55:
348:
33:
709:(also known as "autumn skullcap", "deadly galerina", etc.) is a poisonous species found throughout the temperate regions of the world, in habitats as diverse as forests and urban parklands, wherever rotting wood is found. DNA studies found that
390:-type veil is present in young specimens of roughly half of recognized species, though it sometimes disappears as the mushroom ages in many of these species. Microscopically, they are highly variable as well, though most species have
424:
feature an ornamentation that comes from the outer layer of the spore breaking up on maturity to produce either warts, wrinkles or "ears", flaps of material loosened from where the spore was attached to the
492:, and this can separate out the genus in nature fairly well. But this identification is more difficult in the section Naucoriopsis, which does not associate with moss, and is a decomposer of wood.
433:. This plage is not evident in all species, and the spore covering does not always breakup in all species, making it sometimes difficult to correctly determine a mushroom of this genus.
528:, although not all species were studied and for most currently recognized species is uncertain still in which they belong. Each of these clades corresponds to a subgenus of
1272:
844:, with high psilocybin and low psilocin content) will stain weakly if at all, while sporocarps with a high psilocin content will stain strongly blue. Only one rare
1503:
Gulden G (1980). "Alpine
Galerinas (Basidiomycetes, Agaricales) with special reference to their occurrence in South Norway at Finse on Hardangervidda".
429:. This outer layer of the spore often is not complete, but has a clear patch in many species just above the attachment, this clear patch is called a
1810:
1165:
1849:
1706:
848:
has blue-staining tissue, though in some cases the flesh will blacken when handled, and this may be misinterpreted as a bluing reaction.
1605:
1574:
820:. Spore color can be seen by taking a spore print or by looking for evidence of spore drop on the stipe or on surrounding mushrooms.
339:
that is a cutis, and ornamented spores that are brown in deposit, where the spore ornamentation comes from an extra spore covering.
1784:
277:. The genus is most noted for some extremely poisonous species which are occasionally confused with hallucinogenic species of
1400:
436:
The specific features that define the genus require a microscope to confirm. In the wild it can be difficult to determine a
1086:
Handbook to additional fungal species of special concern in the
Northwest Forest Plan (General Technical Report PNW-GTR-572)
1895:
1854:
1225:
Enjalbert F, Cassanas G, Rapior S, Renault C, Chaumont J-P (2004). "Amatoxins in wood-rotting
Galerina marginata".
379:
1327:
1541:
1836:
367:
1693:
626:
1208:
1933:
1900:
1864:
291:. They are often found growing on wood, and when on the ground have a preference for mossy habitats.
54:
1776:
1923:
549:
1526:
876:
571:). There are a number of variations of this species that have been named over the years: var.
1646:
840:
596:
1815:
1619:
1928:
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1017:
904:
641:
133:
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also present some risk of confusion with several species of small edible mushrooms, notably
1732:
1476:
781:
677:
555:
150:
939:
533:
8:
743:
591:
352:
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1417:
1092:. Portland, OR: USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. p. 144 p.
1684:
1593:
1566:
1244:
1192:
1064:
Singer from
Gondwanian mainland AU and NZ, their subantarctic islands, and Patagonia".
735:
725:
705:
328:
206:
157:
49:
41:
1627:
838:
present in the tissues of the mushroom. Fruiting bodies with little psilocin (such as
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609:
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324:
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can occur, it is essential to be sure of the identity of each sporocarp collected.
768:
584:
430:
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332:
288:
270:
116:
1724:
1698:
1151:
1134:
1112:
1084:
505:
181:
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567:. This species is common in beds of damp moss (along with many other species of
269:), with over 300 species found throughout the world from the far north to remote
1841:
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694:
274:
96:
1293:
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363:
86:
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1583:. New York: Hafner Publishing Co. 384 p. (Full text available through link)
1256:
1204:
970:
560:
387:
383:
347:
284:
142:
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species, making identification all the more confusing to the uninitiated.
