford Companion to Irish Literature 7844: 6665:Irish words used in the English language 6078: 5417:. In Old and Middle Irish, prepositions 4993: 4224:(genitive case, the standard form being 4081: 3617:"in the shop", compared to the Standard 3351:in Munster, while other dialects prefer 3217:(to be able to – i.e. a form similar to 2187: 2155:"Administration, Services and Community" 2086: 1779: 1701: 1616:Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland 1587: 1412: 1264:Primitive Irish underwent a change into 1028:also has a wider meaning, including the 743:one of the oldest vernacular literatures 17114:Languages attested from the 4th century 16063:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland 15072: 10280:– Dictionaries and terminology resource 10216:Giotaí and Top 40 Offigiúla na hÉireann 9867:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 9849:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 9490:"Leabharlann Teanga agus Foclóireachta" 9373: 9314: 9303: 8776: 8569: 8198: 7995: 7742:"Douglas Hyde Opens 2RN 1 January 1926" 7736: 7734: 7505: 7124: 7104:. Ottawa: Borealis Press. p. 196. 6889: 6887: 6885: 6849: 6610:Comparison of Scottish Gaelic and Irish 6484:Other examples include the genitive of 5726:A number such as 35 has various forms: 5125:), with fossilised traces of the older 4114:, with an inland boundary encompassing 3363:means "I"). "I was" and "you were" are 1330:, which was spoken throughout Ireland, 761:. All three have distinctions in their 500:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 17101: 13034: 11044:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 10295:Articles related to the Irish language 10094:, Volume 110C, 2010, pp. 239–276. 10091:Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 9982:Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 9659:Graiméar Gaeilge na mBráithre Críostai 9448:Ní Thuathaláin, Méabh (23 July 2019). 9255:Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 8922:from the original on 8 September 2018. 8717: 8367:"Review of Official Language Act 2003" 8323:Official Languages Act 2003: Guidebook 8274: 8272: 7913: 7897:"Obligation to appoint Irish speakers" 7849:. London: Routledge. pp. 471–90. 7808:from the original on 7 September 2018. 7704: 7420:. Oxford University Press. p. 4. 7295: 7077: 7075: 6957: 6821: 6142:⟨j, k, q, v, w, x, y, z⟩ 5421:different cases depending on intended 5291:"past" and "conditional", and one for 4400:in 1953 and updated in 2012 and 2017. 2250: 2218:formal recognition in Northern Ireland 1811:Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, 918: 907: 816:, and is also an official language of 16332: 16122: 15943: 15549: 15484: 15046: 14721: 14473: 14356: 14266: 14158: 13937: 13739: 13171: 12951: 12597: 12234: 12159: 11615: 10947: 10306: 10293: 10147:Irish Word Forms / Irische Wortformen 9957:Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies 9533: 9329:from the original on 16 February 2018 8971: 8947: 8783:Heritage: Newfoundland & Labrador 8673:from the original on 15 November 2017 8583:from the original on 22 November 2013 8145:from the original on 4 September 2017 8053: 7957: 7826:from the original on 12 February 2018 7719:from the original on 7 September 2018 7674:"Ireland speaks up loudly for Gaelic" 7450: 7413: 7238:"Ireland speaks up loudly for Gaelic" 7099: 6990: 6988: 6681:List of English words of Irish origin 6551:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 5059:(only in conjunction with the number 4446: 4311: 3896:(hill) would therefore be pronounced 3777:in place of the Munster and Connacht 3709: 2997:(). There is also a tendency to omit 2232:alongside English. The bill received 1357: 999: 974: 945: 149:Daily users outside education system: 106: 99: 92: 17149:Languages of the Republic of Ireland 14981:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 11641: 11295: 10248:Grammar with audio and pronunciation 10114:Baile Átha Cliath: An Clóchomhar Tta 10058:from the original on 11 October 2017 8817:Report of the 2016 Census of Ireland 8177:from the original on 11 October 2017 8068:from the original on 29 January 2017 7731: 7557: 6882: 6152:occurs in a small number of (mainly 5796: 4249:so that people could understand it. 3398:independent/dependent forms of verbs 2940:"a wonder, a marvel", etc. The form 1642:Education in the Republic of Ireland 1534: 1499: 1153:adding citations to reliable sources 1124: 810:national and first official language 741:since the 5th century AD, Irish has 14159: 12064:(Chubut Province, Argentina; Welsh) 11335: 9934:The Sound Structure of Modern Irish 9608:The Sound Structure of Modern Irish 9019:"The Irish Language in Co. Wicklow" 8802:Heritage: Newfoundland and Labrador 8745: 8718:Boland, Lauren (31 December 2021). 8634:Ainsworth, Paul (6 December 2022). 8539:from the original on 9 October 2015 8477: 8454: 8269: 7754:from the original on 6 January 2013 7686:from the original on 8 January 2014 7248:from the original on 8 January 2014 7072: 6802:Ainsworth, Paul (6 December 2022). 6304:(The Translation Department of the 3714:opposed to in Connacht and Ulster. 3022:The pronunciation prevalent in the 2311:, which saw many Irish sent to the 2177: 2106:Official Languages Scheme 2019–2022 1876:regions in the following counties: 1823:Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology 1238:Written Irish is first attested in 24: 16092:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland 15867:Economy of the Republic of Ireland 15665:Irish Free State (1922–1937) 15510: 10332: 9584:from the original on 25 April 2018 9315:Ó Broin, Brian (16 January 2010). 9244:Quoted in de Brún 2009, pp. 11–12. 9048:from the original on 19 March 2016 8615:from the original on 15 March 2007 7524:O'Reilly, Edward (17 March 2015). 7387: 7318: 6985: 6691:List of Irish-language given names 6284: 6275:"you (pl.) will get" would become 6248:bh, ch, dh, fh, gh, mh, ph, sh, th 6099:was introduced in the 5th century 4356: 4142: 3064:being preferred to the more usual 2272: 2184:Irish language in Northern Ireland 2050:), County Donegal, is the largest 1809:According to data compiled by the 1612:History of the Republic of Ireland 1227: 692:took it with them to other regions 518: 25: 17165: 15877:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn 15464:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 15003:Chief Minister of the Isle of Man 13589:Festival Interceltique de Lorient 10190: 9551:from the original on 3 March 2009 9374:Seoighe, Stiofán (22 July 2019). 8875:from the original on 17 July 2024 8845:from the original on 30 July 2017 8603:"Irish language future is raised" 8054:Magan, Manchán (9 January 2007). 7705:Murphy, Brian (25 January 2018). 7607:from the original on 10 July 2017 7564:. University of Wisconsin Press. 7538:from the original on 29 July 2017 4972: 4963: 4945: 4938: 4931: 4924: 4917: 4903: 4896: 4887: 4880: 4797: 4790: 4770: 4763: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4719: 4712: 4705: 4698: 4691: 4684: 4668: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4603: 4596: 4589: 4582: 4575: 4568: 4550: 4543: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4515: 3495:⟨ll, m, nn, rr, rd⟩ 2902:⟨ll, m, nn, rr, rd⟩ 2891:is used for "we were" instead of 2362:, Celtic identity and culture in 1661:, the Irish language ombudsman). 1489: 1406:'s support of English over Irish. 27:Celtic language native to Ireland 17082: 16046:Tallest buildings and structures 14840:Government of the United Kingdom 14384: 14339: 12952: 12584: 12127:Scottish Gaelic-medium education 11596: 11595: 10928: 10927: 9859: 9841: 9812: 9783: 9754: 9728: 9698: 9650: 9632: 9596: 9573:[The Official Standard] 9563: 9507: 9482: 9396: 9341: 9282: 9269: 9260: 9247: 9238: 9229: 9210: 9197: 9188: 9179: 9176:Ní Mhunghaile 2010, pp. 239–276. 9170: 9161: 9152: 9143: 9136:Berresford Ellis, Peter (1975). 9130: 9121: 9106: 9082: 8916:"The Doegen Records Web Project" 8758:from the original on 10 May 2012 7877:from the original on 5 July 2012 7802:"The Doegen Records Web Project" 7779:Bibliothèque nationale de France 7002:. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. 6632:, a lapel pin for Irish speakers 6625:Dictionary of the Irish Language 6606:, a course in basic spoken Irish 6266: 6226:; An Caighdeán uses a following 5268:and an impersonal form which is 4304:and even the Protestant town of 4261:at the time of the 1851 census. 4039:Gath haad o showh go part laarg? 3908:) in County Dublin and Crukeen ( 3747:= Inlet of Streaming Water) and 3094:(done) tend to be pronounced as 2726: 2725: 2716: 2715: 2686: 2685: 2678: 2677: 2656: 2655: 2648: 2647: 2626: 2625: 2618: 2617: 2596: 2595: 2588: 2587: 2566: 2565: 2558: 2557: 2536: 2535: 2528: 2527: 2506: 2505: 2498: 2497: 2476: 2475: 2468: 2467: 2351:claimed to speak Irish at home. 1503: 1421:The change was characterised by 1129: 1089: 1020:to reflect local pronunciation. 584: 552:Problems playing this file? See 534: 17154:Definitely endangered languages 14501:Languages of the United Kingdom 10514:Dependent and independent forms 10268: 10234:The First Printed Book in Irish 9881: 9604:"III the morphonology of Irish" 9060: 9034: 9025: 9011: 8984: 8965: 8956: 8941: 8926: 8908: 8887: 8857: 8827: 8789: 8777:Mannion, John (February 2003). 8770: 8739: 8711: 8685: 8653: 8627: 8551: 8525: 8499: 8471: 8428: 8411: 8385: 8359: 8333: 8313: 8287: 8243: 8218: 8209: 8157: 8125: 8105: 8080: 8047: 8034: 8021: 8008: 7996:Siggins, Lorna (16 July 2007). 7989: 7970: 7951: 7933: 7907: 7889: 7863: 7838: 7812: 7794: 7766: 7698: 7666: 7619: 7587: 7578: 7550: 7517: 7478: 7444: 7407: 7381: 7336: 7289: 7261: 7230: 7211: 7183: 7154: 7118: 7093: 7054: 7006: 6895:"Gaelic definition and meaning" 5388:, many grammars recognise only 4064:When shall I go to sleep, wife? 3886:where the standard spelling is 3807:in northernmost dialects (e.g. 3330:), both of which together form 2793:). Records of some dialects of 2309:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 2295:and North America, but also to 1573:, was inaugurated as the first 1374: 1315: 1140:needs additional citations for 859:") the name of the language is 822:languages of the European Union 32:Irish language (disambiguation) 15882:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis 12076:(Nova Scotia; Scottish Gaelic) 10100:Cumann na Scríbhneoirí: Memoir 9999:Hindley, Reg (1991, new ed.). 9317:"Schism fears for Gaeilgeoirí" 9158:Berresford Ellis 1975, p. 190. 9149:Berresford Ellis 1975, p. 193. 8461:Government of Ireland (2010). 8056:"Cá Bhfuil Na Gaeilg eoirí? *" 7218:Ó Dónaill, Niall, ed. (1977). 6939: 6867: 6795: 6729: 6686:List of Ireland-related topics 6651:Irish language outside Ireland 6543: 6293:, Séamas Daltún, in charge of 6263:Irish Defence Forces cap badge 6068: 5026:nominative-accusative language 4426:) come in pairs, one "broad" ( 4378:dialects are less noticeable. 4280:(1536), ordaining as follows: 4089:– According to Statute of 1488 3815:), though even in these areas 2950:, tends to be pronounced as . 2283:Irish language in Newfoundland 2279:Irish language outside Ireland 2264:language of the European Union 1666:National University of Ireland 13: 1: 17139:Verb–subject–object languages 17129:Languages of Northern Ireland 15944: 14308:Celtic place names in Galicia 13938: 12147:extinct or ancestor languages 10163:Traidisiún Liteartha na nGael 9417:10.1080/13670050.2015.1127888 8295:"Official Languages Act 2003" 8281:"Official Languages Act 2003" 7914:Wilson, Jade (26 June 2024). 7130:Foclóir Gaedhilge agus Béarla 7062:"Frequency of Speaking Irish" 6874:Ó Flannghaile, Tomás (1896). 6779:. 1 July 1937. Archived from 6750: 6636:Goidelic substrate hypothesis 6528:, which were standardised as 6451:"beach" were standardised as 6173:⟨á, é, í, ó, ú⟩ 6115:during the mid-20th century. 5908:, the vocative marker before 5471:"You (singular) have a book." 5073:: masculine, feminine; and 4 3821:"is not" is more common than 3375:in Munster but more commonly 3143:. For example, words ending - 3115:The northern Mayo dialect of 1647:Scrúdú Cáilíochta sa Ghaeilge 1272:and is attested primarily in 1121:History of the Irish language 1057: 647:until the 19th century, when 633:Indo-European language family 16947:Northern Ireland flags issue 16123: 15898:List of conflicts in Ireland 15642:Southern Ireland (1921–1922) 13740: 12245:Ancient Celtic ethnic groups 9203:Quoted in Graham Kew (ed.), 9044:. Dho.ie. 5 September 1928. 8933:Hamilton, John Noel (1974). 7373:. 1240–1242. 1 August 1922. 7134:Irish and English dictionary 6922:Cambridge English Dictionary 6755: 6706:Status of the Irish language 6696:List of Irish-language media 4403: 3642:, "in the farm", instead of 3412:, whereas "I do not see" is 3310:; and those of Waterford in 2694: 2664: 2634: 2604: 2574: 2544: 2514: 2484: 2454: 2386:, known collectively as the 2116:Department of the Taoiseach, 1817:, only 1/4 of households in 1769: 1725:found few Irish speakers in 1541:Status of the Irish language 1253: 793:, has been succeeded by the 7: 16333: 15918:Gaelic clothing and fashion 15550: 13232:Welsh literature in English 13172: 12598: 12324:Modern Celtic ethnic groups 12235: 10285:General Gaelic Dictionaries 9207:(IMC, Dublin, 1998), p. 50. 8962:Williams 1994, pp. 467–478. 8779:"The Irish in Newfoundland" 7531:New-York Historical Society 7491:. Irish Books & Media. 6582: 5515:"You (plural) have a book." 5036:, and makes liberal use of 4077: 4035:How far is it to Waterford? 3860: 2818: 2750: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2413:The 2016 census data shows: 2170:"Cross-cutting Initiatives" 2112:Official Languages Act 2003 2083:Official Languages Act 2003 2077:Official Languages Act 2003 1626:, agricultural inspectors, 1606:From the foundation of the 1550:Irish is recognised by the 842: 10: 17170: 15024:First Minister of Scotland 14875:Northern Ireland Executive 13252:Scottish Gaelic literature 12632:Brigantia (ancient region) 10892:Teastas Eorpach na Gaeilge 9577:(in Irish). January 2012. 