4005:, writing about a century after Augustus's death, described his appearance as: "... unusually handsome and exceedingly graceful at all periods of his life, though he cared nothing for personal adornment. He was so far from being particular about the dressing of his hair, that he would have several barbers working in a hurry at the same time, and as for his beard he now had it clipped and now shaved, while at the very same time he would either be reading or writing something ... He had clear, bright eyes ... His teeth were wide apart, small, and ill-kept; his hair was slightly curly and inclined to golden; his eyebrows met. His ears were of moderate size, and his nose projected a little at the top and then bent ever so slightly inward. His complexion was between dark and fair. He was short of stature, although Julius Marathus, his freedman and keeper of his records, says that he was five feet and nine inches (just under 5 ft. 7 in., or 1.70 meters, in modern height measurements), but this was concealed by the fine proportion and symmetry of his figure, and was noticeable only by comparison with some taller person standing beside him...", adding that "his
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salacious fabrication made by those who had favoured
Postumus as heir, or other political enemies of Tiberius. Livia had long been the target of similar rumors of poisoning on the behalf of her son, most or all of which are unlikely to have been true. Alternatively, it is possible that Livia did supply a poisoned fig (she did cultivate a variety of fig named for her that Augustus is said to have enjoyed), but did so as a means of assisted suicide rather than murder. Augustus's health had been in decline in the months immediately before his death, and he had made significant preparations for a smooth transition in power, having at last reluctantly settled on Tiberius as his choice of heir. It is likely that Augustus was not expected to return alive from Nola, but it seems that his health improved once there; it has therefore been speculated that Augustus and Livia conspired to end his life at the anticipated time, having committed all political process to accepting Tiberius, in order to not endanger that transition.
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2250:, two strategic regions with several legions. However, the Senate had control of only five or six legions distributed among three senatorial proconsuls, compared to the twenty legions under the control of Octavian, and their control of these regions did not amount to any political or military challenge to Octavian. The Senate's control over some of the Roman provinces helped maintain a republican facade for the autocratic principate. Also, Octavian's control of entire provinces followed republican-era precedents for the objective of securing peace and creating stability, in which such prominent Romans as Pompey had been granted similar military powers in times of crisis and instability.
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alleged that Antony refused to hand over the money due
Octavian as Caesar's adopted heir, possibly on grounds that it would take time to disentangle it from state funds. During the summer, Octavian won the support of Caesarian veterans and also made common cause with those senators—many of whom were themselves former Caesarians—who perceived Antony as a threat to the state. After an abortive attempt by the veterans to reconcile Octavian and Antony, Antony's bellicose edicts against Brutus and Cassius alienated him from the moderate Caesarians in the Senate, who feared a renewed civil war. In September,
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2736:, the Ides of March, the proscriptions, Philippi, and Actium, barely twenty-five years distant, were still vivid in the minds of many citizens. Proconsular imperium was conferred upon Agrippa for five years, similar to Augustus's power, in order to accomplish this constitutional stability. The exact nature of the grant is uncertain but it probably covered Augustus's imperial provinces, east and west, perhaps lacking authority over the provinces of the Senate. That came later, as did the jealously guarded tribunicia potestas. Augustus's accumulation of powers was now complete.
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2491:—as Macedonia was a senatorial province under the Senate's jurisdiction, not an imperial province under the authority of Augustus. Such an action would have ripped away the veneer of republican restoration as promoted by Augustus, and exposed his fraud of merely being the first citizen, a first among equals. Even worse, the involvement of Marcellus provided some measure of proof that Augustus's policy was to have the youth take his place as princeps, instituting a form of monarchy—accusations that had already played out.
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if not appeased, and they also required land. There was no more government-controlled land to allot as settlements for their soldiers, so
Octavian had to choose one of two options: alienating many Roman citizens by confiscating their land, or alienating many Roman soldiers who could mount a considerable opposition against him in the Roman heartland. Octavian chose the former. There were as many as eighteen Roman towns affected by the new settlements, with entire populations driven out or at least given partial evictions.
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Fannius Caepio. Murena, the outspoken consul who defended Primus in the Marcus Primus affair, was named among the conspirators. The conspirators were tried in absentia with
Tiberius acting as prosecutor; the jury found them guilty, but it was not a unanimous verdict. All the accused were sentenced to death for treason and executed as soon as they were captured—without ever giving testimony in their defence. Augustus ensured that the façade of Republican government continued with an effective cover-up of the events.
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so often employed in the imperial succession, to the embellishment of the capital at the emperor's expense. Augustus's ultimate legacy was the peace and prosperity the Empire enjoyed for the next two centuries under the system he initiated. His memory was enshrined in the political ethos of the
Imperial age as a paradigm of the good emperor. Every emperor of Rome adopted his name, Caesar Augustus, which gradually lost its character as a name and eventually became a title. The
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2214:, however, Octavian's power was based on the exercise of "a predominant military power and ... the ultimate sanction of his authority was force, however much the fact was disguised." The Senate proposed to Octavian, the victor of Rome's civil wars, that he once again assume command of the provinces. The Senate's proposal was a ratification of Octavian's extra-constitutional power. Through the Senate, Octavian was able to continue the appearance of a still-functional
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1692:. He returned Claudia to her mother, claiming that their marriage had never been consummated. Fulvia decided to take action. Together with Lucius Antonius, she raised an army in Italy to fight for Antony's rights against Octavian. Lucius and Fulvia took a political and martial gamble in opposing Octavian however, since the Roman army still depended on the triumvirs for their salaries. Lucius and his allies ended up in a defensive siege at
2524:, or proconsular imperium applicable throughout the empire that was more (maius) or greater than that held by the other proconsuls. This in effect gave Augustus constitutional power superior to all other proconsuls in the empire. Augustus stayed in Rome during the renewal process and provided veterans with lavish donations to gain their support, thereby ensuring that his status of proconsular imperium maius was renewed in 13 BC.
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2369:(civic crown) above his door and to have laurels drape his doorposts. However, he renounced flaunting insignia of power such as holding a scepter, wearing a diadem, or wearing the golden crown and purple toga of his predecessor Julius Caesar. If he refused to symbolize his power by donning and bearing these items on his person, the Senate nonetheless awarded him with a golden shield displayed in the meeting hall of the
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3141:. No specific reason is known for his departure, though it could have been a combination of reasons, including a failing marriage with Julia as well as a sense of envy and exclusion over Augustus's apparent favouring of the younger Gaius and Lucius. (Gaius and Lucius joined the college of priests at an early age, were presented to spectators in a more favorable light, and were introduced to the army in Gaul.)
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suggests that
Augustus's deification obliged Tiberius to suppress any open resentment that he might have harbored, coupled with Tiberius's "extremely conservative" attitude towards religion. Also, historian R. Shaw-Smith points to letters of Augustus to Tiberius which display affection towards Tiberius and high regard for his military merits. Shotter states that Tiberius focused his anger and criticism on
2979:, a symbolic victory and great boost of morale for Rome. Werner Eck claims that this was a great disappointment for Romans seeking to avenge Crassus's defeat by military means. However, Maria Brosius explains that Augustus used the return of the standards as propaganda symbolizing the submission of Parthia to Rome. The event was celebrated in art such as the breastplate design on the statue
2552:, a status that Augustus had acquired some years earlier when adopted by Julius Caesar. This power allowed him to convene the Senate and people at will and lay business before them, to veto the actions of either the Assembly or the Senate, to preside over elections, and to speak first at any meeting. Also included in Augustus's tribunician authority were powers usually reserved for the
2604:—the sacred boundary of Rome—and entered the city. In these situations, Augustus would have power as part of his tribunician authority, but his constitutional imperium within the Pomerium would be less than that of a serving consul, which meant that when he was in the city he might not be the constitutional magistrate with the most authority. Thanks to his prestige or
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Agrippa. However, Augustus handed over to his co-consul Piso all of his official documents, an account of public finances, and authority over listed troops in the provinces while
Augustus's supposedly favored nephew Marcellus came away empty-handed. This was a surprise to many who believed Augustus would have named an heir to his position as an unofficial emperor.
2689:, like the proconsular powers that he received in 23 BC. Like his tribune authority, the consular powers were another instance of gaining power from offices that he did not actually hold. In addition, Augustus was allowed to wear the consul's insignia in public and before the Senate, as well as to sit in the symbolic chair between the two consuls and hold the
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Augustus also showed favor to his stepsons, Livia's children from her first marriage, Nero
Claudius Drusus Germanicus (henceforth referred to as Drusus) and Tiberius Claudius (henceforth Tiberius), granting them military commands and public office, though seeming to favor Drusus. After Agrippa died in 12 BC, Tiberius was ordered to divorce his own wife,
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excess. In the year 29 BC, Augustus gave 400 sesterces (equal to 1/10 of a Roman pound of gold) each to 250,000 citizens, 1,000 sesterces each to 120,000 veterans in the colonies, and spent 700 million sesterces in purchasing land for his soldiers to settle upon. He also restored 82 different temples to display his care for the
1766:. This new conflict proved untenable for both Octavian and Antony, however. Their centurions, who had become important figures politically, refused to fight because of their Caesarian cause, while the legions under their command followed suit. Meanwhile, in Sicyon, Antony's wife Fulvia died of a sudden illness while Antony was
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3392:". Augustus was intelligent, decisive, and a shrewd politician, but he was not perhaps as charismatic as Julius Caesar and was influenced on occasion by Livia (sometimes for the worse). Nevertheless, his legacy proved more enduring. The city of Rome was utterly transformed under Augustus, with Rome's first institutionalized
3202:)—referring to the play-acting and regal authority that he had put on as emperor. An enormous funerary procession of mourners traveled with Augustus's body from Nola to Rome, and all public and private businesses closed on the day of his burial. Tiberius and his son Drusus delivered the eulogy while standing atop two
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election as consul in 22 BC, and fears arose once again that he was being forced from power by the aristocratic Senate. In 22, 21, and 19 BC, the people rioted in response and only allowed a single consul to be elected for each of those years, ostensibly to leave the other position open for
Augustus.
2513:. He rudely demanded to know why Augustus had turned up to a trial to which he had not been called; Augustus replied that he came in the public interest. Although Primus was found guilty, some jurors voted to acquit, meaning that not everybody believed Augustus's testimony, an insult to the 'August One'.
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at the age of 19, and from about 29 BC "the explosion in the number of
Augustan portraits attests a concerted propaganda campaign aimed at dominating all aspects of civil, religious, economic and military life with Augustus's person." The early images did indeed depict a young man, but although there
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While Octavian acted as consul in Rome, he dispatched senators to the provinces under his command as his representatives to manage provincial affairs and ensure that his orders were carried out. The provinces not under Octavian's control were overseen by governors chosen by the Roman Senate. Octavian
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On 13 January 27 BC, Octavian made a show of returning full power to the Roman Senate and relinquishing his control of the Roman provinces and their armies. Under his consulship, however, the Senate had little power in initiating legislation by introducing bills for senatorial debate. Octavian was no
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in Macedonia in October 42, the Caesarian army was victorious and Brutus and Cassius committed suicide. Mark Antony later used the examples of these battles as a means to belittle Octavian, as both battles were decisively won with the use of Antony's forces. In addition to claiming responsibility for
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stored at Brundisium, the staging ground in Italy for military operations in the east. A later senatorial investigation into the disappearance of the public funds took no action against Octavian since he subsequently used that money to raise troops against the Senate's archenemy Mark Antony. Octavian
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wrote: "There are many indications that the Octavian family was in days of old a distinguished one at Velitrae; for not only was a street in the most frequented part of town long ago called Octavius, but an altar was shown there besides, consecrated by an Octavius. This man was leader in a war with a
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reforms had a great impact on the subsequent success of the Empire. Augustus brought a far greater portion of the Empire's expanded land base under consistent, direct taxation from Rome, instead of exacting varying, intermittent, and somewhat arbitrary tributes from each local province as Augustus's
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monarchy in these years. Augustus's own experience, his patience, his tact, and his political acumen also played their parts. He directed the future of the empire down many lasting paths, from the existence of a standing professional army stationed at or near the frontiers, to the dynastic principle
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The longevity of Augustus's reign and its legacy to the Roman world should not be overlooked as a key factor in its success. As Tacitus wrote, the younger generations alive in AD 14 had never known any form of government other than the principate. Had Augustus died earlier, matters might have turned
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Years of civil war had left Rome in a state of near lawlessness, but the republic was not prepared to accept the control of Octavian as a despot. At the same time, Octavian could not give up his authority without risking further civil wars among the Roman generals, and even if he desired no position
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Octavian was left to decide where in Italy to settle the tens of thousands of veterans of the Macedonian campaign, whom the triumvirs had promised to discharge. The tens of thousands who had fought on the republican side with Brutus and Cassius could easily ally with a political opponent of Octavian
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Contemporary Roman historians provide conflicting reports as to which triumvir was most responsible for the proscriptions and killing. However, the sources agree that enacting the proscriptions was a means by all three factions to eliminate political enemies. Marcus Velleius Paterculus asserted that
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The measures of taxation in the reign of Augustus were determined by population census, with fixed quotas for each province. Citizens of Rome and Italy paid indirect taxes, while direct taxes were exacted from the provinces. Indirect taxes included a 4% tax on the price of slaves, a 1% tax on goods
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Historian D. C. A. Shotter states that Augustus's policy of favoring the Julian family line over the Claudian might have afforded Tiberius sufficient cause to show open disdain for Augustus after the latter's death; instead, Tiberius was always quick to rebuke those who criticized Augustus. Shotter
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There were some who were concerned by the expansion of powers granted to Augustus by the second settlement, and this came to a head with the apparent conspiracy of Fannius Caepio. Some time prior to 1 September 22 BC, a certain Castricius provided Augustus with information about a conspiracy led by
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A second problem later arose showing the need for the second settlement in what became known as the "Marcus Primus affair". In late 24 or early 23 BC, charges were brought against Marcus Primus, the former proconsul (governor) of Macedonia, for waging a war without prior approval of the Senate
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The primary reasons for the second settlement were as follows. First, after Augustus relinquished the annual consulship, he was no longer in an official position to rule the state, yet his dominant position remained unchanged over his Roman, 'imperial' provinces where he was still a proconsul. When
1980:
The breach between Antony and Octavian prompted a large portion of the senators, as well as both of that year's consuls, to leave Rome and defect to Antony. However, Octavian received two key deserters from Antony in the autumn of 32 BC: Munatius Plancus and Marcus Titius. These defectors gave
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by one of Antony's generals the following year. As Lepidus and Octavian accepted the surrender of Pompeius's troops, Lepidus attempted to claim Sicily for himself, ordering Octavian to leave. Lepidus's troops deserted him, however, and defected to Octavian since they were weary of fighting and were
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The illness of Augustus in 23 BC brought the problem of succession to the forefront of political issues and the public. To ensure stability, he needed to designate an heir to his unique position in Roman society and government. This was to be achieved in small, undramatic and incremental ways
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Many of the political subtleties of the second settlement seem to have evaded the comprehension of the plebeian class, who were Augustus's greatest supporters and clientele. This caused them to insist upon Augustus's participation in imperial affairs from time to time. Augustus failed to stand for
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defended Octavian as trying to spare as many as possible, whereas Antony and Lepidus, being older and involved in politics longer, had many more enemies to deal with. This claim was rejected by Appian, who maintained that Octavian shared an equal interest with Lepidus and Antony in eradicating his
1375:
Mark Antony was amassing political support, but Octavian still had the opportunity to rival him as the leading member of the faction supporting Caesar. Antony had lost the support of many Romans and supporters of Caesar when he initially opposed the motion to elevate Caesar to divine status. It is
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Arriving in Rome on 6 May 44 BC, Octavian found consul Mark Antony, Caesar's former colleague, in an uneasy truce with the dictator's assassins. They had been granted a general amnesty on 17 March, yet Antony had succeeded in driving most of them out of Rome with an inflammatory eulogy at Caesar's
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After the death of Agrippa in 12 BC, a solution had to be found in maintaining Rome's water supply system. This came about because it was overseen by Agrippa when he served as aedile, and was even funded by him afterwards when he was a private citizen paying at his own expense. In that year,
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where his father had died. Both Tacitus and Cassius Dio wrote that Livia was rumored to have brought about Augustus's death by poisoning fresh figs. This element features in many modern works of historical fiction pertaining to Augustus's life, but some historians view it as likely to have been a
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while entering the Forum. There was no precedent within the Roman system for combining the powers of the tribune and the censor into a single position, nor was Augustus ever elected to the office of censor. Julius Caesar had been granted similar powers, wherein he was charged with supervising the
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Augustus bestowed only properties and possessions to his designated heirs, as an obvious system of institutionalized imperial inheritance would have provoked resistance and hostility among the republican-minded Romans fearful of monarchy. With regards to the principate, it was obvious to Augustus
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To a large extent, the public was aware of the vast financial resources that Octavian commanded. He failed to encourage enough senators to finance the building and maintenance of networks of roads in Italy in 20 BC, but he undertook direct responsibility for them. This was publicized on the Roman
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Meanwhile, Antony's campaign turned disastrous against Parthia, tarnishing his image as a leader, and the mere 2,000 legionaries sent by Octavian to Antony were hardly enough to replenish his forces. On the other hand, Cleopatra could restore his army to full strength; he already was engaged in a
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in Italy. The Roman dominions were divided between Octavian in the West and Antony in the East. Octavian ensured Rome's citizens of their rights to property in order to maintain peace and stability in his portion of the empire. This time, he settled his discharged soldiers outside of Italy, while
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of architectural style originating from ancient Greece was the dominant architectural style in the age of Augustus and the imperial phase of Rome. Suetonius once commented that Rome was unworthy of its status as an imperial capital, yet Augustus and Agrippa set out to dismantle this sentiment by
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Although the most powerful individual in the Roman Empire, Augustus wished to embody the spirit of Republican virtue and norms. He also wanted to relate to and connect with the concerns of the plebs and lay people. He achieved this through various means of generosity and a cutting back of lavish
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Likewise, there was a food shortage in Rome in 22 BC which sparked panic, while many urban plebs called for Augustus to take on dictatorial powers to personally oversee the crisis. After a theatrical display of refusal before the Senate, Augustus finally accepted authority over Rome's grain
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Soon after his bout of illness subsided, Augustus gave up his consulship. The only other times Augustus would serve as consul would be in the years 5 and 2 BC, both times to introduce his grandsons into public life. This was a clever ploy by Augustus; ceasing to serve as one of two annually
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and rejected the resolutions passed by the Senate to stop the fighting. The Senate had no army to enforce their resolutions. This provided an opportunity for Octavian, who already was known to have armed forces. Cicero also defended Octavian against Antony's taunts about Octavian's lack of noble
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Some Augustan historians argue that indications pointed toward his sister's son Marcellus, who had been quickly married to Augustus's daughter Julia the Elder. Other historians dispute this since Augustus's will was read aloud to the Senate while he was seriously ill in 23 BC, indicating a
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A final reason for the second settlement was to give the principate constitutional stability and staying power in case something happened to Princeps Augustus. His illness of early 23 BC and the Caepio conspiracy showed that the regime's existence hung by the thin thread of the life of one man,
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Normally during republican times, the powers Augustus held even after the second settlement would have been split between several people, who would each exercise them with the assistance of a colleague and for a specific period of time. Augustus held them all at once by himself and with no time
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In the late spring Augustus had a severe illness and on his supposed deathbed made arrangements that would ensure the continuation of the principate in some form, while allaying senators' suspicions of his anti-republicanism. Augustus prepared to hand down his signet ring to his favored general
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The sum of his power derived first of all from various powers of office delegated to him by the Senate and people, secondly from his immense private fortune, and thirdly from numerous patron-client relationships he established with individuals and groups throughout the Empire. All of them taken
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sent by Octavian entered Rome and demanded the consulship left vacant by Hirtius and Pansa and also that the decree should be rescinded which declared Antony a public enemy. When this was refused, he marched on the city with eight legions. He encountered no military opposition in Rome and on 19
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Augustus's intent became apparent to make his grandsons Gaius and Lucius his heirs when he adopted them as his own children. He took the consulship in 5 and 2 BC so that he could personally usher them into their political careers, and they were nominated for the consulships of AD 1 and 4.
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The territorial agreement between the triumvirate and Sextus Pompeius began to crumble once Octavian divorced Scribonia and married Livia on 17 January 38 BC. One of Pompeius's naval commanders betrayed him and handed over Corsica and Sardinia to Octavian. Octavian lacked the resources to
1795:
Sextus Pompeius threatened Octavian in Italy by denying shipments of grain through the Mediterranean Sea to the peninsula. Pompeius's own son was put in charge as naval commander in the effort to cause widespread famine in Italy. Pompeius's control over the sea prompted him to take on the name
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The use of Egypt's immense land rents to finance the Empire's operations resulted from Augustus's conquest of Egypt and the shift to a Roman form of government. As it was effectively considered Augustus's private property rather than a province of the Empire, it became part of each succeeding
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who told the trial that his client had received specific instructions from Augustus ordering him to attack the client state. Later, Primus testified that the orders came from the recently deceased Marcellus. Such orders, had they been given, would have been considered a breach of the Senate's
3149:. This continued the tradition of presenting at least two generations of heirs. In that year, Tiberius was also granted the powers of a tribune and proconsul, emissaries from foreign kings had to pay their respects to him and by AD 13 was awarded with his second triumph and equal level of
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Octavian could not rely on his limited funds to make a successful entry into the upper echelons of the Roman political hierarchy. After a warm welcome by Caesar's soldiers at Brundisium, Octavian demanded a portion of the funds that were allotted by Caesar for the intended war against the
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predecessors had done. This reform greatly increased Rome's net revenue from its territorial acquisitions, stabilized its flow, and regularized the financial relationship between Rome and the provinces, rather than provoking fresh resentments with each new arbitrary exaction of tribute.
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in 27 BC, originally a personal bodyguard unit on the battlefield that evolved into an imperial guard as well as an important political force in Rome. They had the power to intimidate the Senate, install new emperors, and depose ones they disliked; the last emperor they served was
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and areas that could raise their own troops for defense. To ensure security of the empire's eastern flank, Augustus stationed a Roman army in Syria, while his skilled stepson Tiberius negotiated with the Parthians as Rome's diplomat to the East. Tiberius was responsible for restoring
2693:, an emblem of consular authority. This seems to have assuaged the populace; regardless of whether or not Augustus was a consul, the importance was that he both appeared as one before the people and could exercise consular power if necessary. On 6 March 12 BC, after the death of
3669:, which was replaced by salaried civil service tax collectors. Private contractors who collected taxes for the State were the norm in the Republican era. Some of them were powerful enough to influence the number of votes for men running for offices in Rome. These tax farmers called
2136:—but he had to achieve this through incremental power gains. He did so by courting the Senate and the people while upholding the republican traditions of Rome, appearing that he was not aspiring to dictatorship or monarchy. Marching into Rome, Octavian and Agrippa were elected as
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were branded as outlaws and deprived of their property and, for those who failed to escape, their lives. This decree issued by the triumvirate was motivated in part by a need to raise money to pay the salaries of their troops for the upcoming conflict against Caesar's assassins,
6891:) "56 years and 6 months", which appears to give February/March 43 BC. This incorrect calculation is followed by most later historians. The error derives from an extra year given to Julius Caesar's "reign", which in turn lead to the subtraction of one year from Augustus, see
1973:" to Cleopatra, acts that Octavian used to convince the Roman Senate that Antony had ambitions to diminish the preeminence of Rome. Octavian became consul once again on 1 January 33 BC, and he opened the following session in the Senate with a vehement attack on Antony's
1761:
While in Egypt, Antony had been engaged in an affair with Cleopatra and had fathered three children with her. Aware of his deteriorating relationship with Octavian, Antony left Cleopatra; he sailed to Italy in 40 BC with a large force to oppose Octavian, laying siege to
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that Marcellus was not ready to take on his position; nonetheless, by giving his signet ring to Agrippa, Augustus intended to signal to the legions that Agrippa was to be his successor and that they should continue to obey Agrippa, constitutional procedure notwithstanding.
1199:, Caesar's late enemy, but Octavian fell ill and was unable to travel. When he had recovered, he sailed to the front but was shipwrecked. After coming ashore with a handful of companions, he crossed hostile territory to Caesar's camp, which impressed Caesar considerably.
3515:, Tacitus wrote that Augustus had cunningly subverted Republican Rome into a position of slavery. He continued to say that, with Augustus's death and swearing of loyalty to Tiberius, the people of Rome traded one slaveholder for another. In a 2006 biography on Augustus,
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The situation was so serious that Augustus appeared at the trial even though he had not been called as a witness. Under oath, Augustus declared that he gave no such order. Murena disbelieved Augustus's testimony and resented his attempt to subvert the trial by using his
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longer in direct control of the provinces and their armies, but he retained the loyalty of active duty soldiers and veterans alike. The careers of many clients and adherents depended on his patronage, as his financial power was unrivaled in the Roman Republic. Historian
1311:, as it would have made his adoptive origins too obvious. Historians usually refer to the new Caesar as "Octavian" during the time between his adoption and his assumption of the name Augustus in 27 BC in order to avoid confusing the dead dictator with his heir.
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The only other possible claimant as heir was Agrippa Postumus, who had been exiled by Augustus in AD 7, his banishment made permanent by senatorial decree, and Augustus officially disowned him. He certainly fell out of Augustus's favor as an heir; the historian
1958:". In 36 BC, Octavian used a political ploy to make himself look less autocratic and Antony more the villain by proclaiming that the civil wars were coming to an end and that he would step down as triumvir—if only Antony would do the same. Antony refused.
3342:, to be inscribed in bronze in front of his mausoleum. Copies of the text were inscribed throughout the empire upon his death. The inscriptions in Latin featured translations in Greek beside it and were inscribed on many public edifices, such as the temple in
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and with troops designated for the Parthian war, gathering support by emphasizing his status as heir to Caesar. On his march to Rome through Italy, Octavian's presence and newly acquired funds attracted many, winning over Caesar's former veterans stationed in
3144:
After the deaths of both Lucius and Gaius in AD 2 and 4 respectively, and the earlier death of his brother Drusus (9 BC), Tiberius was recalled to Rome in June AD 4, where he was adopted by Augustus on the condition that he, in turn, adopt his nephew
2612:(superior proconsular power) should not lapse when he was inside the city walls. All armed forces in the city had formerly been under the control of the urban praetors and consuls, but this situation now placed them under the sole authority of Augustus.
2036:). Its owner walled off the room with this painting, most likely in immediate reaction to the execution of Caesarion on orders of Augustus in 30 BC, when artistic depictions of Caesarion would have been considered a sensitive issue for the ruling regime.
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In the face of Octavian's large and capable force, Antony saw the danger of staying in Rome and, to the relief of the Senate, he left Rome for Cisalpine Gaul, which was to be handed to him on 1 January. However, the province had earlier been assigned to
2287:(meaning "to increase") and can be translated as "illustrious one" or "sublime". It was a title of religious authority rather than political one, and it indicated that Octavian now approached divinity. His name of Augustus was also more favorable than
3436:. Besides the advent of swifter communication among Italian polities, his extensive building of roads throughout Italy also allowed Rome's armies to march swiftly and at an unprecedented pace across the country. In the year 6 Augustus established the
2460:
elected consuls allowed aspiring senators a better chance to attain the consular position while allowing Augustus to exercise wider patronage within the senatorial class. Although Augustus had resigned as consul, he desired to retain his consular
2218:. Feigning reluctance, he accepted a ten-year responsibility of overseeing provinces that were considered chaotic. The provinces ceded to Augustus for that ten-year period comprised much of the conquered Roman world, including all of Hispania and
1859:, Antony provided 120 ships for Octavian to use against Pompeius, while Octavian was to send 20,000 legionaries to Antony for use against Parthia. Octavian sent only a tenth of those promised, which Antony viewed as an intentional provocation.
2409:
dominance over the Roman political system and cut in half the opportunities for others to achieve what was still nominally the preeminent position in the Roman state. Further, he was causing political problems by desiring to have his nephew
3680:
Instead of a legate or proconsul, Augustus installed a prefect from the equestrian class to administer Egypt and maintain its lucrative seaports; this position became the highest political achievement for any equestrian besides becoming
2148:. Octavian's aims from this point forward were to return Rome to a state of stability, traditional legality, and civility by lifting the overt political pressure imposed on the courts of law and ensuring free elections—in name at least.
1593:
described the proscriptions as a ruthless and cutthroat swapping of friends and family among Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian. For example, Octavian allowed the proscription of his ally Cicero, Antony the proscription of his maternal uncle
1862:
Octavian and Lepidus launched a joint operation against Sextus in Sicily in 36 BC. Despite setbacks for Octavian, the naval fleet of Sextus Pompeius was almost entirely destroyed on 3 September by General Agrippa at the naval
2100:. Octavian had exploited his position as Caesar's heir to further his own political career, and he was well aware of the dangers in allowing another person to do the same. He therefore followed the advice of the Greek philosopher
6782:). "Fifty-seven years, six months, and two days", which seems to give 17 February 44 BC. He actually reckons his reign from 15 March 44 BC, Caesar's murder, to 17 September AD 14, Tiberius's formal accession, see
2732:
Augustus himself, who had several severe and dangerous illnesses throughout his life. If he were to die from natural causes or fall victim to assassination, Rome could be subjected to another round of civil war. The memories of
1161:, the sister of Julius Caesar. Julia died in 52 or 51 BC, and Octavian delivered the funeral oration for his grandmother. From this point, his mother and stepfather took a more active role in raising him. He donned the
3783:
On his deathbed, Augustus boasted "I found a Rome of bricks; I leave to you one of marble." Although there is some truth in the literal meaning of this, Cassius Dio asserts that it was a metaphor for the Empire's strength.
2108:. Octavian had previously shown little mercy to surrendered enemies and acted in ways that had proven unpopular with the Roman people, yet he was given credit for pardoning many of his opponents after the Battle of Actium.
1954:
romantic affair with her, so he decided to send Octavia back to Rome. Octavian used this to spread propaganda implying that Antony was becoming less than Roman because he rejected a legitimate Roman spouse for an "Oriental
3046:, an apparent Roman ally. Augustus retaliated by dispatching Tiberius and Drusus to the Rhineland to pacify it, which had some success although the battle brought the end to Roman expansion into Germany. The Roman general
2238:
became the most powerful political figure in the city of Rome and in most of its provinces, but he did not have a monopoly on political and martial power. The Senate still controlled North Africa, an important regional
714:
for Rome, and rebuilt much of the city during his reign. Augustus died in AD 14 at age 75, probably from natural causes. Persistent rumors, substantiated somewhat by deaths in the imperial family, have claimed his wife
1271:
Octavian, his grand-nephew, in his will, making him his primary heir. Mark Antony later charged that Octavian had earned his adoption by Caesar through sexual favours, though Suetonius describes Antony's accusation as
2928:
near Monaco was built to honor the occasion. The capture of the Alpine region also served the next offensive in 12 BC, when Tiberius began the offensive against the Pannonian tribes of Illyricum, and his brother
2882:. This region proved to be a major asset in funding Augustus's future military campaigns, as it was rich in mineral deposits that could be fostered in Roman mining projects, especially the very rich gold deposits at
1719:. Octavian showed no mercy, however, for the mass of allies loyal to Lucius. On 15 March, the anniversary of Julius Caesar's assassination, he had 300 Roman senators and equestrians executed for allying with Lucius.