1797:
1678:
1448:
809:
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mushrooms. It was known for many years as 'Galerina laevis', proposed by
496:
478:
409:
lack one or more of these microscopic characteristics. Ecologically, all
371:
336:
161:
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937:
881:
748:
649:
472:
460:
106:
1802:
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1227:
1066:
Proceedings of the Annual
Meeting of the Mycological Society of Japan
944:
Earle: A polyphyletic genus in the consortium of dark-spored agarics"
733:
and responsible for deaths there. One study found it more toxic than
730:
698:
521:
484:
279:
66:
32:
1828:
1640:
1347:
1240:
1188:
1083:
Castellano MA, Cázares E, Fondrick B, Dreisbach T (2003). "Part 1".
1004:
1823:
1750:
1663:
1307:
Klán J. (1993). "Prehled hub obsahujících amanitiny a faloidiny ".
912:
835:
466:
454:
442:
414:
402:
265:
257:
219:
1164:
Enjalbert F, Cassanas G, Rapior S, Renault C, Chaumont JP (2004).
1082:
618:
448:
426:
834:
do not. The strength of this reaction varies with the amount of
938:
Gulden GØ, Stensrud K, Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Kauserud H (2005).
525:
391:
370:" morphology and a yellow-brown, light brown to cinnamon-brown
366:
are typically small, undistinguished mushrooms with a typical "
319:
76:
1737:
1224:
1163:
488:. For the most part, Galerinas will be found associated with
789:
species, and has often been found growing amongst and around
260:
253:
614:
489:
1393:
Psilocybin
Mushrooms of the World: An Identification Guide
405:. However, there are many exceptions, and many species of
747:
is very rare, bruises blue and contains the hallucinogen
1043:
Bulletin
Trimestriel de la Société Mycologique de France
1033:
Kühner R. (1972). "Agaricales de la zone alpine: Genres
1018:
Mushrooms of West
Virginia and the Central Appalachians
852:
Although these rules are specific to the separation of
1395:. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 53.
717:
with similar morphologies were, in fact, synonyms of
1269:
897:
417:, growing in habitats like rotting wood or in moss.
1540:
1515:
1271:
1059:
830:stain blue to varying degrees when bruised, while
394:that are ornamented, lack a germ pore, and have a
1915:
1538:
532:, as outlined by Kühner. The great diversity of
540:is probably due to the polyphyly of the genus.
1516:Gulden G, Hallgrímsson H (2000). "The genera
1125:
1123:
1121:
331:attached to a long and slender cartilaginous
317:stature, that is, roughly similar in form to
356:at Marriott Falls Track, Tasmania, Australia
1438:
1384:
1053:
684:
1524:(Basidiomycetes, Agaricales) in Iceland".
1390:
1372:spec. nov, ein halluzinogener Haeubling".
1118:
31:
1076:
1032:
524:, consisting of at least three unrelated
440:from a number of similar genera, such as
1606:Norwegian Fungus of the Month May 2001:
1325:
1060:Laursen GA, Horak E, Taylor DL (2005). "
1028:
1026:
982:
980:
933:
931:
929:
812:color: blackish-brown to lilac-brown in
398:. Many species also have characteristic
346:
323:species: a small conical to bell-shaped
1367:
1306:
1270:Gulden G, Dunham S, Stockman J (2001).
1094:(Hereafter referred to as "Castellano,
986:
915:. International Mycological Association
640:as "species of special concern" in the
304:
1916:
1502:
1474:
1415:
987:Wood AE (2001). "Studies in the genus
779:may bear a superficial resemblance to
1645:
1644:
1023:
977:
926:
801:can be distinguished from psilocybin
1865:87218832-0c2a-4b1a-88ba-3263e18291d3
1300:
500:is a genus that was segregated from
543:
13:
1594:Fungus of the Month for May 2003:
1567:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1999.tb00679.x
1496:
805:by the following characteristics:
763:species means that recognition of
283:. Species are typically small and
14:
1945:
1587:
754:
313:is defined as small mushrooms of
1332:species and an investigation of
816:, light brown to rusty brown in
511:
53:
1539:Gulden G, Vesterholt J (1999).
1468:
1432:
1409:
1361:
1340:Annali Museo Civico di Rovereto
1319:
1263:
1218:
1157:
1140:
771:who are seeking hallucinogenic
729:, is a lethal species found in
644:. These species are considered
1101:
1011:
823:Staining reaction: Psilocybin
520:has recently been found to be
342:
1:
1328:"Cultivation and analysis of
891:
759:The extreme toxicity of some
287:, with a slender and brittle
1637:, University of Oslo, Norway
1573:Smith AH, Singer R. (1964).