9355:(Report). Foras na Gaeilge 9115:The Description of Ireland 8418:Roinn an Taoisigh (2019). 8031:. Oxford University Press. 7958:Regan, Mary (4 May 2010). 7584:McMahon 2008, pp. 130–131. 7558:Wolf, Nicholas M. (2014). 7394:World History Encyclopedia 7205:English Universities Press 6926:Cambridge University Press 6899:Collins English Dictionary 6714:Teastas Eorpach na Gaeilge 6701:Modern literature in Irish 6072: 5824:) describes the change of 5800: 5701:a deich is cheithre fichid 5584:(free variation) "Second." 4997: 4407: 4360: 4110:, to the garrison town of 3722: 3241: 3237: 2822: 2736: 2276: 2181: 2126: 2080: 1773: 1545: 1538: 1493: 1386: 1361: 1346:in Scotland, and into the 1319: 1257: 1231: 1118: 1114: 901:. Older spellings include 43: 36: 29: 17078: 16977: 16915: 16852: 16792: 16705: 16653: 16608: 16575: 16520: 16485: 16435: 16354: 16345: 16341: 16328: 16263: 16166: 16135: 16131: 16118: 16028: 15956: 15952: 15939: 15890: 15678: 15562: 15558: 15545: 15521: 15451: 15403: 15365: 15080: 14973:Representatives of states 14972: 14898: 14831: 14764: 14755: 14684: 14651: 14594: 14507: 14446: 14418: 14397: 14330: 14273: 14267: 14262: 14200: 14171: 14154: 14117: 14039: 14030: 14002: 13974: 13946: 13933: 13886: 13851: 13825: 13746: 13735: 13622: 13599:Hebridean Celtic Festival 13536: 13438: 13417: 13386: 13301: 13260: 13227:Welsh-language literature 13182: 13178: 13167: 13129: 13043: 12960: 12947: 12817: 12776: 12710: 12606: 12593: 12582: 12419: 12388: 12322: 12243: 12230: 12197: 12140: 12095: 12048: 12025: 11962:? (possibly hypothetical) 11950: 11866: 11844: 11803: 11780: 11762: 11751: 11742: 11667: 11649: 11591: 11536: 11455: 11288: 11232: 11097: 10981: 10973: 10923: 10910:Personal and family names 10902: 10877: 10861: 10852: 10838: 10829: 10820: 10811: 10802: 10794: 10766: 10757: 10748: 10739: 10731: 10687: 10678: 10670: 10596: 10587: 10532: 10480: 10398: 10340: 10300: 10240:Grammar and pronunciation 10167:. An Clóchomhar Tta 1979. 10023:Syracuse University Press 9616:10.1515/9783110226607.235 8948:Lucas, Leslie W. (1979). 6965:"Our Role Supporting You" 6829:"Our Role Supporting You" 6773:"Constitution of Ireland" 6240:ḃ, ċ, ḋ, ḟ, ġ, ṁ, ṗ, ṡ, ṫ 6111:until it was replaced by 5519: 5508: 5497: 5486: 5475: 5464: 5445: 5409:. Different prepositions 4830: 4820: 4818: 4780: 4729: 4613: 4502: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4255:Faulkner's Dublin Journal 4007:Sir, can you speak Irish? 3999:Tam a goomah gramahagood. 3969: 3966: 3718: 3298:); those of Kerry lie in 2805:Irish Folklore Commission 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2071: 1635:Language Freedom Movement 1614:), new appointees to the 1563: 1469: 1427:transitional bilingualism 631:, which is a part of the 486: 474: 460: 448: 432: 416: 400: 382: 364: 359: 341:Official language in 339: 334: 304: 266: 256: 249: 214: 168: 134: 124: 114: 87: 74: 60: 55: 15010:Chief Minister of Jersey 14032:Ancient Celtic languages 11224:Gaelic Christian mission 10741:RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta 10045:, Issue 34, 6 May 2013: 9571:"An Caighdeán Oifigiúil" 7485:De Fréine, Seán (1978). 6859:O'Gallagher, J. (1877). 6722: 6621:, Irish language Society 6477:(in Mayo and Ulster) or 6107:used to write Irish was 5874:, now generally omitted) 5558:"Two people, a couple", 5384:. Verb forms are highly 4052:It is one a twenty mile. 2408: 2164:"Legislation and Status" 1706:Bilingual road signs in 1561:In 1938, the founder of 912:in Classical Gaelic and 837: 17039:Prostitution (Republic) 15031:First Minister of Wales 14303:Gaulish words in French 14288:Celtic words in English 12542:Scottish New Zealanders 12432:Anglo-Celtic Australian 11970:? (possibly related to 11494:Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh 11054:Jacobite rising of 1745 10097:Ní Mhuiríosa, Máirín. ' 9894:Oxford University Press 8393:"Irish Language Policy" 8320:An Coimisinéir Teanga. 8044:. Taylor & Francis. 8018:, Volume 90, Number 360 7983:20 January 2011 at the 6861:Sermons in Irish-Gaelic 6289:Around the time of the 5803:Irish initial mutations 4068:Gah hon rah moyd holow? 3550:construction involving 3543:"companion, mate", etc. 3531:"foreigner, non-Gael", 2934:"foreigner, non-Gael", 1847:. Today, the strongest 1552:Constitution of Ireland 914: 903: 820:and among the official 795:standard Latin alphabet 17144:Vertical vowel systems 15908:List of Irish kingdoms 15123:Bosnia and Herzegovina 14861:Isle of Man Government 13237:Early Irish literature 13118: 13106: 13094: 13082: 13070: 13058: 12522:Scotch-Irish Canadians 12517:Scotch-Irish Americans 12132:Welsh-medium education 11782:Southwestern Brittonic 10915:List of personal names 10890: 10780: 10701: 10658: 10649: 10640: 10631: 10622: 10613: 10604: 10577:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 10575: 10492:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 10490: 10461: 10408: 10276: 10253: 10215: 10173: 10162: 10113: 10106: 10099: 10043:Dublin Review of Books 10037: 9690:: CS1 maint: others ( 9235:Ó Laoire 2007, p. 164. 9031:Cited in Ó Gráda 2013. 7556:See the discussion in 7220:Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla 6712: 6660:Place names in Ireland 6615: 6600: 6590: 6565: 6536: 6530: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6502: 6496: 6486: 6465: 6459: 6453: 6444: 6435: 6426: 6420: 6411: 6405: 6399: 6393: 6387: 6381: 6375: 6369: 6361: 6355: 6347: 6341: 6328:an Caighdeán Oifigiúil 6326: 6295:Rannóg an Aistriúcháin 6277: 6271: 6257: 6232: 6214: 6181: 6140:; it does not contain 6124: 6118:The traditional Irish 6084: 6014: 6005: 5996: 5986: 5970: 5964: 5956: 5950: 5942: 5936: 5924: 5910: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5884: 5878: 5870: 5864: 5858: 5842: 5820: 5786: 5778: 5770: 5766:"15 of 20 (genitive)" 5762: 5754: 5746: 5738: 5730: 5720: 5714: 5706: 5700: 5692: 5686: 5678: 5672: 5664: 5658: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5629: 5623: 5615: 5609: 5601: 5593: 5580: 5574: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5546: 5538: 5436: 5430: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5287: 5281: 5131: 5121: 5107: 5097: 5087: 5061: 4394: 4388: 4383:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 4382: 4375:Foclóir Béarla-Gaeilge 4369: 4363:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 4345: 4333: 4322: 4274:Irish Confederate Wars 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4098: 4090: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3753: 3743: 3701: 3697:⟨(e)ach⟩ 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3539: 3537:"a wonder, a marvel", 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3326: 3316: 3300: 3294: 3284: 3274: 3264: 3254: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3155: 3149: 3145:⟨bh, mh⟩ 3131: 3121: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2946: 2942:⟨(a)ibh⟩ 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2846: 2840: 2799: 2789: 2779: 2769: 2420: 2395:island of Newfoundland 2337: 2325: 2241: 2197: 2158:"Media and Technology" 2092: 2061: 2046: 2033: 2021: 2009: 1995: 1983: 1971: 1959: 1947: 1933: 1921: 1909: 1897: 1885: 1861: 1833: 1798: 1785: 1740: 1714: 1689: 1657: 1646: 1600: 1512:This section is empty. 1471:Muircheartach Ó Cíonga 1454: 1418: 1308: 1302: 1296: 1290: 1240: 1062:In English (including 1050: 1044: 1038: 1024: 1011: 994: 986: 969: 961: 953: 940: 897: 883: 873: 862: 851:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 849: 831:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 830: 773:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 771: 570: 523: 488:This article contains 258:An Caighdeán Oifigiúil 80: 17015:Mass media (Republic) 16959:National coat of arms 15847:IRA Northern Campaign 14847:Government of Ireland 14758:Good Friday Agreement 14749:British–Irish Council 13864:Scottish independence 13609:Celtic Media Festival 13492:National music scenes 12718:Proto-Celtic religion 12420:Related ethnic groups 12109:Skol Veythrin Karenza 12049:Celtic-speaking areas 11974:or pre-Indo-European) 11529:An Coimisinéir Teanga 11489:An Comunn Gàidhealach 11194:Oireachtas na Gaeilge 10228:Swadesh-list appendix 10111:, ed. Seán Ó Mórdha. 10017:McMahon, Timothy G.. 9226:. Dublin 1820: p. 80. 9185:See Fitzgerald, 1984. 8478:Breadun, Deaglan De. 8119:29 March 2015 at the 8040:Hindley, Reg (1991). 7642:10.1515/IJSL.2009.039 7451:Doyle, Aidan (2015). 7414:Doyle, Aidan (2015). 7100:Doyle, Danny (2015). 7089:(table), Census, 2010 6777:Government of Ireland 6596:, Anglicisms in Irish 6082: 5774:"5 of 30 (genitive)" 5747:a cúigdéag ar fhichid 5673:a deich is trí fichid 5624:daichead, dá fhichead 5279:with only two forms, 4994:Syntax and morphology 4085: 4011:Sor, woll galow oket? 3711:[ciəˈɾˠaːn̪ˠ] 3181:(meaning "to look"), 2415: 2397:, in a form known as 2214:Good Friday Agreement 2210:Ulster Unionist Party 2191: 2135:Government of Ireland 2099:An Coimisinéir Teanga 2090: 1783: 1762:app. Irish president 1705: 1658:An Coimisinéir Teanga 1591: 1579:Declaration of Office 1441:were Irish speakers. 1416: 1001:[ˈɡeːl̪ˠən̠ʲ] 682:For most of recorded 629:Celtic language group 522: 162:(ROI, 2022) 1,873,997 101:[ˈɡeːl̪ˠən̠ʲ] 17134:Languages of Ireland 16937:County coats of arms 16829:List of Irish people 15903:List of Irish tribes 15753:Cromwellian conquest 15739:Plantation of Ulster 15670:Ireland (since 1922) 15074:Languages of Europe 14868:Government of Jersey 14765:Member jurisdictions 14391:Languages of Ireland 14188:(Medieval Welsh law) 13798:Scottish nationalism 13448:Ancient Celtic music 12763:Romano-Celtic temple 12572:Welsh New Zealanders 12497:Irish New Zealanders 11578:Kingdom of the Isles 11499:Seachtain na Gaeilge 11464:Údarás na Gaeltachta 11219:Insular Christianity 11034:Plantation of Ulster 10999:High King of Ireland 9888:McCabe, Richard A.. 9112:Ellis, Henry (ed.). 9008:See Fitzgerald 1984. 8994:, Henry VIII, ii, 8. 8992:State Papers Ireland 8611:. 13 December 2006. 8230:Údarás na Gaeltachta 8141:. 25 November 2016. 7903:on 30 November 2005. 7847:The Celtic Languages 7822:. 23 November 2017. 7750:. 15 February 2012. 7371:Houses of Parliament 7200:Teach Yourself Irish 5755:a cúig ar thríochaid 5731:a cúigdéag is fichid 4027:Benytee, toor haran! 4023:Wife, give me bread! 3995:I am well, thank you 3975:Anglicised spelling 3141:Plantation of Ulster 3135:) is in grammar and 2403:Newfoundland English 2236:on 6 December 2022. 2226:St Andrews Agreement 1960:Contae Dhún na nGall 1575:President of Ireland 1286:ecclesiastical terms 1149:improve this article 1004:in West/Cork, Kerry 909:[ˈɡeːʝəlˠəɡ] 30:For other uses, see 17052:in Northern Ireland 17043:in Northern Ireland 16784:Legendary creatures 16697:Traditional singing 16533:Saint Patrick's Day 16168:Republic of Ireland 16097:Tourist attractions 16082:ROI–UK border 16067:of Northern Ireland 16020:in Northern Ireland 15852:IRA Border Campaign 15827:War of Independence 15797:Second Great Famine 15782:Act of Union (1800) 15734:Flight of the Earls 15591:Lordship of Ireland 15526:Republic of Ireland 15366:States with limited 14882:Scottish Government 14685:Languages by region 14454:Irish Sign Language 13878:Irish republicanism 13859:Breton independence 13838:Scottish devolution 13771:Cornish nationalism 13594:Pan Celtic Festival 13468:Scottish folk music 13222:Scottish literature 12743:Celtic Christianity 12547:Scottish Travellers 12532:Scottish Argentines 12376:Scottish Travellers 12121:Bunscoill Ghaelgagh 12096:Immersive education 11074:Highland Clearances 11029:Flight of the Earls 10847:Irish Texts Society 10350:Proto-Indo-European 10226:(from Wiktionary's 9706:"Irish Orthography" 8579:. Cain.ulst.ac.uk. 8535:. Cain.ulst.ac.uk. 8442:. 29 September 2020 8251:"Gaeltacht Affairs" 7348:The Free Dictionary 7269:"Irish: Ethnologue" 7222:. p. 600 s.v. 7126:Dinneen, Patrick S. 7000:Merriam-Webster.com 6258:Óglaiġ na h-Éireann 6156:) native words and 5982:possessive pronouns 5809:consonant mutations 5779:fiche 's a cúigdéag 5638:a deich is daichead 5526:"They have a book." 5344:The meaning of the 5293:transient qualities 5185:case is called the 4815: 4443: 4442:Consonant phonemes 4044:seo go Port Láirge? 3565:Éireannach is ea mé 3332:Gaeltacht na nDéise 3275:Contae Phort Láirge 3187:(painful or sore), 2803:) were made by the 2696:All Gaeltacht Areas 2257:European Parliament 2251:European Parliament 2206:Stormont Parliament 2022:Contae Phort Láirge 1886:Contae na Gaillimhe 1721:In 2007, filmmaker 1697:Ciarán Ó hÓgartaigh 1652:Leaving Certificate 1556:Republic of Ireland 1051:Gaeilge na hÉireann 920:[ˈɡoiðʲelɡ] 887:, the form used in 814:Republic of Ireland 785:, a variant of the 147:(ROI, 2022) 195,029 17124:Goidelic languages 17119:Fusional languages 17089:Ireland portal 16407:Skirts and kidneys 15913:List of High Kings 15832:Anglo-Irish Treaty 15772:First Great Famine 15757:Settlement of 1652 15729:Tyrone's Rebellion 15719:Desmond Rebellions 15608:Kingdom of Ireland 14419:Minority languages 14398:Official languages 13869:Welsh independence 13833:Cornish devolution 13754:Breton nationalism 13604:Celtic Connections 13207:Cornish literature 12552:Ulster Protestants 12537:Scottish Canadians 12527:Scottish Americans 12437:Anglo-Irish people 12074:Cape Breton Island 11910:Early Modern Irish 11670:Continental Celtic 11573:Kingdom of Munster 11514:Comunn na Gàidhlig 11484:Conradh na Gaeilge 11121:Lebor Gabála Érenn 10885:Leaving Cert Irish 10854:Sáirséal agus Dill 10426:Newfoundland Irish 10385:Early Modern Irish 10145:Shibakov, Alexey. 10127:Ó Laoire, Muiris. 10120:Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. 10035:Ó Gráda, Cormac. ' 9994:Gill and MacMillan 9951:De Brún, Pádraig. 9710:www.nualeargais.ie 9644:www.britannica.com 9127:See Ó hÓgáin 2011. 8513:. 19 December 2023 7947:. 19 January 2006. 7679:The New York Times 7242:The New York Times 7195:Ó Cróinín, Donncha 7042:. 19 December 2023 6244:are equivalent to 6236:"struck letters") 6085: 5846:), it is shown in 5763:a cúigdéag fichead 5458:le livre est à moi 5390:11 irregular verbs 5376:, etc. There is a 5341:analytical forms. 