2615:
In addition, the credit was given to Augustus for each subsequent Roman military victory after this time, because the majority of Rome's armies were stationed in imperial provinces commanded by Augustus through the
1741:
as part of an agreement reached with the Second Triumvirate in 39 BC. Both Antony and Octavian were vying for an alliance with Pompeius. Octavian succeeded in a temporary alliance in 40 BC when he married
3493:
out differently. The attrition of the civil wars on the old Republican oligarchy and the longevity of Augustus, therefore, must be seen as major contributing factors in the transformation of the Roman state into a
3122:. This granting of power showed Augustus's favor for Agrippa, but it was also a measure to please members of his Caesarian party by allowing one of their members to share a considerable amount of power with him.
2096:. Antony fell on his own sword and was taken by his soldiers back to Alexandria where he died in Cleopatra's arms. Cleopatra died soon after by poisoning, contrary to the popular belief that she was bitten by an
2337:
3224:(for marrying Vipsania after Augustus forced Tiberius to divorce her), as well as toward the two young Caesars, Gaius and Lucius—instead of Augustus, the real architect of his divorce and imperial demotion.
2556:; these included the right to supervise public morals and scrutinize laws to ensure that they were in the public interest, as well as the ability to hold a census and determine the membership of the Senate.
3003:
were the first step in expanding Roman dominions to the Danube. Victory in battle was not always a permanent success, as newly conquered territories were constantly retaken by Rome's enemies in Germania.
1456:
The Senate heaped many more rewards on Decimus Brutus than on Octavian for defeating Antony, then attempted to give command of the consular legions to Decimus Brutus. In response, Octavian stayed in the
6506:
2775:
Augustus also promoted the ideal of a superior Roman civilization with a task of ruling the world (to the extent to which the Romans knew it), a sentiment embodied in words that the contemporary poet
2313:
main title of the emperor. As a result, modern historians usually regard this event as the beginning of his reign as "emperor". Augustus himself appears to have reckoned his "reign" from 27 BC.
1777:
was left open to all for the recruitment of soldiers, but in reality this provision was useless for Antony in the East. To further cement relations of alliance with Antony, Octavian gave his sister,
4151:'s intentions, Augustus finished restoring the Julian calendar in March AD 4 and the correspondence between the proleptic Julian calendar and the calendar observed in Rome is uncertain before 8 BC.
3908:
Augustus arranged a system where the Senate designated three of its members as prime commissioners in charge of the water supply and to ensure that Rome's aqueducts did not fall into disrepair.
3404:
as a permanent office. The police force was divided into cohorts of 500 men each, while the units of firemen ranged from 500 to 1,000 men each, with 7 units assigned to 14 divided city sectors.
2470:
he annually held the office of consul, he had the power to intervene with the affairs of the other provincial proconsuls appointed by the Senate throughout the empire, when he deemed necessary.
1412:
At the urging of Cicero, the Senate inducted Octavian as senator on 1 January 43 BC, yet he also was given the power to vote alongside the former consuls. In addition, Octavian was granted
1276:. This form of slander was popular during this time in the Roman Republic to demean and discredit political opponents by accusing them of having an inappropriate sexual affair. After landing at
2916:
Conquering the peoples of the Alps in 16 BC was another important victory for Rome, since it provided a large territorial buffer between the Roman citizens of Italy and Rome's enemies in
2044:
under the command of Agrippa. Agrippa cut off Antony and Cleopatra's main force from their supply routes at sea, while Octavian landed on the mainland opposite the island of Corcyra (modern
3709:). Commonly repeated lore has it that August has 31 days because Augustus wanted his month to match the length of Julius Caesar's July, but this is an invention of the 13th-century scholar
3106:, so named because he was born after Marcus Agrippa died. Shortly after the second settlement, Agrippa was granted a five-year term of administering the eastern half of the empire with the
2466:
not just in his provinces but throughout the empire. This desire, as well as the Marcus Primus affair, led to a second compromise between him and the Senate known as the second settlement.
2516:
The second settlement was completed in part to allay confusion and formalize Augustus's legal authority to intervene in senatorial provinces. The Senate granted Augustus a form of general
4276:
Ancient historians, however, often give him a rule of 56 years. None of them seem to agree on the exact start date, though, and often present errors or corruptions in their calculations.
1396:. Octavian meanwhile built up a private army in Italy by recruiting Caesarian veterans, and on 28 November he won over two of Antony's legions with the enticing offer of monetary gain.
2405:
By 23 BC, some of the un-republican implications were becoming apparent concerning the settlement of 27 BC. Augustus's retention of an annual consulate drew attention to his
4009:
somewhat high-soled, to make him look taller than he really was". Scientific analysis of traces of paint found in his official statues shows that he most likely had light brown hair.
3079:
that did not stir senatorial fears of monarchy. If someone was to succeed to Augustus's unofficial position of power, he would have to earn it through his own publicly proven merits.
2305:, which originally meant the member of the Senate with the highest precedence, but in this case it became an almost regnal title for a leader who was first in charge. The honorific
3137:
Tiberius shared in Augustus's tribune powers as of 6 BC but shortly thereafter went into retirement, reportedly wanting no further role in politics while he exiled himself to
3007:
3083:
preference for Marcus Agrippa, who was Augustus's second in charge and arguably the only one of his associates who could have controlled the legions and held the empire together.
3685:. The highly productive agricultural land of Egypt yielded enormous revenues that were available to Augustus and his successors to pay for public works and military expeditions.
2944:
River by 9 BC—though he died shortly after by falling off his horse. It was recorded that the pious Tiberius walked in front of his brother's body all the way back to Rome.
1640:, "Son of the Divine". Antony and Octavian then sent twenty-eight legions by sea to face the armies of Brutus and Cassius, who had built their base of power in Greece. After two
6936:
3276:
Augustus created a regime which maintained peace and prosperity in the Roman west and the Greek east for two centuries. Its dominance also laid the foundations of a concept of
3915:(translated as "Supervisors of Public Property") was put in charge of maintaining public buildings and temples of the state cult. Augustus created the senatorial group of the
5146:
2048:) and marched south. Trapped on land and sea, deserters of Antony's army fled to Octavian's side daily while Octavian's forces were comfortable enough to make preparations.
1890:
also returning 30,000 slaves to their former Roman owners—slaves who had fled to join Pompeius's army and navy. Octavian had the Senate grant him, his wife, and his sister
5052:
4053:
were gradual changes his images remained youthful until he died in his seventies, by which time they had "a distanced air of ageless majesty", according to the classicist
2040:
In early 31 BC, Antony and Cleopatra were temporarily stationed in Greece when Octavian gained a preliminary victory: the navy successfully ferried troops across the
1989:
as the site for a tomb for him and his queen. In late 32 BC, the Senate officially revoked Antony's powers as consul and declared war on Cleopatra's regime in Egypt.
8278:
3502:
Virgil and Horace praised Augustus as a defender of Rome, an upholder of moral justice, and an individual who bore the brunt of responsibility in maintaining the empire.
2585:
began to lose its prestige due to Augustus's amassing of tribunal powers, so he revived its importance by making it a mandatory appointment for any plebeian desiring the
1985:
and seized Antony's secret will, which he promptly publicized. The will would have given away Roman-conquered territories as kingdoms for his sons to rule and designated
970:"Commander-in-Chief Caesar". Octavian's early coins and inscriptions all refer to him simply as Gaius Caesar, but by 38 BC he had replaced "Gaius" with the victory title
12226:
3730:, Sextilis was renamed to honor Augustus because several of the most significant events in his rise to power, culminating in the fall of Alexandria, fell in that month.
1027:). Historians use this name to refer to him from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. The name is sometimes given as "Augustus Caesar". Also included at times is the epithet
12675:
6175:
2520:, or proconsular imperium (power) that applied throughout the empire, not solely to his provinces. Moreover, the Senate augmented Augustus's proconsular imperium into
1547:. Their powers were made official by the Senate on 27 November. This explicit arrogation of special powers lasting five years was then legalised by law passed by the
8878:
8859:
3919:(translated as "Supervisors for Roads") for the upkeep of roads; this senatorial commission worked with local officials and contractors to organize regular repairs.
886:
on the latter's death in 44 BC, he took Caesar's nomen and cognomen. He was often distinguished by historians from his adoptive father by the addition "Octavianus" (
4815:
4784:
4738:
4687:
3377:. Historians are able to analyze excerpts of letters penned by Augustus, preserved in other works, to others for additional facts or clues about his personal life.
1773:
In the autumn of 40, Octavian and Antony approved the Treaty of Brundisium, by which Lepidus would remain in Africa, Antony in the East, Octavian in the West. The
1580:. Rewards for their arrest gave incentive for Romans to capture those proscribed, while the assets and properties of those arrested were seized by the triumvirs.
6536:
4459:
7431:
3505:
However, for his rule of Rome and establishing the principate, Augustus has also been subjected to criticism throughout the ages. The contemporary Roman jurist
2559:
583:. The Triumvirate was eventually torn apart by the competing ambitions of its members; Lepidus was exiled in 36 BC, and Antony was defeated by Octavian at the
13695:
1992:
1392:
With opinion in Rome turning against him and his year of consular power nearing its end, Antony attempted to pass laws that would assign him the province of
1284:, Octavian learned the contents of Caesar's will, and only then did he decide to become Caesar's political heir as well as heir to two-thirds of his estate.
2701:, the high priest of the college of the pontiffs, the most important position in Roman religion. On 5 February 2 BC, Augustus was also given the title
10367:
3625:. Caption: AVGVSTVS DIVI F. (The vertical slice, not part of the original design, was likely an old test cut to make sure the coin was solid rather than a
874:
referred to him as "Thurinus" in order to belittle him. In response, he merely said he was surprised that "using his old name was thought to be an insult".
17528:
6823:
4622:
3995:
2581:
morals of the state. However, this position did not extend to the censor's ability to hold a census and determine the Senate's roster. The office of the
3489:
of deities. In 28 BC, he melted down 80 silver statues erected in his likeness and in honor of him, an attempt of his to appear frugal and modest.
1723:
also was pillaged and burned as a warning for others. This bloody event sullied Octavian's reputation and was criticized by many, such as Augustan poet
1090:
Due to the crowded nature of Rome at the time, Octavian was taken to his father's home village at Velletri to be raised. Octavian mentions his father's
12208:
3086:
After the death of Marcellus in 23 BC, Augustus married his daughter to Agrippa. This union produced five children, three sons and two daughters:
4440:
2299:
was associated too strongly with notions of monarchy and kingship, an image that Octavian tried to avoid. The Senate also confirmed his position as
1287:
Upon his adoption, Octavian assumed his great-uncle's name Gaius Julius Caesar. Roman citizens adopted into a new family usually retained their old
13880:
12217:
12190:
9274:
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on 2 September 31 BC. Antony and his remaining forces were spared by a last-ditch effort from Cleopatra's fleet that had been waiting nearby.
1820:
confront Pompeius alone, so an agreement was reached with the Second Triumvirate's extension for another five-year period beginning in 37 BC.
5083:
1981:
Octavian the information that he needed to confirm with the Senate all the accusations that he made against Antony. Octavian forcibly entered the
13305:
5105:
2933:
2600:
and tribunician authority for life. Traditionally, proconsuls (Roman province governors) lost their proconsular "imperium" when they crossed the
2161:
6912:, "For ten years in succession I was one of the triumvirs for the re-establishment of the constitution. To the day of writing this I have been
4670:
3509:, fond of the days of pre-Augustan republican liberty in which he had been born, openly criticized the Augustan regime. In the beginning of his
1589:
enemies. Suetonius said that Octavian was reluctant to proscribe officials but did pursue his enemies with more vigor than the other triumvirs.
12280:
4717:
17:
2624:
allowed him to take command of (or credit for) any major military victory. This meant that Augustus was the only individual able to receive a
1267:
to ascertain whether he had any potential political fortunes or security. Caesar had no living legitimate children under Roman law and so had
17652:
3130:, and marry Augustus's widowed daughter, Julia, as soon as a period of mourning for Agrippa had ended. Drusus's marriage to Augustus's niece
1839:
decorated with a statue of Neptune; before that galley adorned with aquila, sceptre & trident; MAG. PIVS IMP. ITER. Reverse, the monster
610:
After the demise of the Second Triumvirate, Augustus restored the outward facade of the free republic, with governmental power vested in the
425:
2104:
that "two Caesars are one too many", ordering Caesarion killed while sparing Cleopatra's children by Antony, with the exception of Antony's
1676:
There was widespread dissatisfaction with Octavian over these settlements of his soldiers, and this encouraged many to rally at the side of
1435:
on 7 January, a date that he would later commemorate as the beginning of his public career. Antony's forces were defeated at the battles of
17657:
2843:. Syria (like Egypt after Antony) was governed by a high prefect of the equestrian class rather than by a proconsul or legate of Augustus.
1447:. Both consuls were killed, however, leaving Octavian in sole command of their armies. These victories earned him his first acclamation as
6779:
3380:
Many consider Augustus to be Rome's greatest emperor; his policies certainly extended the empire's life span and initiated the celebrated
1324:
made another bold move in 44 BC when, without official permission, he appropriated the annual tribute that had been sent from Rome's
1203:
reports that after that time, Caesar allowed the young man to share his carriage. When back in Rome, Caesar deposited a new will with the
12146:
4533:
Hammond, Mason (1957), "Imperial Elements in the Formula of the Roman Emperors during the First Two and a Half Centuries of the Empire",
3788:
could be found in buildings of Rome before Augustus, but it was not extensively used as a building material until the reign of Augustus.
3530:
acknowledged Augustus as a benign, moderate ruler, yet like most other historians after the death of Augustus, Dio viewed Augustus as an
4879:
3947:
in Rome where Augustus preferred to stay whenever he became ill and which Maecenas left to him in his will in 8 BC. The great villa of
3173:
notes various contemporary sources that state Agrippa Postumus was a "vulgar young man, brutal and brutish, and of depraved character".
17627:
12343:
10552:
10538:
4227:
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2620:
who were deputies of the princeps in the provinces. Moreover, if a battle was fought in a senatorial province, Augustus's proconsular
2608:, his wishes would usually be obeyed, but there might be some difficulty. To fill this power vacuum, the Senate voted that Augustus's
17647:
17543:
17538:
12271:
12253:
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slums, which were still as rickety and fire-prone as ever, he did leave a mark on the monumental topography of the centre and of the
2320:, "Commander Caesar son of the deified one". With this title, he boasted his familial link to deified Julius Caesar, and the use of
1656:
and the province of Hispania were placed in the hands of Octavian. Antony traveled east to Egypt where he allied himself with Queen
17687:
12298:
10765:
6562:
4304:
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2672:", and ended the crisis almost immediately. It was not until AD 8 that a food crisis of this sort prompted Augustus to establish a
1881:(head of the college of priests) but was ejected from the Triumvirate. His public career at an end, he effectively was exiled to a
1677:
1157:
in 56 BC. Philippus never had much of an interest in young Octavian. Because of this, Octavian was raised by his grandmother,
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12705:
12557:
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12316:
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1146:
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Smith, R. R. R. (1997). "The Public Image of Licinius I: Portrait Sculpture and Imperial Ideology in the Early Fourth Century".
5044:
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2132:
After Actium and the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra, Octavian was in a position to rule the entire republic under an unofficial
2059:. It was there that Antony's fleet faced the much larger fleet of smaller, more maneuverable ships under commanders Agrippa and
1733:, the son of Pompey and still a renegade general, following Julius Caesar's victory over his father, had established himself in
17523:
12454:
10691:
10581:
10530:
10513:
4300:
2991:') built to house the standards. Parthia had always posed a threat to Rome in the east, but the real battlefront was along the
1770:
to meet her. Fulvia's death and the mutiny of their centurions allowed the two remaining triumvirs to effect a reconciliation.
1599:
8291:
2632:, Augustus's eldest stepson by Livia, was the only other general to receive a triumph—for victories in Germania in 7 BC.
1263:(15 March) 44 BC. He rejected the advice of some army officers to take refuge with the troops in Macedonia and sailed to
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12964:
12084:
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10601:
10593:
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10200:
10149:
10021:
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9955:
9933:
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9815:
9759:
9650:
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9576:
9550:
9521:
9442:
9419:
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9335:
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follow in his footsteps and eventually assume the principate in his turn, alienating his three greatest supporters: Agrippa,
1747:
1409:
lineage and aping of Julius Caesar's name, stating "we have no more brilliant example of traditional piety among our youth."
1158:
12117:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
10354:
8071:
6197:
3249:
3134:
was considered an unbreakable affair, whereas Vipsania was "only" the daughter of the late Agrippa from his first marriage.
2787:
was apparently prominent among all classes at Rome, and it is accorded divine sanction by Virgil's Jupiter in Book 1 of the
17722:
17617:
17533:
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11297:
10699:
10674:
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3336:. Consequently, there are many statues and busts of the first emperor. He had composed an account of his achievements, the
1240:
4900:
4828:
4797:
4751:
4700:
4475:
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after a successful battle. Almost the entire fourth chapter in his publicly released memoirs of achievements known as the
1715:
Lucius and his army were spared because of his kinship with Antony, the strongman of the East, while Fulvia was exiled to
17632:
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15278:
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2548:. Now he decided to assume the full powers of the magistracy, renewed annually, in perpetuity. Legally, it was closed to
1680:, who was brother of Mark Antony and supported by a majority in the Senate. Meanwhile, Octavian asked for a divorce from
1595:
1071:
634:. A similar ambiguity is seen in his chosen names, the implied rejection of monarchical titles whereby he called himself
287:
8651:
6638:
6533:
17662:
17487:
16248:
15964:
14832:
14092:
14066:
13711:
13332:
13113:
12262:
10718:
10260:
10241:
9999:
9878:
5140:
4959:
4104:
3990:
3658:
sold at auction, and a 5% tax on the inheritance of estates valued at over 100,000 sesterces by persons other than the
3442:, donating 170 million sesterces to the new military treasury that provided for both active and retired soldiers.
2215:
2117:
10383:
6804:
8, "With Antony alone for nearly twelve years, and finally by himself for forty-four." 56 years in total (from 43 BC).
1304:
900:
12794:
12235:
12181:
10577:
9597:
9464:
9397:
7424:
4194:
3292:
became the permanent titles of the rulers of the Roman Empire for fourteen centuries after his death, in use both at
2422:(who had fought against Julius Caesar and supported Cassius and Brutus) as co-consul in 23 BC, after his choice
953:
828:
774:
7565:
4655:
2800:
By the end of his reign, the armies of Augustus had conquered northern Hispania (modern Spain and Portugal) and the
2576:
With the powers of a censor, Augustus appealed to virtues of Roman patriotism by banning all attire but the classic
17692:
17553:
14005:
12352:
10703:
9534:
Die 'Epistulae ad familiares' des Kaisers Augustus. Studien zur Textgeschichte in der Antike, Edition und Kommentar
9235:
9043:
7159:
Women, children, and senators on the Ara Pacis Augustae: A study of Augustus's vision of a new world order in 13 BC
3389:
2157:
1062:, approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) south-east of the city. He was born at Ox Head, a small property on the
10339:
9140:, vol. 3, London, New York, New Rochelle, Melbourne, and Sydney: Cambridge University Press, pp. 21–99,
6909:
5283:
4503:
Levick, Barbara (2009). "Caesar's Political and Military Legacy to the Roman Emperors". In Griffin, Miriam (ed.).
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8500:
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was built before his death to house members of his family. To celebrate his victory at the Battle of Actium, the
3233:
1917:
1628:
18 BC. Obverse: CAESAR AVGVSTVS; reverse: comet of eight rays with tail upward; DIVVS IVLIV (DIVINE JULIUS).
1426:
1095:
9459:. Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World. Vol. 33. Cambridge, MA; New York: Cambridge University Press.
9350:, Cambridge Companions to the Ancient World, vol. 13, Cambridge, MA; New York: Cambridge University Press,
6729:"Imperial Elements in the Formula of the Roman Emperors during the First Two and a Half Centuries of the Empire"
6588:
3546:
writes of his avoidance of criticizing Augustus, "perhaps Augustus was too sacred a figure to accuse directly."
3361:
is the only work to have survived from antiquity, though Augustus is also known to have composed poems entitled
16790:
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16373:
13975:
13890:
13310:
12959:
12481:
11857:
11649:
11611:
11571:
11538:
6530:
6502:
3031:
3019:
2411:
1962:
1307:). However, though some of his contemporaries did, there is no evidence that Octavian officially used the name
1256:
675:
549:
10060:
Jones, R. F. J.; Bird, D. G. (1972). "Roman Gold-Mining in North-West Spain, II: Workings on the Rio Duerna".
9101:
4614:
3561:, criticized Augustus for installing tyranny over Rome, and likened what he believed Great Britain's virtuous
3526:(r. 96–98) successfully "mingled two formerly alien ideas, principate and liberty". The 3rd-century historian
3519:
asserts that through the centuries, judgments on Augustus's reign have oscillated between these two extremes.
3421:
for the Roman Empire, fixed at a size of 28 legions of about 170,000 soldiers. This was supported by numerous
1664:. Lepidus was left with the province of Africa, stymied by Antony, who conceded Hispania to Octavian instead.
870:") was added to his birth name as a toddler in 60 BC. Later, after he had taken the name of Caesar, his rival
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The Via Iulia Augusta: road built by the Romans; constructed on the orders of Augustus between the 13–12 B.C.
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on the Palatine which he made into a palace after buying it in 41/40 BC. He had other residences such as the
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prerogative under the constitutional settlement of 27 BC and its aftermath—i.e., before Augustus was granted
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down to their dissolutions in 1453 and 1806, respectively. Both his adoptive surname, Caesar, and his title
1632:
On 1 January 42 BC, the Senate posthumously recognized Julius Caesar as a divinity of the Roman state,
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Octavian tried to avoid proscribing officials whereas Lepidus and Antony were to blame for initiating them.
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2234:. Moreover, command of these provinces provided Octavian with control over the majority of Rome's legions.
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1843:, her torso of dogs and fish tails, wielding a rudder as a club. Caption: PRAEF CLAS ET ORAE MARIT EX S. C.
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1231:. On 15 March 44 BC, Octavian's adoptive father Julius Caesar was assassinated by a conspiracy led by
1106:. His grandfather had served in several local political offices. His father, also named Octavius, had been
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was united administratively and politically under the same name. Due to this act, Augustus was called the
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1835:, minted for his victory over Octavian's fleet. Obverse: the place where he defeated Octavian, Pharus of
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to Rome's moral Republic of the 2nd century BC. In his criticism of Augustus, the admiral and historian
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His father died in 59 BC when Octavian was four years old. His mother married a former governor of
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Bivar, A. D. H. (1983), "The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.),
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3417:, Rome's fire brigade and police. With Rome's civil wars at an end, Augustus was also able to create a
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2013:
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9592:. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 468–90.
9437:. Hellenistic Culture and Society. Berkeley, CA; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press.
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ruler, "a bloodthirsty vindicative usurper", "wicked and worthless", "a mean spirit", and a "tyrant".
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granted to Augustus (although not trumping Augustus's authority), his seat of governance stationed at
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1421:(commanding power) which legalized his command of troops, sending him to relieve the siege along with
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With his finances securing the maintenance of roads throughout Italy, Augustus installed an official
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In 19 BC, the Senate granted Augustus a form of "general consular imperium", which was probably
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306:
42:
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After Philippi, a new territorial arrangement was made among the members of the Second Triumvirate.
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both victories, Antony branded Octavian as a coward for handing over his direct military control to
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17 March 2022) – article about Augustus at Garrett G. Fagan's online encyclopedia of Roman emperors
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was established by Augustus in 7 BC with the Latin name "Italia". This was the first time that the
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limits; even those that nominally had time limits were automatically renewed whenever they lapsed.
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son and heir; as a result, he inherited Caesar's name, estate, and the loyalty of his legions. He,
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gives 13 January, the very same date in which the Senate powers were "restored". The 3rd century
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6861:. "Forty-four years lacking thirteen days." Dio is one of the few writers that reckons from the
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as a summer residence early in his reign. The family home of Augustus was probably the villa at
3713:. Sextilis in fact had 31 days before it was renamed, and it was not chosen for its length (see
3641:
2540:) for life, though not the official title of tribune. For some years, Augustus had been awarded
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Augustus in a late 16th-century copper engraving by Giovanni Battista Cavalieri. From the book
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but gave way when his mother protested. In 46 BC, she consented for him to join Caesar in
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were infamous for their depredations, great private wealth, and the right to tax local areas.
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of authority his position demanded that he look to the well-being of the city of Rome and the
1010:
On 16 January 27 BC, partly on his own insistence, the Roman Senate granted him the honorific
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13390:
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3373:, an autobiography of 13 books, a philosophical treatise, and a written rebuttal to Brutus's
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2854:, a successful military commander under Augustus who was designated as his heir and successor
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His official images were very tightly controlled and idealized, drawing from a tradition of
1903:, in order to ensure his own safety and that of Livia and Octavia once he returned to Rome.
1002:("son of the divine Julius") was included, alluding to Julius Caesar's deification in 42 BC.
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Rawson, Elizabeth (1994). "The aftermath of the Ides". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.).
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1867:. Sextus fled to the east with his remaining forces, where he was captured and executed in
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1184:
622:, yet he maintained autocratic authority by having the Senate grant him lifetime tenure as
3212:. It was proclaimed that Augustus joined the company of the gods as a member of the Roman
3196:
Augustus's famous last words were, "Have I played the part well? Then applaud as I exit" (
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was killed by an avenging widow of a slain prince from Homonada. The rebellious tribes of
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9621:. The Centers of Civilization Series. Vol. 5. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
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In supporting Octavian, Antony expected to gain support for his own campaign against the
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The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
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1498:(left) and Octavian (right), issued in 41 BC to celebrate the establishment of the
1404:, one of Caesar's assassins, who now refused to yield to Antony. Antony besieged him at
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units of 500 non-citizen soldiers each, often recruited from recently conquered areas.
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continued until the state religion of the empire was changed to Christianity in 391 by
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rivers. Before the final fight with Antony, Octavian's campaigns against the tribes in
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2628:, a tradition that began with Romulus, Rome's first king and first triumphant general.
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1894:
1641:
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1340:. By June, he had gathered an army of 3,000 loyal veterans, paying each a bonus of 500
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Weisberger, Mindy; September 2, Senior Writer |; ET, 2018 08:11am (2 September 2018).
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such descriptions of color are hard to judge and may mean brown rather than black hair
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in 28 BC. However, he also states that Augustus "added five years to his own terms as
4139:
The dates of his rule are contemporary dates; Augustus lived under two calendars, the
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The Roman Emperors: A Biographical Guide to the Rulers of Imperial Rome, 31 BC–AD 476
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Eder, Walter (2005), "Augustus and the Power of Tradition", in Galinsky, Karl (ed.),
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2908:, with depiction of a "Temple of Augustus" ("Templum Augusti"): an illustration of
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1966:
1942:
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31:
9259:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, in association with the Open University Press,
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2820:(modern Albania, Croatia, Hungary, Serbia, etc.), and had extended the borders of
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1054:
He was born in Rome on 23 September 63 BC. His paternal family was from the
493:
from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. The reign of Augustus initiated an
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447:
212:
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3538:(AD 39–65) was of the opinion that Caesar's victory over Pompey and the fall of
1461:
and refused to aid any further offensive against Antony. In July, an embassy of
1070:. In his childhood, he received the cognomen "Thurinus", possibly commemorating
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Lewis, P. R.; Jones, G. D. B. (1970). "Roman Gold-Mining in North-West Spain".
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8217:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The American Philosophical Society. p. 375.
8208:
6771:
6514:
5076:"Think Politics Today Is Ugly? Politicians in Ancient Rome Were Insulting, Too"
4722:
4713:
4299:, since his ten-year period was about to expire (this was in the consulship of
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by Cleopatra was not recognized by Roman law and was not mentioned in his will.
4140:
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One of the most enduring institutions of Augustus was the establishment of the
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2783:—"Roman, remember to rule the Earth's peoples with authority!" The impulse for
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9455:(2005). "Augustus and the Making of the Principate". In Galinsky, Karl (ed.).
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who disbanded them in the early 4th century and destroyed their barracks, the
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2572:, Roman artwork of the late Augustan period, last decade of the 1st century BC
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Dio reports this under 13 BC, probably as the year in which Lepidus died
4148:
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2678:, a permanent prefect who was in charge of procuring food supplies for Rome.
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signified a permanent link to the Roman tradition of victory. He transformed
2101:
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2005:
1970:
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1636:. Octavian was able to further his cause by emphasizing the fact that he was
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signified a permanent link to the Roman tradition of victory. He transformed
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379:
292:
223:
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estimates that 300 senators were proscribed, while his earlier contemporary
4017:
3542:(95 BC–46 BC) marked the end of traditional liberty in Rome; historian
2291:, the previous one which he styled for himself in reference to the story of
1808:; the blockade on Italy was lifted once Octavian granted Pompeius Sardinia,
17215:
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10277:. Thomas Spencer Jerome Lectures. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
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9569:
Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and His Principate
9198:
Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and his Principate
5045:"In ancient Rome, political discourse was sometimes like an internet fight"
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The deified Augustus hovers over Tiberius and other Julio-Claudians in the
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on the western coast of Greece in a desperate attempt to break free of the
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1697:
1564:
1508:", meaning "One of Three Men for the regulation of the Republic". Caption:
1154:
896:
683:
631:
611:
536:
521:
system of government was established during his reign and lasted until the
486:
408:
358:
319:
217:
122:
9607:
9542:
9303:
6180:. Papers of the British School at Rome. Vol. 76. pp. 35, 42–44.
4417:
2437:
1931:
1875:
Lepidus surrendered to Octavian and was permitted to retain the office of
17319:
17264:
17115:
17064:
16984:
16856:
16748:
16730:
16688:
16599:
16490:
16485:
16480:
16434:
16418:
16391:
16356:
16346:
16281:
16234:
16224:
16209:
16199:
16146:
16108:
16083:
16063:
16053:
15819:
15803:
15778:
15773:
15573:
15500:
15410:
15393:
15348:
15323:
15257:
15237:
15222:
15204:
14934:
14929:
14736:
14563:
14543:
14357:
14291:
14282:
14166:
13622:
13604:
13454:
13180:
13038:
12821:
12757:
12509:
12464:
11703:
11578:
11528:
11453:
11027:
10974:
10917:
10573:
10270:
10175:
9900:
9888:
9825:
9801:
9642:
From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68
9097:
8082:
6849:
4645:
4285:
4160:
3738:
3666:
3659:
3586:
3574:
3550:
3527:
2964:
2951:, Augustus relied on the client states of the east to act as territorial
2846:
2829:
2720:
2653:
2365:
2223:
2180:, which he himself emphasized as the foundation of his political actions.
