1143:
517:
620:
405:
66:
858:
78:
1460:
832:) increases subsequent cancer risk. For instance, a systematic review and meta analysis of eighteen studies concluded that cholecystecomy has a harmful effect on the risk of right-sided colon cancer. Another recent study reported a significantly increased total cancer risk, including increased risk of several different types of cancer, after cholecystectomy.
1038:. The risk of biliary injury is more during laparoscopic cholecystectomy than during open cholecystectomy. Biliary injury may lead to several complications and may even cause death if not diagnosed in time and managed properly. Ideally biliary injury should be managed at a center with facilities and expertise in
594:
During the fourth week of embryological development, the stomach rotates. The stomach, originally lying in the midline of the embryo, rotates so that its body is on the left. This rotation also affects the part of the gastrointestinal tube immediately below the stomach, which will go on to become the
535:
The location of the gallbladder in relation to the liver may also vary, with documented variants including gallbladders found within, above, on the left side of, behind, and detached or suspended from the liver. Such variants are very rare: from 1886 to 1998, only 110 cases of left-lying liver, or
527:
The gallbladder varies in size, shape, and position among different people. Rarely, two or even three gallbladders may coexist, either as separate bladders draining into the cystic duct, or sharing a common branch that drains into the cystic duct. Additionally, the gallbladder may fail to form at
1375:
The debate whether surgical removal of the gallbladder or simply gallstones was preferred was settled in the 1920s, with the consensus that removal of the gallbladder was preferred. It was only in the mid and late parts of the twentieth century that medical imaging techniques such as use of
1326:
may have been associated with an acute episode of cholecystitis. The existence of the gallbladder has been noted since the 5th century, but it is only relatively recently that the function and the diseases of the gallbladder has been documented, particularly in the last two centuries.
812:
The bile that is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder is not the same as the bile that is secreted by the gallbladder. During gallbladder storage of bile, it is concentrated 3–10 fold by removal of some water and electrolytes. This is through the
1247:
have gallbladders, but the form and arrangement of the bile ducts may vary considerably. In many species, for example, there are several separate ducts running to the intestine, rather than the single common bile duct found in humans. Several species of
326:. In adults, the gallbladder measures approximately 7 to 10 centimetres (2.8 to 3.9 inches) in length and 4 centimetres (1.6 in) in diameter when fully distended. The gallbladder has a capacity of about 50 millilitres (1.8 imperial fluid ounces).
1334:, perhaps because of the low incidence of gallstones in earlier times owing to a diet with more cereals and vegetables and less meat. Anthonius Benevinius in 1506 was the first to draw a connection between symptoms and the presence of gallstones.
481:, with fibres that lie in longitudinal, oblique and transverse directions, and are not arranged in separate layers. The muscle fibres here contract to expel bile from the gallbladder. A distinctive feature of the gallbladder is the presence of
912:. When a symptomatic gallstone occurs, it is often managed by waiting for it to be passed naturally. Given the likelihood of recurrent gallstones, surgery to remove the gallbladder is often considered. Some medication, such as
1858:
Naganuma, S.; Ishida, H.; Konno, K.; Hamashima, Y.; Hoshino, T.; Naganuma, H.; Komatsuda, T.; Ohyama, Y.; Yamada, N.; Ishida, J.; Masamune, O. (March 6, 2014). "Sonographic findings of anomalous position of the gallbladder".
1125:
are mostly benign growths or lesions resembling growths that form in the gallbladder wall, and are only associated with cancer when they are larger in size (>1 cm). Cholesterol polyps, often associated with
946:. There is also the risk of bacterial infection. An inflamed gallbladder is likely to cause sharp and localised pain, fever, and tenderness in the upper, right corner of the abdomen, and may have a positive
388:
Lymphatic drainage of the gallbladder follows the cystic node, which is located between the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct. Lymphatics from the lower part of the organ drain into lower
2073:
Meyer, G.; Guizzardi, F.; Rodighiero, S.; Manfredi, R.; Saino, S.; Sironi, C.; Garavaglia, M. L.; Bazzini, C.; Bottà, G. (June 2005). "Ion transport across the gallbladder epithelium".
1731:
Leeuw, Th.G.; Verbeek, P.C.M.; Rauws, E.A.J.; Gouma, D.J. (September 1995). "A double or bilobar gallbladder as a cause of severe complications after (laparoscopic) cholecystectomy".
575:, as the embryo grows, it begins to surround and envelop portions of this sac. The enveloped portions form the basis for the adult gastrointestinal tract. Sections of this
1775:
302:
breakdown. These may cause significant pain, particularly in the upper-right corner of the abdomen, and are often treated with removal of the gallbladder (called a
766:) into the gallbladder, where it is stored. At any one time, 30 to 60 millilitres (1.0 to 2.0 US fl oz) of bile is stored within the gallbladder.
2213:
215:
2614:
1083:
Cancer of the gallbladder is uncommon and mostly occurs in later life. When cancer occurs, it is mostly of the glands lining the surface of the gallbladder (
2942:
1352:
The first surgical removal of a gallstone (cholecystolithotomy) was in 1676 by physician
Joenisius, who removed the stones from a spontaneously occurring
1392:
of
Germany in 1985, although French surgeons Phillipe Mouret and Francois Dubois are often credited for their operations in 1987 and 1988 respectively.