5277:inherent qualities 4813: 4441: 4324:Conradh na Gaeilge 4312:Modern urban usage 4188:Richard Stanihurst 4124:Earldom of Kildare 4091: 3952:⟨ao⟩ 3888:⟨cn⟩ 3884:⟨cr⟩ 3870:and southwards to 3801:has almost ousted 3234:dialect of Irish. 2961:, in word such as 2813:Newfoundland Irish 2399:Newfoundland Irish 2360:self-determination 2339:Conradh na Gaeilge 2262:While an official 2198: 2093: 1855:, the west of the 1786: 1754:In November 2016, 1715: 1601: 1592:Bilingual sign in 1565:Conradh na Gaeilge 1475:, commissioned by 1456:Conradh na Gaeilge 1419: 1369:Early Modern Irish 1364:Early Modern Irish 1358:Early Modern Irish 1030:Gaelic of Scotland 976:[ˈɡeːlʲəc] 947:[ˈɡeːlʲɟə] 893:⟨dh⟩ 824:. The public body 524: 237:Early Modern Irish 164:(NI, 2021) 228,600 151:(ROI, 2022) 71,968 108:[ˈɡeːlʲəc] 94:[ˈɡeːlʲɟə] 17096: 17095: 17074: 17073: 17070: 17069: 16481: 16480: 16372:Bacon and cabbage 16324: 16323: 16320: 16319: 16191:Foreign relations 16114: 16113: 16110: 16109: 16041:Notable buildings 15935: 15934: 15931: 15930: 15478: 15477: 15472: 15471: 15040: 15039: 14935:Knowledge economy 14715: 14714: 14467: 14466: 14350: 14349: 14326: 14325: 14258: 14257: 14150: 14149: 14146: 14145: 14109:Cisalpine Gaulish 13929: 13928: 13815:national identity 13810:Welsh nationalism 13803:national identity 13783:Irish nationalism 13731: 13730: 13727: 13726: 13664:Cornish wrestling 13532: 13531: 13453:Breton Folk music 13418:Regional cultures 13261:National cultures 13247:Gaelic literature 13202:Breton literature 13163: 13162: 13159: 13158: 13155: 13154: 12943: 12942: 12855:Chief of the Name 12723:Celtic polytheism 12640:Sub-Roman Britain 12580: 12579: 12467:Irish Australians 12447:Cornish Americans 12406:Scottish diaspora 12153: 12152: 11946: 11945: 11862: 11861: 11805:Western Brittonic 11694:Cisalpine Gaulish 11609: 11608: 11544:Haplogroup R-M269 11435: 11434: 11431: 11430: 11184:Gaelic folk music 11147:Gaelic literature 10941: 10940: 10873: 10872: 10822:Cló Iar-Chonnacht 10787: 10724: 10716: 10708: 10565:Modern literature 10499:Initial mutations 10076:Four Courts Press 10031:978-0-8156-3158-3 10013:978-0-4150-6481-1 9965:978-1-85500-212-8 9946:978-3-11-022659-1 9938:De Gruyter Mouton 9916:Walter de Gruyter 9625:978-3-11-022660-7 9541:"Beginners' Blas" 7782:. 28 January 1922 7682:. 29 March 2005. 7600:Church of Ireland 7571:978-0-299-30274-0 7498:978-0-85342-516-8 7464:978-0-19-872476-6 7427:978-0-19-872476-6 7244:. 29 March 2005. 7111:978-0-88887-631-7 6580: 6579: 6549:Article 1 of the 6233:litreacha buailte 6228:⟨h⟩ 6199:⟨é⟩ 6191:⟨e⟩ 6150:⟨v⟩ 6128:) consists of 18 6075:Irish orthography 5932:of voiced stops. 5852:⟨h⟩ 5797:Initial mutations 5787:tríocha 's a cúig 5739:a cúig is tríocha 5504:"We have a book." 5493:"She has a book." 5008:Irish conjugation 4980: 4979: 4869: 4862: 4855: 4848: 4841: 4811: 4810: 4681: 4623: 4565: 4512: 4075: 4074: 3851:"I walk", Ulster 3657:⟨d⟩ 3653:⟨t⟩ 3628:⟨f⟩ 3466:in the Standard; 3308:Iveragh Peninsula 3280:Cape Clear Island 3161:⟨f⟩ 3026:(the area around 2745: 2744: 2665:County Waterford 2442:Change 2011–2022 1991:Iveragh Peninsula 1815:, Sport and Media 1569:(Gaelic League), 1535:Status and policy 1532: 1531: 1465:Church of Ireland 1225: 1224: 1217: 1199: 1039:Gaeilge na hAlban 867:, from the South 651:gradually became 639:to the island of 621:Goidelic language 574:), also known as 539: 514: 513: 496:rendering support 492:phonetic symbols. 153:(NI, 2021) 43,557 16:(Redirected from 17161: 17087: 17086: 17085: 16764:Tuatha Dé Danann 16352: 16351: 16343: 16342: 16330: 16329: 16265:Northern Ireland 16243: 16233: 16223: 16133: 16132: 16120: 16119: 15954: 15953: 15941: 15940: 15817:Home Rule crisis 15647:Northern Ireland 15560: 15559: 15547: 15546: 15534:Northern Ireland 15505: 15498: 15491: 15482: 15481: 15404:Dependencies and 15340:Northern Ireland 15081:Sovereign states 15067: 15060: 15053: 15044: 15043: 15033: 15026: 15019: 15012: 15005: 14998: 14991: 14983: 14965: 14958: 14951: 14949:Social inclusion 14944: 14937: 14930: 14923: 14916: 14909: 14891: 14889:Welsh Government 14884: 14877: 14870: 14863: 14856: 14849: 14842: 14824: 14817: 14810: 14808:Northern Ireland 14803: 14796: 14789: 14782: 14775: 14742: 14735: 14728: 14719: 14718: 14697:Northern Ireland 14494: 14487: 14480: 14471: 14470: 14389: 14388: 14377: 14370: 14363: 14354: 14353: 14343: 14264: 14263: 14156: 14155: 14138:Galwegian Gaelic 14037: 14036: 13935: 13934: 13843:Welsh devolution 13737: 13736: 13489: 13488: 13478:Sean-nós singing 13473:Welsh folk music 13463:Irish folk music 13430:Highland culture 13212:Irish literature 13192:Arthurian Legend 13180: 13179: 13169: 13168: 13121: 13109: 13097: 13085: 13073: 13061: 13041: 13040: 13032: 13031: 13009:Neo-Christianity 12949: 12948: 12880:Gaelic astrology 12840:Celtic festivals 12738:Celtic mythology 12711:Ancient religion 12628:Iron Age Britain 12595: 12594: 12588: 12567:Welsh Argentines 12507:Irish Uruguayans 12502:Irish Travellers 12472:Irish Brazilians 12462:Irish Argentines 12442:Breton Americans 12396:Cornish diaspora 12358:Irish Travellers 12232: 12231: 12224:Celtic languages 12180: 12173: 12166: 12157: 12156: 11935:Galwegian Gaelic 11916:Classical Gaelic 11877:Classical Gaelic 11771:Common Brittonic 11760: 11759: 11749: 11748: 11643:Celtic languages 11636: 11629: 11622: 11613: 11612: 11599: 11598: 11537:Related subjects 11524:Clans of Ireland 11474:Bòrd na Gàidhlig 11469:Foras na Gaeilge 11333: 11332: 11317:Medical families 11293: 11292: 11264:Classical Gaelic 11189:Sean-nós singing 11132:Gaelic astrology 11115:Gaelic mythology 11024:Statutes of Iona 10968: 10961: 10954: 10945: 10944: 10931: 10930: 10895: 10866: 10865: 10857: 10856: 10843: 10842: 10834: 10833: 10825: 10824: 10816: 10815: 10807: 10806: 10785: 10777: 10775:BBC Radio Ulster 10771: 10770: 10762: 10761: 10753: 10752: 10744: 10743: 10722: 10714: 10706: 10698: 10692: 10691: 10683: 10682: 10663: 10654: 10645: 10636: 10627: 10618: 10609: 10594: 10593: 10580: 10560:Early literature 10495: 10466: 10445:Northern Ireland 10411: 10399:Sociolinguistics 10327: 10320: 10313: 10304: 10303: 10291: 10290: 10279: 10256: 10218: 10176: 10174:Stair na Gaeilge 10165: 10124:. Coiscéim 2011. 10116: 10109: 10102: 10067: 10065: 10063: 10048:"CÉ FADA LE FÁN" 10040: 9875: 9874: 9863: 9857: 9856: 9845: 9839: 9838: 9821:Gussmann, Edmund 9816: 9810: 9809: 9792:Gussmann, Edmund 9787: 9781: 9780: 9763:Gussmann, Edmund 9758: 9752: 9751: 9749: 9747: 9732: 9726: 9725: 9723: 9721: 9716:on 26 March 2023 9712:. Archived from 9702: 9696: 9695: 9689: 9681: 9654: 9648: 9647: 9636: 9630: 9629: 9600: 9594: 9593: 9591: 9589: 9583: 9576: 9567: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9556: 9537: 9531: 9530: 9528: 9526: 9517:. Archived from 9511: 9505: 9504: 9502: 9500: 9494:www.teanglann.ie 9486: 9480: 9479: 9473: 9465: 9463: 9461: 9445: 9439: 9438: 9428: 9400: 9394: 9393: 9391: 9389: 9371: 9365: 9364: 9362: 9360: 9354: 9345: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9334: 9312: 9301: 9300: 9298: 9296: 9286: 9280: 9273: 9267: 9264: 9258: 9251: 9245: 9242: 9236: 9233: 9227: 9214: 9208: 9201: 9195: 9192: 9186: 9183: 9177: 9174: 9168: 9165: 9159: 9156: 9150: 9147: 9141: 9134: 9128: 9125: 9119: 9110: 9104: 9086: 9080: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9064: 9058: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9038: 9032: 9029: 9023: 9022: 9015: 9009: 9006: 8995: 8988: 8982: 8981: 8969: 8963: 8960: 8954: 8953: 8945: 8939: 8938: 8930: 8924: 8923: 8912: 8906: 8905: 8899: 8891: 8885: 8884: 8882: 8880: 8861: 8855: 8854: 8852: 8850: 8831: 8825: 8824: 8812: 8806: 8805: 8793: 8787: 8786: 8774: 8768: 8767: 8765: 8763: 8746:O Broin, Brian. 8743: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8732: 8715: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8704: 8699:on 18 March 2008 8689: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8678: 8657: 8651: 8650: 8648: 8646: 8631: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8620: 8599: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8573: 8567: 8566: 8561:. Archived from 8555: 8549: 8548: 8546: 8544: 8529: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8503: 8497: 8496: 8494: 8492: 8475: 8469: 8468: 8458: 8452: 8451: 8449: 8447: 8432: 8426: 8425: 8415: 8409: 8408: 8406: 8404: 8389: 8383: 8382: 8380: 8378: 8363: 8357: 8356: 8354: 8352: 8347:. 31 August 2020 8337: 8331: 8330: 8328: 8317: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8306: 8291: 8285: 8284: 8276: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8262: 8257:. 5 October 2020 8247: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8222: 8216: 8213: 8207: 8206: 8196: 8187: 8186: 8184: 8182: 8161: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8150: 8129: 8123: 8109: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8098: 8092:gaeloideachas.ie 8084: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8073: 8051: 8045: 8038: 8032: 8025: 8019: 8012: 8006: 8005: 7993: 7987: 7974: 7968: 7967: 7955: 7949: 7948: 7937: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7926: 7911: 7905: 7904: 7899:. Archived from 7893: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7867: 7861: 7860: 7842: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7831: 7816: 7810: 7809: 7798: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7787: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7738: 7729: 7728: 7726: 7724: 7702: 7696: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7653: 7636:(199): 143–156. 7623: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7591: 7585: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7554: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7543: 7521: 7515: 7512: 7503: 7502: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7471: 7448: 7442: 7441: 7436: 7434: 7411: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7385: 7379: 7378: 7358: 7352: 7351: 7340: 7334: 7333: 7332:. 27 April 2016. 7322: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7293: 7287: 7286: 7281: 7279: 7265: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7253: 7234: 7228: 7227: 7215: 7209: 7208: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7163:Gussmann, Edmund 7158: 7152: 7151: 7122: 7116: 7115: 7097: 7091: 7090: 7079: 7070: 7069: 7068:. 21 March 2023. 7058: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7032: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7010: 7004: 7003: 6992: 6983: 6982: 6977: 6975: 6969:Foras na Gaeilge 6961: 6955: 6954: 6947:"Irish language" 6943: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6914: 6903: 6902: 6891: 6880: 6879: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6856: 6847: 6846: 6841: 6839: 6833:Foras na Gaeilge 6825: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6799: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6769: 6744: 6733: 6717: 6620: 6605: 6595: 6568: 6556: 6555: 6539: 6533: 6527: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6505: 6499: 6493: 6489: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6447: 6441: 6438: 6432: 6429: 6423: 6415:"Irish language" 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6364: 6358: 6350: 6344: 6331: 6306:Irish government 6303: 6291:Second World War 6280: 6274: 6260: 6251: 6249: 6243: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6217: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6184: 6174: 6151: 6143: 6139: 6137: 6127: 6024:initial mutation 6017: 6008: 5999: 5989: 5973: 5967: 5959: 5953: 5945: 5939: 5927: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5887: 5882:"requirement" – 5881: 5873: 5867: 5861: 5853: 5845: 5823: 5789: 5781: 5773: 5765: 5757: 5749: 5741: 5733: 5723: 5717: 5709: 5703: 5695: 5689: 5681: 5675: 5667: 5661: 5653:"half-hundred") 5652: 5646: 5640: 5632: 5626: 5618: 5612: 5610:a deich is fiche 5607:30: vigesimal – 5604: 5596: 5583: 5577: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5549: 5541: 5525: 5524: 5514: 5513: 5503: 5502: 5492: 5491: 5482:"He has a book." 5481: 5480: 5470: 5469: 5454:minulla on kirja 5451: 5450: 5439: 5433: 5382:verbal adjective 5374:relative clauses 5339: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5290: 5284: 5134: 5124: 5110: 5100: 5090: 5064: 5034:satellite framed 5028:. It is neither 5004:Irish declension 4989: 4976: 4967: 4949: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4921: 4907: 4900: 4891: 4884: 4867: 4860: 4853: 4846: 4839: 4816: 4812: 4801: 4794: 4774: 4767: 4760: 4753: 4746: 4739: 4723: 4716: 4709: 4702: 4695: 4688: 4677: 4672: 4665: 4658: 4651: 4644: 4637: 4630: 4619: 4607: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4579: 4572: 4561: 4554: 4547: 4540: 4533: 4526: 4519: 4508: 4444: 4440: 4425: 4399: 4391: 4385: 4372: 4348: 4338: 4327: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4101: 4046: 4017: 3964: 3963: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3889: 3885: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3756: 3746: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3688: 3683:"on the house", 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3559:is Éireannach mé 3555: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3525:"sledgehammer", 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3496: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3329: 3319: 3305: 3297: 3287: 3277: 3267: 3257: 3226:Irish President 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3134: 3124: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3058:(difficult) and 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2956: 2949: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2928:"sledgehammer", 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2849: 2843: 2802: 2792: 2782: 2772: 2729: 2728: 2719: 2718: 2689: 2688: 2681: 2680: 2659: 2658: 2651: 2650: 2629: 2628: 2621: 2620: 2599: 2598: 2591: 2590: 2569: 2568: 2561: 2560: 2539: 2538: 2531: 2530: 2509: 2508: 2501: 2500: 2479: 