2097:
1813:
1585:
1495:
1381:
1264:
1142:
1067:
1029:
992:
871:
691:
604:
557:
250:
132:
9532:
8906:
The Color of Life: Polychromy in Sculpture from Antiquity to the Present
2862:(part of modern Turkey) was converted to a Roman province shortly after
2760:
By AD 13, Augustus boasted 21 occasions where his troops proclaimed him
2185:
currency issued in 16 BC, after he donated vast amounts of money to the
17436:
17390:
17343:
17298:
17270:
17091:
16974:
16899:
16826:
16715:
16530:
16468:
16463:
16458:
16440:
16428:
16408:
16381:
16351:
16331:
16276:
16229:
16204:
16136:
16098:
16068:
16058:
15798:
15598:
15588:
15358:
15353:
15318:
15227:
15199:
15020:
14924:
14919:
14904:
14889:
14697:
14691:
14605:
14333:
14151:
14088:
13885:
13594:
13584:
13033:
12867:
12699:
11759:
11674:
11639:
11604:
11516:
11431:
11191:
11184:
11131:
11111:
11056:
11021:
11014:
10959:
10924:
10787:
9841:
9829:
9793:
9681:
9504:
9330:, translated by Deborah Lucas Schneider, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing,
9321:
9062:
6753:
6728:
6619:
6585:
4883:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 912.
4840:
3614:
3602:
3577:(1689–1755) both remarked that Augustus was a coward in battle. In his
3465:
3401:
3146:
3119:
3047:
2724:
2532:
During the second settlement, Augustus was also granted the power of a
2509:
2447:
2331:
2219:
2168:
2133:
2024:, similar in appearance to the now-lost statue of Cleopatra erected by
1986:
1352:
1320:
1273:
990:, into a new family line that began with him. Occasionally the epithet
987:
690:
through diplomacy. He reformed the Roman system of taxation, developed
518:
504:
10773:
10121:
10081:
10052:
9184:
8975:
8271:
8239:
4545:
3982:. This was the location where he died and where his father also died.
3626:
2231:
1137:
on the reverse of the coin. Caption: CAESAR IMP. M. / L. AEMILIVS BVCA
723:, Livia's son and former husband of Augustus's only biological child,
682:. Beyond the frontiers, he secured the empire with a buffer region of
17376:
17291:
17254:
17180:
17174:
17101:
17081:
16798:
16780:
16725:
16705:
16568:
16403:
16386:
16336:
16189:
16156:
16151:
16093:
15892:
15713:
15666:
15618:
15578:
15555:
15328:
15194:
15163:
14817:
14731:
14557:
14438:
14175:
13516:
13173:
13043:
13007:
12928:
11506:
11458:
11368:
11355:
11142:
11071:
11044:
11039:
11008:
10954:
10902:
10837:
10832:
9165:
Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
8068:
6836:
6795:
6545:
VII K(alendas) Febr(uarias) eo dis appellatus est supplicatio Augusto
4198:
4062:
4002:
3971:
3911:
In the late Augustan era, the commission of five senators called the
3802:
3774:
3758:
3727:
3646:
3531:
3451:
3432:
system of relay stations overseen by a military officer known as the
2968:
2937:
2879:
2871:
2762:
2322:
2017:
1661:
1657:
1548:
1462:
1458:
1449:
1332:
1325:
1083:
978:
972:
847:
588:
512:
257:
12124:
10389:
9785:
9673:
9496:
9433:
Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age
9325:
6745:
4404:
Luke, Trevor (2015). "Cultivating the memory of Octavius Thurinus".
3927:
transforming the appearance of Rome upon the classical Greek model.
3825:
visually augmented the written record of Augustus's triumphs in the
1331:
Octavian began to bolster his personal forces with Caesar's veteran
17446:
17441:
17430:
17397:
17312:
17305:
17259:
17231:
17225:
17190:
17153:
17148:
17143:
16770:
16710:
16553:
16525:
16118:
16048:
15860:
15846:
15826:
15788:
15700:
15645:
15603:
15435:
15405:
15368:
15313:
15158:
15035:
14940:
14884:
14779:
14686:
14680:
14669:
14635:
14519:
14505:
14498:
14485:
14449:
14189:
13841:
13152:
12892:
12736:
12567:
11774:
11556:
11448:
11401:
11361:
11343:
11263:
11198:
11178:
11148:
11121:
11116:
11101:
11091:
11061:
10969:
10964:
10912:
10887:
10882:
10847:
10812:
10807:
10802:
10735:
10452:
10113:
10073:
9176:
8967:
8255:
6766:
3952:
3698:
3670:
3246:
bottom left and the emperor Augustus in the bottom right, from the
3208:. Augustus's body was coffin-bound and cremated on a pyre close to
3051:
3043:
3039:
3015:
2917:
2867:
2851:
2817:
2629:
2601:
2475:
2462:
2452:
2273:
On 16 January 27 BC the Senate gave Octavian the new title of
2187:
2056:
1828:
1763:
1738:
1621:
1590:
1414:
1341:
1337:
1292:
1281:
1192:
1126:
1094:
family only briefly in his memoirs. His paternal great-grandfather
1059:
851:
720:
679:
671:
655:
637:
533:
517:) in which the Roman world was largely free of armed conflict. The
235:
107:
61:
30:
This article is about the first Roman emperor. For other uses, see
9030:. Translated by Clayton M. Hall. Classical Reprint. Archived from
8102:
7772:
5289:
4025:
2963:
Arguably his greatest diplomatic achievement was negotiating with
1804:". A temporary peace agreement was reached in 39 BC with the
1703:
568:
to defeat the assassins of Caesar. Following their victory at the
17423:
17362:
17205:
16889:
16700:
16694:
16682:
16563:
16558:
16495:
16474:
16319:
16271:
16171:
16161:
15886:
15783:
15753:
15735:
15724:
15707:
15659:
15652:
15583:
15505:
15153:
14961:
14947:
14859:
14810:
14716:
14659:
14610:
14443:
14433:
14413:
14346:
14196:
14075:
12379:
11708:
11411:
11318:
11231:
11086:
10862:
10495:
9718:
Shotter, D. C. A. (1966). "Tiberius and the Spirit of Augustus".
9660:
Scott, Kenneth (1933). "The Political Propaganda of 44–30 B.C.".
9276:
Roman imperial chronology and early-fourth-century historiography
7066:
7064:
5566:
4006:
3830:
3792:
3634:
3429:
3422:
3414:
3265:
2940:. Both campaigns were successful, as Drusus's forces reached the
2893:
2859:
2809:
2694:
2617:
2596:
within the city of Rome in addition to being granted proconsular
2586:
2292:
2243:
2227:
2001:
1868:
1856:
1836:
1809:
1720:
1693:
1540:
1471:
1252:
1091:
711:
659:
627:
529:
269:
14087:
12409:
10193:
Caesar's Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire
8727:
8425:
3868:, or funded by him in the name of others, often relations (e.g.
3573:(1599–1658). Thomas Gordon and the French political philosopher
1543:
in October 43 BC, Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus formed the
903:. There is no evidence that Augustus did this himself, although
17330:
17200:
16837:
16720:
16325:
16296:
16166:
16141:
15933:
15867:
15693:
15686:
15613:
15568:
15562:
15388:
15308:
14894:
14721:
14674:
14628:
14600:
14526:
14404:
14363:
14245:
14210:
14182:
11480:
11337:
11219:
10991:
10857:
8767:
6874:
5276:
5118:
4868:
4239:
3816:
3808:
3785:
3343:
3310:
3204:
3138:
2996:
2921:
2805:
2789:
2776:
2690:
2479:
2401:
Portraits of Augustus show the emperor with idealized features.
2346:
2262:
2074:
2052:
1840:
1734:
1716:
1685:
1660:, the former lover of Julius Caesar and mother of Caesar's son
1605:
1556:
1491:
1431:
1405:
1377:
1277:
1196:
1075:
1055:
904:
867:
663:
9200:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 380–394.
9158:(Reprinted with corrections ed.), Oxford University Press
8580:
8578:
8119:
8117:
7061:
5460:
5353:
4772:
3701:(named so because it had been the sixth month of the original
2967:
of Parthia (37–2 BC) in 20 BC for the return of the
1816:, and ensured him a future position as consul for 35 BC.
1172:
in 47 BC. The following year he was put in charge of the
895:) after the name, denoting that he was a former member of the
17416:
17195:
17185:
17163:
16821:
15730:
15718:
15631:
15548:
15399:
15333:
14995:
14664:
14622:
14616:
14408:
14367:
14238:
14231:
14217:
13792:
11081:
10852:
10842:
10822:
9689:
Shaw-Smith, R. (1971). "A Letter from Augustus to Tiberius".
8739:
8191:
8189:
8038:
8002:
7880:
7832:
4803:
4215:
4033:
3963:
3955:
near Naples was beqeathed (probably forced) to him in 15 BC.
3888:, and widened in 19 BC to include a triple-arch design.
3535:
3523:
3478:
3115:
2992:
2878:, and the territory fell under the provinces of Hispania and
2370:
2045:
2021:
1882:
1755:
1187:, Octavian wished to join Caesar's staff for his campaign in
745:
719:
poisoned him. He was succeeded as emperor by his adopted son
716:
192:
9129:
Imperial ideology and provincial loyalty in the Roman Empire
8933:. British Museum Publications. pp. 1, 18, 25 (quoted).
8787:
International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe
8149:
8147:
8134:
8132:
7977:
7975:
7973:
7408:
7406:
7404:
6704:
5221:
5219:
3860:. Other projects were either encouraged by him, such as the
3559:
Discourse on the Contests and Dissentions in Athens and Rome
3074:(1583), preserved in the Municipal Library of Trento (Italy)
3050:
took advantage of a Cherusci civil war between Arminius and
2198:
Octavian as a magistrate. The statue's marble head was made
1168:("toga of manhood") four years later and was elected to the
643:('First Citizen') juxtaposed with his adoption of the title
17168:
17158:
16548:
16423:
15624:
14954:
14774:
14756:
14641:
14423:
14418:
14252:
14044:
13091:
10827:
10817:
9192:
Bowersock, G. W. (1990). "The Pontificate of Augustus". In
8575:
8461:
8415:
8413:
8386:
8364:
8362:
8360:
8159:
8114:
7924:
7922:
7784:
7762:
7760:
7758:
7756:
7712:
7678:
7676:
7379:
7377:
7311:
7256:
7254:
7239:
7217:
7215:
7213:
7164:
7126:
7124:
7122:
7000:
6998:
6996:
6994:
6992:
6990:
6556:
6465:
6463:
6423:
6421:
6408:
6406:
6367:
6355:
6289:
6287:
6236:
6094:
6070:
6036:
6034:
6019:
5995:
5983:
5973:
5971:
5956:
5934:
5932:
5907:
5905:
4243:
4057:. Among the best known of many surviving portraits are the
3979:
3316:
3293:
3177:
2941:
2801:
2577:
2295:, which symbolized a second founding of Rome. The title of
1653:
1163:
942:
939:
933:
817:
814:
808:
763:
650:
Augustus dramatically enlarged the empire, annexing Egypt,
144:
128:
9926:
The First Emperor: Caesar Augustus and the Triumph of Rome
9907:, translated by Ian Scott-Kilvert, London: Penguin Books,
8847:
8617:
8565:
8563:
8186:
8176:
8174:
7504:
7502:
7500:
7286:
7284:
7271:
7269:
6519:
c(omitialis) Imp(erator) Caesar ppelltus ipso VII et Agrip
6333:
6331:
5875:
5873:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5816:
5814:
5799:
5789:
5787:
5772:
5696:
5694:
5669:
5667:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5583:
5581:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5418:
5416:
5377:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5176:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4560:
3985:
2502:, holding a scepter and orb (first half of 1st century AD)
1616:
1504:
1247:
Octavian was studying and undergoing military training in
921:
796:
15373:
9571:. Berkeley; Los Angeles: University of California Press.
9153:
8703:
8607:
8605:
8297:
8144:
8129:
8026:
7970:
7892:
7743:
7741:
7739:
7606:
7570:
7541:
7401:
7039:
7037:
6649:
6574:
Populo provinciae redditae. Octaviano Augusti nomen datum
6379:
6318:
6316:
6314:
5711:
5709:
5679:
5341:
5216:
5192:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4391:
3665:
An equally important reform was the abolition of private
2359:
in 27 BC, is one of the oldest preserved arches in Italy.
1750:. Scribonia gave birth to Octavian's only natural child,
754:
751:
16594:
9563:; Samons, L. J. II (1993). "Opposition to Augustus". In
8785:
Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; Boda, Sharon La (1996).
8693:
8691:
8689:
8410:
8398:
8357:
8345:
8333:
7946:
7934:
7919:
7753:
7724:
7700:
7688:
7673:
7661:
7649:
7637:
7464:
7389:
7374:
7323:
7251:
7210:
7119:
7010:
6987:
6460:
6433:
6418:
6403:
6391:
6343:
6284:
6272:
6248:
6224:
6212:
6118:
6082:
6058:
6031:
6007:
5968:
5944:
5929:
5917:
5902:
4595:
3697:) is named after Augustus; until his time it was called
3569:(1658–1741) compared Augustus to the puritanical tyrant
2858:
Again, no military effort was needed in 25 BC when
2202:
30–20 BC, the body sculpted in the 2nd century AD (
1470:
as co-consul. Meanwhile, Antony formed an alliance with
1372:
funeral, mounting public opinion against the assassins.
9154:
Blackburn, Bonnie; Holford-Strevens, Leofranc (2003) ,
8560:
8548:
8506:
8309:
8171:
8014:
7992:
7990:
7909:
7907:
7808:
7531:
7529:
7497:
7301:
7299:
7281:
7266:
7200:
7198:
7095:
7085:
7083:
7081:
7079:
7022:
6963:
6450:
6448:
6328:
6299:
5870:
5858:
5841:
5831:
5829:
5811:
5784:
5760:
5691:
5664:
5647:
5605:
5578:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5537:
5525:
5513:
5472:
5450:
5448:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5413:
5401:
5313:
5236:
5234:
5173:
5073:
4926:
4924:
4762:
4760:
4576:
4557:
3807:(Altar of Peace) and monumental sundial, whose central
3473:
in an Egyptian-style depiction, a stone carving of the
1466:
August 43 BC was elected consul with his relative
603:
during Octavian's invasion of Egypt, which then became
473:; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as
10340:
Works by and about Augustus at Perseus Digital Library
8629:
8602:
8590:
8538:
8536:
8523:
8521:
8480:
8478:
8476:
8449:
8374:
7844:
7796:
7736:
7594:
7514:
7362:
7340:
7338:
7185:
7183:
7181:
7179:
7153:
7151:
7034:
6486:
6484:
6482:
6480:
6478:
6311:
6106:
5892:
5890:
5888:
5726:
5724:
5706:
5204:
4984:
4481:
4341:
Officers acted on the orders of Marcellus and Augustus
3390:
be more fortunate than Augustus and better than Trajan
2924:
dedicated an ode to the victory, while the monumental
1319:
in the Middle East. This amounted to 700 million
9772:(1952). "The Perfect Democracy of the Roman Empire".
8715:
8686:
8321:
7856:
7820:
7350:
6834:(21 April) or, more likely, his first acclamation as
6260:
5161:
3994:
The veiled head of Emperor Augustus, 1st century BC,
3413:, or "Prefect of the Watch" was put in charge of the
2269:
AD 13, marked: "Caesar Augustus Divi F Pater Patriae"
1746:, a sister (or daughter) of Pompeius's father-in-law
954:
945:
924:
829:
820:
799:
775:
766:
757:
9163:
Bourne, Ella (1918). "Augustus as a Letter-Writer".
8908:(1st ed.). Getty Publishing. pp. 116–117.
8437:
8050:
7987:
7958:
7904:
7868:
7526:
7485:
7296:
7227:
7195:
7136:
7076:
7049:
6975:
6593:
quamvis ex ante diem XVI kal. Febr. imperator Caesar
6445:
5826:
5593:
5549:
5501:
5445:
5428:
5389:
5365:
5301:
5246:
5231:
5001:
4921:
4757:
4246:
asserted that only 130 senators had been proscribed.
3829:. Its reliefs depicted the imperial pageants of the
2309:
was inherited by all future emperors and became the
1384:
portraying him as a threat to the republican order.
936:
930:
811:
805:
760:
9005:
8733:
8533:
8518:
8473:
8090:
7582:
7335:
7176:
7148:
7107:
6951:
6830:): 18 April; referencing either his victory at the
6826:). "56 years 4 months 1 day" (repeated in the
6475:
6130:
6046:
5885:
5748:
5736:
5721:
5489:
4970:
4968:
3996:
National Archaeological Museum of the Marche Region
1671:
927:
802:
748:
9430:
6727:
5258:
3653:. This is also an imitation of a coin of Augustus.
3388:. The Roman Senate wished subsequent emperors to "
3350:, called the "queen of inscriptions" by historian
2812:(modern Switzerland, Bavaria, Austria, Slovenia),
2482:, whose king was a Roman ally. He was defended by
1567:, in which between 130 and 300 senators and 2,000
13131:Gaius Octavius · Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (
10215:The Golden Age of Augustus (Aspects of Antiquity)
9754:. Roman Imperial Biographies. London: Routledge.
3884:was built in 29 BC near the entrance of the
3733:
3269:The Augustus cameo at the center of the Medieval
3176:On 19 August AD 14, Augustus died while visiting
2772:is devoted to his military victories and honors.
2092:in Alexandria on 1 August 30 BC—after which
1969:the ruler of Armenia. He also awarded the title "
552:, and Octavian was named in Caesar's will as his
17594:
9970:Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor
9279:. Historia Einzelschriften. Stuttgart: Steiner.
9252:
9020:
8431:
6595:". The number is right, but the phrasing is not.
6153:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 175.
5572:
5466:
5359:
5295:
4965:
4942:
4911:
4809:
4778:
3030:A prime example of Roman loss in battle was the
2779:attributes to a legendary ancestor of Augustus:
1906:
1758:, little more than a year after their marriage.
1356:A bust of Augustus as a younger Octavian, dated
10376:– essay by Steven Kreis about Augustus's legacy
10186:. Vol. III (9th ed.). pp. 79–84.
9389:The Imperial Cult in the Latin West III, Part 3
9038:
8818:(Documentary). 16 November 2016. Archived from
8809:Villa where Augustus probably died is unearthed
2947:To protect Rome's eastern territories from the
2162:History of the Constitution of the Roman Empire
1598:(the consul of 64 BC), and Lepidus his brother
783:) was known by many names throughout his life:
9559:
9514:Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History
9483:Kelsall, Malcolm (1976). "Augustus and Pope".
9347:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus
7070:
3400:force, and the establishment of the municipal
3314:and in the Bulgarian and subsequently Russian
2710:
2334:, into a new family line that began with him.
1453:, a title reserved for victorious commanders.
739:, society, and personal preference, Augustus (
14060:
13107:
12425:
12140:
10759:
9950:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
9836:, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 175–188,
9645:(5th ed.). London; New York: Routledge.
9589:The last age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC
8928:
6637:Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) (1 October 2006).
1754:, the same day that he divorced her to marry
1429:(the consuls for 43 BC). He assumed the
1387:
8674:
5629:"Common Legend Abbreviations On Roman Coins"
5042:
4350:The date is provided by inscribed calendars.
4218:, not the title "augustus" created in 27 BC.
3749:by Italian historians such as G. Giannelli.
3247:
1781:, in marriage to Antony in late 40 BC.
1606:Battle of Philippi and division of territory
1207:, naming Octavian as the prime beneficiary.
1082:which occurred a few years after his birth.
9972:. Cambridge University Press. p. 300.
9830:"Imperator Caesar: A Study in Nomenclature"
9406:
8853:
5145:. Perseus Digital Library. pp. 16:14.
5104:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4487:
3935:The official residence of Augustus was the
3820:
3800:
3772:
3721:
3197:
3034:in AD 9, where three entire legions led by
2418:, and Livia. He appointed noted republican
2363:Augustus was granted the right to hang the
2350:
1784:
1711:, his residence during his reign as emperor
1303:for one who had been an Aemilius, etc. see
997:
635:
537:
510:
502:
59:
14067:
14053:
13114:
13100:
12432:
12418:
12147:
12133:
10766:
10752:
10275:The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus
10255:. Lancaster Pamphlets. London: Routledge.
10030:
9688:
9457:Cambridge Companion to the Age of Augustus
9369:Augustus: The Life of Rome's First Emperor
8903:
8195:
6636:
4892:
4890:
3833:, the Vestals, and the citizenry of Rome.
3254:. The likeness of Augustus is that of the
3242:The Virgin Mary and Child, the prophetess
2781:tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento
2697:, he additionally took up the position of
1855:in 53 BC. In an agreement reached at
1195:, where he planned to fight the forces of
10059:
9320:
9191:
8745:
8709:
8671:. L'Italia antica e la Repubblica romana.
8584:
8419:
8404:
8392:
8368:
8315:
8303:
8153:
8138:
8044:
8032:
8008:
7981:
7928:
7898:
7886:
7838:
7790:
7766:
7730:
7718:
7706:
7694:
7682:
7667:
7655:
7612:
7576:
7547:
7470:
7412:
7395:
7383:
7329:
7317:
7245:
7221:
7130:
7016:
6969:
6710:
6655:
6469:
6427:
6397:
6385:
6373:
6361:
6349:
6293:
6254:
6242:
6230:
6218:
6124:
6100:
6088:
6076:
6064:
6040:
6025:
6013:
6001:
5989:
5977:
5962:
5950:
5938:
5923:
5911:
5879:
5852:
5820:
5805:
5793:
5778:
5766:
5658:
5587:
5483:
5422:
5383:
5319:
5225:
5186:
4995:
4589:
4214:" here refers to the religious office of
3913:curatores locorum publicorum iudicandorum
2960:to the throne of the Kingdom of Armenia.
2389:– "valor, piety, clemency, and justice."
2051:Antony's fleet sailed through the bay of
1872:enticed by Octavian's promises of money.
1443:(21 April), forcing Antony to retreat to
911:). In English he is mainly known by the
17477:
10209:
10195:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
10170:
9964:
9942:
9905:The Roman History: The Reign of Augustus
9865:
9746:
9635:
9385:
9253:Chisholm, Kitty; Ferguson, John (1981),
7952:
7260:
7004:
6675:Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World
6439:
6412:
6278:
5864:
5700:
5685:
5673:
5531:
5210:
5198:
4570:
4044:rather than the tradition of realism in
4011:
3989:
3890:
3766:
3640:
3596:
3464:
3264:
3237:
3183:
3155:
3065:
3006:
2888:
2845:
2714:
2643:
2558:
2493:
2436:
2396:
2336:
2257:
2193:
2069:
1991:
1930:
1916:
1822:
1702:
1615:
1523:
1520:
1486:
1351:
1219:
1120:
12676:Planned invasion of the Parthian Empire
10250:
10231:
9920:
9717:
9662:Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome
9482:
9473:
9363:
9272:
9214:
9096:
8929:Walker, Susan; Burnett, Andrew (1981).
8773:
8569:
8554:
8512:
8237:
8180:
8165:
8123:
8108:
7802:
7778:
7508:
7446:
7290:
7275:
7170:
7101:
7028:
6892:
6783:
6734:Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome
6722:
6667:
5622:
5620:
4887:
4668:
4615:"40 maps that explain the Roman Empire"
4535:Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome
4532:
4517:
4446:
3986:Physical appearance and official images
3771:Close up on the sculpted detail of the
3061:
2648:A colossal statue of Augustus from the
1965:in 34 BC, and Antony made his son
1510:
1024:
27:First Roman emperor from 27 BC to AD 14
14:
17595:
16624:
15989:
15091:
14117:
10269:
10190:
10158:
10008:
9887:
9614:
9585:
9511:
9293:
9232:
9162:
9066:. Translated by Frederick W. Shipley.
9048:. Translated by Frederick W. Shipley.
9012:. Translated by Frederick W. Shipley.
8721:
8697:
8635:
8623:
8611:
8596:
8467:
8455:
8443:
8380:
8339:
8327:
8244:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
8207:
7862:
7850:
7826:
7747:
7600:
7520:
7368:
7356:
7043:
6632:
6630:
6173:
6148:
5835:
5599:
5560:
5543:
5454:
5439:
5395:
5371:
5347:
5331:
5307:
5252:
5240:
5167:
5007:
4930:
4863:
4766:
4502:
4311:, meaning that his official tenure as
2094:Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide
1688:(Antony's wife) and her first husband
1305:Roman naming conventions for adoptions
962:) for the period between 44 and 27 BC.
17476:
16593:
15958:
15060:
14086:
14048:
13095:
12413:
12154:
12128:
10747:
10236:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
10136:
10096:
9994:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
9986:
9847:
9768:
9659:
9451:
9428:
9256:Rome: The Augustan Age; A Source Book
9135:
9074:
8953:
8884:
8865:
8757:
8542:
8527:
8284:
8056:
8020:
7996:
7913:
7874:
7814:
7535:
7233:
7204:
7142:
7089:
6981:
6454:
6337:
6305:
6266:
5742:
5730:
5715:
5507:
5149:from the original on 24 December 2019
4821:
4790:
4744:
4728:
4693:
4522:, Oxford University Press, p. 58
4468:
4392:Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003
2668:supply "by virtue of his proconsular
2253:
2111:
2000:in the House of Marcus Fabius Rufus,
1477:
1018:
890:
861:
841:
572:(42 BC), the Triumvirate divided the
17653:Burials at the Mausoleum of Augustus
17129:
12993:Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar
10374:"Augustus Caesar and the Pax Romana"
10357:– Augustus's legions and legionaries
10100:(1951). "The Imperium of Augustus".
9824:
9800:
9530:
9414:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
9343:
9296:Aspects of Roman History 82 BC–AD 14
9219:, London & New York: Routledge,
9123:
8904:Panzanelli, Roberta (26 June 2008).
8484:
8351:
7964:
7940:
7643:
7588:
7491:
7344:
7305:
7189:
7113:
7055:
6957:
6939:from the original on 16 January 2024
6688:10.1093/acref/9780192801463.001.0001
6490:
6322:
6136:
6112:
6052:
5896:
5754:
5617:
5611:
5519:
5495:
5407:
5264:
4643:
4601:
4551:
4498:
4496:
4403:
4167:, probably a corruption of "Caesar".
4147:after 45 BC. Due to departures from
3864:, and Agrippa's construction of the
3779:(Altar of Peace), 13 BC to 9 BC
3752:
2739:
2527:
2392:
17658:Characters in Book VI of the Aeneid
12299:P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum
10368:The Achievements of Augustus Caesar
10217:. Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press.
9899:
9810:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
9537:. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter.
9056:
8496:
8096:
6921:
6627:
4069:, which depicts him in his role as
3791:Although this did not apply to the
2330:, a cognomen for one branch of the
2151:
1977:to his relatives and to his queen.
1563:. The triumvirs then set in motion
1502:. Both sides bear the inscription "
1347:
986:, a cognomen for one branch of the
908:
24:
12317:P. Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus
12308:P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio
10345:Gallery of the Ancient Art: August
9858:
8998:
8789:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 121–.
5138:
5055:from the original on 18 April 2021
4658:from the original on 28 June 2023.
4625:from the original on 29 March 2018
4554:, pp. 176, 179, 181–183, 185.
4328:on 16 April 43 BC, after the
4180:on 16 April 43 BC, after the
4105:Augustan literature (ancient Rome)
3688:
3592:
3250:Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry
3012:Der siegreich vordringende Hermann
2118:Constitutional Reforms of Augustus
1299:for one who had been an Octavius,
1118:, was the niece of Julius Caesar.
25:
17739:
17628:1st-century BC monarchs in Europe
12795:Ut est rerum omnium magister usus
12439:
10293:
9131:. University of California Press.
9116:
5635:from the original on 30 July 2007
4507:. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 209.
4493:
4291:indicates that he took the title
4197:had died in 54 BC.; his son
2934:moved against the Germanic tribes
2176:together formed the basis of his
1527:
1513:
1241:Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna
1215:
1176:that were staged in honor of the
1149:. Philippus claimed descent from
670:, and completing the conquest of
17648:Ancient Roman military personnel
14026:
14025:
14006:Felicior Augusto, melior Traiano
13073:
13072:
12335:L. Caecilius Metellus Delmaticus
10675:M. Valerius Messalla Messallinus
10614:M. Claudius Marcellus Aeserninus
9236:Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire
9156:The Oxford Companion to the Year
8947:
8922:
8897:
8834:
8800:
8779:
8657:
8641:
8231:
8201:
8076:
8062:
7618:
7553:
7476:
7418:
6898:
6868:
6843:
6807:
6789:
6760:
6716:
6661:
6598:
6579:
6550:
6524:
6496:
6167:
6142:
5626:
5086:from the original on 10 May 2021
4362:
4353:
4344:
4335:
4318:
4279:
4270:
3579:Memoirs of the Court of Augustus
3058:in AD 16, he defeated Arminius.
2355:), dedicated to Augustus by the
2158:Constitution of the Roman Empire
2004:, is most likely a depiction of
1975:grants of titles and territories
1672:Rebellion and marriage alliances
1530:
1482:
1210:
917:
792:
741:
189:(m. 40 BC; div. 38 BC)
71:
17688:People in the canonical gospels
13717:Augustan and Julio-Claudian art
10144:. London: Chatto & Windus.
9615:Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962).
9512:Mackay, Christopher S. (2004).
9412:Augustus: First Emperor of Rome
5325:
5270:
5131:
5112:
5067:
5043:Mihai Andrei (24 August 2018).
5036:
5013:
4952:
4857:
4834:
4712:Day and month according to the
4706:
4662:
4637:
4607:
4526:
4249:
4233:
4221:
4204:
4187:
4170:
4100:Augustan and Julio-Claudian art
3683:Prefect of the Praetorian Guard
3649:Kingdom, southern coast of the
3522:Tacitus was of the belief that
3234:Cultural depictions of Augustus
1133:on the obverse and the goddess
177:
12263:L. Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus
9774:The American Historical Review
9516:. Cambridge University Press.
9106:. Translated by Earnest Cary.
4511:
4397:
4154:
4133:
3705:and the Latin word for six is
3601:Coin of Augustus found at the
3585:(1701–1757) deemed Augustus a
3072:Romanorum Imperatorum effigies
3032:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
3020:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
2793:, where Jupiter promises Rome
2707:, or "father of the country".