1550:Kuhner in the Faroe Islands"
993:Australian Systematic Botany
991:(Agaricales) in Australia".
575:is a 2-spored species; var.
7:
1505:Norwegian Journal of Botany
1166:"Amatoxins in wood-rotting
10:
1950:
963:10.3852/mycologia.97.4.823
767:is of great importance to
713:and five other species of
636:species are listed by the
627:Christiaan Hendrik Persoon
577:vittiformis f. tetrasporis
573:vittiformis f. vittiformis
547:
1653:
1608:Galerina pseudomycenopsis
1374:Zeitschrift für Mykologie
1346:: 297–306. Archived from
1294:10.1017/S0953756201003707
860:, since mixed patches of
775:mushrooms. Species like
605:is a widespread species.
579:is a 4-spored form; var.
212:
205:
174:
169:
148:
141:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
30:
23:
1576:A monograph of the genus
1555:Nordic Journal of Botany
685:Toxicity of some species
550:List of Galerina species
1527:Acta Botanica Islandica
1477:"Lactarius camphoratus"
1441:"The candy cap complex"
877:Kuehneromyces mutabilis
16:Genus of saprobic fungi
1309:Časopis Lékařů Českých
841:Psilocybe semilanceata
689:Many (though not all)
597:Gondwanan distribution
583:has been collected on
357:
1428:. MushroomExpert.com.
669:Galerina heterocystis
642:Northwest Forest Plan
368:little brown mushroom
350:
256:of small brown-spore
1439:Campbell D. (2004).
1282:Mycological Research
1273:"DNA studies in the
791:Psilocybe cyanescens
782:Psilocybe cyanescens
678:Galerina vittiformis
673:Galerina sphagnicola
556:Galerina vittiformis
305:Taxonomic definition
263:(colloquially often
151:Galerina vittiformis
1621:Galerina autumnalis
1596:Galerina autumnalis
1424:Galerina autumnalis
1391:Stamets P. (1996).
1370:Galerina steglichii
1062:Galerina patagonica
1020:by William C. Roody
744:Galerina steglichii
711:Galerina autumnalis
661:Galerina atkinsonia
592:Galerina patagonica
353:Galerina patagonica
1481:MushroomExpert.com
1420:Galerina marginata
1334:Galerina steglichi
1275:Galerina marginata
1168:Galerina marginata
777:Galerina marginata
736:Amanita phalloides
726:Galerina sulciceps
719:Galerina marginata
706:Galerina marginata
358:
335:. Species have a
42:Galerina marginata
1911:
1910:
1873:Open Tree of Life
1647:Taxon identifiers
1612:(Archived at the
1402:978-0-89815-839-7
1368:Besl H. (1993). "
1326:Gartz J. (1995).
657:Pacific Northwest
653:coniferous forest
646:indicator species
638:US Forest Service
610:Galerina graminea
602:Galerina hypnorum
245:
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1934:Hymenogastraceae
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1842:NHMSYS0001482683
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1614:Internet Archive
1601:TomVolkFungi.net
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1207:. Archived from
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769:mushroom hunters
585:Macquarie Island
544:Selected species
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117:Hymenogastraceae
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1497:Further reading
1494:
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1483:
1475:Kuo M. (2007).
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1416:Kuo M. (2004).
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665:Galerina cerina
613:can survive in
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1616:, 2006-05-14.)
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1589:
1588:External links
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1561:(6): 685–706.
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1214:on 2011-07-18.
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886:L. camphoratus
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755:Identification
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695:alpha-amanitin
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621:, unlike many
548:Main article:
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420:The spores of
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512:Phylogenetics
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1453:
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561:type species
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517:
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384:hygrophanous
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318:
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298:
294:
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285:hygrophanous
278:
264:
248:
247:
246:
238:Pilát (1953)
234:
230:Earle (1909)
226:
215:
194:
187:Naucoriopsis
186:
176:
175:
149:
143:Type species
127:
126:
40:
24:
18:
1798:iNaturalist
1679:Wikispecies
1624:MykoWeb.com
1548:Phaeogalera
1522:Phaeogalera
1449:Mycena News
1041:gen. nov".