2478: 2471: 2470: 2427: 2426: 2342: 2330: 2246: 2202:Northern Ireland 2178:Northern Ireland 2066: 2049: 2036: 2024: 2017:County Waterford 2012: 1998: 1986: 1979:Dingle Peninsula 1974: 1962: 1950: 1948:Contae Mhaigh Eo 1936: 1924: 1912: 1900: 1888: 1864: 1857:Dingle Peninsula 1838: 1801: 1745: 1694: 1660: 1649: 1608:Irish Free State 1568: 1567: 1527: 1524: 1514:You can help by 1507: 1500: 1474: 1473: 1459: 1381:Geoffrey Keating 1311: 1305: 1299: 1293: 1280:words, some via 1245: 1220: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1200: 1198: 1164:"Irish language" 1157: 1133: 1125: 1108: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1053: 1047: 1041: 1027: 1014: 1003: 997: 989: 978: 972: 964: 956: 949: 943: 922: 917: 911: 906: 900: 894: 889:Classical Gaelic 886: 876: 865: 855:("The Official 854: 833: 826:Foras na Gaeilge 818:Northern Ireland 776: 769:. There is also 673:Northern Ireland 615: 610: 609: 606: 605: 602: 599: 596: 593: 590: 573: 541: 540: 521: 479: 470: 444: 428: 412: 405: 396: 395: 387: 378: 377: 369: 350:Northern Ireland 310: 293: 280: 261: 260: 174: 110: 103: 96: 91:Connacht Irish: 83: 53: 52: 39:Classical Gaelic 21: 17169: 17168: 17164: 17163: 17162: 17160: 17159: 17158: 17099: 17098: 17097: 17092: 17083: 17081: 17066: 17034:outside Ireland 17005:Historic houses 16973: 16954:Irish Wolfhound 16925:Brighid's Cross 16911: 16882:Gaelic handball 16877:Gaelic football 16848: 16819:Hiberno-Normans 16788: 16701: 16649: 16604: 16585:Hiberno-English 16571: 16516: 16477: 16431: 16337: 16316: 16259: 16241: 16231: 16221: 16162: 16153:Ulster loyalism 16127: 16106: 16024: 15948: 15927: 15886: 15812:Dublin lock-out 15748:Confederate War 15699:Norman invasion 15686:Battles of Tara 15674: 15630:1801–1923 15618:1691–1800 15613:1536–1691 15601:1169–1536 15554: 15541: 15517: 15509: 15479: 15474: 15473: 15468: 15447: 15405: 15399: 15385:Northern Cyprus 15367: 15361: 15255:North Macedonia 15076: 15071: 15041: 15036: 15029: 15022: 15015: 15008: 15001: 14994: 14986: 14979: 14968: 14961: 14954: 14947: 14942:Misuse of drugs 14940: 14933: 14926: 14919: 14912: 14905: 14894: 14887: 14880: 14873: 14866: 14859: 14852: 14845: 14838: 14827: 14820: 14813: 14806: 14799: 14792: 14785: 14778: 14771: 14760: 14751: 14746: 14716: 14711: 14680: 14647: 14607:Beurla Reagaird 14595:Other languages 14590: 14581:Scottish Gaelic 14503: 14498: 14468: 14463: 14442: 14414: 14393: 14383: 14381: 14351: 14346: 14322: 14269: 14254: 14196: 14192:Early Scots law 14181:Early Irish law 14167: 14142: 14119:Scottish Gaelic 14113: 14054:Proto-Brittonic 14026: 14022:Beurla Reagaird 13998: 13994:Scottish Gaelic 13970: 13942: 13925: 13921:Columba Project 13901:Celtic Congress 13882: 13847: 13821: 13742: 13723: 13684:Gaelic handball 13674:Gaelic football 13659:Cornish hurling 13618: 13528: 13487: 13434: 13413: 13399:Gaelic clothing 13382: 13297: 13256: 13217:Manx literature 13174: 13151: 13130:Other claimants 13125: 13030: 12980:Celtic Congress 12956: 12939: 12835:Celtic calendar 12813: 12772: 12706: 12602: 12589: 12576: 12562:Welsh Americans 12482:Irish Catholics 12477:Irish Canadians 12457:Irish Americans 12415: 12389:Celtic diaspora 12384: 12318: 12247: 12239: 12226: 12193: 12184: 12154: 12149: 12136: 12091: 12044: 12035:Beurla Reagaird 12021: 11959:Ancient Belgian 11942: 11929:Scottish Gaelic 11889:Primitive Irish 11858: 11840: 11799: 11776: 11755: 11738: 11663: 11645: 11640: 11610: 11605: 11587: 11532: 11519:Columba Project 11457: 11451: 11427: 11331: 11284: 11280:Scottish Gaelic 11243:Primitive Irish 11228: 11159:Scottish Gaelic 11093: 11019:Nine Years' War 10982:General history 10977: 10972: 10942: 10937: 10919: 10898: 10869: 10790: 10727: 10666: 10583: 10528: 10476: 10455:in Newfoundland 10451:Outside Ireland 10394: 10370:Primitive Irish 10336: 10331: 10296: 10271: 10242: 10203:Learning Irish? 10193: 10188: 10149:. epubli 2017. 10061: 10059: 10046: 9976:, Oxford, 2015. 9930:Hickey, Raymond 9908:Hickey, Raymond 9884: 9879: 9878: 9865: 9864: 9860: 9847: 9846: 9842: 9835: 9817: 9813: 9806: 9788: 9784: 9777: 9759: 9755: 9745: 9743: 9734: 9733: 9729: 9719: 9717: 9704: 9703: 9699: 9683: 9682: 9670: 9656: 9655: 9651: 9638: 9637: 9633: 9626: 9602: 9601: 9597: 9587: 9585: 9581: 9574: 9569: 9568: 9564: 9554: 9552: 9539: 9538: 9534: 9524: 9522: 9513: 9512: 9508: 9498: 9496: 9488: 9487: 9483: 9467: 9466: 9459: 9457: 9446: 9442: 9401: 9397: 9387: 9385: 9381:The Irish Times 9372: 9368: 9358: 9356: 9352: 9346: 9342: 9332: 9330: 9322:The Irish Times 9313: 9304: 9294: 9292: 9288: 9287: 9283: 9274: 9270: 9265: 9261: 9252: 9248: 9243: 9239: 9234: 9230: 9218:Hardiman, James 9215: 9211: 9202: 9198: 9193: 9189: 9184: 9180: 9175: 9171: 9166: 9162: 9157: 9153: 9148: 9144: 9135: 9131: 9126: 9122: 9111: 9107: 9087: 9083: 9073: 9071: 9066: 9065: 9061: 9051: 9049: 9040: 9039: 9035: 9030: 9026: 9021:. 27 June 2019. 9017: 9016: 9012: 9007: 8998: 8989: 8985: 8970: 8966: 8961: 8957: 8946: 8942: 8931: 8927: 8914: 8913: 8909: 8897: 8893: 8892: 8888: 8878: 8876: 8863: 8862: 8858: 8848: 8846: 8833: 8832: 8828: 8814: 8813: 8809: 8794: 8790: 8775: 8771: 8761: 8759: 8744: 8740: 8730: 8728: 8716: 8712: 8702: 8700: 8691: 8690: 8686: 8676: 8674: 8666:The Irish Times 8659: 8658: 8654: 8644: 8642: 8632: 8628: 8618: 8616: 8601: 8600: 8596: 8586: 8584: 8575: 8574: 8570: 8565:on 13 May 2007. 8557: 8556: 8552: 8542: 8540: 8531: 8530: 8526: 8516: 8514: 8505: 8504: 8500: 8490: 8488: 8485:The Irish Times 8476: 8472: 8459: 8455: 8445: 8443: 8434: 8433: 8429: 8416: 8412: 8402: 8400: 8391: 8390: 8386: 8376: 8374: 8365: 8364: 8360: 8350: 8348: 8339: 8338: 8334: 8329:. pp. 1–3. 8326: 8318: 8314: 8304: 8302: 8293: 8292: 8288: 8277: 8270: 8260: 8258: 8249: 8248: 8244: 8234: 8232: 8224: 8223: 8219: 8214: 8210: 8202:The Irish Times 8197: 8190: 8180: 8178: 8170:The Irish Times 8163: 8162: 8158: 8148: 8146: 8131: 8130: 8126: 8121:Wayback Machine 8114:Ideas.repec.org 8110: 8106: 8096: 8094: 8086: 8085: 8081: 8071: 8069: 8052: 8048: 8039: 8035: 8026: 8022: 8013: 8009: 8002:The Irish Times 7994: 7990: 7985:Wayback Machine 7975: 7971: 7956: 7952: 7939: 7938: 7934: 7924: 7922: 7920:The Irish Times 7912: 7908: 7895: 7894: 7890: 7880: 7878: 7869: 7868: 7864: 7857: 7843: 7839: 7829: 7827: 7818: 7817: 7813: 7800: 7799: 7795: 7785: 7783: 7772: 7771: 7767: 7757: 7755: 7740: 7739: 7732: 7722: 7720: 7703: 7699: 7689: 7687: 7672: 7671: 7667: 7624: 7620: 7610: 7608: 7593: 7592: 7588: 7583: 7579: 7572: 7555: 7551: 7541: 7539: 7522: 7518: 7513: 7506: 7499: 7483: 7479: 7469: 7467: 7465: 7449: 7445: 7432: 7430: 7428: 7412: 7408: 7398: 7396: 7388:Irving, Jenni. 7386: 7382: 7360: 7359: 7355: 7342: 7341: 7337: 7324: 7323: 7319: 7311:10.1.1.486.4615 7294: 7290: 7277: 7275: 7267: 7266: 7262: 7251: 7249: 7236: 7235: 7231: 7216: 7212: 7188: 7184: 7177: 7159: 7155: 7148: 7123: 7119: 7112: 7098: 7094: 7081: 7080: 7073: 7060: 7059: 7055: 7045: 7043: 7034: 7033: 7024: 7016: 7012: 7011: 7007: 6994: 6993: 6986: 6973: 6971: 6963: 6962: 6958: 6945: 6944: 6940: 6930: 6928: 6916: 6915: 6906: 6893: 6892: 6883: 6872: 6868: 6857: 6850: 6837: 6835: 6827: 6826: 6822: 6812: 6810: 6800: 6796: 6786: 6784: 6783:on 17 July 2009 6771: 6770: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6747: 6734: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6643:, a variety of 6585: 6575: 6563: 6546: 6506:"life, world" ( 6297: 6287: 6285:Spelling reform 6272:gheobhaidh sibh 6247: 6245: 6239: 6237: 6227: 6198: 6190: 6177:Hiberno-English 6172: 6149: 6141: 6135: 6133: 6077: 6071: 5851: 5832:. Indicated in 5805: 5799: 5771:a cúig tríochad 5687:cheithre fichid 5337: 5014: 4998:Main articles: 4996: 4814:Vowel phonemes 4416:Scottish Gaelic 4412: 4410:Irish phonology 4406: 4365: 4359: 4357:Standardisation 4314: 4176: 4145: 4143:General decline 4080: 3978:Irish spelling 3970:Leinster Irish 3951: 3887: 3883: 3863: 3762:Scottish Gaelic 3727: 3721: 3706: 3696: 3656: 3652: 3627: 3494: 3436:is replaced by 3265:Contae Chiarraí 3246: 3240: 3160: 3144: 2941: 2901: 2827: 2821: 2770:Cúige Chonnacht 2753: 2741: 2485:County Donegal 2430:Gaeltacht Area 2425: 2411: 2349:Irish Americans 2285: 2277:Main articles: 2275: 2273:Outside Ireland 2253: 2186: 2180: 2167:"Economic Life" 2131: 2125: 2108: 2085: 2079: 2074: 1972:Contae Chiarraí 1922:An Cheathrú Rua 1862:Fíor-Ghaeltacht 1828:The Irish Times 1778: 1772: 1764:Michael Higgins 1548: 1543: 1537: 1528: 1522: 1519: 1498: 1492: 1404:Catholic Church 1389: 1377: 1366: 1360: 1344:Scottish Gaelic 1324: 1318: 1288:: examples are 1262: 1256: 1248:Primitive Irish 1236: 1234:Primitive Irish 1230: 1228:Primitive Irish 1221: 1210: 1204: 1201: 1158: 1156: 1146: 1134: 1123: 1117: 1106: 1092: 1088: 1064:Hiberno-English 1060: 1045:Gaeilge Mhanann 892: 845: 840: 708:Scottish Gaelic 677:Irish Americans 613: 587: 583: 559: 558: 550: 548: 547: 546: 545: 542: 535: 532: 525: 519: 494:Without proper 482: 466: 440: 424: 421: 408: 401: 391: 390: 383: 373: 372: 365: 352: 348: 342: 335:Official status 327: 322: 311: 306: 277:Leinster Irish 252: 245: 222:Primitive Irish 217: 210: 175: 172:Language family 170: 163: 161: 159: 154: 152: 150: 148: 146: 144: 137: 136:Native speakers 104: 98:Munster Irish: 97: 70: 49: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17167: 17157: 17156: 17151: 17146: 17141: 17136: 17131: 17126: 17121: 17116: 17111: 17109:Irish language 17094: 17093: 17079: 17076: 17075: 17072: 17071: 17068: 17067: 17065: 17064: 17059: 17054: 17045: 17036: 17027: 17022: 17017: 17012: 17007: 17002: 17000:Heritage Sites 16997: 16992: 16987: 16981: 16979: 16975: 16974: 16972: 16971: 16966: 16961: 16956: 16951: 16950: 16949: 16939: 16934: 16927: 16921: 16919: 16913: 16912: 16910: 16909: 16904: 16899: 16894: 16889: 16884: 16879: 16874: 16869: 16864: 16858: 16856: 16850: 16849: 16847: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16831: 16826: 16824:Irish diaspora 16821: 16816: 16815: 16814: 16812:Gaelic Ireland 16804: 16798: 16796: 16790: 16789: 16787: 16786: 16781: 16774: 16767: 16760: 16753: 16746: 16739: 16738: 16737: 16732: 16727: 16722: 16711: 16709: 16703: 16702: 16700: 16699: 16694: 16689: 16684: 16683: 16682: 16672: 16665: 16659: 16657: 16651: 16650: 16648: 16647: 16642: 16637: 16632: 16625: 16620: 16614: 16612: 16606: 16605: 16603: 16602: 16597: 16592: 16587: 16581: 16579: 16573: 16572: 16570: 16569: 16564: 16555: 16553:Rose of Tralee 16550: 16545: 16540: 16535: 16530: 16524: 16522: 16518: 16517: 16515: 16514: 16509: 16504: 16497: 16491: 16489: 16483: 16482: 16479: 16478: 16476: 16475: 16470: 16465: 16460: 16455: 16450: 16445: 16439: 16437: 16433: 16432: 16430: 16429: 16424: 16419: 16414: 16409: 16404: 16399: 16394: 16389: 16384: 16379: 16374: 16369: 16364: 16362:List of dishes 16358: 16356: 16349: 16339: 16338: 16326: 16325: 16322: 16321: 16318: 16317: 16315: 16314: 16309: 16304: 16303: 16302: 16292: 16287: 16282: 16281: 16280: 16278:D'Hondt method 16269: 16267: 16261: 16260: 16258: 16257: 16252: 16251: 16250: 16245: 16239:Seanad Éireann 16235: 16215: 16210: 16205: 16204: 16203: 16193: 16188: 16183: 16178: 16172: 16170: 16164: 16163: 16161: 16160: 16155: 16150: 16145: 16139: 16137: 16129: 16128: 16116: 16115: 16112: 16111: 16108: 16107: 16105: 16104: 16099: 16094: 16089: 16084: 16079: 16074: 16069: 16060: 16055: 16050: 16049: 16048: 16043: 16032: 16030: 16026: 16025: 16023: 16022: 16013: 16012: 16011: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15981: 15979:Extreme points 15976: 15971: 15969:Climate change 15966: 15960: 15958: 15950: 15949: 15937: 15936: 15933: 15932: 15929: 15928: 15926: 15925: 15920: 15915: 15910: 15905: 15900: 15894: 15892: 15888: 15887: 15885: 15884: 15879: 15874: 15869: 15864: 15859: 15854: 15849: 15844: 15839: 15834: 15829: 15824: 15819: 15814: 15809: 15804: 15799: 15794: 15789: 15787:1803 Rebellion 15784: 15779: 15777:1798 Rebellion 15774: 15769: 15764: 15762:Williamite War 15759: 15750: 15744:1641 Rebellion 15741: 15736: 15731: 15726: 15724:Spanish Armada 15721: 15716: 15714:Tudor conquest 15711: 15706: 15704:Bruce campaign 15701: 15696: 15682: 15680: 15676: 15675: 15673: 15672: 15667: 15662: 15661: 15660: 15650: 15649:(1921–present) 15644: 15639: 15637:Irish Republic 15634: 15633: 15632: 15622: 15621: 15620: 15615: 15605: 15604: 15603: 15598: 15596:800–1169 15587:Gaelic Ireland 15584: 15579: 15574: 15568: 15566: 15556: 15555: 15543: 15542: 15540: 15539: 15531: 15522: 15519: 15518: 15508: 15507: 15500: 15493: 15485: 15476: 15475: 15470: 15469: 15467: 15466: 15461: 15459:European Union 15455: 15453: 15452:Other entities 15449: 15448: 15446: 15445: 15440: 15435: 15430: 15425: 15420: 15415: 15409: 15407: 15406:other entities 15401: 15400: 15398: 15397: 15392: 15387: 15382: 15377: 15371: 15369: 15363: 15362: 15360: 15359: 15354: 15353: 15352: 15347: 15342: 15337: 15330:United Kingdom 15327: 15322: 15317: 15312: 15307: 15302: 15297: 15292: 15287: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15227: 15222: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15202: 15197: 15195: 15190: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15170: 15165: 15160: 15155: 15150: 15145: 15143:Czech Republic 15140: 15135: 15130: 15125: 15120: 15115: 15110: 15105: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15084: 15082: 15078: 15077: 15070: 15069: 15062: 15055: 15047: 15038: 15037: 15035: 15034: 15027: 15020: 15013: 15006: 14999: 14992: 14984: 14976: 14974: 14970: 14969: 14967: 14966: 14959: 14952: 14945: 14938: 14931: 14924: 14917: 14910: 14902: 14900: 14896: 14895: 14893: 14892: 14885: 14878: 14871: 14864: 14857: 14850: 14843: 14835: 14833: 14829: 14828: 14826: 14825: 14818: 14811: 14804: 14797: 14790: 14783: 14776: 14773:United Kingdom 14768: 14766: 14762: 14761: 14756: 14753: 14752: 14745: 14744: 14737: 14730: 14722: 14713: 14712: 14710: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14688: 14686: 14682: 14681: 14679: 14678: 14671: 14669:Northern Irish 14666: 14661: 14655: 14653: 14652:Sign languages 14649: 14648: 14646: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14628: 14621: 14616: 14609: 14604: 14598: 14596: 14592: 14591: 