1257:Julius Caesar was assassinated
587:in 31 BC. Antony and his wife
576:among themselves and ruled as
18:Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus
13:
1:
17087:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
10578:M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus
10370:, Clio History Journal, 2009.
10014:Augustus: Image and Substance
9848:Wells, Colin Michael (2004).
9476:Augustus, Godfather of Europe
9324:; Takács, Sarolta A. (2003),
9217:The Persians: An Introduction
9138:The Cambridge History of Iran
6935:(in Italian). 18 March 2021.
4379:
3930:
2983:and in monuments such as the
2876:finally quelled in 19 BC
2797:, "sovereignty without end".
2719:Bust of Augustus wearing the
2639:
2293:the legendary founder of Rome
2266:
2199:
2078:
1907:War with Antony and Cleopatra
1625:
1516:
1474:, another leading Caesarian.
1402:Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus
1357:
1043:
17623:1st-century BC Roman consuls
14074:
13121:
12950:Gaius Julius Caesar (father)
12751:Commentarii de Bello Gallico
12236:P. Cornelius Scipio Barbatus
10483:43 BC (suffect)
10468:C. Vibius Pansa Caetronianus
10363:– short biography at the BBC
10329:Resources in other libraries
9485:Huntington Library Quarterly
9273:Burgess, Richard W. (2014).
8432:Chisholm & Ferguson 1981
6931:[Arch of Augustus].
6624:gives 17 January, a mistake.
5573:Chisholm & Ferguson 1981
5467:Chisholm & Ferguson 1981
5360:Chisholm & Ferguson 1981
5296:Chisholm & Ferguson 1981
4779:Chisholm & Ferguson 1981
4505:A Companion to Julius Caesar
3966:. He also built the immense
3897:Temple of Augustus and Livia
3693:The month of August (Latin:
3110:of a proconsul and the same
2484:Lucius Licinius Varro Murena
2424:Aulus Terentius Varro Murena
2318:Imperator Caesar divi filius
1983:temple of the Vestal Virgins
1851:, desiring to avenge Rome's
1707:Fresco paintings inside the
1380:began to attack Antony in a
467:Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus
7:
17723:People of the War of Mutina
17618:1st-century BC Roman augurs
17020:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
12744:Commentarii de Bello Civili
10166:. New York: Franklin Watts.
9895:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
9852:. Harvard University Press.
9239:, New York: Facts on File,
9076:Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus
8240:"The Sincerity of Augustus"
5334:, p. 472, citing App.
4163:instead gives him the name
4092:
3886:Temple of Castor and Pollux
3199:"Acta est fabula, plaudite"
2711:Stability and staying power
2610:imperium proconsulare maius
2522:imperium proconsulare maius
2489:imperium proconsulare maius
2445:showing Augustus wearing a
2316:Augustus styled himself as
2122:Propaganda in Augustan Rome
843:[ˈɡaːiʊsɔkˈtaːwiʊs]
666:, expanding possessions in
544:. His maternal great-uncle
523:Crisis of the Third Century
10:
17744:
17633:1st-century Roman emperors
15919:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
15303:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep
15067:Second Intermediate Period
13445:Library of Palatine Apollo
12362:Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius
12039:Constantine XI Palaiologos
11990:Andronikos III Palaiologos
11877:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
10380:"De Imperatoribus Romanis"
10251:Shotter, D. C. A. (1991).
10234:The World of Ancient Times
9040:Marcus Velleius Paterculus
8993:
7781:, pp. 96–97, 136–138.
7071:Raaflaub & Samons 1993
4651:World History Encyclopedia
4406:Journal of Ancient History
4115:Julio-Claudian family tree
4110:Indo-Roman trade relations
3846:Temple of Apollo Palatinus
3819:sculptures decorating the
3756:
3231:
3014:(The Victorious Advancing
2749:
2743:
2592:Augustus was granted sole
2544:, the immunity given to a
2373:, bearing the inscription
2155:
2128:Coinage reform of Augustus
2125:
2115:
1961:Roman troops captured the
1910:
1788:
1698:forced them into surrender
1609:
1388:First conflict with Antony
1180:, built by Julius Caesar.
1078:over a rebellious band of
1047:
976:("commander"). The use of
528:Octavian was born into an
489:. He reigned as the first
485:), was the founder of the
29:
17663:Children of Julius Caesar
17581:
17483:
17472:
17370:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
17114:
17060:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
16955:
16927:
16912:
16875:
16847:
16807:
16789:
16739:
16672:
16657:
16615:
16611:
16589:
16539:
16516:
16449:
16372:
16310:
16262:
16247:
16180:
16127:
16039:
16024:
15980:
15976:
15965:Third Intermediate Period
15954:
15877:
15836:
15744:
15676:
15524:
15292:
15277:
15213:
15187:
15139:
15124:
15082:
15078:
15056:
15011:
14971:
14846:
14831:
14765:
14707:
14650:
14591:
14576:
14466:
14395:
14380:
14281:
14165:
14150:
14108:
14104:
14093:First Intermediate Period
14082:
14020:
13955:
13929:
13899:
13868:
13861:
13806:
13780:
13739:
13730:
13704:
13681:
13631:
13603:
13575:
13509:
13473:
13363:
13325:
13284:
13213:
13204:
13144:
13129:
13067:
13026:
12977:
12942:
12916:
12885:
12876:
12845:
12809:
12772:
12721:
12684:
12591:
12508:
12490:
12447:
12281:P. Licinius Crassus Dives
12164:
12115:
12047:
12012:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
11980:Andronikos II Palaiologos
11805:Constantine IX Monomachos
11493:
11390:
11273:
11100:
10938:
10786:
10732:
10723:
10715:
10710:
10700:Cossus Cornelius Lentulus
10696:
10679:
10667:
10653:
10636:
10624:
10610:
10561:
10549:
10535:
10518:
10506:
10492:
10476:
10464:
10459:
10449:
10440:
10435:
10428:
10401:
10324:Resources in your library
10045:10.1017/S0075435800043343
9871:Augustus. Eine Biographie
9732:10.1017/S0017383500015539
9703:10.1017/S0017383500018118
9474:Holland, Richard (2005).
9386:Fishwick, Duncan (2004).
9058:Publius Cornelius Tacitus
9006:Caesar Augustus (1924) .
8665:Trattato di storia romana
6186:10.1017/S0068246200000404
6149:Roller, Duane W. (2010).
4669:Rattini, Kristin (2019).
4036:, modern Sudan), 27–25 BC
3821:
3801:
3773:
3617:in India, a testimony to
3227:
3036:Publius Quinctilius Varus
2874:in modern-day Spain were
2542:tribunicia sacrosanctitas
2412:Marcus Claudius Marcellus
1494:bearing the portraits of
1008:Imperator Caesar Augustus
460:
456:
372:
364:
350:
345:
341:
312:
302:
280:
268:
256:
249:
245:
203:
164:
151:
142:19 August AD 14 (aged 75)
138:
117:
113:
103:
92:
85:
70:
57:
52:
43:Octavian (disambiguation)
39:Augustus (disambiguation)
17082:Cleopatra VII Philopator
15339:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI
14097: (<3150–2040 BC)
12832:Temple of Venus Genetrix
12344:Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus
11975:Michael VIII Palaiologos
10553:Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus
10539:Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus
10510:Paullus Aemilius Lepidus
10102:Journal of Roman Studies
10062:Journal of Roman Studies
10033:Journal of Roman Studies
9618:Rome in the Augustan Age
9233:Bunson, Matthew (1994),
8956:Journal of Roman Studies
8797:. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
4851:25 February 2018 at the
4716:, see Suetonius (1914),
4644:Mark, Joshua J. (2018).
4537:, vol. 25, p.
4518:Shelton, Jo-Ann (1998),
4330:Battle of Forum Gallorum
4324:He was first proclaimed
4182:Battle of Forum Gallorum
4176:He was first proclaimed
4126:
3842:Temple of Jupiter Tonans
3645:1st century coin of the
2756:Augustus' Eastern policy
2687:imperium consulare maius
2030:Temple of Venus Genetrix
1996:This mid-1st-century-BC
1947:National Maritime Museum
1785:War with Sextus Pompeius
1647:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
1551:, unlike the unofficial
1178:Temple of Venus Genetrix
1147:Lucius Marcius Philippus
901:Roman naming conventions
686:and made peace with the
385:Battle of Forum Gallorum
322:(43, 33, 31–23, 5, 2 BC)
17693:Political spokespersons
17055:Ptolemy XI Alexander II
16970:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
15264:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra
13690:Res Gestae Divi Augusti
13465:Caesareum of Alexandria
11830:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
11464:Tiberius II Constantine
10191:Osgood, Josiah (2006).
10183:Encyclopædia Britannica
9928:. London: John Murray.
9215:Brosius, Maria (2006),
9009:Res Gestae Divi Augusti
8734:Res Gestae Divi Augusti
8238:Hammond, Mason (1965).
7429:Encyclopedia Britannica
4880:Encyclopædia Britannica
4059:Augustus of Prima Porta
4048:. He first appeared on
4042:Hellenistic portraiture
3677:emperor's patrimonium.
3581:, the Scottish scholar
3563:constitutional monarchy
3339:Res Gestae Divi Augusti
3153:with that of Augustus.
2981:Augustus of Prima Porta
2824:to the east and south.
2752:Roman–Iranian relations
2656:, seated and wearing a
2283:is from the Latin word
2210:According to historian
2191:, the public treasury.
2088:A year later, Octavian
1690:Publius Clodius Pulcher
1561:Marcus Licinius Crassus
1472:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
1087:neighbouring town ..."
892:[ɔktaːwiˈaːnʊs]
730:
696:official courier system
497:, as well as an era of
78:Augustus of Prima Porta
17683:Julio-Claudian dynasty
17668:Deified Roman emperors
17643:Ancient Roman adoptees
17097:Ptolemy XIV Philopator
17076:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
17070:Berenice IV Epiphaneia
17025:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
16995:Arsinoe III Philopator
15909:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
15379:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
15319:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
14910:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb
13333:Constitutional Reforms
13013:Julio-Claudian dynasty
12837:Caesar's Rhine bridges
12764:Poems by Julius Caesar
12730:Laudatio Iuliae amitae
12706:Constitutional reforms
12693:Lex Julia de maiestate
11985:Michael IX Palaiologos
10408:Julio-Claudian dynasty
9567:; Toher, Mark (eds.).
9531:Ohst, Henning (2023).
9392:. Brill. p. 250.
9371:. Random House Books.
9196:; Toher, Mark (eds.).
9108:Loeb Classical Library
9090:Loeb Classical Library
9068:Loeb Classical Library
9050:Loeb Classical Library
9014:Loeb Classical Library
6668:Roberts, John (2007).
6639:"Augustus [2]"
6174:Walker, Susan (2008).
6151:Cleopatra: a biography
4037:
3998:
3904:
3815:taken from Egypt. The
3780:
3722:
3711:Johannes de Sacrobosco
3654:
3630:
3536:Marcus Annaeus Lucanus
3507:Marcus Antistius Labeo
3481:
3434:praefectus vehiculorum
3273:
3262:
3248:
3198:
3193:
3165:
3075:
3027:
2913:
2855:
2832:when Augustus deposed
2728:
2660:
2573:
2503:
2456:
2402:
2360:
2351:
2270:
2207:
2182:
2085:
2037:
1950:
1928:
1844:
1748:Lucius Scribonius Libo
1712:
1629:
1578:Gaius Cassius Longinus
1536:
1368:
1244:
1237:Gaius Cassius Longinus
1138:
1050:Early life of Augustus
998:
882:After his adoption by
712:fire-fighting services
636:
620:legislative assemblies
538:
511:
503:
482:
60:
17045:Ptolemy X Alexander I
17010:Ptolemy VI Philometor
16990:Ptolemy IV Philopator
16985:Berenice II Euergetes
16980:Ptolemy III Euergetes
16942:Philip III Arrhidaeus
15451:Khahotepre Sobekhotep
15446:Merhotepre Sobekhotep
14800:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
13988:Roman Temple of Évora
13386:Porticus Argonautarum
13240:Liberators' Civil War
12455:Early life and career
12272:M. Cornelius Cethegus
12254:L. Caecilius Metellus
12079:Thessalonian emperors
12073:Trapezuntine emperors
12034:John VIII Palaiologos
12029:Manuel II Palaiologos
12000:John VI Kantakouzenos
11916:Andronikos I Komnenos
11753:Constantine Lekapenos
10781:and empresses regnant
10671:L. Cornelius Lentulus
10569:31–23 BC
9543:10.1515/9783111193595
9429:Green, Peter (1990).
9304:10.4324/9780203856659
9294:Davies, Mark (2010).
8931:The Image of Augustus
8746:Eck & Takács 2003
8710:Eck & Takács 2003
8663:G. Giannelli (1965).
8585:Eck & Takács 2003
8420:Eck & Takács 2003
8405:Eck & Takács 2003
8393:Eck & Takács 2003
8369:Eck & Takács 2003
8316:Eck & Takács 2003
8304:Eck & Takács 2003
8154:Eck & Takács 2003
8139:Eck & Takács 2003
8045:Eck & Takács 2003
8033:Eck & Takács 2003
8009:Eck & Takács 2003
7982:Eck & Takács 2003
7929:Eck & Takács 2003
7899:Eck & Takács 2003
7887:Eck & Takács 2003
7839:Eck & Takács 2003
7791:Eck & Takács 2003
7767:Eck & Takács 2003
7731:Eck & Takács 2003
7719:Eck & Takács 2003
7707:Eck & Takács 2003
7695:Eck & Takács 2003
7683:Eck & Takács 2003
7668:Eck & Takács 2003
7656:Eck & Takács 2003
7613:Eck & Takács 2003
7471:Eck & Takács 2003
7413:Eck & Takács 2003
7396:Eck & Takács 2003
7384:Eck & Takács 2003
7330:Eck & Takács 2003
7318:Eck & Takács 2003
7246:Eck & Takács 2003
7222:Eck & Takács 2003
7157:Stern, Gaius (2006),
7131:Eck & Takács 2003
7017:Eck & Takács 2003
6970:Eck & Takács 2003
6711:Eck & Takács 2003
6656:Eck & Takács 2003
6470:Eck & Takács 2003
6428:Eck & Takács 2003
6398:Eck & Takács 2003
6386:Eck & Takács 2003
6374:Eck & Takács 2003
6362:Eck & Takács 2003
6350:Eck & Takács 2003
6294:Eck & Takács 2003
6255:Eck & Takács 2003
6243:Eck & Takács 2003
6231:Eck & Takács 2003
6219:Eck & Takács 2003
6177:Cleopatra in Pompeii?
6125:Eck & Takács 2003
6101:Eck & Takács 2003
6089:Eck & Takács 2003
6077:Eck & Takács 2003
6065:Eck & Takács 2003
6041:Eck & Takács 2003
6026:Eck & Takács 2003
6014:Eck & Takács 2003
6002:Eck & Takács 2003
5990:Eck & Takács 2003
5978:Eck & Takács 2003
5963:Eck & Takács 2003
5951:Eck & Takács 2003
5939:Eck & Takács 2003
5924:Eck & Takács 2003
5912:Eck & Takács 2003
5880:Eck & Takács 2003
5853:Eck & Takács 2003
5821:Eck & Takács 2003
5806:Eck & Takács 2003
5794:Eck & Takács 2003
5779:Eck & Takács 2003
5767:Eck & Takács 2003
5659:Eck & Takács 2003
5588:Eck & Takács 2003
5484:Eck & Takács 2003
5423:Eck & Takács 2003
5384:Eck & Takács 2003
5320:Eck & Takács 2003
5226:Eck & Takács 2003
5187:Eck & Takács 2003
4996:Eck & Takács 2003
4865:Pelham, Henry Francis
4590:Eck & Takács 2003
4418:10.1515/jah-2015-0012
4067:Via Labicana Augustus
4015:
3993:
3903:, late 1st century BC
3894:
3878:Mausoleum of Augustus
3770:
3757:Further information:
3644:
3607:ancient Tamil country
3600:
3468:
3300:. In many languages,
3268:
3259:Manuel II Palaiologos
3241:
3232:Further information:
3190:Mausoleum of Augustus
3187:
3162:Great Cameo of France
3159:
3069:
3010:
2892:
2849:
2750:Further information:
2718:
2647:
2562:
2518:imperium proconsulare
2497:
2440:
2400:
2340:
2261:
2197:
2173:
2126:Further information:
2090:defeated their forces
2073:
1995:
1934:
1922:Anthony and Cleopatra
1920:
1826:
1789:Further information:
1706:
1700:in early 40 BC.
1619:
1612:Liberators' civil war
1610:Further information:
1559:, Julius Caesar, and
1490:
1378:Marcus Tullius Cicero
1355:
1223:
1124:
1102:in Sicily during the
863:[tʰuːˈriːnʊs]
616:executive magistrates
550:assassinated in 44 BC
419:Battle of Tauromenium
397:Liberators' Civil War
365:Years of service
157:Mausoleum of Augustus
17728:Natalist politicians
17478:Dynastic genealogies
17102:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
16398:Tutkheperre Shoshenq
16312:High Priests of Amun
15814:Merankhre Mentuhotep
15516:Seheqenre Sankhptahi
15511:Sewadjare Mentuhotep
15364:Khaankhre Sobekhotep
15071: (2040–1550 BC)
14790:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
13962:Temples of Augustus
13912:Gaius Julius Hyginus
13740:Parents and siblings
13510:Religious structures
13450:Theatre of Marcellus
13326:Legislative activity
13054:Marcus Junius Brutus
12965:Julia Minor (sister)
12960:Julia Major (sister)
12558:Invasions of Britain
12475:Crossing the Rubicon
12389:Imp. Caesar Augustus
12227:P. Cornelius Calussa
12017:John VII Palaiologos
11965:Theodore II Laskaris
11825:Constantine X Doukas
11765:Nikephoros II Phokas
10692:M. Plautius Silvanus
10657:C. Calvisius Sabinus
10355:Augustan Legionaries
10232:Roebuck, C. (1966).
9807:The Roman Revolution
9478:. Sutton Publishing.
9022:Nicolaus of Damascus
7434:1 March 2021 at the
4958:Velleius Paterculus
4943:Nicolaus of Damascus
4912:Nicolaus of Damascus
4810:Nicolaus of Damascus
4683:on 25 February 2021.
4604:, pp. 175, 179.
4315:began in 27 BC.
4265:Ptolemy Philadelphus
4143:until 45 BC and the
4020:of Augustus, bronze
3874:Theatre of Marcellus
3858:Temple of Mars Ultor
3734:Creation of "Italia"
3557:(1667–1745), in his
3348:Monumentum Ancyranum
3304:became the word for
3222:Gaius Asinius Gallus
3062:Death and succession
3056:Battle of Idistaviso
3018:), depiction of the
2985:Temple of Mars Ultor
2931:Nero Claudius Drusus
2910:Indo-Roman relations
2906:Tabula Peutingeriana
2822:Africa Proconsularis
2546:tribune of the plebs
1926:Lawrence Alma-Tadema
1596:Lucius Julius Caesar
1574:Marcus Junius Brutus
1233:Marcus Junius Brutus
1185:Nicolaus of Damascus
1129:from 44 BC, showing
1066:, very close to the
1020:[au̯ˈɡʊstʊs]
899:in conformance with
735:As a consequence of
706:as well as official
441:Battle of Alexandria
17708:Shipwreck survivors
17000:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
16937:Alexander the Great
15969: (1550–664 BC)
15491:Mershepsesre Ini II
15486:Merkawre Sobekhotep
14880:Neferkare IV Khendu
14012:Cultural depictions
13771:Octavia the Younger
13696:Memoirs of Augustus
13527:Basilica of Neptune
13486:Gardens of Maecenas
12893:Cossutia (disputed)
12380:M. Aemilius Lepidus
12290:M. Aemilius Lepidus
12200:A. Cornelius Cossus
11948:Theodore I Laskaris
11933:Alexios III Angelos
11911:Alexios II Komnenos
11835:Romanos IV Diogenes
11790:Romanos III Argyros
11736:Romanos I Lekapenos
10730:12 BC – AD 14
10719:M. Aemilius Lepidus
10606:Cn. Calpurnius Piso
10602:C. Norbanus Flaccus
10594:T. Statilius Taurus
10582:M. Licinius Crassus
10531:L. Volcatius Tullus
10514:M. Herennius Picens
10500:L. Munatius Plancus
10496:M. Aemilius Lepidus
10447:27 BC – AD 14
10016:. London: Longman.
9873:. Berlin: A. Fest.
9408:Goldsworthy, Adrian
9327:The Age of Augustus
8748:, pp. 118–121.
8626:, pp. 144–145.
8470:, p. 341, 342.
8354:, pp. 262–268.
8168:, pp. 210–212.
8126:, pp. 312–320.
8047:, pp. 119–120.
8011:, pp. 117–118.
7943:, pp. 416–417.
7889:, pp. 114–115.
7841:, pp. 101–102.
7646:, pp. 337–338.
7559:see also Augustus,
7173:, pp. 294–295.
6565:8 June 2021 at the
6539:8 June 2021 at the
6515:Kalendas Februarias
5614:, pp. 176–186.
5522:, pp. 173–174.
5410:, pp. 123–126.
5350:, pp. 474–476.
4676:National Geographic
4394:, pp. 670–671.
4261:Cleopatra Selene II
4061:, the image on the
3958:Augustus built the
3308:, as in the German
3112:tribunicia potestas
2538:tribunicia potestas
2451:on a three layered
2426:died unexpectedly.
1998:Roman wall painting
1865:battle of Naulochus
1642:battles at Philippi
1328:province to Italy.
1225:The Death of Caesar
1201:Velleius Paterculus
1170:College of Pontiffs
1151:Alexander the Great
999:divi Iuli(i) filius
880:Gaius Julius Caesar
426:Illyricum Campaigns
96:16 January 27 BC –
17713:1st-century Romans
17638:1st-century clergy
17337:Trebonianus Gallus
15924:Senakhtenre Ahmose
15542:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
15496:Sewahenre Senebmiu
15471:Sankhenre Sewadjtu
14900:Neferkare V Tereru
14870:Neferkare III Neby
14538:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
13998:Sodales Augustales
13215:Second Triumvirate
12934:Augustus (adopted)
12858:Chiaramonti Caesar
12636:Battle of the Nile
12492:Military campaigns
12470:Caesar's civil war
12353:Q. Mucius Scaevola
12326:P. Mucius Scaevola
12218:M. Fabius Ambustus
12067:Britannic emperors
12061:Palmyrene emperors
11995:John V Palaiologos
11938:Alexios IV Angelos
11887:Constantine Doukas
11882:Alexios I Komnenos
11870:Constantine Doukas
11853:Michael VII Doukas
11815:Michael VI Bringas
11381:Romulus Augustulus
11004:Trebonianus Gallus
10997:Herennius Etruscus
10779:Byzantine emperors
10704:L. Calpurnius Piso
10661:L. Passienus Rufus
10649:L. Cornelius Sulla
10632:C. Antistius Vetus
10526:33 BC
10460:Political offices
10416:23 September 63 BC
9081:The Twelve Caesars
8822:on 27 October 2021
8209:Setton, Kenneth M.
6918:for forty years."
6828:Chronograph of 354
6713:, pp. 3, 149.
6670:"Princeps senatus"
6517: –
5298:, pp. 24, 27.
5142:Letters to Atticus
4370:Adrian Goldsworthy
4120:Temple of Augustus
4038:
3999:
3905:
3870:Portico of Octavia
3836:He also built the
3781:
3655:
3633:Augustus's public
3631:
3500:Augustan era poets
3482:
3410:praefectus vigilum
3286:Holy Roman Empires
3274:
3263:
3194:
3166:
3128:Vipsania Agrippina
3076:
3038:were destroyed by
3028:
2926:Trophy of Augustus
2914:
2904:, as shown in the
2864:Amyntas of Galatia
2856:
2795:imperium sine fine
2729:
2675:praefectus annonae
2661:
2574:
2504:
2457:
2403:
2361:
2271:
2254:Change to Augustus
2208:
2112:Sole ruler of Rome
2086:
2038:
1963:Kingdom of Armenia
1951:
1929:
1845:
1812:, Sicily, and the
1713:
1684:, the daughter of
1630:
1545:Second Triumvirate
1539:In a meeting near
1537:
1500:Second Triumvirate
1478:Second Triumvirate
1382:series of speeches
1369:
1365:Capitoline Museums
1245:
1229:Vincenzo Camuccini
1139:
702:, established the
674:, but he suffered
624:commander-in-chief
570:Battle of Philippi
566:Second Triumvirate
402:Battle of Philippi
182:; div. 40 BC)
126:23 September 63 BC
17673:Founding monarchs
17590:
17589:
17577:
17576:
17468:
17467:
17464:
17463:
17460:
17459:
17384:Claudius Gothicus
17278:Severus Alexander
17245:Septimius Severus
17110:
17109:
16908:
16907:
16653:
16652:
16585:
16584:
16581:
16580:
16577:
16576:
16292:Osorkon the Elder
16243:
16242:
16020:
16019:
15950:
15949:
15946:
15945:
15942:
15941:
15914:Nubkheperre Intef
15794:Sekhemre Shedwast
15416:Sehetepkare Intef
15344:Semenkare Nebnuni
15273:
15272:
15120:
15119:
15052:
15051:
15048:
15047:
15044:
15043:
14827:
14826:
14805:Netjerkare Siptah
14727:Neferirkare Kakai
14572:
14571:
14376:
14375:
14146:
14145:
14042:
14041:
13925:
13924:
13857:
13856:
13765:Octavia the Elder
13755:(adoptive father)
13677:
13676:
13618:Via Julia Augusta
13613:Milliarium Aureum
13565:Rome and Augustus
13555:Castor and Pollux
13501:Villa of Augustus
13481:House of Augustus
13435:Porticus of Livia
13430:Porticus Octaviae
13423:Porticus Vipsania
13371:Forum of Augustus
13321:
13320:
13300:Bellum Batonianum
13089:
13088:
12973:
12972:
12853:Tusculum portrait
12712:Dictator perpetuo
12671:
12670:
12563:Ambiorix's revolt
12460:First Triumvirate
12448:Major life events
12407:
12406:
12157:Pontifices maximi
12122:
12121:
11960:John III Vatatzes
11906:Manuel I Komnenos
11645:Michael I Rangabe
11489:
11488:
11331:Petronius Maximus
10930:Severus Alexander
10898:Septimius Severus
10742:
10741:
10733:Succeeded by
10711:Religious titles
10697:Succeeded by
10687:2 BC
10654:Succeeded by
10644:5 BC
10628:D. Laelius Balbus
10611:Succeeded by
10598:M. Junius Silanus
10536:Succeeded by
10493:Succeeded by
10450:Succeeded by
10336:
10305:Library resources
10299:
10284:978-0-472-10101-6
10224:978-0-89522-007-3
10202:978-0-521-85582-2
10172:Merivale, Charles
10151:978-0-7011-1626-2
10023:978-0-582-89421-1
9979:978-0-521-74442-3
9957:978-0-691-05890-0
9935:978-0-7195-5495-7
9914:978-0-14-044448-3
9817:978-0-19-280320-7
9770:Starr, Chester G.
9761:978-0-415-16631-7
9652:978-0-415-02527-0
9628:978-0-8061-0956-5
9578:978-0-520-08447-6
9565:Raaflaub, Kurt A.
9552:978-3-111-19151-5
9523:978-0-521-80918-4
9444:978-0-520-05611-4
9421:978-0-300-17827-2
9378:978-1-4000-6128-0
9357:978-0-521-80796-8
9337:978-0-631-22957-5
9313:978-0-203-85665-9
9286:978-3-515-10732-7
9266:978-0-19-872108-6
9246:978-0-8160-3182-5
9226:978-0-415-32089-4
9207:978-0-520-08447-6
9194:Raaflaub, Kurt A.
9147:978-0-521-20092-9
9045:The Roman History
8940:978-0-7141-1270-1
8915:978-0-89236-917-1
8795:978-1-884964-02-2
8587:, pp. 83–84.
8395:, pp. 85–87.
8342:, pp. 53–66.
8224:978-0-87169-114-9
8111:, 55.22.2, 56.30.
8023:, pp. 46–47.
7817:, pp. 66–67.
7793:, pp. 95–96.
7721:, pp. 98–99.
7320:, pp. 57–58.
7248:, pp. 56–57.
6895:, pp. 38–40.
6697:978-0-19-280146-3
6643:Brill's New Pauly
6606:Fasti Praenestini
6376:, pp. 45–50.
6364:, pp. 44–45.
6340:, pp. 38–39.
6325:, pp. 24–25.
6308:, pp. 34–35.
6245:, pp. 38–39.
6160:978-0-19-536553-5
6115:, pp. 21–22.
6103:, pp. 34–35.
6079:, pp. 32–34.
6028:, pp. 29–30.
6004:, pp. 27–28.
5992:, pp. 26–27.
5965:, pp. 25–26.
5808:, pp. 18–19.
5781:, pp. 17–18.
5718:, pp. 19–20.
5688:, pp. 52–53.
5575:, pp. 32–33.
5546:, pp. 26–27.
5386:, pp. 11–12.
5201:, pp. 20–21.