1039:Phaeogalera
909:Earle 1909"
810:Spore print
497:Phaeogalera
479:Phaeogalera
372:spore print
343:Description
337:pileipellis
299:helmet-like
195:Tubariopsis
1918:Categories
1546:Earle and
1511:: 219–253.
1486:2009-02-16
1460:2015-06-07
1380:: 215–218.
1354:2007-01-10
919:2011-12-24
892:References
882:candy caps
793:and other
785:and other
749:psilocybin
697:and other
650:old growth
581:pachyspora
516:The genus
473:Gymnopilus
461:Pholiotina
382:and often
309:The genus
235:Velomycena
170:Subgenera
107:Agaricales
83:Division:
1759:FloraBase
1578:Galerina
1330:Psilocybe
1228:Mycologia
1177:Mycologia
1049:: 41–153.
1037:Earle et
951:Mycologia
862:Psilocybe
858:Psilocybe
825:Psilocybe
814:Psilocybe
803:Psilocybe
795:Psilocybe
787:Psilocybe
773:Psilocybe
731:Indonesia
699:amatoxins
536:found in
485:Psilocybe
400:tibiiform
280:Psilocybe
266:mushrooms
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
1824:MycoBank
1772:Fungorum
1712:60015192
1707:AusFungi
1685:Galerina
1664:Wikidata
1655:Galerina
1635:MycoSite
1629:Galerina
1544:Galerina
1518:Galerina
1456:(3): 3–4
1277:complex"
1257:21148893
1205:21148893
989:Galerina
971:16457352
942:Galerina
913:MycoBank
907:Galerina
872:Galerina
866:Galerina
854:Galerina
846:Galerina
836:psilocin
832:Galerina
818:Galerina
799:Galerina
765:Galerina
761:Galerina
715:Galerina
693:contain
691:Galerina
634:Galerina
632:Several
623:Galerina
569:Galerina
565:Galerina
538:Galerina
530:Galerina
518:Galerina
502:Galerina
467:Agrocybe
455:Conocybe
443:Pholiota
438:Galerina
422:Galerina
415:saprobic
411:Galerina
407:Galerina
403:cystidia
386:, and a
380:glabrous
361:Galerina
315:mycenoid
311:Galerina
295:Galerina
258:saprobic
249:Galerina
220:P.Karst.
216:Galerula
207:Synonyms
177:Galerina
128:Galerina
113:Family:
63:Domain:
25:Galerina
1888:4872300
1816:1305902
1790:2524117
1670:Q948914
1534:: 3–54.
1249:3762106
1197:3762106
1098:2003.")
655:in the
559:is the
449:Tubaria
427:basidia
388:cortina
273:in the
123:Genus:
103:Order:
93:Class:
1901:426187
1885:uBio:
1878:112267
1862:NZOR:
1855:109632
1803:118297
1751:1GLRNG
1699:130032
1631:images
1399:
1255:
1247:
1203:
1195:
1152:Part 6
1150:2003.
1148:et al.
1135:Part 5
1133:2003.
1131:et al.
1113:Part 4
1111:2003.
1109:et al.
1096:et al.
1072:: 149.
1035:Galera
969:
675:, and
617:-free
595:has a
526:clades
392:spores
376:pileus
374:. The
327:, and
320:Mycena
297:means
222:(1879)
199:Kühner
197:
191:Kühner
189:
182:Kühner
179:
164:(1950)
162:Singer
136:(1909)
1896:WoRMS
1829:17631
1811:IRMNG
1777:17631
1764:49873
1738:16646
1610:Pilát
1580:Earle
1444:(PDF)
1245:JSTOR
1212:(PDF)
1193:JSTOR
1173:(PDF)
1090:(PDF)
947:(PDF)
619:grass
431:plage
396:plage
329:gills
261:fungi
254:genus
252:is a
134:Earle
77:Fungi
1850:NCBI
1785:GBIF
1746:EPPO
1725:4LVC
1694:APNI
1520:and
1397:ISBN
1253:PMID
1201:PMID
967:PMID
880:and
864:and
648:for
615:moss
490:moss
482:and
413:are
333:stem
289:stem
1837:NBN
1733:EoL
1720:CoL
1563:doi
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