14589: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14577: 14576: 14566: 14565: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14537: 14532: 14527: 14517: 14511: 14509: 14505: 14504: 14497: 14496: 14489: 14482: 14474: 14465: 14464: 14462: 14461: 14450: 14448: 14447:Sign languages 14444: 14443: 14441: 14440: 14435: 14434: 14433: 14422: 14420: 14416: 14415: 14413: 14412: 14407: 14401: 14399: 14395: 14394: 14380: 14379: 14372: 14365: 14357: 14348: 14347: 14345: 14344: 14337: 14331: 14328: 14327: 14324: 14323: 14321: 14320: 14315: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14274: 14271: 14270: 14260: 14259: 14256: 14255: 14253: 14252: 14247: 14242: 14237: 14232: 14227: 14222: 14217: 14212: 14210:Gaelic warfare 14206: 14204: 14198: 14197: 14195: 14194: 14189: 14186:Cyfraith Hywel 14183: 14177: 14175: 14169: 14168: 14152: 14151: 14148: 14147: 14144: 14143: 14141: 14140: 14135: 14133:Deeside Gaelic 14130: 14124: 14122: 14115: 14114: 14112: 14111: 14106: 14104:Hispano-Celtic 14101: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14059:Proto-Goidelic 14056: 14051: 14045: 14043: 14034: 14028: 14027: 14025: 14024: 14019: 14014: 14008: 14006: 14000: 13999: 13997: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13980: 13978: 13972: 13971: 13969: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13952: 13950: 13944: 13943: 13931: 13930: 13927: 13926: 13924: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13911:Celtic society 13908: 13906:Celtic Revival 13903: 13898: 13892: 13890: 13884: 13883: 13881: 13880: 13874:United Ireland 13871: 13866: 13861: 13855: 13853: 13849: 13848: 13846: 13845: 13840: 13835: 13829: 13827: 13823: 13822: 13820: 13819: 13818: 13817: 13807: 13806: 13805: 13795: 13790: 13785: 13780: 13779: 13778: 13768: 13767: 13766: 13761: 13750: 13748: 13744: 13743: 13733: 13732: 13729: 13728: 13725: 13724: 13722: 13721: 13719:Welsh handball 13716: 13711: 13706: 13701: 13699:Highland games 13696: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13649: 13644: 13639: 13632: 13626: 13624: 13620: 13619: 13617: 13616: 13611: 13606: 13601: 13596: 13591: 13586: 13585: 13584: 13575: 13566: 13557: 13542: 13540: 13534: 13533: 13530: 13529: 13527: 13526: 13521: 13516: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13495: 13493: 13486: 13485: 13480: 13475: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13444: 13442: 13436: 13435: 13433: 13432: 13427: 13425:Gaelic culture 13421: 13419: 13415: 13414: 13412: 13411: 13406: 13404:Highland dress 13401: 13396: 13390: 13388: 13384: 13383: 13381: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13368:Pictish stones 13365: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13324: 13323: 13313: 13307: 13305: 13299: 13298: 13296: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13264: 13262: 13258: 13257: 13255: 13254: 13249: 13244: 13239: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13188: 13186: 13176: 13175: 13165: 13164: 13161: 13160: 13157: 13156: 13153: 13152: 13150: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13133: 13131: 13127: 13126: 13124: 13123: 13111: 13099: 13087: 13075: 13063: 13050: 13048: 13038: 13029: 13028: 13027: 13026: 13021: 13011: 13006: 13005: 13004: 12994: 12993: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12972: 12970:Celtic nations 12967: 12965:Celtic Revival 12961: 12958: 12957: 12945: 12944: 12941: 12940: 12938: 12937: 12932: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12827: 12821: 12819: 12815: 12814: 12812: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12780: 12778: 12774: 12773: 12771: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12733:Celtic Animism 12730: 12728:Celtic deities 12725: 12720: 12714: 12712: 12708: 12707: 12705: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12687:Cisalpine Gaul 12684: 12683: 12682: 12677: 12659: 12650: 12625: 12616: 12614:Gaelic Ireland 12610: 12608: 12604: 12603: 12591: 12590: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12577: 12575: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12512:Manx Americans 12509: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12487:Irish Chileans 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12452:English people 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12423: 12421: 12417: 12416: 12414: 12413: 12411:Welsh diaspora 12408: 12403: 12401:Irish diaspora 12398: 12392: 12390: 12386: 12385: 12383: 12382: 12381: 12380: 12379: 12378: 12367: 12362: 12361: 12360: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12328: 12326: 12320: 12319: 12317: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12255: 12253: 12241: 12240: 12228: 12227: 12208:Celtic studies 12200:Celtic nations 12198: 12195: 12194: 12183: 12182: 12175: 12168: 12160: 12151: 12150: 12141: 12138: 12137: 12135: 12134: 12129: 12124: 12118: 12112: 12106: 12099: 12097: 12093: 12092: 12090: 12089: 12083: 12077: 12071: 12065: 12059: 12056:Lower Brittany 12052: 12050: 12046: 12045: 12043: 12042: 12037: 12031: 12029: 12023: 12022: 12020: 12019: 12016:Paleo-Hispanic 12007: 11995: 11983: 11975: 11963: 11954: 11952: 11948: 11947: 11944: 11943: 11941: 11940: 11939: 11938: 11926: 11921: 11920: 11919: 11906: 11899: 11892: 11880: 11872: 11870: 11864: 11863: 11860: 11859: 11857: 11856: 11848: 11846: 11842: 11841: 11839: 11838: 11837: 11836: 11829: 11817: 11809: 11807: 11801: 11800: 11798: 11797: 11792: 11786: 11784: 11778: 11777: 11775: 11774: 11766: 11764: 11757: 11746: 11744:Insular Celtic 11740: 11739: 11737: 11736: 11729: 11722: 11721: 11720: 11713: 11703:Hispano-Celtic 11699: 11698: 11697: 11683: 11675: 11673: 11665: 11664: 11662: 11661: 11653: 11651: 11647: 11646: 11639: 11638: 11631: 11624: 11616: 11607: 11606: 11604: 11603: 11592: 11589: 11588: 11586: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11556: 11551: 11548:human genetics 11540: 11538: 11534: 11533: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11479:Culture Vannin 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11459: 11453: 11452: 11450: 11449: 11448: 11447: 11436: 11433: 11432: 11429: 11428: 11426: 11425: 11420: 11402: 11397: 11379: 11374: 11364: 11341: 11339: 11330: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11313: 11312: 11305:Royal families 11301: 11299: 11290: 11286: 11285: 11283: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11260: 11253: 11246: 11238: 11236: 11230: 11229: 11227: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11209:Highland games 11206: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11181: 11176: 11174:Insular script 11171: 11166: 11144: 11139: 11137:Gaelic kinship 11134: 11129: 11127:Gaelic warfare 11124: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11101: 11099: 11098:Gaelic culture 11095: 11094: 11092: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11079:Gaelic Revival 11076: 11071: 11069:Irish diaspora 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11039:1641 Rebellion 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11004:Irish kingdoms 11001: 10996: 10991: 10989:Gaelic Ireland 10985: 10983: 10979: 10978: 10971: 10970: 10963: 10956: 10948: 10939: 10938: 10936: 10935: 10924: 10921: 10920: 10918: 10917: 10912: 10906: 10904: 10900: 10899: 10897: 10896: 10887: 10881: 10879: 10878:Qualifications 10875: 10874: 10871: 10870: 10868: 10867: 10858: 10849: 10844: 10835: 10826: 10817: 10808: 10798: 10796: 10792: 10791: 10789: 10788: 10772: 10763: 10759:Raidió Na Life 10754: 10745: 10735: 10733: 10729: 10728: 10726: 10725: 10717: 10709: 10693: 10684: 10674: 10672: 10668: 10667: 10665: 10664: 10655: 10646: 10637: 10628: 10619: 10610: 10600: 10598: 10591: 10585: 10584: 10582: 10581: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10536: 10534: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10486: 10484: 10478: 10477: 10475: 10474: 10467: 10458: 10448: 10438: 10433: 10431:Leinster Irish 10428: 10423: 10418: 10416:Connacht Irish 10413: 10402: 10400: 10396: 10395: 10393: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10365:Proto-Goidelic 10362: 10360:Insular Celtic 10357: 10352: 10346: 10344: 10338: 10337: 10334:Irish language 10330: 10329: 10322: 10315: 10307: 10301: 10298: 10297: 10288: 10287: 10282: 10270: 10267: 10266: 10265: 10260: 10249: 10241: 10238: 10237: 10236: 10231: 10221: 10211: 10199: 10197:Discover Irish 10192: 10191:External links 10189: 10187: 10186: 10168: 10157: 10143: 10125: 10118: 10095: 10086: 10084:978-1846823404 10068: 10038:Cé Fada le Fán 10033: 10015: 9997: 9986: 9977: 9967: 9949: 9927: 9905: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9877: 9876: 9871:United Nations 9858: 9840: 9833: 9819:Doyle, Aidan; 9811: 9804: 9790:Doyle, Aidan; 9782: 9775: 9761:Doyle, Aidan; 9753: 9727: 9697: 9668: 9649: 9631: 9624: 9595: 9562: 9532: 9521:on 1 July 2016 9506: 9481: 9440: 9395: 9366: 9340: 9302: 9281: 9268: 9259: 9246: 9237: 9228: 9209: 9196: 9187: 9178: 9169: 9160: 9151: 9142: 9129: 9120: 9105: 9102:978-0268014278 9090:Leerssen, Joep 9081: 9070:. RTÉ Archives 9059: 9033: 9024: 9010: 8996: 8983: 8964: 8955: 8940: 8925: 8907: 8886: 8856: 8826: 8807: 8788: 8769: 8738: 8710: 8684: 8652: 8640:The Irish News 8626: 8594: 8568: 8550: 8524: 8498: 8470: 8453: 8427: 8410: 8384: 8358: 8332: 8312: 8301:. 22 July 2020 8286: 8268: 8242: 8217: 8208: 8188: 8156: 8124: 8104: 8079: 8046: 8033: 8020: 8007: 7988: 7969: 7964:Irish Examiner 7950: 7945:Independent.ie 7932: 7906: 7888: 7862: 7855: 7837: 7811: 7793: 7765: 7730: 7697: 7665: 7618: 7586: 7577: 7570: 7549: 7516: 7504: 7497: 7477: 7463: 7443: 7426: 7406: 7380: 7369:. London, UK: 7353: 7335: 7330:European Union 7317: 7288: 7260: 7229: 7210: 7207:. p. 227. 7182: 7175: 7161:Doyle, Aidan; 7153: 7146: 7117: 7110: 7092: 7071: 7053: 7022: 7005: 6984: 6956: 6938: 6904: 6881: 6866: 6848: 6820: 6808:The Irish News 6794: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6718: 6709: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6667: 6662: 6653: 6648: 6645:Medieval Latin 6638: 6633: 6627: 6622: 6617:Cumann Gaelach 6612: 6607: 6597: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6569: 6545: 6542: 6417: 6416: 6366: 6352: 6334:silent letters 6286: 6283: 6215:ponc séimhithe 6182:(síneadh) fada 6163:Vowels may be 6158:colloquialisms 6089:writing system 6073:Main article: 6070: 6067: 6020: 6019: 6010: 6001: 5978: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5961: 5960:"at the start" 5947: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5889: 5875: 5843:ponc séimhithe 5801:Main article: 5798: 5795: 5586: 5585: 5571: 5551: 5543: 5528: 5527: 5516: 5505: 5494: 5483: 5472: 5461: 5330:'he praises', 5285:"present" and 5142:with nouns in 4995: 4992: 4978: 4977: 4970: 4968: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4951: 4950: 4943: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4892: 4885: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4864: 4857: 4850: 4843: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4768: 4761: 4754: 4747: 4740: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4717: 4710: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4682: 4674: 4673: 4666: 4659: 4652: 4645: 4638: 4631: 4624: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4573: 4566: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4548: 4541: 4534: 4527: 4520: 4513: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4408:Main article: 4405: 4402: 4361:Main article: 4358: 4355: 4346:nuachainteoirí 4335:Gaelscoileanna 4318:Gaelic revival 4313: 4310: 4293: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4221:leithscéalaibh 4180:William Gerard 4175: 4172: 4163: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4144: 4141: 4079: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4019: 4013: 4008: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3979: 3976: 3972: 3971: 3968: 3944:(crooked) and 3868:Liffey estuary 3862: 3859: 3723:Main article: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3715: 3690: 3689:"at the door". 3649: 3624: 3611:"to/for the": 3605:"of the", and 3579: 3544: 3491: 3394: 3327:An Sean Phobal 3302:Corca Dhuibhne 3285:Oileán Chléire 3255:Contae Chorcaí 3242:Main article: 3239: 3236: 3112:respectively. 2873:Cois Fharraige 2825:Connacht Irish 2823:Main article: 2820: 2817: 2800:Cúige Laighean 2752: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2723: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2683: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2653: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2631: 2623: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2601: 2593: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2563: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2545:County Galway 2542: 2541: 2533: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2503: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2481: 2473: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2424: 2421: 2410: 2407: 2388:Celtic nations 2333:Gaelic revival 2274: 2271: 2252: 2249: 2243:An Dream Dearg 2224:. In the 2006 2182:Main article: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2161:"Dictionaries" 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2143: 2127:Main article: 2124: 2121: 2107: 2104: 2081:Main article: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2039: 2038: 2026: 2014: 2010:Contae Chorcaí 2002: 2001: 2000: 1988: 1984:Corca Dhuibhne 1964: 1955:County Donegal 1952: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1926: 1914: 1902: 1790:first language 1774:Main article: 1771: 1768: 1742:Gaelscoileanna 1628:Garda Síochána 1624:tax collectors 1620:postal workers 1594:Grafton Street 1547: 1544: 1539:Main article: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1523:September 2024 1510: 1508: 1496:Gaelic Revival 1494:Main article: 1491: 1490:Gaelic Revival 1488: 1450:Gaelic revival 1411: 1410: 1407: 1400: 1388: 1385: 1376: 1373: 1362:Main article: 1359: 1356: 1320:Main article: 1317: 1314: 1306:(Sunday, from 1294:(bishop) from 1270:Latin alphabet 1258:Main article: 1255: 1252: 1232:Main article: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1205:September 2024 1137: 1135: 1128: 1119:Main article: 1116: 1113: 1059: 1056: 1054:respectively. 