4671:"Augustus Caesar"
4520:As the Romans Did
4046:Roman portraiture
4022:Roman portraiture
3970:on the island of
3862:Theatre of Balbus
3854:Forum of Augustus
3753:Building projects
3743:Italian peninsula
3723:senatus consultum
3651:Arabian peninsula
3439:aerarium militare
3256:Byzantine emperor
2977:Battle of Carrhae
2830:province of Syria
2828:was added to the
2740:War and expansion
2528:Additional powers
2393:Second settlement
2240:producer of grain
1853:defeat at Carrhae
1775:Italian Peninsula
1725:Sextus Propertius
1709:House of Augustus
1696:, where Octavian
1553:First Triumvirate
1361: 30 BC
1274:political slander
692:networks of roads
601:killed themselves
530:equestrian branch
464:
463:
264:
263:
16:(Redirected from
17735:
17584:List of pharaohs
17474:
17473:
17239:Pescennius Niger
17127:
17126:
17123:
17122:
17035:Ptolemy IX Soter
17005:Cleopatra I Syra
16925:
16924:
16921:
16920:
16670:
16669:
16666:
16665:
16622:
16621:
16613:
16612:
16606:
16605:
16591:
16590:
16342:Djedkhonsuefankh
16260:
16259:
16256:
16255:
16037:
16036:
16033:
16032:
16007:
16002:
15987:
15986:
15978:
15977:
15971:
15970:
15956:
15955:
15549:Qareh Khawoserre
15535:Yakbim Sekhaenre
15476:Mersekhemre Ined
15290:
15289:
15286:
15285:
15137:
15136:
15133:
15132:
15089:
15088:
15080:
15079:
15073:
15072:
15058:
15057:
14844:
14843:
14840:
14839:
14589:
14588:
14585:
14584:
14393:
14392:
14389:
14388:
14163:
14162:
14159:
14158:
14115:
14114:
14106:
14105:
14099:
14098:
14084:
14083:
14069:
14062:
14055:
14046:
14045:
14029:
14028:
13866:
13865:
13830:Agrippa Postumus
13737:
13736:
13540:Apollo Palatinus
13471:
13470:
13396:Solarium Augusti
13381:Baths of Agrippa
13211:
13210:
13206:Wars of Augustus
13195:Pontifex maximus
13116:
13109:
13102:
13093:
13092:
13076:
13075:
12998:Temple of Caesar
12955:Aurelia (mother)
12883:
12882:
12788:Veni, vidi, vici
12506:
12505:
12434:
12427:
12420:
12411:
12410:
12371:C. Julius Caesar
12149:
12142:
12135:
12126:
12125:
11970:John IV Laskaris
11943:Alexios V Doukas
11928:Isaac II Angelos
11894:John II Komnenos
11820:Isaac I Komnenos
11780:Constantine VIII
11770:John I Tzimiskes
11497:Byzantine Empire
11271:
11270:
10768:
10761:
10754:
10745:
10744:
10726:Pontifex maximus
10716:Preceded by
10668:Preceded by
10625:Preceded by
10550:Preceded by
10507:Preceded by
10465:Preceded by
10424:
10417:
10399:
10398:
10301:
10298:
10288:
10266:
10247:
10228:
10206:
10187:
10179:
10177:"Augustus"
10167:
10155:
10133:
10108:(1–2): 112–119.
10093:
10056:
10027:
10005:
9983:
9961:
9948:Augustan Culture
9939:
9922:Everitt, Anthony
9917:
9896:
9884:
9867:Bleicken, Jochen
9853:
9850:The Roman Empire
9844:
9821:
9797:
9765:
9743:
9714:
9685:
9656:
9632:
9611:
9582:
9556:
9527:
9508:
9479:
9470:
9448:
9436:
9425:
9403:
9382:
9365:Everitt, Anthony
9360:
9340:
9317:
9290:
9269:
9249:
9229:
9211:
9188:
9159:
9150:
9132:
9111:
9093:
9086:John Carew Rolfe
9084:. Translated by
9071:
9053:
9035:
9034:on 14 July 2007.
9027:Life of Augustus
9017:
8988:
8987:
8951:
8945:
8944:
8926:
8920:
8919:
8901:
8895:
8882:
8876:
8863:
8857:
8854:Goldsworthy 2014
8851:
8845:
8838:
8832:
8831:
8829:
8827:
8815:Associated Press
8804:
8798:
8783:
8777:
8771:
8765:
8755:
8749:
8743:
8737:
8731:
8725:
8719:
8713:
8707:
8701:
8695:
8684:
8678:
8672:
8661:
8655:
8645:
8639:
8633:
8627:
8621:
8615:
8609:
8600:
8594:
8588:
8582:
8573:
8567:
8558:
8552:
8546:
8540:
8531:
8525:
8516:
8510:
8504:
8494:
8488:
8482:
8471:
8465:
8459:
8453:
8447:
8441:
8435:
8429:
8423:
8417:
8408:
8402:
8396:
8390:
8384:
8378:
8372:
8366:
8355:
8349:
8343:
8337:
8331:
8325:
8319:
8313:
8307:
8301:
8295:
8282:
8276:
8275:
8235:
8229:
8228:
8205:
8199:
8193:
8184:
8178:
8169:
8163:
8157:
8151:
8142:
8136:
8127:
8121:
8112:
8106:
8100:
8094:
8088:
8080:
8074:
8066:
8060:
8054:
8048:
8042:
8036:
8030:
8024:
8018:
8012:
8006:
8000:
7994:
7985:
7979:
7968:
7962:
7956:
7950:
7944:
7938:
7932:
7926:
7917:
7911:
7902:
7896:
7890:
7884:
7878:
7872:
7866:
7860:
7854:
7848:
7842:
7836:
7830:
7824:
7818:
7812:
7806:
7800:
7794:
7788:
7782:
7776:
7770:
7764:
7751:
7745:
7734:
7728:
7722:
7716:
7710:
7704:
7698:
7692:
7686:
7680:
7671:
7665:
7659:
7653:
7647:
7641:
7635:
7622:
7616:
7610:
7604:
7598:
7592:
7586:
7580:
7574:
7568:
7557:
7551:
7545:
7539:
7533:
7524:
7518:
7512:
7506:
7495:
7489:
7483:
7480:
7474:
7468:
7462:
7444:
7438:
7422:
7416:
7410:
7399:
7393:
7387:
7381:
7372:
7366:
7360:
7354:
7348:
7342:
7333:
7327:
7321:
7315:
7309:
7303:
7294:
7288:
7279:
7273:
7264:
7258:
7249:
7243:
7237:
7231:
7225:
7219:
7208:
7202:
7193:
7187:
7174:
7168:
7162:
7155:
7146:
7140:
7134:
7128:
7117:
7111:
7105:
7099:
7093:
7087:
7074:
7068:
7059:
7053:
7047:
7041:
7032:
7026:
7020:
7014:
7008:
7002:
6985:
6979:
6973:
6967:
6961:
6955:
6949:
6948:
6946:
6944:
6933:riminiturismo.it
6929:"Arco d'Augusto"
6925:
6919:
6915:princeps senatus
6902:
6896:
6872:
6866:
6863:Battle of Actium
6847:
6841:
6832:Battle of Mutina
6811:
6805:
6801:Life of Augustus
6793:
6787:
6786:, pp. 39–43
6764:
6758:
6757:
6731:
6720:
6714:
6708:
6702:
6701:
6680:Oxford Reference
6665:
6659:
6653:
6647:
6646:
6634:
6625:
6602:
6596:
6583:
6577:
6554:
6548:
6528:
6522:
6500:
6494:
6488:
6473:
6467:
6458:
6452:
6443:
6437:
6431:
6425:
6416:
6410:
6401:
6395:
6389:
6383:
6377:
6371:
6365:
6359:
6353:
6347:
6341:
6335:
6326:
6320:
6309:
6303:
6297:
6291:
6282:
6276:
6270:
6264:
6258:
6252:
6246:
6240:
6234:
6228:
6222:
6216:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6205:
6200:on 10 March 2018
6196:. Archived from
6171:
6165:
6164:
6146:
6140:
6134:
6128:
6122:
6116:
6110:
6104:
6098:
6092:
6086:
6080:
6074:
6068:
6062:
6056:
6050:
6044:
6038:
6029:
6023:
6017:
6011:
6005:
5999:
5993:
5987:
5981:
5975:
5966:
5960:
5954:
5948:
5942:
5936:
5927:
5921:
5915:
5909:
5900:
5894:
5883:
5877:
5868:
5862:
5856:
5850:
5839:
5833:
5824:
5818:
5809:
5803:
5797:
5791:
5782:
5776:
5770:
5764:
5758:
5752:
5746:
5740:
5734:
5728:
5719:
5713:
5704:
5698:
5689:
5683:
5677:
5671:
5662:
5656:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5624:
5615:
5609:
5603:
5597:
5591:
5585:
5576:
5570:
5564:
5558:
5547:
5541:
5535:
5529:
5523:
5517:
5511:
5505:
5499:
5493:
5487:
5481:
5470:
5464:
5458:
5452:
5443:
5437:
5426:
5420:
5411:
5405:
5399:
5393:
5387:
5381:
5375:
5369:
5363:
5357:
5351:
5345:
5339:
5329:
5323:
5317:
5311:
5305:
5299:
5293:
5287:
5274:
5268:
5262:
5256:
5250:
5244:
5238:
5229:
5228:, pp. 9–10.
5223:
5214:
5208:
5202:
5196:
5190:
5184:
5171:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5135:
5129:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5103:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5040:
5034:
5017:
5011:
5005:
4999:
4993:
4982:
4972:
4963:
4956:
4950:
4940:
4934:
4928:
4919:
4909:
4903:
4894:
4885:
4884:
4872:
4870:"Augustus"
4861:
4855:
4838:
4832:
4819:
4813:
4807:
4801:
4788:
4782:
4776:
4770:
4764:
4755:
4742:
4736:
4726:
4720:
4710:
4704:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4679:. Archived from
4666:
4660:
4659:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4587:
4574:
4568:
4555:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4500:
4491:
4488:Goldsworthy 2014
4485:
4479:
4466:
4457:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4373:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4351:
4348:
4342:
4339:
4333:
4322:
4316:
4293:princeps senatus
4283:
4277:
4274:
4268:
4257:Alexander Helios
4253:
4247:
4237:
4231:
4228:Marcus Barbatius
4225:
4219:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4191:
4185:
4174:
4168:
4158:
4152:
4141:Roman Republican
4137:
4072:pontifex maximus
3924:Corinthian order
3917:curatores viarum
3882:Arch of Augustus
3850:Baths of Agrippa
3838:Temple of Caesar
3824:
3823:
3806:
3805:
3778:
3777:
3725:
3619:Indo-Roman trade
3583:Thomas Blackwell
3540:Cato the Younger
3460:Castra Praetoria
3447:Praetorian Guard
3282:Byzantine Empire
3278:universal empire
3271:Cross of Lothair
3253:
3201:
3104:Agrippa Postumus
3042:, leader of the
2989:Mars the Avenger
2969:battle standards
2746:Wars of Augustus
2699:pontifex maximus
2569:pontifex maximus
2564:Head of Augustus
2354:
2343:Arch of Augustus
2302:princeps senatus
2268:
2201:
2188:aerarium Saturni
2152:First settlement
2080:
2065:Battle of Actium
1967:Alexander Helios
1945:, painted 1672,
1943:Laureys a Castro
1938:Battle of Actium
1878:pontifex maximus
1627:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1445:Transalpine Gaul
1362:
1359:
1348:Growing tensions
1153:and was elected
1104:Second Punic War
1100:military tribune
1022:
1017:
1001:
968:Imperator Caesar
958:
952:
951:
948:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
894:
889:
865:
860:
846:). According to
845:
840:
833:
827:
826:
823:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
779:
773:
772:
769:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
704:Praetorian Guard
698:, established a
642:
605:a Roman province
585:Battle of Actium
541:
516:
508:
436:Battle of Actium
390:Battle of Mutina
346:Military service
332:Pontifex Maximus
247:
246:
230:Agrippa Postumus
181:
179:
99:
75:
65:
50:
49:
21:
17743:
17742:
17738:
17737:
17736:
17734:
17733:
17732:
17593:
17592:
17591:
17586:
17573:
17479:
17456:
17356:Macrianus Minor
17285:Maximinus Thrax
17221:Marcus Aurelius
17120:
17119:
17118:
17106:
16965:Ptolemy I Soter
16951:
16918:
16917:
16916:
16904:
16871:
16843:
16803:
16785:
16765:Psammetichus IV
16735:
16663:
16662:
16661:
16649:
16627:
16618:
16607:
16604:(664 BC–313 AD)
16603:
16602:
16573:
16535:
16512:
16508:Menkheperre Ini
16445:
16368:
16306:
16253:
16252:
16251:
16239:
16176:
16123:
16104:Neferneferuaten
16030:
16029:
16028:
16016:
16015:
16005:
16000:
15999:Pharaohs
15992:
15983:
15972:
15968:
15967:
15938:
15873:
15832:
15759:Sobekhotep VIII
15740:
15672:
15520:
15481:Sewadjkare Hori
15283:
15282:
15281:
15269:
15209:
15183:
15130:
15129:
15128:
15116:
15094:
15085:
15074:
15070:
15069:
15040:
15007:
14967:
14875:Djedkare Shemai
14837:
14836:
14835:
14823:
14761:
14703:
14646:
14582:
14581:
14580:
14568:
14462:
14386:
14385:
14384:
14372:
14277:
14156:
14155:
14154:
14142:
14120:
14111:
14100:
14096:
14095:
14078:
14073:
14043:
14038:
14016:
13951:
13921:
13895:
13881:Piso Caesoninus
13853:
13802:
13776:
13726:
13700:
13673:
13627:
13599:
13571:
13545:Apollo Sosianus
13505:
13469:
13460:Tropaeum Alpium
13440:Macellum Liviae
13418:Campus Agrippae
13359:
13317:
13294:Cantabrian Wars
13280:
13200:
13140:
13139:Caesar Augustus
13125:
13120:
13090:
13085:
13063:
13059:Curia of Pompey
13022:
12969:
12938:
12912:
12872:
12841:
12817:Forum of Caesar
12805:
12768:
12717:
12680:
12667:
12626:Alexandrian war
12587:
12504:
12486:
12443:
12438:
12408:
12403:
12245:Ti. Coruncanius
12160:
12153:
12123:
12118:
12111:
12055:Gallic emperors
12043:
11731:Constantine VII
11512:Constantine III
11499:
11496:
11485:
11394:
11386:
11325:Valentinian III
11313:Constantius III
11307:Priscus Attalus
11291:Constantine III
11277:
11269:
11159:Valerius Valens
11104:
11096:
10942:
10934:
10893:Didius Julianus
10873:Marcus Aurelius
10790:
10782:
10772:
10738:
10729:
10721:
10706:
10702:
10688:
10686:
10677:
10673:
10663:
10659:
10645:
10643:
10634:
10630:
10620:
10616:
10604:
10600:
10596:
10592:
10588:
10584:
10580:
10576:
10570:
10568:
10559:
10555:
10545:
10541:
10527:
10525:
10516:
10512:
10502:
10498:
10484:
10482:
10474:
10470:
10455:
10446:
10423:19 August AD 14
10418:
10412:
10411:
10404:
10335:
10334:
10333:
10313:
10312:
10308:
10296:
10291:
10285:
10263:
10253:Augustus Caesar
10244:
10225:
10211:Reinhold, Meyer
10203:
10152:
10138:Jones, A. H. M.
10098:Jones, A. H. M.
10024:
10010:Levick, Barbara
10002:
9980:
9958:
9936:
9915:
9881:
9861:
9859:Further reading
9856:
9818:
9786:10.2307/1844784
9762:
9720:Greece and Rome
9691:Greece and Rome
9674:10.2307/4238573
9653:
9637:Scullard, H. H.
9629:
9600:
9579:
9561:Raaflaub, G. W.
9553:
9524:
9497:10.2307/3816937
9467:
9453:Gruen, Erich S.
9445:
9422:
9400:
9379:
9358:
9338:
9314:
9287:
9267:
9247:
9227:
9208:
9148:
9119:
9114:
9001:
8999:Ancient sources
8996:
8991:
8952:
8948:
8941:
8927:
8923:
8916:
8902:
8898:
8883:
8879:
8864:
8860:
8852:
8848:
8839:
8835:
8825:
8823:
8806:
8805:
8801:
8784:
8780:
8772:
8768:
8756:
8752:
8744:
8740:
8732:
8728:
8720:
8716:
8708:
8704:
8696:
8687:
8679:
8675:
8662:
8658:
8646:
8642:
8634:
8630:
8622:
8618:
8610:
8603:
8595:
8591:
8583:
8576:
8568:
8561:
8553:
8549:
8541:
8534:
8526:
8519:
8511:
8507:
8495:
8491:
8483:
8474:
8466:
8462:
8454:
8450:
8442:
8438:
8430:
8426:
8418:
8411:
8403:
8399:
8391:
8387:
8379:
8375:
8367:
8358:
8350:
8346:
8338:
8334:
8326:
8322:
8314:
8310:
8306:, pp. 1–2.
8302:
8298:
8283:
8279:
8236:
8232:
8225:
8206:
8202:
8196:Shaw-Smith 1971
8194:
8187:
8179:
8172:
8164:
8160:
8152:
8145:
8137:
8130:
8122:
8115:
8107:
8103:
8095:
8091:
8081:
8077:
8067:
8063:
8055:
8051:
8043:
8039:
8031:
8027:
8019:
8015:
8007:
8003:
7995:
7988:
7980:
7971:
7963:
7959:
7951:
7947:
7939:
7935:
7927:
7920:
7912:
7905:
7897:
7893:
7885:
7881:
7873:
7869:
7861:
7857:
7849:
7845:
7837:
7833:
7825:
7821:
7813:
7809:
7801:
7797:
7789:
7785:
7777:
7773:
7765:
7754:
7746:
7737:
7729:
7725:
7717:
7713:
7705:
7701:
7693:
7689:
7681:
7674:
7666:
7662:
7654:
7650:
7642:
7638:
7623:
7619:
7611:
7607:
7599:
7595:
7587:
7583:
7575:
7571:
7558:
7554:
7546:
7542:
7534:
7527:
7519:
7515:
7507:
7498:
7490:
7486:
7481:
7477:
7469:
7465:
7445:
7441:
7436:Wayback Machine
7423:
7419:
7411:
7402:
7394:
7390:
7382:
7375:
7367:
7363:
7355:
7351:
7343:
7336:
7328:
7324:
7316:
7312:
7304:
7297:
7289:
7282:
7274:
7267:
7259:
7252:
7244:
7240:
7232:
7228:
7220:
7211:
7203:
7196:
7188:
7177:
7169:
7165:
7156:
7149:
7141:
7137:
7129:
7120:
7112:
7108:
7100:
7096:
7088:
7077:
7069:
7062:
7054:
7050:
7042:
7035:
7027:
7023:
7015:
7011:
7003:
6988:
6980:
6976:
6968:
6964:
6956:
6952:
6942:
6940:
6927:
6926:
6922:
6903:
6899:
6877:(4th century),
6873:
6869:
6855:Historia Romana
6848:
6844:
6812:
6808:
6794:
6790:
6769:(1st century),
6765:
6761:
6746:10.2307/4238646
6721:
6717:
6709:
6705:
6698:
6682:. p. 858.
6666:
6662:
6654:
6650:
6635:
6628:
6611:Feriale Cumanum
6603:
6599:
6584:
6580:
6567:Wayback Machine
6555:
6551:
6541:Wayback Machine
6529:
6525:
6501:
6497:
6489:
6476:
6468:
6461:
6453:
6446:
6438:
6434:
6426:
6419:
6411:
6404:
6396:
6392:
6384:
6380:
6372:
6368:
6360:
6356:
6348:
6344:
6336:
6329:
6321:
6312:
6304:
6300:
6292:
6285:
6277:
6273:
6265:
6261:
6253:
6249:
6241:
6237:
6229:
6225:
6217:
6213:
6203:
6201:
6172:
6168:
6161:
6147:
6143:
6135:
6131:
6123:
6119:
6111:
6107:
6099:
6095:
6087:
6083:
6075:
6071:
6063:
6059:
6051:
6047:
6039:
6032:
6024:
6020:
6012:
6008:
6000:
5996:
5988:
5984:
5976:
5969:
5961:
5957:
5949:
5945:
5937:
5930:
5922:
5918:
5910:
5903:
5895:
5886:
5878:
5871:
5863:
5859:
5851:
5842:
5834:
5827:
5819:
5812:
5804:
5800:
5792:
5785:
5777:
5773:
5765:
5761:
5753:
5749:
5741:
5737:
5729:
5722:
5714:
5707:
5699:
5692:
5684:
5680:
5672:
5665:
5657:
5648:
5638:
5636:
5627:Sear, David R.
5625:
5618:
5610:
5606:
5598:
5594:
5586:
5579:
5571:
5567:
5559:
5550:
5542:
5538:
5530:
5526:
5518:
5514:
5506:
5502:
5494:
5490:
5482:
5473:
5465:
5461:
5453:
5446:
5438:
5429:
5421:
5414:
5406:
5402:
5394:
5390:
5382:
5378:
5370:
5366:
5358:
5354:
5346:
5342:
5330:
5326:
5318:
5314:
5306:
5302:
5294:
5290:
5275:
5271:
5263:
5259:
5251:
5247:
5239:
5232:
5224:
5217:
5209:
5205:
5197:
5193:
5185:
5174:
5166:
5162:
5152:
5150:
5136:
5132:
5117:
5113:
5097:
5096:
5089:
5087:
5072:
5068:
5058:
5056:
5041:
5037:
5018:
5014:
5006:
5002:
4994:
4985:
4973:
4966:
4957:
4953:
4941:
4937:
4929:
4922:
4910:
4906:
4895:
4888:
4862:
4858:
4853:Wayback Machine
4839:
4835:
4820:
4816:
4808:
4804:
4789:
4785:
4777:
4773:
4765:
4758:
4743:
4739:
4727:
4723:
4711:
4707:
4692:
4688:
4667:
4663:
4642:
4638:
4628:
4626:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4600:
4596:
4588:
4577:
4569:
4558:
4550:
4546:
4531:
4527:
4516:
4512:
4501:
4494:
4486:
4482:
4467:
4460:
4445:
4441:
4402:
4398:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4377:
4376:
4367:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4349:
4345:
4340:
4336:
4323:
4319:
4305:Gnaeus Lentulus
4284:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4254:
4250:
4238:
4234:
4226:
4222:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4192:
4188:
4175:
4171:
4159:
4155:
4145:Julian calendar
4138:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4095:
4077:cameo portraits
4030:Kingdom of Kush
4001:His biographer
3988:
3976:Somma Vesuviana
3944:horti maecenati
3933:
3765:
3763:De architectura
3755:
3747:Father of Italy
3736:
3720:According to a
3715:Julian calendar
3691:
3689:Month of August
3613:of present-day
3611:Pandyan Kingdom
3605:hoard, from an
3595:
3593:Revenue reforms
3571:Oliver Cromwell
3517:Anthony Everitt
3475:Kalabsha Temple
3352:Theodor Mommsen
3328:). The cult of
3236:
3230:
3118:in the eastern
3064:
2949:Parthian Empire
2936:of the eastern
2841:Herod the Great
2836:, successor to
2834:Herod Archelaus
2758:
2748:
2742:
2713:
2642:
2583:tribunus plebis
2530:
2455:cameo, AD 20–50
2420:Calpurnius Piso
2395:
2256:
2164:
2156:Main articles:
2154:
2146:Roman provinces
2140:by the Senate.