871:form, spelled 844: 841: 839: 836: 808:status as the 806:constitutional 787:Latin alphabet 783:Irish alphabet 747:Western Europe 731:writing system 724:unique dialect 645:first language 627:branch of the 625:Insular Celtic 566:Standard Irish 549: 543: 533: 528: 527: 526: 517: 516: 515: 512: 511: 498:, you may see 484: 483: 480: 472: 471: 464: 458: 457: 452: 446: 445: 438: 430: 429: 422: 417: 414: 413: 406: 398: 397: 388: 380: 379: 370: 362: 361: 360:Language codes 357: 356: 354:European Union 343: 340: 337: 336: 332: 331: 326:(historically) 319:Irish alphabet 312: 308:Writing system 305: 302: 301: 300: 299: 294: 286: 281: 275: 273:Connacht Irish 268: 264: 263: 262:(written only) 253: 251:Standard forms 250: 247: 246: 244: 243: 242: 241: 240: 239: 220: 218: 215: 212: 211: 209: 208: 207: 206: 205: 204: 203: 202: 190:Insular Celtic 178: 176: 169: 166: 165: 138: 135: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 116: 112: 111: 105:Ulster Irish: 89: 85: 84: 76:Standard Irish 72: 71: 69: 68: 65: 61: 58: 57: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17166: 17155: 17152: 17150: 17147: 17145: 17142: 17140: 17137: 17135: 17132: 17130: 17127: 17125: 17122: 17120: 17117: 17115: 17112: 17110: 17107: 17106: 17104: 17091: 17090: 17077: 17063: 17060: 17058: 17057:Public houses 17055: 17053: 17049: 17046: 17044: 17040: 17037: 17035: 17031: 17028: 17026: 17023: 17021: 17018: 17016: 17013: 17011: 17008: 17006: 17003: 17001: 16998: 16996: 16993: 16991: 16988: 16986: 16983: 16982: 16980: 16976: 16970: 16967: 16965: 16962: 16960: 16957: 16955: 16952: 16948: 16945: 16944: 16943: 16940: 16938: 16935: 16933: 16932: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16922: 16920: 16918: 16914: 16908: 16905: 16903: 16900: 16898: 16895: 16893: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16883: 16880: 16878: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16865: 16863: 16860: 16859: 16857: 16855: 16851: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16825: 16822: 16820: 16817: 16813: 16810: 16809: 16808: 16805: 16803: 16800: 16799: 16797: 16795: 16791: 16785: 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15659: 15656: 15655: 15654: 15651: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15638: 15635: 15631: 15628: 15627: 15626: 15623: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15611: 15610: 15609: 15606: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15593: 15592: 15588: 15585: 15583: 15582:Early history 15580: 15578: 15575: 15573: 15570: 15569: 15567: 15565: 15561: 15557: 15553: 15548: 15544: 15538: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15524: 15523: 15520: 15516: 15513: 15506: 15501: 15499: 15494: 15492: 15487: 15486: 15483: 15465: 15462: 15460: 15457: 15456: 15454: 15450: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15434: 15431: 15429: 15426: 15424: 15421: 15419: 15418:Faroe Islands 15416: 15414: 15411: 15410: 15408: 15402: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15390:South Ossetia 15388: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15372: 15370: 15364: 15358: 15355: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15332: 15331: 15328: 15326: 15323: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15215:Liechtenstein 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15149: 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15106: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15085: 15083: 15079: 15075: 15068: 15063: 15061: 15056: 15054: 15049: 15048: 15045: 15032: 15028: 15025: 15021: 15018: 15014: 15011: 15007: 15004: 15000: 14997: 14993: 14989: 14985: 14982: 14978: 14977: 14975: 14971: 14964: 14960: 14957: 14953: 14950: 14946: 14943: 14939: 14936: 14932: 14929: 14925: 14922: 14918: 14915: 14911: 14908: 14904: 14903: 14901: 14897: 14890: 14886: 14883: 14879: 14876: 14872: 14869: 14865: 14862: 14858: 14855: 14851: 14848: 14844: 14841: 14837: 14836: 14834: 14832:Member bodies 14830: 14823: 14819: 14816: 14812: 14809: 14805: 14802: 14798: 14795: 14791: 14788: 14784: 14781: 14777: 14774: 14770: 14769: 14767: 14763: 14759: 14754: 14750: 14743: 14738: 14736: 14731: 14729: 14724: 14723: 14720: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14689: 14687: 14683: 14677: 14676: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14656: 14654: 14650: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14638:Scottish Cant 14636: 14634: 14633: 14629: 14627: 14626: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14614: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14599: 14597: 14593: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14575: 14572: 14571: 14570: 14567: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14547: 14543: 14542: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14525: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14513: 14512: 14510: 14506: 14502: 14495: 14490: 14488: 14483: 14481: 14476: 14475: 14472: 14459: 14455: 14452: 14451: 14449: 14445: 14439: 14436: 14432: 14429: 14428: 14427: 14424: 14423: 14421: 14417: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14402: 14400: 14396: 14392: 14387: 14378: 14373: 14371: 14366: 14364: 14359: 14358: 14355: 14342: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14332: 14329: 14319: 14318:– in Portugal 14316: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14306: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14298:– in Galician 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14275: 14272: 14265: 14261: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14223: 14221: 14218: 14216: 14213: 14211: 14208: 14207: 14205: 14203: 14199: 14193: 14190: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14178: 14176: 14174: 14170: 14166: 14162: 14157: 14153: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14116: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14046: 14044: 14042: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14029: 14023: 14020: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14010: 14009: 14007: 14005: 14001: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13981: 13979: 13977: 13973: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13953: 13951: 13949: 13945: 13941: 13936: 13932: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13896:Celtic League 13894: 13893: 13891: 13889: 13888:Pan-Celticism 13885: 13879: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13856: 13854: 13850: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13830: 13828: 13824: 13816: 13813: 13812: 13811: 13808: 13804: 13801: 13800: 13799: 13796: 13794: 13791: 13789: 13786: 13784: 13781: 13777: 13774: 13773: 13772: 13769: 13765: 13764:reunification 13762: 13760: 13757: 13756: 13755: 13752: 13751: 13749: 13745: 13738: 13734: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13679: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13654: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13640: 13638: 13637: 13633: 13631: 13628: 13627: 13625: 13621: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13600: 13597: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13583: 13579: 13576: 13574: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13552: 13549: 13548: 13547: 13544: 13543: 13541: 13539: 13535: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13496: 13494: 13490: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13445: 13443: 13441: 13437: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13422: 13420: 13416: 13410: 13407: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13397: 13395: 13392: 13391: 13389: 13385: 13379: 13378:Triple spiral 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13322: 13319: 13318: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13308: 13306: 13304: 13300: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13265: 13263: 13259: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13197:Bardic Poetry 13195: 13193: 13190: 13189: 13187: 13185: 13181: 13177: 13170: 13166: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13134: 13132: 13128: 13120: 13115: 13112: 13108: 13103: 13100: 13096: 13091: 13088: 13084: 13079: 13076: 13072: 13067: 13064: 13060: 13055: 13052: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13045:Celtic League 13042: 13039: 13037: 13033: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13016: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13007: 13003: 13000: 12999: 12998: 12995: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12985:Celtic League 12983: 12981: 12978: 12977: 12976: 12975:Pan-Celticism 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12962: 12959: 12955: 12950: 12946: 12936: 12933: 12930: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12875:Gaelicisation 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12850:Celticisation 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12822: 12820: 12816: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12781: 12779: 12775: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12715: 12713: 12709: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12672: 12668: 12665: 12664: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12654: 12653:Iron Age Gaul 12651: 12649: 12645: 12641: 12637: 12636:Roman Britain 12633: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12611: 12609: 12605: 12601: 12596: 12592: 12587: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12492:Irish Mexican 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12424: 12422: 12418: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12393: 12391: 12387: 12377: 12373: 12372: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12359: 12355: 12354: 12353: 12350: 12349: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12329: 12327: 12325: 12321: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12246: 12242: 12238: 12233: 12229: 12225: 12221: 12217: 12216:Celtic tribes 12213: 12209: 12205: 12201: 12196: 12192: 12188: 12181: 12176: 12174: 12169: 12167: 12162: 12161: 12158: 12148: 12144: 12139: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12122: 12119: 12116: 12113: 12110: 12107: 12104: 12101: 12100: 12098: 12094: 12087: 12086:Y Fro Gymraeg 12084: 12081: 12080:Gàidhealtachd 12078: 12075: 12072: 12069: 12066: 12063: 12060: 12057: 12054: 12053: 12051: 12047: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12032: 12030: 12028: 12024: 12017: 12013: 12012: 12008: 12005: 12001: 12000: 11996: 11993: 11989: 11988: 11984: 11981: 11980: 11976: 11973: 11969: 11968: 11964: 11961: 11960: 11956: 11955: 11953: 11949: 11937: 11936: 11932: 11931: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11918: 11917: 11912: 11911: 11907: 11905: 11904: 11900: 11898: 11897: 11893: 11891: 11890: 11886: 11885: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11878: 11874: 11873: 11871: 11869: 11865: 11855: 11854: 11850: 11849: 11847: 11843: 11835: 11834: 11830: 11828: 11827: 11823: 11822: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11815: 11811: 11810: 11808: 11806: 11802: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11787: 11785: 11783: 11779: 11773: 11772: 11768: 11767: 11765: 11763:Reconstructed 11761: 11758: 11754: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11741: 11735: 11734: 11730: 11728: 11727: 11723: 11719: 11718: 11714: 11712: 11711: 11707: 11706: 11705: 11704: 11700: 11696: 11695: 11691: 11690: 11689: 11688: 11684: 11682: 11681: 11677: 11676: 11674: 11672: 11671: 11666: 11660: 11659: 11655: 11654: 11652: 11650:Reconstructed 11648: 11644: 11637: 11632: 11630: 11625: 11623: 11618: 11617: 11614: 11602: 11594: 11593: 11590: 11584: 11583:Gaelicisation 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11568: 11564: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11549: 11545: 11542: 11541: 11539: 11535: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11458:organisations 11454: 11446: 11443: 11442: 11441: 11438: 11437: 11424: 11421: 11418: 11414: 11410: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11395: 11391: 11387: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11372: 11368: 11365: 11362: 11358: 11354: 11350: 11346: 11343: 11342: 11340: 11338: 11334: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11311: 11308: 11307: 11306: 11303: 11302: 11300: 11298: 11294: 11291: 11287: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11265: 11261: 11259: 11258: 11254: 11252: 11251: 11247: 11245: 11244: 11240: 11239: 11237: 11235: 11231: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11167: 11164: 11160: 11156: 11152: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11142:Bardic poetry 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11122: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11102: 11100: 11096: 11090: 11089:Gàidhealtachd 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10986: 10984: 10980: 10976: 10969: 10964: 10962: 10957: 10955: 10950: 10949: 10946: 10934: 10926: 10925: 10922: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10907: 10905: 10901: 10894: 10893: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10882: 10880: 10876: 10864: 10863:Glór na nGael 10859: 10855: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10841: 10836: 10832: 10827: 10823: 10818: 10814: 10809: 10805: 10800: 10799: 10797: 10793: 10784: 10783: 10776: 10773: 10769: 10768:Raidió Fáilte 10764: 10760: 10755: 10751: 10746: 10742: 10737: 10736: 10734: 10730: 10721: 10718: 10713: 10710: 10705: 10704: 10697: 10694: 10690: 10685: 10681: 10676: 10675: 10673: 10669: 10662: 10661: 10656: 10653: 10652: 10647: 10644: 10643: 10638: 10635: 10634: 10629: 10626: 10625: 10620: 10617: 10616: 10611: 10608: 10607: 10602: 10601: 10599: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10586: 10579: 10578: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10531: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10494: 10493: 10488: 10487: 10485: 10483: 10479: 10473: 10472: 10468: 10465: 10464: 10459: 10456: 10452: 10449: 10446: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10421:Munster Irish 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10410: 10404: 10403: 10401: 10397: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10347: 10345: 10343: 10339: 10335: 10328: 10323: 10321: 10316: 10314: 10309: 10308: 10305: 10299: 10292: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10273: 10272: 10264: 10261: 10258: 10255: 10250: 10247: 10244: 10243: 10235: 10232: 10229: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10212: 10210: 10209: 10204: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10194: 10185: 10184:0-901519-90-1 10181: 10177: 10175: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10158: 10156: 10155:9783745066500 10152: 10148: 10144: 10142: 10141:1-85359-929-8 10138: 10134: 10130: 10126: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10110: 10108: 10101: 10096: 10093: 10092: 10087: 10085: 10081: 10077: 10073: 10069: 10057: 10053: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10032: 10028: 10024: 10020: 10016: 10014: 10010: 10006: 10002: 9998: 9995: 9991: 9988:Garvin, Tom, 9987: 9984: 9983: 9978: 9975: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9947: 9943: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9928: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9906: 9903: 9902:0-19-818734-3 9899: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9886: 9872: 9868: 9862: 9854: 9850: 9844: 9836: 9834:83-7363-275-1 9830: 9826: 9822: 9815: 9807: 9805:83-7363-275-1 9801: 9797: 9793: 9786: 9778: 9776:83-7363-275-1 9772: 9768: 9764: 9757: 9742:. 