2130:
2124:
2114:
2034:Forum of Caesar
2016:, with her son
2010:Ptolemaic Egypt
1915:
1909:
1849:Parthian Empire
1833:Sextus Pompeius
1806:Pact of Misenum
1793:
1787:
1731:Sextus Pompeius
1678:Lucius Antonius
1674:
1614:
1608:
1509:
1503:
1485:
1480:
1439:(14 April) and
1390:
1360:
1350:
1317:Parthian Empire
1218:
1213:
1052:
1046:
1015:
956:
920:
916:
907:seems to have (
887:
858:
838:
831:
795:
791:
777:
744:
740:
733:
688:Parthian Empire
676:a major setback
452:
448:Cantabrian Wars
357:
337:
298:
260:Caesar Augustus
241:
213:Julia the Elder
199:
196:(m. 37 BC)
195:
188:
176:
174:
160:
143:
127:
125:
98:19 August AD 14
97:
81:
46:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
17741:
17731:
17730:
17725:
17720:
17715:
17710:
17705:
17703:Roman pharaohs
17700:
17695:
17690:
17685:
17680:
17678:Julii Caesares
17675:
17670:
17665:
17660:
17655:
17650:
17645:
17640:
17635:
17630:
17625:
17620:
17615:
17610:
17605:
17588:
17587:
17582:
17579:
17578:
17575:
17574:
17572:
17571:
17566:
17561:
17556:
17551:
17546:
17541:
17536:
17531:
17526:
17521:
17516:
17511:
17506:
17501:
17496:
17493:
17490:
17484:
17481:
17480:
17470:
17469:
17466:
17465:
17462:
17461:
17458:
17457:
17455:
17454:
17452:Maximinus Daza
17449:
17444:
17439:
17434:
17427:
17420:
17413:
17408:
17401:
17394:
17387:
17380:
17373:
17366:
17359:
17352:
17347:
17340:
17333:
17328:
17323:
17316:
17309:
17302:
17295:
17288:
17281:
17274:
17267:
17262:
17257:
17252:
17247:
17242:
17235:
17228:
17223:
17218:
17213:
17211:Antoninus Pius
17208:
17203:
17198:
17193:
17188:
17183:
17178:
17171:
17166:
17161:
17156:
17151:
17146:
17141:
17135:
17133:
17124:
17121:(30 BC–313 AD)
17112:
17111:
17108:
17107:
17105:
17104:
17099:
17094:
17089:
17084:
17079:
17072:
17067:
17062:
17057:
17052:
17047:
17042:
17037:
17032:
17027:
17022:
17017:
17012:
17007:
17002:
16997:
16992:
16987:
16982:
16977:
16972:
16967:
16961:
16959:
16953:
16952:
16950:
16949:
16944:
16939:
16933:
16931:
16922:
16910:
16909:
16906:
16905:
16903:
16902:
16897:
16892:
16887:
16885:Artaxerxes III
16881:
16879:
16873:
16872:
16870:
16869:
16864:
16859:
16853:
16851:
16845:
16844:
16842:
16841:
16834:
16829:
16824:
16819:
16813:
16811:
16805:
16804:
16802:
16801:
16795:
16793:
16787:
16786:
16784:
16783:
16778:
16773:
16768:
16761:
16756:
16754:Petubastis III
16751:
16745:
16743:
16737:
16736:
16734:
16733:
16728:
16723:
16718:
16713:
16708:
16703:
16698:
16691:
16686:
16678:
16676:
16667:
16655:
16654:
16651:
16650:
16648:
16647:
16642:
16641:
16640:
16637:
16630:
16628:
16625:
16619:
16616:
16609:
16608:
16587:
16586:
16583:
16582:
16579:
16578:
16575:
16574:
16572:
16571:
16566:
16561:
16556:
16551:
16545:
16543:
16537:
16536:
16534:
16533:
16528:
16522:
16520:
16514:
16513:
16511:
16510:
16505:
16498:
16493:
16488:
16483:
16478:
16471:
16466:
16461:
16455:
16453:
16447:
16446:
16444:
16443:
16438:
16431:
16426:
16421:
16416:
16411:
16406:
16401:
16394:
16389:
16384:
16378:
16376:
16370:
16369:
16367:
16366:
16359:
16354:
16349:
16344:
16339:
16334:
16329:
16322:
16316:
16314:
16308:
16307:
16305:
16304:
16299:
16294:
16289:
16284:
16279:
16274:
16268:
16266:
16257:
16249:3 Intermediate
16245:
16244:
16241:
16240:
16238:
16237:
16232:
16227:
16222:
16217:
16212:
16207:
16202:
16197:
16192:
16186:
16184:
16178:
16177:
16175:
16174:
16169:
16164:
16159:
16154:
16149:
16144:
16139:
16133:
16131:
16125:
16124:
16122:
16121:
16116:
16111:
16106:
16101:
16096:
16091:
16086:
16081:
16076:
16071:
16066:
16061:
16056:
16051:
16045:
16043:
16034:
16031:(1550–1070 BC)
16022:
16021:
16018:
16017:
16014:
16013:
16008:
16003:
15996:
15995:
15993:
15990:
15984:
15981:
15974:
15973:
15952:
15951:
15948:
15947:
15944:
15943:
15940:
15939:
15937:
15936:
15931:
15926:
15921:
15916:
15911:
15906:
15901:
15896:
15889:
15883:
15881:
15875:
15874:
15872:
15871:
15864:
15857:
15850:
15842:
15840:
15834:
15833:
15831:
15830:
15823:
15816:
15811:
15806:
15801:
15796:
15791:
15786:
15781:
15776:
15771:
15766:
15764:Neferhotep III
15761:
15756:
15750:
15748:
15742:
15741:
15739:
15738:
15733:
15728:
15721:
15716:
15711:
15704:
15697:
15690:
15682:
15680:
15674:
15673:
15671:
15670:
15663:
15656:
15649:
15642:
15635:
15628:
15621:
15616:
15611:
15606:
15601:
15596:
15594:Sewadjkare III
15591:
15586:
15581:
15576:
15571:
15566:
15563:Maaibre Sheshi
15559:
15556:'Ammu Ahotepre
15552:
15545:
15538:
15530:
15528:
15522:
15521:
15519:
15518:
15513:
15508:
15503:
15498:
15493:
15488:
15483:
15478:
15473:
15468:
15466:Merhotepre Ini
15463:
15458:
15453:
15448:
15443:
15438:
15433:
15428:
15426:Sobekhotep III
15423:
15418:
15413:
15408:
15403:
15396:
15391:
15386:
15381:
15376:
15371:
15366:
15361:
15356:
15351:
15346:
15341:
15336:
15331:
15326:
15321:
15316:
15311:
15306:
15298:
15296:
15287:
15284:(1802–1550 BC)
15279:2 Intermediate
15275:
15274:
15271:
15270:
15268:
15267:
15260:
15255:
15250:
15245:
15240:
15235:
15230:
15225:
15219:
15217:
15211:
15210:
15208:
15207:
15202:
15197:
15191:
15189:
15185:
15184:
15182:
15181:
15176:
15174:Mentuhotep III
15171:
15166:
15161:
15156:
15151:
15145:
15143:
15134:
15131:(2040–1802 BC)
15126:Middle Kingdom
15122:
15121:
15118:
15117:
15115:
15114:
15109:
15108:
15107:
15104:
15097:
15095:
15092:
15086:
15083:
15076:
15075:
15063:Middle Kingdom
15054:
15053:
15050:
15049:
15046:
15045:
15042:
15041:
15039:
15038:
15033:
15028:
15026:Neferkare VIII
15023:
15017:
15015:
15009:
15008:
15006:
15005:
14998:
14993:
14991:Nebkaure Khety
14988:
14983:
14981:Meryibre Khety
14977:
14975:
14969:
14968:
14966:
14965:
14958:
14951:
14944:
14937:
14932:
14927:
14922:
14917:
14915:Neferkamin Anu
14912:
14907:
14902:
14897:
14892:
14887:
14882:
14877:
14872:
14867:
14862:
14856:
14854:
14841:
14838:(2181–2040 BC)
14833:1 Intermediate
14829:
14828:
14825:
14824:
14822:
14821:
14814:
14807:
14802:
14797:
14792:
14787:
14782:
14777:
14771:
14769:
14763:
14762:
14760:
14759:
14754:
14752:Djedkare Isesi
14749:
14747:Menkauhor Kaiu
14744:
14739:
14734:
14729:
14724:
14719:
14713:
14711:
14705:
14704:
14702:
14701:
14694:
14689:
14684:
14677:
14672:
14667:
14662:
14656:
14654:
14648:
14647:
14645:
14644:
14639:
14632:
14625:
14620:
14613:
14608:
14603:
14597:
14595:
14586:
14583:(2686–2181 BC)
14574:
14573:
14570:
14569:
14567:
14566:
14561:
14554:
14547:
14540:
14535:
14530:
14523:
14516:
14509:
14502:
14495:
14488:
14483:
14478:
14472:
14470:
14464:
14463:
14461:
14460:
14453:
14446:
14441:
14436:
14431:
14426:
14421:
14416:
14411:
14401:
14399:
14390:
14387:(3150–2686 BC)
14382:Early Dynastic
14378:
14377:
14374:
14373:
14371:
14370:
14361:
14354:
14349:
14344:
14337:
14330:
14323:
14316:
14309:
14302:
14295:
14287:
14285:
14279:
14278:
14276:
14275:
14268:
14263:
14256:
14249:
14242:
14235:
14228:
14221:
14214:
14207:
14200:
14193:
14186:
14179:
14171:
14169:
14160:
14148:
14147:
14144:
14143:
14141:
14140:
14135:
14134:
14133:
14130:
14123:
14121:
14118:
14112:
14109:
14102:
14101:
14080:
14079:
14072:
14071:
14064:
14057:
14049:
14040:
14039:
14037:
14036:
14021:
14018:
14017:
14015:
14014:
14009:
14002:
14001:
14000:
13990:
13985:
13984:
13983:
13978:
13973:
13968:
13959:
13957:
13953:
13952:
13950:
13949:
13944:
13939:
13933:
13931:
13927:
13926:
13923:
13922:
13920:
13919:
13914:
13909:
13907:Julius Licinus
13903:
13901:
13897:
13896:
13894:
13893:
13888:
13883:
13878:
13872:
13870:
13863:
13859:
13858:
13855:
13854:
13852:
13851:
13850:(stepdaughter)
13845:
13839:
13833:
13827:
13817:
13810:
13808:
13804:
13803:
13801:
13800:
13795:
13790:
13784:
13782:
13778:
13777:
13775:
13774:
13768:
13762:
13756:
13750:
13747:Gaius Octavius
13743:
13741:
13734:
13728:
13727:
13725:
13724:
13722:Gaius Maecenas
13719:
13714:
13708:
13706:
13702:
13701:
13699:
13698:
13693:
13685:
13683:
13679:
13678:
13675:
13674:
13672:
13671:
13666:
13661:
13656:
13651:
13646:
13641:
13635:
13633:
13629:
13628:
13626:
13625:
13620:
13615:
13609:
13607:
13601:
13600:
13598:
13597:
13592:
13590:Aqua Alsietina
13587:
13581:
13579:
13573:
13572:
13570:
13569:
13568:
13567:
13562:
13557:
13552:
13547:
13542:
13537:
13529:
13524:
13519:
13513:
13511:
13507:
13506:
13504:
13503:
13498:
13493:
13491:Palazzo a Mare
13488:
13483:
13477:
13475:
13468:
13467:
13462:
13457:
13452:
13447:
13442:
13437:
13432:
13427:
13426:
13425:
13420:
13415:
13410:
13405:
13404:
13403:
13393:
13388:
13383:
13376:Campus Martius
13373:
13367:
13365:
13361:
13360:
13358:
13357:
13352:
13347:
13345:Coinage reform
13342:
13335:
13329:
13327:
13323:
13322:
13319:
13318:
13316:
13315:
13314:
13313:
13303:
13296:
13290:
13288:
13282:
13281:
13279:
13278:
13277:
13276:
13271:
13261:
13258:Bellum Siculum
13254:
13249:
13248:
13247:
13237:
13236:
13235:
13233:Forum Gallorum
13230:
13219:
13217:
13208:
13202:
13201:
13199:
13198:
13191:
13184:
13177:
13170:
13163:
13156:
13148:
13146:
13142:
13141:
13130:
13127:
13126:
13119:
13118:
13111:
13104:
13096:
13087:
13086:
13084:
13083:
13068:
13065:
13064:
13062:
13061:
13056:
13051:
13046:
13041:
13036:
13030:
13028:
13024:
13023:
13021:
13020:
13018:Caesar (title)
13015:
13010:
13005:
13003:Caesar's Comet
13000:
12995:
12990:
12986:Life of Caesar
12981:
12979:
12975:
12974:
12971:
12970:
12968:
12967:
12962:
12957:
12952:
12946:
12944:
12940:
12939:
12937:
12936:
12931:
12926:
12920:
12918:
12914:
12913:
12911:
12910:
12905:
12900:
12895:
12889:
12887:
12880:
12874:
12873:
12871:
12870:
12865:
12860:
12855:
12849:
12847:
12843:
12842:
12840:
12839:
12834:
12829:
12827:Basilica Julia
12824:
12819:
12813:
12811:
12807:
12806:
12804:
12803:
12798:
12791:
12784:
12781:Alea iacta est
12776:
12774:
12770:
12769:
12767:
12766:
12761:
12754:
12747:
12740:
12733:
12725:
12723:
12719:
12718:
12716:
12715:
12708:
12703:
12696:
12688:
12686:
12682:
12681:
12679:
12678:
12672:
12669:
12668:
12666:
12665:
12660:
12655:
12650:
12645:
12640:
12639:
12638:
12633:
12623:
12618:
12613:
12608:
12603:
12597:
12595:
12589:
12588:
12586:
12585:
12580:
12575:
12570:
12565:
12560:
12555:
12550:
12545:
12540:
12535:
12530:
12525:
12520:
12514:
12512:
12503:
12502:
12496:
12494:
12488:
12487:
12485:
12484:
12479:
12478:
12477:
12467:
12462:
12457:
12451:
12449:
12445:
12444:
12437:
12436:
12429:
12422:
12414:
12405:
12404:
12402:
12401:
12396:: Held by the
12394:12 BC – AD 375
12391:
12382:
12373:
12364:
12355:
12346:
12337:
12328:
12319:
12310:
12301:
12292:
12283:
12274:
12265:
12256:
12247:
12238:
12229:
12220:
12211:
12202:
12193:
12184:
12175:
12165:
12162:
12161:
12152:
12151:
12144:
12137:
12129:
12120:
12119:
12116:
12113:
12112:
12110:
12109:
12108:
12107:
12102:
12092:
12087:
12082:
12076:
12070:
12064:
12058:
12051:
12049:
12045:
12044:
12042:
12041:
12036:
12031:
12026:
12014:
12009:
11997:
11992:
11987:
11982:
11977:
11972:
11967:
11962:
11957:
11945:
11940:
11935:
11930:
11925:
11913:
11908:
11903:
11891:
11879:
11874:
11850:
11832:
11827:
11822:
11817:
11812:
11810:Theodora (III)
11807:
11802:
11797:
11792:
11787:
11782:
11777:
11772:
11767:
11762:
11757:
11733:
11728:
11723:
11718:
11706:
11701:
11689:
11677:
11672:
11660:
11642:
11637:
11632:
11627:
11625:Constantine VI
11622:
11617:
11601:
11596:
11591:
11589:Theodosius III
11586:
11581:
11576:
11564:
11559:
11554:
11549:
11534:Constantine IV
11531:
11526:
11514:
11509:
11503:
11501:
11491:
11490:
11487:
11486:
11484:
11483:
11478:
11466:
11461:
11456:
11451:
11446:
11441:
11429:
11424:
11419:
11414:
11409:
11404:
11398:
11396:
11392:Eastern Empire
11388:
11387:
11385:
11384:
11377:
11372:
11365:
11358:
11353:
11346:
11341:
11334:
11327:
11322:
11315:
11310:
11303:
11287:
11281:
11279:
11275:Western Empire
11268:
11267:
11260:
11248:Magnus Maximus
11244:
11242:Valentinian II
11239:
11234:
11229:
11222:
11217:
11212:
11207:
11202:
11195:
11188:
11181:
11176:
11174:Constantius II
11171:
11169:Constantine II
11166:
11161:
11156:
11151:
11146:
11139:
11134:
11129:
11124:
11119:
11114:
11108:
11106:
11098:
11097:
11095:
11094:
11089:
11084:
11079:
11074:
11069:
11064:
11059:
11054:
11049:
11037:
11032:
11024:
11019:
11001:
10989:
10977:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10957:
10952:
10946:
10944:
10936:
10935:
10933:
10932:
10927:
10922:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10885:
10880:
10875:
10870:
10868:Antoninus Pius
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10840:
10835:
10830:
10825:
10820:
10815:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10794:
10792:
10791:27 BC – AD 235
10784:
10783:
10771:
10770:
10763:
10756:
10748:
10740:
10739:
10734:
10731:
10722:
10717:
10713:
10712:
10708:
10707:
10698:
10695:
10678:
10669:
10665:
10664:
10655:
10652:
10635:
10626:
10622:
10621:
10612:
10609:
10586:Sex. Appuleius
10560:
10551:
10547:
10546:
10537:
10534:
10517:
10508:
10504:
10503:
10494:
10491:
10475:
10466:
10462:
10461:
10457:
10456:
10451:
10448:
10439:
10433:
10432:
10430:Roman emperors
10426:
10425:
10405:
10402:
10397:
10396:
10394:Andrew Selkirk
10387:
10377:
10371:
10364:
10358:
10352:
10347:
10342:
10332:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10315:
10314:
10303:
10302:
10295:
10294:External links
10292:
10290:
10289:
10283:
10267:
10262:978-0415319362
10261:
10248:
10243:978-0024027009
10242:
10229:
10223:
10207:
10201:
10188:
10168:
10156:
10150:
10134:
10114:10.2307/298104
10094:
10074:10.2307/298927
10057:
10028:
10022:
10006:
10001:978-0297785552
10000:
9988:Grant, Michael
9984:
9978:
9966:Galinsky, Karl
9962:
9956:
9944:Galinsky, Karl
9940:
9934:
9918:
9913:
9897:
9885:
9880:978-3828601369
9879:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9854:
9845:
9822:
9816:
9798:
9766:
9760:
9744:
9726:(2): 207–212.
9715:
9697:(2): 213–214.
9686:
9657:
9651:
9633:
9627:
9612:
9598:
9583:
9577:
9557:
9551:
9528:
9522:
9509:
9491:(2): 117–131.
9480:
9471:
9465:
9449:
9443:
9426:
9420:
9404:
9398:
9383:
9377:
9361:
9356:
9341:
9336:
9318:
9312:
9291:
9285:
9270:
9265:
9250:
9245:
9230:
9225:
9212:
9206:
9189:
9177:10.2307/282994
9160:
9151:
9146:
9133:
9125:Ando, Clifford
9120:
9118:
9117:Modern sources
9115:
9113:
9112:
9094:
9072:
9054:
9036:
9018:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8989:
8968:10.2307/301374
8946:
8939:
8921:
8914:
8896:
8877:
8858:
8846:
8833:
8799:
8778:
8776:, Book LIV 23.
8766:
8750:
8738:
8726:
8714:
8712:, p. 122.
8702:
8685:
8673:
8656:
8640:
8638:, p. 145.
8628:
8616:
8614:, p. 144.
8601:
8599:, p. 404.
8589:
8574:
8572:, p. 119.
8559:
8557:, p. 118.
8547:
8532:
8517:
8515:, p. 120.
8505:
8489:
8472:
8460:
8458:, p. 341.
8448:
8436:
8434:, p. 122.
8424:
8409:
8397:
8385:
8383:, p. 345.
8373:
8356:
8344:
8332:
8320:
8308:
8296:
8277:
8256:10.2307/310780
8230:
8223:
8200:
8198:, p. 213.
8185:
8183:, p. 211.
8170:
8158:
8156:, p. 124.
8143:
8141:, p. 123.
8128:
8113:
8101:
8089:
8075:
8061:
8049:
8037:
8035:, p. 119.
8025:
8013:
8001:
7986:
7984:, p. 116.
7969:
7967:, p. 417.
7957:
7955:, p. 217.
7945:
7933:
7918:
7903:
7901:, p. 115.
7891:
7879:
7867:
7855:
7853:, p. 417.
7843:
7831:
7819:
7807:
7795:
7783:
7771:
7752:
7750:, p. 416.
7735:
7723:
7711:
7699:
7687:
7672:
7660:
7648:
7636:
7617:
7615:, p. 129.
7605:
7603:, p. 186.
7593:
7581:
7579:, p. 383.
7577:Bowersock 1990
7569:
7552:
7550:, p. 380.
7548:Bowersock 1990
7540:
7525:
7523:, p. 260.
7513:
7511:, p. 301.
7496:
7494:, p. 483.
7484:
7475:
7463:
7439:
7417:
7415:, p. 117.
7400:
7388:
7373:
7371:, p. 427.
7361:
7349:
7334:
7322:
7310:
7308:, p. 333.
7295:
7293:, p. 300.
7280:
7278:, p. 299.
7265:
7263:, p. 109.
7250:
7238:
7226:
7209:
7194:
7175:
7163:
7147:
7135:
7118:
7106:
7104:, p. 295.
7094:
7075:
7073:, p. 426.
7060:
7058:, p. 140.
7048:
7046:, p. 259.
7033:
7031:, p. 294.
7021:
7009:
7007:, p. 108.
6986:
6974:
6962:
6950:
6920:
6897:
6867:
6842:
6806:
6788:
6772:The Jewish War
6759:
6724:Hammond, Mason
6715:
6703:
6696:
6660:
6658:, p. 149.
6648:
6626:
6597:
6578:
6549:
6523:
6495:
6474:
6459:
6444:
6442:, p. 210.
6432:
6417:
6415:, p. 211.
6402:
6390:
6388:, p. 113.
6378:
6366:
6354:
6342:
6327:
6310:
6298:
6283:
6281:, p. 171.
6271:
6269:, p. 697.
6259:
6247:
6235:
6223:
6211:
6166:
6159:
6141:
6129:
6117:
6105:
6093:
6081:
6069:
6057:
6045:
6030:
6018:
6006:
5994:
5982:
5967:
5955:
5943:
5928:
5916:
5901:
5884:
5869:
5867:, p. 162.
5857:
5840:
5825:
5810:
5798:
5783:
5771:
5759:
5757:, p. 202.
5747:
5735:
5720:
5705:
5703:, p. 164.
5690:
5678:
5676:, p. 163.
5663:
5646:
5616:
5604:
5592:
5577:
5565:
5548:
5536:
5534:, p. 157.
5524:
5512:
5510:, p. 160.
5500:
5498:, p. 167.
5488:
5471:
5459:
5444:
5427:
5412:
5400:
5388:
5376:
5364:
5352:
5340:
5324:
5312:
5300:
5288:
5269:
5257:
5245:
5230:
5215:
5203:
5191:
5172:
5170:, p. 160.
5160:
5130:
5111:
5066:
5035:
5012:
5000:
4983:
4964:
4951:
4935:
4920:
4904:
4886:
4875:Chisholm, Hugh
4856:
4833:
4814:
4802:
4783:
4771:
4756:
4737:
4721:
4718:§5, footnote a
4714:Roman calendar
4705:
4686:
4661:
4636:
4606:
4594:
4575:
4573:, p. 250.
4556:
4544:
4525:
4510:
4492:
4480:
4458:
4439:
4412:(2): 242–266.
4396:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4361:
4352:
4343:
4334:
4317:
4278:
4269:
4248:
4232:
4230:was a moneyer.
4220:
4203:
4186:
4169:
4153:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4086:Gemma Augustea
4055:R. R. R. Smith
3987:
3984:
3960:Palazzo a Mare
3932:
3929:
3797:Campus Martius
3754:
3751:
3735:
3732:
3703:Roman calendar
3690:
3687:
3623:British Museum
3594:
3591:
3555:Jonathan Swift
3487:Roman pantheon
3375:Eulogy of Cato
3330:Divus Augustus
3229:
3226:
3192:restored, 2021
3171:Erich S. Gruen
3096:Vipsania Julia
3063:
3060:
2920:to the north.
2902:Southern India
2744:Main article:
2741:
2738:
2712:
2709:
2641:
2638:
2622:imperium maius
2598:imperium maius
2529:
2526:
2394:
2391:
2255:
2252:
2230:, Cyprus, and
2212:H. H. Scullard
2153:
2150:
2113:
2110:
2083:British Museum
2057:naval blockade
2014:Venus Genetrix
1971:Queen of Kings
1911:Main article:
1908:
1905:
1900:sacrosanctitas
1798:Neptuni filius
1791:Bellum Siculum
1786:
1783:
1756:Livia Drusilla
1673:
1670:
1607:
1604:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1468:Quintus Pedius
1437:Forum Gallorum
1394:Cisalpine Gaul
1389:
1386:
1349:
1346:
1217:
1216:Heir to Caesar
1214:
1212:
1209:
1205:Vestal Virgins
1114:. His mother,
1048:Main article:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1033:and the title
1004:
1003:
964:
963:
876:
875:
788:Gaius Octavius
732:
729:
574:Roman Republic
562:Marcus Lepidus
499:imperial peace
471:Gaius Octavius
462:
461:
458:
457:
454:
453:
451:
450:
445:
444:
443:
438:
428:
423:
422:
421:
414:Bellum Siculum
411:
406:
405:
404:
394:
393:
392:
387:
376:
374:
370:
369:
366:
362:
361:
355:Roman Republic
352:
348:
347:
343:
342:
339:
338:
336:
335:
329:
323:
316:
314:
310:
309:
304:
300:
299:
297:
296:
290:
288:Gaius Octavius
284:
282:
278:
277:
275:Julio-Claudian
272:
266:
265:
262:
261:
254:
253:
243:
242:
240:
239:
233:
227:
221:
215:
209:
207:
201:
200:
198:
197:
190:
183:
168:
166:
162:
161:
155:
153:
149:
148:
140:
136:
135:
119:
115:
114:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
94:
90:
89:
83:
82:
76:
68:
67:
55:
54:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
17740:
17729:
17726:
17724:
17721:
17719:
17716:
17714:
17711:
17709:
17706:
17704:
17701:
17699:
17696:
17694:
17691:
17689:
17686:
17684:
17681:
17679:
17676:
17674:
17671:
17669:
17666:
17664:
17661:
17659:
17656:
17654:
17651:
17649:
17646:
17644:
17641:
17639:
17636:
17634:
17631:
17629:
17626:
17624:
17621:
17619:
17616:
17614:
17611:
17609:
17606:
17604:
17601:
17600:
17598:
17585:
17580:
17570:
17567:
17565:
17562:
17560:
17557:
17555:
17552:
17550:
17547:
17545:
17542:
17540:
17537:
17535:
17532:
17530:
17527:
17525:
17522:
17520:
17517:
17515:
17512:
17510:
17507:
17505:
17502:
17500:
17497:
17494:
17491:
17489:
17486:
17485:
17482:
17475:
17471:
17453:
17450:
17448:
17445:
17443:
17440:
17438:
17435:
17433:
17432:
17428:
17426:
17425:
17421:
17419:
17418:
17414:
17412:
17409:
17407:
17406:
17402:
17400:
17399:
17395:
17393:
17392:
17388:
17386:
17385:
17381:
17379:
17378:
17374:
17372:
17371:
17367:
17365:
17364:
17360:
17358:
17357:
17353:
17351:
17348:
17346:
17345:
17341:
17339:
17338:
17334:
17332:
17329:
17327:
17324:
17322:
17321:
17317:
17315:
17314:
17310:
17308:
17307:
17303:
17301:
17300:
17296:
17294:
17293:
17289:
17287:
17286:
17282:
17280:
17279:
17275:
17273:
17272:
17268:
17266:
17263:
17261:
17258:
17256:
17253:
17251:
17248:
17246:
17243:
17241:
17240:
17236:
17234:
17233:
17229:
17227:
17224:
17222:
17219:
17217:
17214:
17212:
17209:
17207:
17204:
17202:
17199:
17197:
17194:
17192:
17189:
17187:
17184:
17182:
17179:
17177:
17176:
17172:
17170:
17167:
17165:
17162:
17160:
17157:
17155:
17152:
17150:
17147:
17145:
17142:
17140:
17137:
17136:
17134:
17132:
17128:
17125:
17117:
17113:
17103:
17100:
17098:
17095:
17093:
17090:
17088:
17085:
17083:
17080:
17078:
17077:
17073:
17071:
17068:
17066:
17063:
17061:
17058:
17056:
17053:
17051:
17048:
17046:
17043:
17041:
17038:
17036:
17033:
17031:
17030:Cleopatra III
17028:
17026:
17023:
17021:
17018:
17016:
17013:
17011:
17008:
17006:
17003:
17001:
16998:
16996:
16993:
16991:
16988:
16986:
16983:
16981:
16978:
16976:
16973:
16971:
16968:
16966:
16963:
16962:
16960:
16958:
16954:
16948:
16945:
16943:
16940:
16938:
16935:
16934:
16932:
16930:
16926:
16923:
16915:
16911:
16901:
16898:
16896:
16893:
16891:
16888:
16886:
16883:
16882:
16880:
16878:
16874:
16868:
16865:
16863:
16860:
16858:
16855:
16854:
16852:
16850:
16846:
16840:
16839:
16835:
16833:
16832:Nepherites II
16830:
16828:
16825:
16823:
16820:
16818:
16815:
16814:
16812:
16810:
16806:
16800:
16797:
16796:
16794:
16792:
16788:
16782:
16779:
16777:
16774:
16772:
16769:
16767:
16766:
16762:
16760:
16757:
16755:
16752:
16750:
16747:
16746:
16744:
16742:
16738:
16732:
16729:
16727:
16724:
16722:
16719:
16717:
16714:
16712:
16709:
16707:
16704:
16702:
16699:
16697:
16696:
16692:
16690:
16687:
16685:
16684:
16680:
16679:
16677:
16675:
16671:
16668:
16660:
16656:
16646:
16643:
16638:
16635:
16634:
16632:
16631:
16629:
16623:
16620:
16614:
16610:
16601:
16597:
16592:
16588:
16570:
16567:
16565:
16562:
16560:
16557:
16555:
16552:
16550:
16547:
16546:
16544:
16542:
16538:
16532:
16529:
16527:
16524:
16523:
16521:
16519:
16515:
16509:
16506:
16504:
16503:
16499:
16497:
16494:
16492:
16489:
16487:
16484:
16482:
16479:
16477:
16476:
16472:
16470:
16467:
16465:
16462:
16460:
16457:
16456:
16454:
16452:
16448:
16442:
16439:
16437:
16436:
16432:
16430:
16427:
16425:
16422:
16420:
16417:
16415:
16412:
16410:
16407:
16405:
16402:
16400:
16399:
16395:
16393:
16390:
16388:
16385:
16383:
16380:
16379:
16377:
16375:
16371:
16365:
16364:
16363:Psusennes III
16360:
16358:
16355:
16353:
16350:
16348:
16345:
16343:
16340:
16338:
16335:
16333:
16330:
16328:
16327:
16323:
16321:
16318:
16317:
16315:
16313:
16309:
16303:
16300:
16298:
16295:
16293:
16290:
16288:
16285:
16283:
16280:
16278:
16275:
16273:
16270:
16269:
16267:
16265:
16261:
16258:
16254:(1069–664 BC)
16250:
16246:
16236:
16233:
16231:
16228:
16226:
16223:
16221:
16220:Ramesses VIII
16218:
16216:
16213:
16211:
16208:
16206:
16203:
16201:
16198:
16196:
16193:
16191:
16188:
16187:
16185:
16183:
16179:
16173:
16170:
16168:
16165:
16163:
16160:
16158:
16155:
16153:
16150:
16148:
16145:
16143:
16140:
16138:
16135:
16134:
16132:
16130:
16126:
16120:
16117:
16115:
16112:
16110:
16107:
16105:
16102:
16100:
16097:
16095:
16092:
16090:
16089:Amenhotep III
16087:
16085:
16082:
16080:
16077:
16075:
16072:
16070:
16067:
16065:
16062:
16060:
16057:
16055:
16052:
16050:
16047:
16046:
16044:
16042:
16038:
16035:
16027:
16023:
16012:
16009:
16004:
15998:
15997:
15994:
15988:
15985:
15979:
15975:
15966:
15962:
15957:
15953:
15935:
15932:
15930:
15929:Seqenenre Tao
15927:
15925:
15922:
15920:
15917:
15915:
15912:
15910:
15907:
15905:
15904:Sobekemsaf II
15902:
15900:
15897:
15895:
15894:
15890:
15888:
15885:
15884:
15882:
15880:
15876:
15870:
15869:
15865:
15863:
15862:
15858:
15856:
15855:
15854:Wepwawetemsaf
15851:
15849:
15848:
15844:
15843:
15841:
15839:
15835:
15829:
15828:
15824:
15822:
15821:
15817:
15815:
15812:
15810:
15807:
15805:
15802:
15800:
15797:
15795:
15792:
15790:
15787:
15785:
15782:
15780:
15777:
15775:
15772:
15770:
15767:
15765:
15762:
15760:
15757:
15755:
15752:
15751:
15749:
15747:
15743:
15737:
15734:
15732:
15729:
15727:
15726:
15722:
15720:
15717:
15715:
15712:
15710:
15709:
15705:
15703:
15702:
15698:
15696:
15695:
15691:
15689:
15688:
15684:
15683:
15681:
15679:
15675:
15669:
15668:
15664:
15662:
15661:
15657:
15655:
15654:
15650:
15648:
15647:
15643:
15641:
15640:
15636:
15634:
15633:
15629:
15627:
15626:
15622:
15620:
15617:
15615:
15612:
15610:
15607:
15605:
15602:
15600:
15597:
15595:
15592:
15590:
15587:
15585:
15582:
15580:
15577:
15575:
15572:
15570:
15567:
15565:
15564:
15560:
15558:
15557:
15553:
15551:
15550:
15546:
15544:
15543:
15539:
15537:
15536:
15532:
15531:
15529:
15527:
15523:
15517:
15514:
15512:
15509:
15507:
15504:
15502:
15499:
15497:
15494:
15492:
15489:
15487:
15484:
15482:
15479:
15477:
15474:
15472:
15469:
15467:
15464:
15462:
15461:Merneferre Ay
15459:
15457:
15456:Wahibre Ibiau
15454:
15452:
15449:
15447:
15444:
15442:
15441:Sobekhotep IV
15439:
15437:
15434:
15432:
15429:
15427:
15424:
15422:
15419:
15417:
15414:
15412:
15409:
15407:
15404:
15402:
15401:
15397:
15395:
15392:
15390:
15387:
15385:
15382:
15380:
15377:
15375:
15372:
15370:
15367:
15365:
15362:
15360:
15357:
15355:
15352:
15350:
15347:
15345:
15342:
15340:
15337:
15335:
15332:
15330:
15327:
15325:
15322:
15320:
15317:
15315:
15312:
15310:
15307:
15305:
15304:
15300:
15299:
15297:
15295:
15291:
15288:
15280:
15276:
15266:
15265:
15261:
15259:
15256:
15254:
15251:
15249:
15248:Amenemhat III
15246:
15244:
15241:
15239:
15236:
15234:
15231:
15229:
15226:
15224:
15221:
15220:
15218:
15216:
15212:
15206:
15203:
15201:
15198:
15196:
15193:
15192:
15190:
15186:
15180:
15179:Mentuhotep IV
15177:
15175:
15172:
15170:
15169:Mentuhotep II
15167:
15165:
15162:
15160:
15157:
15155:
15152:
15150:
15147:
15146:
15144:
15142:
15138:
15135:
15127:
15123:
15113:
15110:
15105:
15102:
15101:
15099:
15098:
15096:
15090:
15087:
15081:
15077:
15068:
15064:
15059:
15055:
15037:
15034:
15032:
15031:Wahkare Khety
15029:
15027:
15024:
15022:
15019:
15018:
15016:
15014:
15010:
15004:
15003:
14999:
14997:
14994:
14992:
14989:
14987:
14986:Neferkare VII
14984:
14982:
14979:
14978:
14976:
14974:
14970:
14964:
14963:
14959:
14957:
14956:
14952:
14950:
14949:
14945:
14943:
14942:
14938:
14936:
14933:
14931:
14928:
14926:
14923:
14921:
14918:
14916:
14913:
14911:
14908:
14906:
14903:
14901:
14898:
14896:
14893:
14891:
14888:
14886:
14883:
14881:
14878:
14876:
14873:
14871:
14868:
14866:
14863:
14861:
14858:
14857:
14855:
14853:
14849:
14845:
14842:
14834:
14830:
14820:
14819:
14815:
14813:
14812:
14808:
14806:
14803:
14801:
14798:
14796:
14793:
14791:
14788:
14786:
14783:
14781:
14778:
14776:
14773:
14772:
14770:
14768:
14764:
14758:
14755:
14753:
14750:
14748:
14745:
14743:
14740:
14738:
14735:
14733:
14730:
14728:
14725:
14723:
14720:
14718:
14715:
14714:
14712:
14710:
14706:
14700:
14699:
14695:
14693:
14690:
14688:
14685:
14683:
14682:
14678:
14676:
14673:
14671:
14668:
14666:
14663:
14661:
14658:
14657:
14655:
14653:
14649:
14643:
14640:
14638:
14637:
14633:
14631:
14630:
14626:
14624:
14621:
14619:
14618:
14614:
14612:
14609:
14607:
14604:
14602:
14599:
14598:
14596:
14594:
14590:
14587:
14579:
14575:
14565:
14562:
14560:
14559:
14555:
14553:
14552:
14548:
14546:
14545:
14541:
14539:
14536:
14534:
14533:Seth-Peribsen
14531:
14529:
14528:
14524:
14522:
14521:
14517:
14515:
14514:
14510:
14508:
14507:
14503:
14501:
14500:
14496:
14494:
14493:
14489:
14487:
14484:
14482:
14479:
14477:
14476:Hotepsekhemwy
14474:
14473:
14471:
14469:
14465:
14459:
14458:
14454:
14452:
14451:
14447:
14445:
14442:
14440:
14437:
14435:
14432:
14430:
14427:
14425:
14422:
14420:
14417:
14415:
14412:
14410:
14406:
14403:
14402:
14400:
14398:
14394:
14391:
14383:
14379:
14369:
14365:
14362:
14360:
14359:
14355:
14353:
14350:
14348:
14345:
14343:
14342:
14338:
14336:
14335:
14331:
14329:
14328:
14324:
14322:
14321:
14317:
14315:
14314:
14310:
14308:
14307:
14303:
14301:
14300:
14296:
14294:
14293:
14289:
14288:
14286:
14284:
14280:
14274:
14273:
14269:
14267:
14266:Double Falcon
14264:
14262:
14261:
14257:
14255:
14254:
14250:
14248:
14247:
14243:
14241:
14240:
14236:
14234:
14233:
14229:
14227:
14226:
14222:
14220:
14219:
14215:
14213:
14212:
14208:
14206:
14205:
14201:
14199:
14198:
14194:
14192:
14191:
14187:
14185:
14184:
14180:
14178:
14177:
14173:
14172:
14170:
14168:
14164:
14161:
14157:(pre-3150 BC)
14153:
14152:Protodynastic
14149:
14139:
14136:
14131:
14128:
14127:
14125:
14124:
14122:
14116:
14113:
14107:
14103:
14094:
14090:
14089:Protodynastic
14085:
14081:
14077:
14070:
14065:
14063:
14058:
14056:
14051:
14050:
14047:
14035:
14034:
14030:
14023:
14022:
14019:
14013:
14010:
14008:
14007:
14003:
13999:
13996:
13995:
13994:
13993:Imperial cult
13991:
13989:
13986:
13982:
13979:
13977:
13974:
13972:
13969:
13967:
13964:
13963:
13961:
13960:
13958:
13954:
13948:
13945:
13943:
13940:
13938:
13935:
13934:
13932:
13928:
13918:
13915:
13913:
13910:
13908:
13905:
13904:
13902:
13898:
13892:
13889:
13887:
13884:
13882:
13879:
13877:
13874:
13873:
13871:
13867:
13864:
13860:
13849:
13846:
13843:
13840:
13837:
13834:
13831:
13828:
13825:
13821:
13818:
13815:
13812:
13811:
13809:
13805:
13799:
13796:
13794:
13791:
13789:
13786:
13785:
13783:
13779:
13772:
13769:
13766:
13763:
13760:
13757:
13754:
13753:Julius Caesar
13751:
13748:
13745:
13744:
13742:
13738:
13735:
13733:
13729:
13723:
13720:
13718:
13715:
13713:
13710:
13709:
13707:
13703:
13697:
13694:
13692:
13691:
13687:
13686:
13684:
13680:
13670:
13667:
13665:
13662:
13660:
13657:
13655:
13652:
13650:
13647:
13645:
13642:
13640:
13637:
13636:
13634:
13630:
13624:
13621:
13619:
13616:
13614:
13611:
13610:
13608:
13606:
13602:
13596:
13593:
13591:
13588:
13586:
13583:
13582:
13580:
13578:
13574:
13566:
13563:
13561:
13558:
13556:
13553:
13551:
13548:
13546:
13543:
13541:
13538:
13536:
13533:
13532:
13530:
13528:
13525:
13523:
13520:
13518:
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13514:
13512:
13508:
13502:
13499:
13497:
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13478:
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13466:
13463:
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13441:
13438:
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13409:
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13399:
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13295:
13292:
13291:
13289:
13287:
13283:
13275:
13272:
13270:
13267:
13266:
13265:
13264:War of Actium
13262:
13260:
13259:
13255:
13253:
13250:
13246:
13243:
13242:
13241:
13238:
13234:
13231:
13229:
13226:
13225:
13224:
13223:War of Mutina
13221:
13220:
13218:
13216:
13212:
13209:
13207:
13203:
13197:
13196:
13192:
13190:
13189:
13188:Pater patriae
13185:
13183:
13182:
13178:
13176:
13175:
13171:
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13168:
13164:
13162:
13161:
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13025:
13019:
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13006:
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13001:
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12927:
12925:
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12915:
12909:
12906:
12904:
12901:
12899:
12896:
12894:
12891:
12890:
12888:
12884:
12881:
12879:
12875:
12869:
12866:
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12856:
12854:
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12850:
12848:
12844:
12838:
12835:
12833:
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12825:
12823:
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12815:
12814:
12812:
12808:
12802:
12799:
12797:
12796:
12792:
12790:
12789:
12785:
12783:
12782:
12778:
12777:
12775:
12771:
12765:
12762:
12760:
12759:
12755:
12753:
12752:
12748:
12746:
12745:
12741:
12739:
12738:
12734:
12732:
12731:
12727:
12726:
12724:
12720:
12714:
12713:
12709:
12707:
12704:
12702:
12701:
12697:
12695:
12694:
12690:
12689:
12687:
12683:
12677:
12674:
12673:
12664:
12661:
12659:
12656:
12654:
12651:
12649:
12646:
12644:
12641:
12637:
12634:
12632:
12629:
12628:
12627:
12624:
12622:
12619:
12617:
12614:
12612:
12609:
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12599:
12598:
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12594:
12590:
12584:
12581:
12579:
12576:
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12569:
12566:
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12539:
12536:
12534:
12531:
12529:
12526:
12524:
12521:
12519:
12516:
12515:
12513:
12511:
12507:
12501:
12498:
12497:
12495:
12493:
12489:
12483:
12482:Assassination
12480:
12476:
12473:
12472:
12471:
12468:
12466:
12463:
12461:
12458:
12456:
12453:
12452:
12450:
12446:
12442:
12441:Julius Caesar
12435:
12430:
12428:
12423:
12421:
12416:
12415:
12412:
12399:
12395:
12392:
12390:
12386:
12383:
12381:
12377:
12374:
12372:
12368:
12365:
12363:
12359:
12356:
12354:
12350:
12347:
12345:
12341:
12338:
12336:
12332:
12329:
12327:
12323:
12320:
12318:
12314:
12311:
12309:
12305:
12302:
12300:
12296:
12293:
12291:
12287:
12284:
12282:
12278:
12275:
12273:
12269:
12266:
12264:
12260:
12257:
12255:
12251:
12248:
12246:
12242:
12239:
12237:
12233:
12230:
12228:
12224:
12221:
12219:
12215:
12212:
12210:
12206:
12203:
12201:
12197:
12194:
12192:
12188:
12185:
12183:
12179:
12176:
12174:
12170:
12167:
12166:
12163:
12159:
12158:
12150:
12145:
12143:
12138:
12136:
12131:
12130:
12127:
12114:
12106:
12103:
12101:
12098:
12097:
12096:
12093:
12091:
12088:
12086:
12083:
12080:
12077:
12074:
12071:
12068:
12065:
12062:
12059:
12056:
12053:
12052:
12050:
12046:
12040:
12037:
12035:
12032:
12030:
12027:
12024:
12023:
12018:
12015:
12013:
12010:
12007:
12006:
12001:
11998:
11996:
11993:
11991:
11988:
11986:
11983:
11981:
11978:
11976:
11973:
11971:
11968:
11966:
11963:
11961:
11958:
11955:
11954:
11949:
11946:
11944:
11941:
11939:
11936:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11923:
11922:
11917:
11914:
11912:
11909:
11907:
11904:
11901:
11900:
11895:
11892:
11889:
11888:
11883:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11872:
11871:
11866:
11865:
11860:
11859:
11854:
11851:
11848:
11847:
11842:
11841:
11836:
11833:
11831:
11828:
11826:
11823:
11821:
11818:
11816:
11813:
11811:
11808:
11806:
11803:
11801:
11798:
11796:
11793:
11791:
11788:
11786:
11783:
11781:
11778:
11776:
11773:
11771:
11768:
11766:
11763:
11761:
11758:
11755:
11754:
11749:
11748:
11743:
11742:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11729:
11727:
11724:
11722:
11719:
11716:
11715:
11710:
11707:
11705:
11702:
11699:
11698:
11693:
11692:Theodora (II)
11690:
11687:
11686:
11681:
11678:
11676:
11673:
11670:
11669:
11664:
11661:
11658:
11657:
11652:
11651:
11646:
11643:
11641:
11638:
11636:
11633:
11631:
11628:
11626:
11623:
11621:
11618:
11615:
11614:
11613:
11607:
11606:
11602:
11600:
11599:Constantine V
11597:
11595:
11592:
11590:
11587:
11585:
11584:Anastasius II
11582:
11580:
11577:
11574:
11573:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11553:
11550:
11547:
11546:
11541:
11540:
11535:
11532:
11530:
11527:
11524:
11523:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11504:
11502:
11498:
11492:
11482:
11479:
11476:
11475:
11470:
11467:
11465:
11462:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11452:
11450:
11447:
11445:
11442:
11439:
11438:
11433:
11430:
11428:
11425:
11423:
11420:
11418:
11415:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11407:Theodosius II
11405:
11403:
11400:
11399:
11397:
11393:
11389:
11383:
11382:
11378:
11376:
11373:
11371:
11370:
11366:
11364:
11363:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11351:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11339:
11335:
11333:
11332:
11328:
11326:
11323:
11321:
11320:
11316:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11308:
11304:
11301:
11300:
11299:
11293:
11292:
11288:
11286:
11283:
11282:
11280:
11276:
11272:
11266:
11265:
11261:
11258:
11257:
11256:
11250:
11249:
11245:
11243:
11240:
11238:
11235:
11233:
11230:
11228:
11227:
11223:
11221:
11218:
11216:
11215:Valentinian I
11213:
11211:
11208:
11206:
11203:
11201:
11200:
11196:
11194:
11193:
11189:
11187:
11186:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11165:
11162:
11160:
11157:
11155:
11152:
11150:
11147:
11145:
11144:
11140:
11138:
11137:Constantine I
11135:
11133:
11130:
11128:
11127:Constantius I
11125:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11109:
11107:
11103:
11099:
11093:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11068:
11065:
11063:
11060:
11058:
11055:
11053:
11050:
11047:
11046:
11041:
11038:
11036:
11033:
11030:
11029:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11017:
11016:
11011:
11010:
11005:
11002:
10999:
10998:
10993:
10990:
10987:
10986:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10966:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10947:
10945:
10941:
10937:
10931:
10928:
10926:
10923:
10920:
10919:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10886:
10884:
10881:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10795:
10793:
10789:
10785:
10780:
10776:
10769:
10764:
10762:
10757:
10755:
10750:
10749:
10746:
10737:
10728:
10727:
10720:
10714:
10709:
10705:
10701:
10694:
10693:
10685:
10683:
10676:
10672:
10666:
10662:
10658:
10651:
10650:
10642:
10640:
10633:
10629:
10623:
10619:
10615:
10608:
10607:
10603:
10599:
10595:
10591:
10587:
10583:
10579:
10575:
10567:
10565:
10558:
10554:
10548:
10544:
10540:
10533:
10532:
10524:
10522:
10515:
10511:
10505:
10501:
10497:
10490:
10489:
10481:
10480:
10473:
10469:
10463:
10458:
10454:
10445:
10444:
10443:Roman emperor
10438:
10434:
10431:
10427:
10422:
10415:
10410:
10409:
10400:
10395:
10392:– article by
10391:
10388:
10385:
10381:
10378:
10375:
10372:
10369:
10365:
10362:
10359:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10343:
10341:
10338:
10337:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10316:
10311:
10306:
10300:
10286:
10280:
10276:
10272:
10268:
10264:
10258:
10254:
10249:
10245:
10239:
10235:
10230:
10226:
10220:
10216:
10212:
10208:
10204:
10198:
10194:
10189:
10185:
10184:
10178:
10173:
10169:
10165:
10161:
10160:Massie, Allan
10157:
10153:
10147:
10143:
10139:
10135:
10131:
10127:
10123:
10119:
10115:
10111:
10107:
10103:
10099:
10095:
10091:
10087:
10083:
10079:
10075:
10071:
10067:
10063:
10058:
10054:
10050:
10046:
10042:
10038:
10034:
10029:
10025:
10019:
10015:
10011:
10007:
10003:
9997:
9993:
9989:
9985:
9981:
9975:
9971:
9967:
9963:
9959:
9953:
9949:
9945:
9941:
9937:
9931:
9927:
9923:
9919:
9916:
9910:
9906:
9902:
9898:
9894:
9890:
9886:
9882:
9876:
9872:
9868:
9864:
9863:
9851:
9846:
9843:
9839:
9835:
9831:
9827:
9823:
9819:
9813:
9809:
9808:
9803:
9799:
9795:
9791:
9787:
9783:
9779:
9775:
9771:
9767:
9763:
9757:
9753:
9749:
9748:Southern, Pat
9745:
9741:
9737:
9733:
9729:
9725:
9721:
9716:
9712:
9708:
9704:
9700:
9696:
9692:
9687:
9683:
9679:
9675:
9671:
9667:
9663:
9658:
9654:
9648:
9644:
9643:
9638:
9634:
9630:
9624:
9620:
9619:
9613:
9609:
9605:
9601:
9599:0-521-85073-8
9595:
9591:
9590:
9584:
9580:
9574:
9570:
9566:
9562:
9558:
9554:
9548:
9544:
9540:
9536:
9535:
9529:
9525:
9519:
9515:
9510:
9506:
9502:
9498:
9494:
9490:
9486:
9481:
9477:
9472:
9468:
9466:9780521807968
9462:
9458:
9454:
9450:
9446:
9440:
9435:
9434:
9427:
9423:
9417:
9413:
9409:
9405:
9401:
9399:9789047412762
9395:
9391:
9390:
9384:
9380:
9374:
9370:
9366:
9362:
9359:
9353:
9349:
9348:
9342:
9339:
9333:
9329:
9328:
9323:
9319:
9315:
9309:
9305:
9301:
9297:
9292:
9288:
9282:
9278:
9277:
9271:
9268:
9262:
9258:
9257:
9251:
9248:
9242:
9238:
9237:
9231:
9228:
9222:
9218:
9213:
9209:
9203:
9199:
9195:
9190:
9186:
9182:
9178:
9174:
9170:
9166:
9161:
9157:
9152:
9149:
9143:
9139:
9134:
9130:
9126:
9122:
9121:
9109:
9105:
9104:
9103:Roman History
9099:
9095:
9091:
9087:
9083:
9082:
9077:
9073:
9069:
9065:
9064:
9059:
9055:
9051:
9047:
9046:
9041:
9037:
9033:
9029:
9028:
9023:
9019:
9015:
9011:
9010:
9004:
9003:
8985:
8981:
8977:
8973:
8969:
8965:
8961:
8957:
8950:
8942:
8936:
8932:
8925:
8917:
8911:
8907:
8900:
8893:
8890:
8886:
8881:
8874:
8871:
8867:
8862:
8856:, p. 68.
8855:
8850:
8843:
8837:
8821:
8817:
8816:
8811:
8810:
8803:
8796:
8792:
8788:
8782:
8775:
8770:
8763:
8759:
8754:
8747:
8742:
8735:
8730:
8724:, p. 32.
8723:
8718:
8711:
8706:
8700:, p. 34.
8699:
8694:
8692:
8690:
8683:
8677:
8670:
8666:
8660:
8653:
8650:
8644:
8637:
8632:
8625:
8620:
8613:
8608:
8606:
8598:
8593:
8586:
8581:
8579:
8571:
8566:
8564:
8556:
8551:
8544:
8539:
8537:
8529:
8524:
8522:
8514:
8509:
8502:
8498:
8493:
8487:, p. 23.
8486:
8481:
8479:
8477:
8469:
8464:
8457:
8452:
8445:
8440:
8433:
8428:
8422:, p. 81.
8421:
8416:
8414:
8407:, p. 86.
8406:
8401:
8394:
8389:
8382:
8377:
8371:, p. 79.
8370:
8365:
8363:
8361:
8353:
8348:
8341:
8336:
8330:, p. 47.
8329:
8324:
8317:
8312:
8305:
8300:
8293:
8290:
8286:
8281:
8273:
8269:
8265:
8261:
8257:
8253:
8249:
8245:
8241:
8234:
8226:
8220:
8216:
8215:
8210:
8204:
8197:
8192:
8190:
8182:
8177:
8175:
8167:
8162:
8155:
8150:
8148:
8140:
8135:
8133:
8125:
8120:
8118:
8110:
8105:
8098:
8093:
8087:
8084:
8079:
8073:
8070:
8065:
8059:, p. 49.
8058:
8053:
8046:
8041:
8034:
8029:
8022:
8017:
8010:
8005:
7999:, p. 46.
7998:
7993:
7991:
7983:
7978:
7976:
7974:
7966:
7961:
7954:
7953:Scullard 1982
7949:
7942:
7937:
7931:, p. 58.
7930:
7925:
7923:
7916:, p. 44.
7915:
7910:
7908:
7900:
7895:
7888:
7883:
7877:, p. 50.
7876:
7871:
7865:, p. 31.
7864:
7859:
7852:
7847:
7840:
7835:
7829:, p. 13.
7828:
7823:
7816:
7811:
7805:, p. 97.
7804:
7799:
7792:
7787:
7780:
7775:
7769:, p. 96.
7768:
7763:
7761:
7759:
7757:
7749:
7744:
7742:
7740:
7733:, p. 99.
7732:
7727:
7720:
7715:
7709:, p. 98.
7708:
7703:
7697:, p. 97.
7696:
7691:
7685:, p. 94.
7684:
7679:
7677:
7670:, p. 95.
7669:
7664:
7658:, p. 93.
7657:
7652:
7645:
7640:
7633:
7630:
7626:
7621:
7614:
7609:
7602:
7597:
7591:, p. 28.
7590:
7585:
7578:
7573:
7567:
7564:
7563:
7556:
7549:
7544:
7538:, p. 43.
7537:
7532:
7530:
7522:
7517:
7510:
7505:
7503:
7501:
7493:
7488:
7479:
7473:, p. 78.
7472:
7467:
7460:
7456:
7452:
7448:
7443:
7437:
7433:
7430:
7426:
7421:
7414:
7409:
7407:
7405:
7398:, p. 61.
7397:
7392:
7386:, p. 60.
7385:
7380:
7378:
7370:
7365:
7359:, p. 80.
7358:
7353:
7347:, p. 30.
7346:
7341:
7339:
7332:, p. 59.
7331:
7326:
7319:
7314:
7307:
7302:
7300:
7292:
7287:
7285:
7277:
7272:
7270:
7262:
7261:Southern 1998
7257:
7255:
7247:
7242:
7236:, p. 37.
7235:
7230:
7224:, p. 57.
7223:
7218:
7216:
7214:
7207:, p. 36.
7206:
7201:
7199:
7192:, p. 26.
7191:
7186:
7184:
7182:
7180:
7172:
7167:
7160:
7154:
7152:
7145:, p. 38.
7144:
7139:
7133:, p. 56.
7132:
7127:
7125:
7123:
7116:, p. 25.
7115:
7110:
7103:
7098:
7092:, p. 53.
7091:
7086:
7084:
7082:
7080:
7072:
7067:
7065:
7057:
7052:
7045:
7040:
7038:
7030:
7025:
7019:, p. 55.
7018:
7013:
7006:
7005:Southern 1998
7001:
6999:
6997:
6995:
6993:
6991:
6984:, p. 51.
6983:
6978:
6971:
6966:
6960:, p. 13.
6959:
6954:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6924:
6917:
6916:
6911:
6908:
6907:
6901:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6864:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6839:
6838:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6803:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6719:
6712:
6707:
6699:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6676:
6671:
6664:
6657:
6652:
6644:
6640:
6633:
6631:
6623:
6622:
6621:De die Natali
6617:
6613:
6612:
6608:
6607:
6601:
6594:
6590:
6587:
6582:
6575:
6573:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6558:
6553:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6535:
6532:
6527:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6503:InscrIt-13-02
6499:
6493:, p. 24.
6492:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6481:
6479:
6472:, p. 47.
6471:
6466:
6464:
6457:, p. 34.
6456:
6451:
6449:
6441:
6440:Scullard 1982
6436:
6430:, p. 46.
6429:
6424:
6422:
6414:
6413:Scullard 1982
6409:
6407:
6400:, p. 80.
6399:
6394:
6387:
6382:
6375:
6370:
6363:
6358:
6352:, p. 45.
6351:
6346:
6339:
6334:
6332:
6324:
6319:
6317:
6315:
6307:
6302:
6296:, p. 49.
6295:
6290:
6288:
6280:
6279:Scullard 1982
6275:
6268:
6263:
6257:, p. 39.
6256:
6251:
6244:
6239:
6233:, p. 38.
6232:
6227:
6221:, p. 37.
6220:
6215:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6178:
6170:
6162:
6156:
6152:
6145:
6139:, p. 22.
6138:
6133:
6127:, p. 35.
6126:
6121:
6114:
6109:
6102:
6097:
6091:, p. 34.
6090:
6085:
6078:
6073:
6067:, p. 31.
6066:
6061:
6055:, p. 20.
6054:
6049:
6043:, p. 30.
6042:
6037:
6035:
6027:
6022:
6016:, p. 29.
6015:
6010:
6003:
5998:
5991:
5986:
5980:, p. 26.
5979:
5974:
5972:
5964:
5959:
5953:, p. 25.
5952:
5947:
5941:, p. 24.
5940:
5935:
5933:
5926:, p. 23.
5925:
5920:
5914:, p. 22.
5913:
5908:
5906:
5899:, p. 19.
5898:
5893:
5891:
5889:
5882:, p. 21.
5881:
5876:
5874:
5866:
5865:Scullard 1982
5861:
5855:, p. 20.
5854:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5838:, p. 32.
5837:
5832:
5830:
5823:, p. 19.
5822:
5817:
5815:
5807:
5802:
5796:, p. 18.
5795:
5790:
5788:
5780:
5775:
5769:, p. 17.
5768:
5763:
5756:
5751:
5745:, p. 20.
5744:
5739:
5733:, p. 19.
5732:
5727:
5725:
5717:
5712:
5710:
5702:
5701:Scullard 1982
5697:
5695:
5687:
5686:Southern 1998
5682:
5675:
5674:Scullard 1982
5670:
5668:
5661:, p. 16.
5660:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5634:
5630:
5623:
5621:
5613:
5608:
5602:, p. 28.
5601:
5596:
5590:, p. 15.
5589:
5584:
5582:
5574:
5569:
5563:, p. 27.
5562:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5545:
5540:
5533:
5532:Scullard 1982
5528:
5521:
5516:
5509:
5504:
5497:
5492:
5486:, p. 13.
5485:
5480:
5478:
5476:
5469:, p. 29.
5468:
5463:
5457:, p. 24.
5456:
5451:
5449:
5442:, p. 23.
5441:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5425:, p. 12.
5424:
5419:
5417:
5409:
5404:
5398:, p. 21.
5397:
5392:
5385:
5380:
5374:, p. 30.
5373:
5368:
5362:, p. 26.
5361:
5356:
5349:
5344:
5337:
5333:
5328:
5322:, p. 11.
5321:
5316:
5310:, p. 20.
5309:
5304:
5297:
5292:
5285:
5282:
5278:
5273:
5267:, p. 18.
5266:
5261:
5255:, p. 18.
5254:
5249:
5243:, p. 19.
5242:
5237:
5235:
5227:
5222:
5220:
5213:, p. 21.
5212:
5211:Southern 1998
5207:
5200:
5199:Southern 1998
5195:
5189:, p. 10.
5188:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5169:
5164:
5148:
5144:
5143:
5134:
5127:
5124:
5120:
5115:
5107:
5101:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5070:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5039:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5016:
5010:, p. 15.
5009:
5004:
4997:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4980:
4977:
4971:
4969:
4961:
4955:
4948:
4944:
4939:
4933:, p. 16.
4932:
4927:
4925:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4902:
4899:
4893:
4891:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4860:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4837:
4830:
4827:
4823:
4818:
4811:
4806:
4799:
4796:
4792:
4787:
4781:, p. 23.
4780:
4775:
4769:, p. 14.
4768:
4763:
4761:
4753:
4750:
4746:
4741:
4734:
4730:
4725:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4702:
4699:
4695:
4690:
4682:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4665:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4640:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4610:
4603:
4598:
4592:, p. 50.
4591:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4572:
4571:Fishwick 2004
4567:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4553:
4548:
4540:
4536:
4529:
4521:
4514:
4506:
4499:
4497:
4489:
4484:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4465:
4463:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4388:
4384:
4371:
4368:According to
4365:
4356:
4347:
4338:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4282:
4273:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4229:
4224:
4217:
4207:
4200:
4196:
4193:His daughter
4190:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4150:
4149:Julius Caesar
4146:
4142:
4136:
4132:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4008:
4004:
3997:
3992:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3949:Vedius Pollio
3946:
3945:
3940:
3939:
3938:Domus Augusti
3928:
3925:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3902:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3787:
3776:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3731:
3729:
3724:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3686:
3684:
3678:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3661:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3590:
3588:
3587:Machiavellian
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3567:Thomas Gordon
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3545:
3544:Chester Starr
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3471:Roman pharaoh
3467:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3456:Constantine I
3453:
3448:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3419:standing army
3416:
3412:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3267:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3251:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3225:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3210:his mausoleum
3207:
3206:
3200:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3174:
3172:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3092:Lucius Caesar
3089:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3068:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3025:
3024:Peter Janssen
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2912:in the period
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2898:Chera Kingdom
2895:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2737:
2735:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2704:pater patriae
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2658:laurel wreath
2655:
2651:
2646:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2399:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2366:corona civica
2358:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2332:Julian family
2329:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2264:
2260:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2242:, as well as
2241:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2181:
2179:
2172:
2170:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2102:Arius Didymus
2099:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2077:of Octavian,
2076:
2072:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:Julius Caesar
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2006:Cleopatra VII
2003:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1913:War of Actium
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1779:Octavia Minor
1776:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1565:proscriptions
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1483:Proscriptions
1475:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1366:
1354:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1261:Ides of March
1258:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1211:Rise to power
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:According to
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1131:Julius Caesar
1128:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:Palatine Hill
1061:
1057:
1051:
1038:
1037:
1036:Pater Patriae
1032:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1000:
995:
994:
989:
988:Julian family
985:
981:
980:
975:
974:
969:
966:
965:
961:
960:
950:
914:
913:anglicization
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
885:
884:Julius Caesar
881:
878:
877:
873:
869:
864:
856:
853:
849:
844:
836:
835:
825:
789:
786:
785:
784:
782:
781:
771:
738:
737:Roman customs
728:
726:
722:
718:
713:
709:
705:
701:
700:standing army
697:
693:
689:
685:
684:client states
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
646:
641:
639:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
546:Julius Caesar
543:
540:
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
515:
514:
507:
506:
500:
496:
495:imperial cult
492:
491:Roman emperor
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
459:
455:
449:
446:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
432:
431:War of Actium
429:
427:
424:
420:
417:
416:
415:
412:
410:
407:
403:
400:
399:
398:
395:
391:
388:
386:
383:
382:
381:
380:War of Mutina
378:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
360:
356:
353:
349:
344:
340:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
317:
315:
311:
308:
305:
301:
294:
293:Julius Caesar
291:
289:
286:
285:
283:
279:
276:
273:
271:
267:
259:
255:
252:
248:
244:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
224:Lucius Caesar
222:
219:
216:
214:
211:
210:
208:
206:
202:
194:
191:
187:
184:
173:
170:
169:
167:
163:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
137:
134:
130:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
95:
91:
88:
87:Roman emperor
84:
80:, 1st century
79:
74:
69:
66:
64:
63:
56:
51:
48:
44:
40:
36:
34:
19:
17608:63 BC births
17429:
17422:
17415:
17403:
17396:
17389:
17382:
17375:
17368:
17361:
17354:
17342:
17335:
17318:
17311:
17304:
17297:
17290:
17283:
17276:
17269:
17237:
17230:
17216:Lucius Verus
17173:
17138:
17074:
17050:Berenice III
17040:Cleopatra IV
17015:Cleopatra II
16947:Alexander IV
16867:Nectanebo II
16836:
16817:Nepherites I
16776:Artaxerxes I
16763:
16693:
16681:
16664:(664–332 BC)
16644:
16600:Roman Period
16502:Shoshenq VII
16500:
16473:
16433:
16414:Shoshenq III
16396:
16361:
16324:
16302:Psusennes II
16215:Ramesses VII
16195:Ramesses III
16079:Amenhotep II
16074:Thutmose III
16010:
15899:Sobekemsaf I
15891:
15866:
15859:
15852:
15845:
15825:
15818:
15723:
15706:
15701:'Aper-'Anati
15699:
15692:
15685:
15665:
15658:
15651:
15644:
15637:
15630:
15623:
15609:Sekheperenre
15561:
15554:
15547:
15540:
15533:
15431:Neferhotep I
15421:Seth Meribre
15398:
15384:Djedkheperew
15301:
15262:
15253:Amenemhat IV
15243:Senusret III
15233:Amenemhat II
15149:Mentuhotep I
15111:
15000:
14960:
14953:
14946:
14939:
14865:Neferkare II
14816:
14809:
14742:Nyuserre Ini
14696:
14679:
14634:
14627:
14615:
14556:
14551:Neferkasokar
14549:
14542:
14525:
14518:
14511:
14504:
14497:
14490:
14455:
14448:
14356:
14339:
14332:
14325:
14318:
14311:
14304:
14299:Finger Snail
14297:
14290:
14270:
14258:
14251:
14244:
14237:
14230:
14223:
14216:
14209:
14202:
14195:
14188:
14181:
14174:
14137:
14031:
14024:
14004:
13942:Via Labicana
13917:Epaphroditus
13689:
13496:Villa Giulia
13413:Diribitorium
13408:Saepta Julia
13350:Bierzo Edict
13339:leges Juliae
13338:
13306:Germanic War
13299:
13286:Roman Empire
13256:
13252:Perusine War
13193:
13186:
13179:
13172:
13166:
13159:
13151:
13136:
13122:
13078:
13071:
12985:
12933:
12863:Green Caesar
12793:
12786:
12779:
12756:
12749:
12742:
12735:
12728:
12710:
12698:
12691:
12393:
12388:
12384:
12375:
12366:
12357:
12348:
12339:
12330:
12321:
12312:
12303:
12294:
12285:
12276:
12267:
12258:
12249:
12240:
12231:
12222:
12213:
12204:
12195:
12186:
12177:
12173:Numa Marcius
12168:
12156:
12022:Andronikos V
12020:
12003:
11951:
11919:
11897:
11885:
11868:
11862:
11856:
11844:
11838:
11751:
11745:
11739:
11712:
11695:
11683:
11666:
11654:
11648:
11635:Nikephoros I
11610:
11609:
11603:
11570:
11567:Justinian II
11562:Tiberius III
11552:Justinian II
11543:
11537:
11520:
11472:
11444:Anastasius I
11435:
11379:
11375:Julius Nepos
11367:
11360:
11348:
11336:
11329:
11317:
11305:
11296:
11295:
11289:
11262:
11253:
11252:
11246:
11237:Theodosius I
11224:
11197:
11190:
11183:
11154:Maximinus II
11141:
11043:
11026:
11013:
11007:
10995:
10983:
10916:
10878:Lucius Verus
10797:
10724:
10690:
10682:Roman consul
10680:
10647:
10639:Roman consul
10637:
10618:L. Arruntius
10572:
10564:Roman consul
10562:
10529:
10521:Roman consul
10519:
10486:
10479:Roman consul
10477:
10441:
10436:
10420:
10413:
10406:
10319:Online books
10309:
10297:
10274:
10271:Zanker, Paul
10252:
10233:
10214:
10192:
10181:
10163:
10141:
10105:
10101:
10065:
10061:
10036:
10032:
10013:
9991:
9969:
9947:
9925:
9904:
9901:Dio, Cassius
9892:
9889:Buchan, John
9870:
9849:
9833:
9826:Syme, Ronald
9806:
9802:Syme, Ronald
9777:
9773:
9751:
9723:
9719:
9694:
9690:
9665:
9661:
9641:
9617:
9588:
9568:
9533:
9513:
9488:
9484:
9475:
9456:
9432:
9411:
9388:
9368:
9346:
9326:
9295:
9275:
9255:
9234:
9216:
9197:
9168:
9164:
9155:
9137:
9128:
9102:
9079:
9061:
9044:
9032:the original
9026:
9007:
8959:
8955:
8949:
8930:
8924:
8905:
8899:
8888:
8880:
8869:
8861:
8849:
8836:
8824:. Retrieved
8820:the original
8813:
8808:
8802:
8786:
8781:
8769:
8761:
8753:
8741:
8729:
8717:
8705:
8676:
8668:
8664:
8659:
8648:
8643:
8631:
8619:
8592:
8570:Kelsall 1976
8555:Kelsall 1976
8550:
8545:, p. 6.