8 July 2021 9741: 9737: 9731: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9701: 9693: 9687: 9679: 9675: 9671: 9669:1-85791-327-2 9665: 9661: 9660: 9653: 9645: 9641: 9635: 9627: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9599: 9580: 9572: 9566: 9550: 9547:. June 2005. 9546: 9542: 9536: 9520: 9516: 9510: 9495: 9491: 9485: 9477: 9471: 9455: 9451: 9444: 9436: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9399: 9383: 9382: 9377: 9370: 9351: 9344: 9328: 9324: 9323: 9318: 9311: 9309: 9307: 9291: 9285: 9278: 9272: 9263: 9256: 9250: 9241: 9232: 9225: 9224: 9219: 9213: 9206: 9200: 9191: 9182: 9173: 9164: 9155: 9146: 9139: 9133: 9124: 9117: 9116: 9109: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9091: 9085: 9069: 9063: 9047: 9043: 9037: 9028: 9020: 9014: 9005: 9003: 9001: 8993: 8987: 8979: 8977: 8968: 8959: 8951: 8944: 8936: 8929: 8921: 8917: 8911: 8903: 8896: 8890: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8860: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8830: 8823: 8818: 8811: 8803: 8799: 8792: 8784: 8780: 8773: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8742: 8727: 8726: 8725:TheJournal.ie 8721: 8714: 8698: 8694: 8688: 8672: 8668: 8667: 8662: 8656: 8641: 8637: 8630: 8614: 8610: 8609: 8604: 8598: 8582: 8578: 8572: 8564: 8560: 8554: 8538: 8534: 8528: 8512: 8508: 8502: 8487: 8486: 8481: 8474: 8467:. p. 11. 8466: 8465: 8457: 8441: 8437: 8431: 8423: 8422: 8414: 8398: 8394: 8388: 8373:. 3 July 2015 8372: 8368: 8362: 8346: 8342: 8336: 8325: 8324: 8316: 8300: 8296: 8290: 8282: 8275: 8273: 8256: 8252: 8246: 8231: 8227: 8221: 8212: 8204: 8203: 8195: 8193: 8176: 8172: 8171: 8166: 8160: 8144: 8140: 8139: 8134: 8128: 8122: 8118: 8115: 8108: 8093: 8089: 8083: 8067: 8063: 8062: 8057: 8050: 8043: 8037: 8030: 8024: 8017: 8011: 8003: 7999: 7992: 7986: 7982: 7979: 7973: 7965: 7961: 7954: 7946: 7942: 7936: 7921: 7917: 7910: 7902: 7898: 7892: 7876: 7872: 7866: 7858: 7856:0-415-01035-7 7852: 7848: 7841: 7825: 7821: 7815: 7807: 7803: 7797: 7781: 7780: 7775: 7769: 7753: 7749: 7748: 7743: 7737: 7735: 7718: 7714: 7713: 7708: 7701: 7685: 7681: 7680: 7675: 7669: 7661: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7634: 7629: 7622: 7606: 7602: 7601: 7596: 7590: 7581: 7573: 7567: 7563: 7562: 7553: 7537: 7533: 7532: 7527: 7520: 7514:Ó Gráda 2013. 7511: 7509: 7500: 7494: 7490: 7489: 7481: 7466: 7460: 7456: 7455: 7447: 7440: 7429: 7423: 7419: 7418: 7410: 7395: 7391: 7384: 7377: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7357: 7349: 7345: 7339: 7331: 7327: 7321: 7312: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7292: 7285: 7274: 7270: 7264: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7233: 7225: 7221: 7214: 7206: 7202: 7201: 7196: 7192: 7191:Dillon, Myles 7186: 7178: 7176:83-7363-275-1 7172: 7168: 7164: 7157: 7149: 7147:1-870166-00-0 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7121: 7113: 7107: 7103: 7096: 7088: 7084: 7078: 7076: 7067: 7063: 7057: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7015: 7009: 7001: 6997: 6991: 6989: 6981: 6970: 6966: 6960: 6952: 6948: 6942: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6900: 6896: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6877: 6870: 6862: 6855: 6853: 6845: 6834: 6830: 6824: 6809: 6805: 6798: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6768: 6766: 6761: 6742: 6738: 6732: 6728: 6716: 6715: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6642: 6641:Hiberno-Latin 6639: 6637: 6634: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6619: 6618: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6604: 6603: 6602:Buntús Cainte 6598: 6594: 6593: 6588: 6587: 6573: 6570: 6567: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6541: 6538: 6532: 6526: 6520: 6514: 6510:; pre-reform 6504: 6498: 6494:; pre-reform 6488: 6482: 6467: 6461: 6455: 6446: 6437: 6428: 6422: 6413: 6407: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6343: 6342:beirbhiughadh 6339: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6330: 6329: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6301: 6296: 6292: 6282: 6279: 6273: 6268: 6264: 6259: 6253: 6234: 6225: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6170: 6166: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6147: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6081: 6076: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6016: 6011: 6007: 6003:their shoe – 6002: 5998: 5993: 5992: 5991: 5988: 5983: 5972: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5938: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5918: 5912: 5906: 5900: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5856: 5855: 5850:by adding an 5849: 5844: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5804: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5783: 5780: 5775: 5772: 5767: 5764: 5759: 5756: 5751: 5748: 5743: 5740: 5735: 5732: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5708: 5702: 5696: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5680: 5674: 5668: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5603: 5597: 5595: 5589: 5582: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5522: 5517: 5511: 5506: 5500: 5495: 5489: 5484: 5478: 5473: 5467: 5462: 5459: 5455: 5448: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5438: 5432: 5426: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5397: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5366:interrogative 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5346:passive voice 5342: 5334: 5328: 5322: 5318:'we praise', 5316: 5310: 5305: 5301: 5296: 5294: 5289: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5260:forms. Verbs 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5224:; 2 numbers: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5179:prepositional 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5160:Demonstrative 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5113:prepositional 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 5000:Irish grammar 4991: 4988:/iə,uə,əi,əu/ 4986:of Irish are 4985: 4975: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4941: 4937: 4934: 4930: 4927: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4899: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4883: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4870: 4865: 4863: 4858: 4856: 4851: 4849: 4844: 4842: 4837: 4836: 4833: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4817: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4752: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4738: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4718: 4715: 4711: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4664: 4660: 4657: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4643: 4639: 4636: 4632: 4629: 4625: 4622: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4588: 4585: 4581: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4549: 4546: 4542: 4539: 4535: 4532: 4528: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4390: 4384: 4379: 4376: 4371: 4364: 4354: 4350: 4347: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4319: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4289: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4270:Fynes Moryson 4267: 4262: 4260: 4259:County Dublin 4256: 4250: 4248: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4231: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4191: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4171: 4169: 4161:Westmeath 17% 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4149: 4140: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4088: 4084: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4056:Myle hewryht. 4054: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3955: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3926:(monastery), 3924: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3858: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3744:Gaoth Dobhair 3740: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3712: 3703: 3694: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3650: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3625: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3580: 3577: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3500: 3499:diphthongised 3492: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3339: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3303: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3245: 3244:Munster Irish 3235: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3205:(difficult), 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3157: 3151: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3024:Joyce Country 3020: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2951: 2948: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2898: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2874: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2848: 2842: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2758: 2748: 2740: 2735: 2732: 2724: 2722: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2684: 2663: 2654: 2635:County Meath 2633: 2624: 2603: 2594: 2575:County Kerry 2573: 2564: 2543: 2534: 2513: 2504: 2483: 2474: 2453: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2428: 2419: 2414: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2356:Celtic League 2352: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2334: 2329: 2328: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2293:Great Britain 2291:, chiefly to 2290: 2284: 2280: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2260: 2258: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2175: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2130: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2103: 2101: 2100: 2089: 2084: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2064: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2047:Gaoth Dobhair 2043: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2003: 1997: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1973: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1941: 1935: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1915: 1911: 1910:Oileáin Árann 1906: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1887: 1882: 1881:County Galway 1879: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1830: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1814: 1807: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1782: 1777: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1743: 1736: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1723:Manchán Magan 1719: 1713: 1712:County Galway 1709: 1704: 1700: 1698: 1693: 1692: 1685: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1659: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1636: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1610:in 1922 (see 1609: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1566: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1542: 1526: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1487: 1485: 1480: 1478: 1477:Bishop Bedell 1472: 1466: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1451: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1431:United States 1428: 1424: 1415: 1408: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1394: 1384: 1382: 1372: 1370: 1365: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1348:Manx language 1345: 1341: 1337: 1334:and parts of 1333: 1329: 1323: 1313: 1310: 1304: 1298: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1261: 1251: 1249: 1244: 1243: 1235: 1219: 1216: 1208: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1166: – 1165: 1161: 1160:Find sources: 1154: 1150: 1144: 1143: 1138:This section 1136: 1132: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1112: 1110: 1109: 1101: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1070:, as well as 1069: 1065: 1055: 1052: 1046: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1008:, as well as 1007: 1002: 998: 996: 990: 988: 982: 977: 973: 971: 965: 963: 957: 955: 948: 944: 942: 936: 932: 930: 926: 921: 916: 910: 905: 899: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 866: 864: 858: 853: 852: 835: 