8530:, p. 5.
8513:Kelsall 1976
8508:
8492:
8463:
8451:
8446:, p. 6.
8439:
8427:
8400:
8388:
8376:
8347:
8335:
8323:
8318:, p. 2.
8311:
8299:
8288:
8280:
8247:
8243:
8233:
8213:
8203:
8181:Shotter 1966
8166:Shotter 1966
8161:
8124:Everitt 2006
8104:
8092:
8078:
8064:
8052:
8040:
8028:
8016:
8004:
7960:
7948:
7936:
7894:
7882:
7870:
7858:
7846:
7834:
7822:
7810:
7803:Brosius 2006
7798:
7786:
7779:Brosius 2006
7774:
7726:
7714:
7702:
7690:
7663:
7651:
7639:
7628:
7620:
7608:
7596:
7584:
7572:
7560:
7555:
7543:
7516:
7509:Holland 2005
7487:
7482:Swan, p. 241
7478:
7466:
7442:
7425:Ancient Rome
7420:
7391:
7364:
7352:
7325:
7313:
7291:Holland 2005
7276:Holland 2005
7241:
7229:
7171:Holland 2005
7166:
7158:
7138:
7109:
7102:Holland 2005
7097:
7051:
7029:Holland 2005
7024:
7012:
6977:
6972:, p. 3.
6965:
6953:
6941:. Retrieved
6932:
6923:
6913:
6904:
6900:
6893:Burgess 2014
6878:
6870:
6853:
6845:
6835:
6819:To Autolycus
6817:
6809:
6799:
6791:
6784:Burgess 2014
6770:
6762:
6737:
6733:
6718:
6706:
6674:
6663:
6651:
6642:
6620:
6616:Ovid's Fasti
6609:
6604:
6600:
6592:
6581:
6570:
6552:
6544:
6526:
6518:
6510:
6498:
6435:
6393:
6381:
6369:
6357:
6345:
6301:
6274:
6262:
6250:
6238:
6226:
6214:
6202:. Retrieved
6198:the original
6176:
6169:
6150:
6144:
6132:
6120:
6108:
6096:
6084:
6072:
6060:
6048:
6021:
6009:
5997:
5985:
5958:
5946:
5919:
5860:
5801:
5774:
5762:
5750:
5738:
5681:
5637:. Retrieved
5607:
5595:
5568:
5539:
5527:
5515:
5503:
5491:
5462:
5403:
5391:
5379:
5367:
5355:
5343:
5335:
5327:
5315:
5303:
5291:
5280:
5272:
5260:
5248:
5206:
5194:
5163:
5151:. Retrieved
5141:
5133:
5122:
5114:
5088:. Retrieved
5080:Live Science
5079:
5069:
5057:. Retrieved
5048:
5038:
5023:
5015:
5003:
4998:, p. 9.
4975:
4954:
4938:
4907:
4897:
4878:
4859:
4836:
4825:
4817:
4805:
4794:
4786:
4774:
4748:
4740:
4732:
4724:
4708:
4697:
4689:
4681:the original
4674:
4664:
4649:
4639:
4627:. Retrieved
4618:
4609:
4597:
4547:
4534:
4528:
4519:
4513:
4504:
4483:
4472:
4450:
4442:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4387:
4364:
4355:
4346:
4337:
4325:
4320:
4312:
4296:
4292:
4281:
4272:
4251:
4235:
4223:
4206:
4189:
4177:
4172:
4164:
4156:
4135:
4084:
4081:Blacas Cameo
4079:include the
4070:
4039:
4000:
3968:Villa Giulia
3957:
3942:
3936:
3934:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3876:). Even his
3835:
3826:
3790:
3782:
3746:
3737:
3719:
3706:
3694:
3692:
3679:
3675:
3664:
3656:
3632:
3578:
3558:
3548:
3521:
3510:
3504:
3494:
3491:
3483:
3469:Augustus as
3454:, as it was
3444:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3408:
3406:
3398:firefighting
3394:police force
3385:
3381:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3356:
3347:
3337:
3334:Theodosius I
3329:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3289:
3275:
3244:Sibyl Tivoli
3218:
3203:
3195:
3175:
3167:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3124:
3111:
3107:
3088:Gaius Caesar
3085:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3029:
3011:
2962:
2946:
2915:
2857:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2785:expansionism
2780:
2774:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2730:
2702:
2698:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2634:
2621:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2582:
2575:
2567:
2554:Roman censor
2541:
2537:
2531:
2521:
2517:
2515:
2508:
2505:
2498:Augustus as
2488:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2458:
2446:
2443:Blacas Cameo
2432:
2428:
2406:
2404:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2357:Roman Senate
2327:
2321:
2317:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2236:
2216:constitution
2209:
2186:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2165:
2142:
2131:
2087:
2081:30 BC,
2061:Gaius Sosius
2050:
2042:Adriatic Sea
2039:
2032:(within the
1979:
1960:
1952:
1935:
1921:
1898:
1876:
1874:
1861:
1846:
1818:
1797:
1794:
1772:
1767:
1760:
1729:
1714:
1675:
1666:
1651:
1637:
1634:divus Iulius
1633:
1631:
1582:
1568:
1538:
1455:
1448:
1430:
1418:pro praetore
1413:
1411:
1398:
1391:
1374:
1370:
1330:
1326:Near Eastern
1313:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1295:form (e.g.,
1286:
1246:
1224:
1182:
1162:
1140:
1089:
1072:his father's
1053:
1034:
1028:
1007:
991:
983:
977:
971:
967:
915:"Octavian" (
897:gens Octavia
879:
854:
787:
734:
649:
612:Roman Senate
609:
577:
527:
487:Roman Empire
474:
470:
466:
465:
409:Perusine War
373:Battles/wars
359:Roman Empire
334:(from 12 BC)
218:Gaius Caesar
180: 42 BC
58:
47:
32:
17320:Gordian III
17265:Diadumenian
17065:Cleopatra V
16919:(332–30 BC)
16914:Hellenistic
16857:Nectanebo I
16749:Cambyses II
16731:Psamtik III
16689:Tefnakht II
16491:Takelot III
16486:Osorkon III
16481:Shoshenq VI
16435:Pedubast II
16419:Shoshenq IV
16392:Shoshenq II
16357:Pinedjem II
16347:Menkheperre
16282:Psusennes I
16235:Ramesses XI
16225:Ramesses IX
16210:Ramesses VI
16200:Ramesses IV
16147:Ramesses II
16109:Tutankhamun
16084:Thutmose IV
16064:Thutmose II
16054:Amenhotep I
16026:New Kingdom
15961:New Kingdom
15820:Senusret IV
15804:Dedumose II
15779:Nebiriau II
15774:Nebiryraw I
15769:Mentuhotepi
15574:Khakherewre
15501:Merkheperre
15411:Imyremeshaw
15394:Sedjefakare
15349:Sehetepibre
15324:Ameny Qemau
15258:Sobekneferu
15238:Senusret II
15223:Amenemhat I
15205:Iyibkhentre
14935:Neferirkare
14930:Neferkauhor
14737:Shepseskare
14578:Old Kingdom
14564:Khasekhemwy
14544:Neferkara I
14513:Weneg-Nebty
14358:Scorpion II
13937:Prima Porta
13836:Nero Drusus
13623:Via Augusta
13455:Roman Agora
13181:Divi filius
13039:Mark Antony
12988:by Plutarch
12822:Curia Julia
12758:De analogia
12685:Legislation
12616:Dyrrhachium
12583:Uxellodunum
12510:Gallic Wars
12465:Gallic wars
12209:S. Minucius
12182:C. Papirius
12081:(1224–1242)
12075:(1204–1461)
11864:Konstantios
11741:Christopher
11714:Constantine
11704:Michael III
11685:Constantine
11668:Constantine
11650:Theophylact
11579:Philippicus
11529:Constans II
11454:Justinian I
11350:Severus III
11298:Constans II
11052:Claudius II
11028:Silbannacus
10975:Gordian III
10950:Maximinus I
10918:Diadumenian
10574:Mark Antony
10164:The Caesars
10039:: 169–185.
9780:(1): 1–16.
9322:Eck, Werner
9098:Cassius Dio
8774:Cassius Dio
8722:Bunson 1994
8698:Bunson 1994
8647:Macrobius,
8636:Bunson 1994
8624:Bunson 1994
8612:Bunson 1994
8597:Bunson 1994
8468:Bunson 1994
8456:Bunson 1994
8444:Bunson 1994
8381:Bunson 1994
8340:Bourne 1918
8328:Bunson 1994
8109:Cassius Dio
8083:Cassius Dio
7863:Bunson 1994
7851:Bunson 1994
7827:Rowell 1962
7748:Bunson 1994
7601:Mackay 2004
7521:Davies 2010
7447:Cassius Dio
7369:Bunson 1994
7357:Bunson 1994
7044:Davies 2010
6850:Cassius Dio
6840:(16 April).
6816:(180–192),
5836:Rowell 1962
5600:Rowell 1962
5561:Rowell 1962
5544:Rowell 1962
5455:Rowell 1962
5440:Rowell 1962
5396:Rowell 1962
5372:Rowell 1962
5348:Rawson 1994
5332:Rawson 1994
5308:Rowell 1962
5253:Rowell 1962
5241:Rowell 1962
5168:Mackay 2004
5049:ZME Science
5008:Rowell 1962
4974:Suetonius,
4931:Rowell 1962
4896:Suetonius,
4767:Rowell 1962
4447:Cassius Dio
4286:Cassius Dio
4255:These were
4161:Cassius Dio
3831:praetorians
3799:, with the
3739:Roman Italy
3667:tax farming
3660:next of kin
3575:Montesquieu
3551:Anglo-Irish
3534:. The poet
3528:Cassius Dio
3386:Pax Augusta
3346:dubbed the
3320:(sometimes
2965:Phraates IV
2884:Las Médulas
2838:client king
2804:regions of
2721:Civic Crown
2654:Herculaneum
2587:praetorship
2478:kingdom of
1887:Cape Circei
1814:Peloponnese
1638:divi filius
1586:Cassius Dio
1519:IIIvir rpc
1505:III vir rpc
1496:Mark Antony
1333:legionaries
1174:Greek games
1074:victory at
1068:Roman Forum
1030:divi filius
993:divi filius
872:Mark Antony
564:formed the
558:Mark Antony
513:Pax Augusta
251:Regnal name
17698:Pontifices
17597:Categories
17437:Diocletian
17391:Quintillus
17344:Aemilianus
17299:Gordian II
17271:Elagabalus
17092:Arsinoe IV
16975:Arsinoe II
16900:Darius III
16827:Psammuthes
16716:Psamtik II
16531:Bakenranef
16469:Pedubast I
16464:Takelot II
16459:Harsiese A
16441:Osorkon IV
16429:Shoshenq V
16409:Osorkon II
16382:Shoshenq I
16352:Smendes II
16332:Pinedjem I
16277:Amenemnisu
16230:Ramesses X
16205:Ramesses V
16157:Amenmesses
16137:Ramesses I
16099:Smenkhkare
16069:Hatshepsut
16059:Thutmose I
15809:Montuemsaf
15799:Dedumose I
15599:Nebdjefare
15589:Merdjefare
15359:Nedjemibre
15354:Sewadjkare
15228:Senusret I
15200:Qakare Ini
15021:Meryhathor
14925:Neferkaure
14920:Qakare Iby
14905:Neferkahor
14890:Neferkamin
14698:Thamphthis
14692:Shepseskaf
14606:Sekhemkhet
14457:Horus Bird
14334:Scorpion I
13947:Meroë Head
13886:Germanicus
13816:(daughter)
13712:Literature
13595:Aqua Julia
13585:Aqua Virgo
13550:Mars Ultor
13355:Propaganda
13274:Alexandria
13034:Julia gens
12868:Arles bust
12801:Last words
12700:Lex Roscia
12606:Brundisium
11858:Andronikos
11846:Nikephoros
11795:Michael IV
11760:Romanos II
11680:Theophilos
11675:Michael II
11656:Staurakios
11640:Staurakios
11612:Nikephoros
11605:Artabasdos
11517:Heraclonas
11474:Theodosius
11432:Basiliscus
11192:Nepotianus
11185:Magnentius
11179:Constans I
11132:Severus II
11112:Diocletian
11057:Quintillus
11022:Aemilianus
11015:Volusianus
10960:Gordian II
10925:Elagabalus
10788:Principate
10590:M. Agrippa
10472:A. Hirtius
10366:Brown, F.
9063:The Annals
8842:The Annals
8649:Saturnalia
8543:Starr 1952
8528:Starr 1952
8057:Gruen 2005
8021:Gruen 2005
7997:Gruen 2005
7914:Gruen 2005
7875:Gruen 2005
7815:Bivar 1983
7562:Res Gestae
7536:Gruen 2005
7234:Gruen 2005
7205:Gruen 2005
7143:Gruen 2005
7090:Wells 2004
6982:Wells 2004
6943:16 January
6906:Res Gestae
6814:Theophilus
6776:Book II, 9
6586:Censorinus
6455:Gruen 2005
6338:Gruen 2005
6306:Gruen 2005
6267:Green 1990
5743:Scott 1933
5731:Scott 1933
5716:Scott 1933
5508:Gruen 2005
5281:Civil Wars
5153:8 December
5123:Civil Wars
4841:Quintilian
4646:"Augustus"
4380:References
4075:. Several
4065:, and the
4024:bust from
4018:Meroë Head
3962:palace on
3931:Residences
3852:, and the
3827:Res Gestae
3726:quoted by
3615:Tamil Nadu
3603:Pudukottai
3382:Pax Romana
3359:Res Gestae
3147:Germanicus
3048:Germanicus
2958:Tigranes V
2769:Res Gestae
2725:Glyptothek
2640:Conspiracy
2606:auctoritas
2550:patricians
2510:auctoritas
2448:gorgoneion
2178:auctoritas
2169:Werner Eck
2134:principate
2116:See also:
1987:Alexandria
1800:, "son of
1764:Brundisium
1555:formed by
1533:IIIvir rpc
1463:centurions
1309:Octavianus
1301:Aemilianus
1297:Octavianus
1282:Brundisium
1092:equestrian
1044:Early life
519:Principate
505:Pax Romana
483:Octavianus
351:Allegiance
328:(43–27 BC)
313:Occupation
295:(adoptive)
17613:14 deaths
17569:Ptolemaic
17377:Gallienus
17292:Gordian I
17255:Caracalla
17181:Vespasian
17175:Vitellius
16957:Ptolemaic
16799:Amyrtaeus
16781:Darius II
16726:Ahmose II
16706:Psamtik I
16645:uncertain
16633:Pharaohs
16569:Tanutamun
16404:Takelot I
16387:Osorkon I
16337:Masaharta
16287:Amenemope
16190:Setnakhte
16152:Merneptah
16094:Akhenaten
16011:uncertain
15893:Nebmaatre
15714:Sakir-Har
15667:Yaqub-Har
15579:Nebefawre
15329:Hotepibre
15195:Segerseni
15164:Intef III
15112:uncertain
15100:Pharaohs
14732:Neferefre
14558:Hudjefa I
14439:Semerkhet
14176:Hedju Hor
14138:uncertain
14126:Pharaohs
13981:Barcelona
13930:Portraits
13891:Marcellus
13844:(adopted)
13838:(stepson)
13832:(adopted)
13826:(adopted)
13798:Scribonia
13577:Aqueducts
13517:Ara Pacis
13391:Mausoleum
13364:Buildings
13311:Teutoburg
13174:Imperator
13137:Imperator
13044:Cleopatra
13008:Caesarism
12929:Caesarion
12908:Calpurnia
12846:Portraits
12810:Buildings
12621:Pharsalus
12601:Corfinium
12593:Civil War
12548:Octodurus
12191:Q. Furius
12100:Classical
12085:Empresses
12069:(286–296)
12063:(267–273)
12057:(260–274)
11800:Michael V
11726:Alexander
11539:Heraclius
11507:Heraclius
11459:Justin II
11369:Glycerius
11356:Anthemius
11226:Procopius
11164:Martinian
11143:Maxentius
11072:Florianus
11045:Saloninus
11040:Gallienus
11009:Hostilian
10985:Philip II
10955:Gordian I
10903:Caracalla
10838:Vespasian
10833:Vitellius
10557:C. Sosius
10543:C. Sosius
10488:Q. Pedius
10437:New title
10403:Augustus
10130:162372767
10090:162096359
10068:: 59–74.
9740:163628890
9711:161104443
9639:(1982) .
9171:: 53–66.
9100:(1927) .
9078:(1914) .
9060:(1924) .
9042:(1924) .
9024:(1923) .
8984:162898808
8885:Suetonius
8866:Suetonius
8840:Tacitus,
8758:Suetonius
8485:Eder 2005
8352:Ohst 2023
8285:Suetonius
8264:0073-0688
8069:Suetonius
7965:Syme 1939
7941:Syme 1939
7644:Syme 1939
7625:Suetonius
7589:Eder 2005
7492:Syme 1939
7345:Eder 2005
7306:Syme 1939
7190:Eder 2005
7114:Eder 2005
7056:Ando 2000
6958:Eder 2005
6880:Chronicon
6837:imperator
6796:Suetonius
6740:: 29–31.
6591: : "
6491:Eder 2005
6323:Eder 2005
6137:Eder 2005
6113:Eder 2005
6053:Eder 2005
5897:Eder 2005
5755:Syme 1939
5639:24 August
5612:Syme 1939
5520:Syme 1939
5496:Syme 1939
5408:Syme 1939
5265:Eder 2005
5020:Suetonius
4822:Suetonius
4791:Suetonius
4745:Suetonius
4729:Suetonius
4694:Suetonius
4602:Syme 1958
4552:Syme 1958
4469:Suetonius
4434:164329002
4426:2324-8106
4326:imperator
4199:Caesarion
4178:imperator
4063:Ara Pacis
4003:Suetonius
3972:Ventotene
3856:with its
3822:Ara Pacis
3803:Ara Pacis
3775:Ara Pacis
3759:Vitruvius
3728:Macrobius
3671:publicans
3647:Himyarite
3452:Maxentius
3423:auxiliary
3367:Epiphanus
3100:Agrippina
3054:; at the
2938:Rhineland
2880:Lusitania
2872:Cantabria
2814:Illyricum
2763:imperator
2734:Pharsalus
2650:Augusteum
2383:clementia
2323:imperator
2248:Macedonia
2206:, Paris).
2106:older son
2018:Caesarion
1744:Scribonia
1662:Caesarion
1658:Cleopatra
1649:instead.
1526:/ caesar
1459:Po Valley
1450:imperator
1321:sesterces
1249:Apollonia
1112:Macedonia
1084:Suetonius
1025:see below
979:imperator
973:imperator
909:see below
848:Suetonius
640:Civitatis
595:queen of
593:Ptolemaic
589:Cleopatra
581:dictators
258:Imperator
238:(adopted)
232:(adopted)
226:(adopted)
220:(adopted)
186:Scribonia
104:Successor
17603:Augustus
17529:21 to 23
17447:Galerius
17442:Maximian
17431:Numerian
17398:Aurelian
17350:Valerian
17313:Balbinus
17306:Pupienus
17260:Macrinus
17232:Pertinax
17226:Commodus
17191:Domitian
17154:Claudius
17149:Caligula
17144:Tiberius
17139:Augustus
16759:Darius I
16711:Necho II
16554:Shebitku
16526:Tefnakht
16119:Horemheb
16049:Ahmose I
15861:Pantjeny
15847:Senebkay
15827:Pepi III
15789:Bebiankh
15646:Shenshek
15604:Nebsenre
15436:Sihathor
15406:Khendjer
15369:Renseneb
15314:Nerikare
15159:Intef II
15036:Merykare
14941:Wadjkare
14885:Merenhor
14780:Userkare
14687:Menkaure
14681:Bikheris
14670:Djedefre
14636:Qahedjet
14520:Wadjenes
14506:Horus Sa
14499:Nubnefer
14486:Nynetjer
14450:Sneferka
14190:Ni-Neith
14076:Pharaohs
14033:Category
13900:Freedmen
13876:Agrippa
13869:Generals
13848:Cornelia
13842:Tiberius
13807:Children
13773:(sister)
13767:(sister)
13761:(mother)
13749:(father)
13560:Augustus
13531:Temples
13522:Pantheon
13245:Philippi
13160:Augustus
13153:Princeps
13133:Octavian
13123:Augustus
13080:Category
13049:Servilia
12917:Children
12898:Cornelia
12737:Anticato
12573:Gergovia
12568:Avaricum
12553:Morbihan
12543:Atuatuci
12523:Bibracte
12500:Mytilene
12398:emperors
12095:Usurpers
12090:Augustae
12048:See also
11953:Nicholas
11775:Basil II
11572:Tiberius
11557:Leontius
11545:Tiberius
11522:Tiberius
11500:610–1453
11495:Eastern/
11449:Justin I
11402:Arcadius
11362:Olybrius
11344:Majorian
11285:Honorius
11264:Eugenius
11199:Vetranio
11149:Licinius
11122:Galerius
11117:Maximian
11102:Dominate
11092:Numerian
11062:Aurelian
11035:Valerian
10980:Philip I
10970:Balbinus
10965:Pupienus
10913:Macrinus
10888:Pertinax
10883:Commodus
10848:Domitian
10813:Claudius
10808:Caligula
10803:Tiberius
10798:Augustus
10736:Tiberius
10453:Tiberius
10390:Augustus
10384:archived
10361:Augustus
10310:Augustus
10273:(1989).
10213:(1978).
10174:(1878).
10162:(1984).
10142:Augustus
10140:(1970).
10012:(2010).
9990:(1985).
9968:(2012).
9946:(1998).
9924:(2007).
9903:(1987),
9893:Augustus
9891:(1937).
9869:(1998).
9834:Historia
9828:(1958),
9804:(1939).
9752:Augustus
9750:(1998).
9668:: 7–49.
9410:(2014).
9367:(2006).
9127:(2000).
8889:Augustus
8870:Augustus
8762:Augustus
8289:Augustus
8211:(1976).
7629:Augustus
7432:Archived
6937:Archived
6767:Josephus
6726:(1957).
6563:Archived
6537:Archived
6204:10 March
6194:62829223
5633:Archived
5147:Archived
5139:Cicero.
5100:cite web
5084:Archived
5053:Archived
5024:Augustus
4898:Augustus
4867:(1911).
4849:Archived
4826:Augustus
4795:Augustus
4749:Augustus
4733:Augustus
4698:Augustus
4656:Archived
4629:28 March
4623:Archived
4473:Augustus
4313:princeps
4297:princeps
4093:See also
3953:Posilipo
3866:Pantheon
3848:and the
3699:Sextilis
3695:Augustus
3532:autocrat
3495:de facto
3298:New Rome
3294:Old Rome
3290:Augustus
3284:and the
3214:pantheon
3151:imperium
3108:imperium
3052:Segestes
3044:Cherusci
3040:Arminius
3001:Dalmatia
2971:lost by
2918:Germania
2868:Asturias
2852:Tiberius
2850:Bust of
2818:Pannonia
2727:, Munich
2670:imperium
2630:Tiberius
2602:Pomerium
2594:imperium
2476:Odrysian
2463:imperium
2453:sardonyx
2416:Maecenas
2407:de facto
2387:iustitia
2352:Ariminum
2311:de facto
2307:augustus
2281:Augustus
2276:augustus
2171:states:
1956:paramour
1949:, London
1895:immunity
1892:tribunal
1857:Tarentum
1829:denarius
1768:en route
1739:Sardinia
1622:denarius
1591:Plutarch
1521:m barbat
1415:imperium
1338:Campania
1293:cognomen
1193:Hispania
1127:denarius
1108:governor
1096:Octavius
1060:Velletri
1058:town of
1056:Volscian
1012:Augustus
855:Thurinus
852:cognomen
721:Tiberius
694:with an
680:Germania
672:Hispania
656:Pannonia
652:Dalmatia
645:Augustus
638:Princeps
618:and the
578:de facto
534:plebeian
475:Octavian
368:43–25 BC
326:Triumvir
236:Tiberius
123:Octavius
108:Tiberius
62:Princeps
53:Augustus
33:Augustus
17718:Octavii
17424:Carinus
17405:Tacitus
17363:Quietus
17206:Hadrian
16890:Khabash
16721:Wahibre
16701:Necho I
16695:Nekauba
16683:Ammeris
16626:Dynasty
16564:Taharqa
16559:Shabaka
16496:Rudamun
16475:Iuput I
16320:Herihor
16272:Smendes
16172:Twosret
16162:Seti II
16006:female)
15991:Dynasty
15887:Rahotep
15784:Semenre
15754:Djehuti
15736:Khamudi
15725:Yanassi
15708:Salitis
15660:Yakareb
15653:Khamure
15584:Sehebre
15506:Merkare
15154:Intef I
15093:Dynasty
15002:Imhotep
14962:Iytjenu
14948:Khuiqer
14860:Menkare
14811:Neferka
14795:Pepi II
14717:Userkaf
14611:Sanakht
14434:Anedjib
14414:Hor-Aha
14347:Iry-Hor
14341:Shendjw
14313:Pen-Abu
14197:Hat-Hor
14119:Dynasty
13788:Claudia
13705:Culture
13474:Palaces
13401:obelisk
13027:Related
12903:Pompeia
12658:Thapsus
12653:Corduba
12648:Ruspina
12105:Eastern
12005:Matthew
11899:Alexios
11747:Stephen
11709:Basil I
11594:Leo III
11469:Maurice
11412:Marcian
11395:395–610
11319:Joannes
11278:395–480
11232:Gratian
11105:284–610
11087:Carinus
11067:Tacitus
10943:235–285
10863:Hadrian
10566:III–XI
9842:4434568
9794:1844784
9682:4238573
9505:3816937
8994:Sources
8962:: 186.
8826:9 April
8682:56.30.3
8652:1.12.35
8497:Tacitus
8250:: 152.
8097:Tacitus
7161:, p. 23
6889:Archive
6852:(230).
6824:Archive
6822:XXVII (
6780:Archive
6754:4238646
6560:587–590
5338:, 3.94.
5284:3.11–12
4877:(ed.).
4451:Book 45
4309:(54.12)
4301:Publius
4165:Caepias
3813:obelisk
3811:was an
3635:revenue
3627:fourrée
3553:writer
3430:courier
3415:vigiles
3402:prefect
3306:emperor
3296:and at
3280:in the
3132:Antonia
3016:Hermann
2975:in the
2973:Crassus
2953:buffers
2896:in the
2894:Muziris
2860:Galatia
2810:Noricum
2695:Lepidus
2626:triumph
2618:legatus
2534:tribune
2500:Jupiter
2474:on the
2297:Romulus
2289:Romulus
2265:minted
2244:Illyria
2228:Cilicia
2138:consuls
2063:in the
2028:in the
2002:Pompeii
1869:Miletus
1837:Messina
1810:Corsica
1802:Neptune
1721:Perusia
1694:Perusia
1682:Claudia
1624:minted
1600:Paullus
1569:equites
1541:Bononia
1423:Hirtius
1342:denarii
1269:adopted
1259:on the
1255:, when
1253:Illyria
1243:, Rome.
1166:virilis
959:-vee-ən
834:-vee-əs
660:Noricum
628:tribune
554:adopted
542:Octavia
532:of the
270:Dynasty
172:Claudia
165:Spouses
147:, Italy
35:(title)
17564:Argead
17411:Probus
17331:Decius
17326:Philip
17201:Trajan
16929:Argead
16838:Muthis
16791:XXVIII
16771:Xerxes
16639:female
16617:Period
16326:Piankh
16297:Siamun
16167:Siptah
16142:Seti I
15982:Period
15934:Kamose
15868:Snaaib
15838:Abydos
15694:Semqen
15687:Sharek
15639:Sheneh
15619:'Apepi
15614:Bebnum
15569:Nehesy
15389:Sebkay
15309:Sonbef
15106:female
15084:Period
14895:Nikare
14785:Pepi I
14722:Sahure
14675:Khafre
14660:Snefru
14629:Sedjes
14601:Djoser
14527:Senedj
14405:Narmer
14364:Narmer
14246:Wazner
14211:Hsekiu
14183:Ny-Hor
14132:female
14110:Period
13971:Athens
13956:Legacy
13862:Circle
13824:Lucius
13822:&
13732:Family
13664:Rimini
13654:Orange
13535:Caesar
13269:battle
13228:battle
13167:Caesar
13145:Titles
12978:Legacy
12878:Family
12773:Quotes
12611:Ilerda
12578:Alesia
12528:Vosges
12340:103 BC
12331:114 BC
12322:130 BC
12313:132 BC
12304:141 BC
12295:150 BC
12286:180 BC
12277:212 BC
12268:213 BC
12259:221 BC
12250:243 BC
12241:254 BC
12232:304 BC
12223:332 BC
12214:390 BC
12205:420 BC
12196:431 BC
12187:449 BC
12178:509 BC
12169:715 BC
11867:&
11843:&
11750:&
11721:Leo VI
11697:Thekla
11653:&
11620:Leo IV
11542:&
11481:Phocas
11437:Marcus
11422:Leo II
11338:Avitus
11255:Victor
11220:Valens
11210:Jovian
11205:Julian
11077:Probus
11012:&
10992:Decius
10940:Crisis
10858:Trajan
10689:With:
10646:With:
10571:With:
10528:With:
10485:With:
10419:
10307:about
10281:
10259:
10240:
10221:
10199:
10148:
10128:
10122:298104
10120:
10088:
10082:298927
10080:
10053:299421
10051:
10020:
9998:
9976:
9954:
9932:
9911:
9877:
9840:
9814:
9792:
9758:
9738:
9709:
9680:
9649:
9625:
9608:121060
9606:
9596:
9575:
9549:
9520:
9503:
9463:
9441:
9418:
9396:
9375:
9354:
9334:
9310:
9283:
9263:
9243:
9223:
9204:
9185:282994
9183:
9144:
8982:
8976:301374
8974:
8937:
8912:
8793:
8272:310780
8270:
8262:
8221:
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