832: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 802: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 775: 774: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 727: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 706:gave rise to 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 684:Irish history 680: 678: 674: 670: 666: 660: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 617: 608: 581: 577: 572: 567: 563: 557: 555: 531: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 491: 485: 478: 473: 469: 465: 463: 459: 456: 453: 451: 447: 443: 439: 437: 436: 431: 427: 423: 420: 419:Linguist List 415: 411: 407: 404: 399: 394: 389: 386: 381: 376: 371: 368: 363: 358: 355: 351: 347: 344: 338: 333: 330: 329:Irish Braille 325: 320: 316: 313: 309: 303: 298: 295: 290: 287: 285: 284:Munster Irish 282: 276: 274: 271: 270: 269: 265: 259: 254: 248: 238: 235: 234: 233: 230: 229: 228: 225: 224: 223: 219: 213: 201: 198: 197: 196: 193: 192: 191: 188: 187: 186: 183: 182: 181: 180:Indo-European 177: 173: 167: 157: 142: 139: 133: 130: 127: 123: 120: 117: 113: 109: 102: 95: 90: 88:Pronunciation 86: 82: 77: 73: 66: 63: 62: 59: 54: 51: 47: 40: 33: 19: 17080: 17050: / 17041: / 17032: / 17010:Homelessness 16929: 16897:Road bowling 16892:Martial arts 16839:Ulster Scots 16776: 16769: 16762: 16755: 16748: 16741: 16720:Mythological 16667: 16627: 16600:Ulster Scots 16589: 16560: / 16499: 16427:Three-in-One 16238: 16229:Dáil Éireann 16228: 16218: 16176:Constitution 16065: / 16036:Architecture 16018: / 15891:Other topics 15872:Celtic Tiger 15857:The Troubles 15755: / 15746: / 15692: / 15688: / 15589: / 15577:Protohistory 15395:Transnistria 15357:Vatican City 14990:(of Ireland) 14673: 14630: 14623: 14611: 14574:Ulster Scots 14544: 14529: 14523: 14431:Ulster Scots 14404: 14335:Celts portal 14293:– in Spanish 14128:Arran Gaelic 14049:Proto-Celtic 14017:Bungi Creole 13983: 13916:Celtic unity 13852:Independence 13651: 13634: 13458:Gaelic music 13394:Celtic Dress 13343:High crosses 13333:Celtic cross 13311:Bell shrines 13242:Irish annals 13024:Neo-Druidism 13019:Celtic Wicca 12990:Celtic union 12954:Modern Celts 12845:Celtic women 12748:Celtic Rites 12697:Transylvania 12557:Ulster Scots 12427:Anglo-Celtic 12274:Celtiberians 12219: 12211: 12203: 12191:modern Celts 12142: 12014:? (possibly 12009: 12002:? (possibly 11997: 11990:? (possibly 11985: 11977: 11965: 11957: 11933: 11914: 11908: 11903:Middle Irish 11901: 11894: 11887: 11882: 11875: 11851: 11833:Middle Welsh 11831: 11824: 11812: 11769: 11731: 11724: 11715: 11708: 11701: 11692: 11685: 11678: 11668: 11658:Proto-Celtic 11656: 11567:Clan MacLeod 11509:ULTACH Trust 11390:Corcu Loígde 11269: 11262: 11257:Middle Irish 11255: 11248: 11241: 11204:Gaelic games 11155:Modern Irish 11119: 11064:Great Hunger 10750:Raidió Rí-Rá 10570:Lexicography 10469: 10436:Ulster Irish 10390:Modern Irish 10380:Middle Irish 10355:Proto-Celtic 10333: 10277:Teanglann.ie 10269:Dictionaries 10206: 10171: 10160: 10146: 10132: 10128: 10121: 10104: 10089: 10071: 10062:23 September 10060:. Retrieved 10051: 10042: 10018: 10000: 9989: 9980: 9973: 9970:Doyle, Aidan 9952: 9933: 9911: 9889: 9882:Bibliography 9861: 9843: 9824: 9814: 9795: 9785: 9766: 9756: 9744:. Retrieved 9739: 9730: 9718:. Retrieved 9714:the original 9709: 9700: 9658: 9652: 9643: 9634: 9607: 9598: 9586:. Retrieved 9565: 9553:. Retrieved 9535: 9523:. Retrieved 9519:the original 9509: 9497:. Retrieved 9493: 9484: 9458:. Retrieved 9453: 9443: 9411:(1): 38–53. 9408: 9404: 9398: 9386:. Retrieved 9379: 9369: 9357:. Retrieved 9343: 9331:. Retrieved 9320: 9293:. Retrieved 9284: 9276: 9271: 9262: 9254: 9249: 9240: 9231: 9222: 9212: 9204: 9199: 9194:McCabe, p.31 9190: 9181: 9172: 9163: 9154: 9145: 9137: 9132: 9123: 9114: 9108: 9093: 9084: 9072:. Retrieved 9062: 9050:. Retrieved 9036: 9027: 9013: 8991: 8986: 8975: 8967: 8958: 8949: 8943: 8934: 8928: 8910: 8901: 8889: 8879:20 September 8877:. Retrieved 8868: 8859: 8847:. Retrieved 8838: 8829: 8820: 8816: 8815:"7. Irish". 8810: 8801: 8791: 8782: 8772: 8760:. Retrieved 8754:(in Irish). 8751: 8741: 8729:. Retrieved 8723: 8713: 8701:. Retrieved 8697:the original 8687: 8675:. Retrieved 8664: 8655: 8643:. Retrieved 8639: 8629: 8617:. Retrieved 8606: 8597: 8585:. 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Retrieved 7529: 7519: 7487: 7480: 7470:26 September 7468:. Retrieved 7453: 7446: 7438: 7433:26 September 7431:. Retrieved 7416: 7409: 7397:. Retrieved 7393: 7383: 7374: 7366: 7362: 7356: 7347: 7338: 7320: 7301: 7297: 7291: 7283: 7276:. Retrieved 7272: 7263: 7250:. Retrieved 7241: 7232: 7223: 7219: 7213: 7199: 7185: 7166: 7156: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7120: 7101: 7095: 7086: 7066:nisra.gov.uk 7065: 7056: 7044:. Retrieved 7039: 7008: 6999: 6979: 6972:. Retrieved 6968: 6959: 6950: 6941: 6929:. Retrieved 6921: 6898: 6875: 6869: 6860: 6843: 6836:. Retrieved 6832: 6823: 6811:. Retrieved 6807: 6797: 6785:. Retrieved 6781:the original 6731: 6571: 6559: 6548: 6547: 6483: 6421:An Caighdeán 6418: 6382:Gaedhealaing 6288: 6254: 6222:to indicate 6207: 6175:; Irish and 6169:acute accent 6162: 6154:onomatopoeic 6117: 6097:Latin script 6086: 6063:assimilation 6021: 5979: 5946:"our Father" 5930:nasalisation 5885:easpa an ghá 5806: 5792: 5784: 5782:"20 and 15" 5776: 5768: 5760: 5752: 5744: 5736: 5734:"15 and 20" 5728: 5725: 5711: 5697: 5683: 5669: 5655: 5634: 5620: 5613:; decimal – 5606: 5598: 5590: 5587: 5570:"Two women". 5550:"Two books." 5529: 5520: 5509: 5498: 5487: 5476: 5465: 5457: 5453: 5446: 5427: 5396:Prepositions 5394: 5360:marking the 5343: 5312:'I praise', 5297: 5274: 5222:imperfective 5191: 5042: 5015: 5012:Irish syntax 4981: 4413: 4396:Dáil Éireann 4389:An Caighdeán 4380: 4374: 4370:Foclóir Póca 4366: 4351: 4341: 4330: 4315: 4294: 4286: 4263: 4254: 4251: 4244: 4232: 4227:leithscéalta 4192: 4177: 4164: 4158:Longford 22% 4152:Kilkenny 57% 4146: 4137: 4092: 4067: 4055: 4038: 4026: 4010: 3998: 3987:Kanys stato? 3986: 3983:How are you? 3958: 3956: 3880: 3876:Boyne valley 3864: 3770: 3759: 3732: 3728: 3725:Ulster Irish 3686:ag an ndoras 3651:Eclipsis of 3626:Eclipsis of 3599:) "in the", 3493:When before 3487:ní bhfaighim 3475:ní bhfaighim 3354:caithfidh mé 3336: 3247: 3228:Douglas Hyde 3225: 3114: 3028:Lough Corrib 3021: 2952: 2899: 2852: 2844:) and Mayo ( 2836:Aran Islands 2828: 2809:Newfoundland 2807:and others. 2780:Cúige Mumhan 2762: 2754: 2746: 2738: 2730: 2720: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2605:County Mayo 2515:Galway City 2455:County Cork 2416: 2412: 2392: 2353: 2345: 2321: 2286: 2268: 2261: 2254: 2238: 2234:royal assent 2199: 2194:Ulster Scots 2173: 2146: 2132: 2115: 2111: 2109: 2097: 2094: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2040: 2034:Contae na Mí 2029:County Meath 1996:Uibh Rathach 1967:County Kerry 1905:Aran Islands 1873: 1871: 1866: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1826: 1818: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1793: 1787: 1753: 1749: 1737: 1730: 1720: 1716: 1682: 1663: 1639: 1632: 1618:, including 1605: 1602: 1578: 1571:Douglas Hyde 1560: 1549: 1520: 1516:adding to it 1511: 1481: 1462: 1447: 1443: 1439:Great Famine 1420: 1390: 1378: 1375:Modern Irish 1367: 1340:Ulster Cycle 1328:Middle Irish 1325: 1322:Middle Irish 1316:Middle Irish 1284:, including 1263: 1237: 1211: 1202: 1192: 1185: 1178: 1171: 1159: 1147:Please help 1142:verification 1139: 1083: 1080:Irish Gaelic 1079: 1076:Irish Gaelic 1075: 1071: 1067: 1061: 1022: 1012:Gaedhealaing 1009: 992: 984: 979:in Mayo and 967: 959: 951: 938: 933: 860: 846: 803: 779:standardised 759:Ulster Irish 739:Latin script 728: 720:Newfoundland 704:Middle Irish 688:Irish people 681: 661: 579: 576:Irish Gaelic 575: 561: 560: 551: 530:Spoken Irish 487: 462:Linguasphere 433: 297:Ulster Irish 289:Newfoundland 232:Middle Irish 199: 129:Irish people 64:Irish Gaelic 50: 17030:Place names 16907:Rugby union 16802:Anglo-Irish 16687:Instruments 16543:The Twelfth 16507:Set dancing 16307:LGBT rights 16213:LGBT rights 16143:Nationalism 15709:Black Death 15433:Isle of Man 15368:recognition 15315:Switzerland 15250:Netherlands 14921:Environment 14794:Isle of Man 14675:Old Kentish 14602:Angloromani 14552:Guernésiais 14250:Trimarcisia 14235:Gallóglaigh 14064:Celtiberian 13788:Isle of Man 13747:Nationalism 13636:Bataireacht 13555:Calan Gaeaf 13514:Isle of Man 13358:Leaf-crowns 13348:Insular art 13321:Dragonesque 13283:Isle of Man 13137:Nova Scotia 13090:Isle of Man 13014:Neopaganism 12758:Monasticism 12269:Caledonians 11756:(Brythonic) 11710:Celtiberian 11559:Norse–Gaels 11409:Dál nAraidi 11394:Dál Fiatach 11367:Dalcassians 11357:Clan Donald 11169:Gaelic type 11151:Early Irish 10804:Tuairisc.ie 10633:Tuairisc.ie 10550:Gaelic type 10540:Orthography 10509:Conjugation 10409:Gaeilgeoirí 10246:Learn Irish 9746:31 December 9740:independent 9588:26 February 9454:Tuairisc.ie 9333:16 February 8645:18 February 8559:"GPPAC.net" 8517:19 February 8491:10 December 8446:10 December 8403:10 December 8399:. July 2019 8377:10 December 8351:10 December 8305:10 December 8261:15 December 8235:15 December 8097:15 December 8072:17 December 7830:11 February 7786:6 September 7723:6 September 7690:19 February 7278:22 December 7252:19 February 7046:17 February 6931:22 December 6544:Sample text 6442:"bed", and 6440:/ˈl̠ʲabˠəj/ 6310:standardise 6298: [ 6278:ġeoḃaiḋ siḃ 6220:orthography 6187:long vowels 6109:Gaelic type 6069:Orthography 6018:(unchanged) 6012:her shoe – 5994:his shoe – 5974:"in Galway" 5971:i nGaillimh 5968:"Galway" – 5940:"Father" – 5862:"throw!" – 5834:Gaelic type 5790:"30 and 5" 5750:"15 on 20" 5742:"5 and 30" 5715:cúig fichid 5564:"Two men", 5561:beirt fhear 5547:dhá leabhar 5378:verbal noun 5370:subjunctive 5354:resultative 5333:molann sibh 5254:independent 5246:conditional 5242:subjunctive 5177:forms. The 5132:cuspóireach 5122:tabharthach 5016:Irish is a 4432:palatalised 4266:Old English 4184:Old English 4106:, south of 3905:Cnoc Slinne 3890:. 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London. 7873:. Nui.ie. 7651:10197/5649 7273:Ethnologue 7203:. 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14815:Scotland 14787:Guernsey 14702:Scotland 14692:Cornwall 14557:Jèrriais 14524:de facto 14230:Gaesatae 14121:dialects 14084:Lepontic 14074:Galatian 13976:Goidelic 13826:Autonomy 13741:Politics 13694:Rounders 13546:Calendar 13519:Scotland 13504:Cornwall 13499:Brittany 13387:Clothing 13338:Knotwork 13316:Brooches 13288:Scotland 13273:Cornwall 13268:Brittany 13147:Y Wladfa 13102:Scotland 13066:Cornwall 13054:Brittany 12905:Seanchaí 12900:Tanistry 12860:Derbfine 12789:Scottish 12675:Brittany 12671:Domnonée 12667:Armorica 12662:Britonia 12644:Dumnonia 12619:Dálriata 12304:Lepontii 12299:Helvetii 12284:Gallaeci 12105:(Breton) 12062:Y Wladfa 11979:Ligurian 11868:Goidelic 11726:Lepontic 11680:Galatian 11601:Category 11563:Uí Ímair 11440:Scottish 11349:Uí Néill 11322:Nobility 11234:Language 10933:Category 10831:Coiscéim 10597:Journals 10406:List of 10257:Magazine 10056:Archived 9918:, 2011. 9823:(2005). 9794:(2005). 9765:(2005). 9678:46449130 9579:Archived 9555:18 March 9549:Archived 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5183:locative 5167:proximal 5117:locative 5103:genitive 5093:vocative 5065:"two"), 5053:singular 5018:fusional 4236:Drogheda 4099:An Pháil 4094:The Pale 4087:The Pale 4078:The Pale 3967:English 3938:(head), 3932:(wood), 3920:(hole), 3861:Leinster 3809:Rosguill 3754:na Rossa 3739:Gweedore 3620:sa siopa 3576:fronting 3507:"head", 3469:gheibhim 3290:Muskerry 3199:(hear), 3196:mothaigh 3073:oscailte 2991:() and ' 2910:"head", 2888:bhí muid 2862:lagachan 2847:Maigh Eo 2841:Gaillimh 2834:and the 2819:Connacht 2795:Leinster 2765:Connacht 2757:dialects 2751:Dialects 2382:and the 2380:Cornwall 2376:Brittany 2368:Scotland 2289:diaspora 2063:céilithe 2042:Gweedore 1917:Carraroe 1898:Conamara 1796:(plural 1760:Duolingo 1691:Misneach 1678:dyslexia 1484:monoglot 1336:Scotland 1309:dominica 1303:Domhnach 1087:"Erse" ( 1032:and the 995:Gaoluinn 987:Gaelainn 935:Endonyms 929:Goidelic 879:genitive 869:Connacht 857:Standard 843:In Irish 789:with 18 751:Connacht 702:, where 698:and the 696:Scotland 653:dominant 619:), is a 508:Help:IPA 442:iris1253 267:Dialects 195:Goidelic 16990:Castles 16917:Symbols 16887:Hurling 16872:Camogie 16771:Firbolg 16757:Immrama 16750:Echtrai 16680:session 16663:Ballads 16640:Theatre 16629:Gaeilge 16623:Fiction 16558:Samhain 16473:Whiskey 16347:Cuisine 16335:Culture 16285:Economy 16181:Economy 15989:Islands 15964:Climate 15957:Natural 15552:History 15512:Ireland 15335:England 15325:Ukraine 15275:Romania 15235:Moldova 15193:Ireland 15188:Iceland 15183:Hungary 15173:Germany 15168:Georgia 15158:Finland 15153:Estonia 15148:Denmark 15133:Croatia 15118:Belgium 15113:Belarus 15103:Austria 15098:Armenia 15093:Andorra 15088:Albania 14956:Tourism 14914:eHealth 14780:Ireland 14659:British 14632:Pictish 14619:Llanito 14613:Cumbric 14520:English 14515:Cornish 14410:English 14283:Deities 14240:Hobelar 14202:Warfare 14165:Warfare 14099:Pictish 14094:Cumbric 14069:Gaulish 14041:Extinct 13961:Cornish 13759:history 13704:Hurling 13678:Ladies' 13669:Curling 13642:Camogie 13569:Beltane 13551:Samhain 13509:Ireland 13278:Ireland 13173:Culture 13142:England 13078:Ireland 13036:Nations 12935:Coinage 12925:Warfare 12818:Society 12809:Cornish 12799:British 12702:Galatia 12692:Balkans 12600:Studies 12337:Cornish 12332:Bretons 12309:Noricum 12264:Britons 12237:Peoples 12143:Italics 12117:(Irish) 12088:(Wales) 11999:Rhaetic 11972:Rhaetic 11967:Camunic 11951:Unknown 11853:Pictish 11845:Pictish 11814:Cumbric 11795:Cornish 11687:Gaulish 11561:(incl. 11456:Related 11407:(incl. 11384:(incl. 11369:(incl. 11347:(incl. 10696:RTÉ One 10651:An Gael 10555:Braille 10533:Writing 10482:Grammar 10342:History 10254:An Gael 9996:, 2005. 9499:8 April 9295:8 April 8849:29 July 8703:14 June 8619:19 June 8016:Studies 7611:29 July 7542:29 July 7390:"Ogham" 7363:Hansard 7224:Gaeilge 6953:. 2021. 6878:. 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