381:. At the junction of the neck of the gallbladder and the cystic duct, there is an out-pouching of the gallbladder wall forming a mucosal fold known as "
1417:
element of wood, in excess its emotion is belligerence and in deficiency cowardice and judgement, in the
Chinese language it is related to a myriad of
267:, although the structure and position of the gallbladder can vary significantly among animal species. It receives bile, produced by the liver, via the
1498:
310:, inflammation of the gallbladder, has a wide range of causes, including result from the impaction of gallstones, infection, and autoimmune disease.
2480:
1180:
may reveal if there is inflammation linked to the biliary tree or gallbladder, and whether this is associated with inflammation of the liver, and a
1372:
for drainage of gallstones. Langenbuch reasoned that given several other species of mammal have no gallbladder, humans could survive without one.
2645:
1121:
Cancer of the gallbladder may also be found incidentally after surgical removal of the gallbladder, with 1–3% of cancers identified in this way.
1220:
2110:"The association between cholecystectomy and the risk of colorectal cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies"
1118:
investigations of choice. Cancer of the gallbladder is managed by removing the gallbladder, however, as of 2010, the prognosis remains poor.
191:
1318:
Diseases of the gallbladder are known to have existed in humans since antiquity, with gallstones found in the mummy of
Princess Amenen of
1216:
942:. Blocked bile accumulates, and pressure on the gallbladder wall may lead to the release of substances that cause inflammation, such as
785:
of the duodenum and jejunum. In response to cholecystokinin, the gallbladder rhythmically contracts and releases its contents into the
754:, also called gall, needed for the digestion of fats in food. Produced by the liver, bile flows through small vessels into the larger
988:
one. In the surgery, the gallbladder is removed from the neck to the fundus, and so bile will drain directly from the liver into the
996:
following the procedure, although severe complications are much rarer. About 10 percent of surgeries lead to a chronic condition of
419:
The gallbladder wall is composed of a number of layers. The innermost surface of the gallbladder wall is lined by a single layer of
2935:
1215:
is another form of imaging that may be used to examine the gallbladder and surrounding organs. Other imaging options include MRCP (
1448:
organ, as it holds bile. The gallbladder not only has a digestive role, but is seen as the seat of decision-making and judgement.
1795:
2898:
2832:
2766:
2734:
2700:
2546:
2396:
2280:
2010:
1980:
1955:
1715:
1682:
1582:
1368:
performed the first cholecystectomy in 1882 for a sufferer of cholelithiasis. Before this, surgery had focused on creating a
976:
is a procedure in which the gallbladder is removed. It may be removed because of recurrent gallstones and is considered an
2928:
2384:
1127:
3065:
496:
The outer layer of the fundus of gallbladder, and the surfaces not in contact with the liver, are covered by a thick
1087:). Gallstones are thought to be linked to the formation of cancer. Other risk factors include large (>1 cm)
599:. By the end of the fourth week, the developing duodenum begins to spout a small outpouching on its right side, the
369:. The gallbladder fossa, against which the fundus and body of the gallbladder lie, is found beneath the junction of
2622:
1400:
To have "gall" is associated with bold, belligerent behaviour, whereas to have "bile" is associated with sourness.
938:, inflammation of the gallbladder is commonly caused by obstruction of the duct with gallstones, which is known as
2851:
Yu, Ning (January 1, 2003). "Metaphor, Body, and
Culture: The Chinese Understanding of Gallbladder and Courage".
2337:
2161:"Increased Risk of Cancer after Cholecystectomy: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea including 123,295 Patients"
880:. Most gallstones do not cause symptoms, with stones either remaining in the gallbladder or passed along the
210:
958:. Additionally the gallbladder may need to be removed surgically if inflammation has progressed far enough.
3215:
1516:
1512:
1502:
1404:
1288:
1058:
997:
2952:
2449:
504:. The serosa contains blood vessels and lymphatics. The surfaces in contact with the liver are covered in
34:
2474:
1414:
3010:
1508:
797:
fats in partly digested food, thereby assisting their absorption. Bile consists primarily of water and
459:
2498:"Anatomy of the Murine Hepatobiliary System: A Whole-Organ-Level Analysis Using a Transparency Method"
1142:
532:
may also exist. These abnormalities are not likely to affect function and are generally asymptomatic.
3294:
3289:
3231:
1903:
1473:
1146:
1107:
712:
520:
30:
3251:
1707:
1335:
174:
2920:
1975:. Brown JL, Moore LA (40th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 1163, 1177, 1185–6.
3284:
3109:
3094:
2988:
2496:
Higashiyama, H; Sumitomo, H; Ozawa, A; Igarashi, H; Tsunekawa, N; Kurohmaru, M; Kanai, Y (2016).
634:
485:, deep outpouchings of the mucosa that can extend through the muscular layer, and which indicate
2436:
1172:
may reveal an increased white cell count suggestive of inflammation or infection. Tests such as
1057:. It happens when there is a bile leak, for example after surgery for removing the gallbladder (
3003:
2968:
2027:
1674:
770:
664:
544:
222:
198:
186:
2724:
2412:
516:
3055:
2998:
2389:
Greenberger's CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment
Gastroenterology, Hepatology, & Endoscopy
1312:
1092:
1078:
382:
2756:
2690:
1699:
1666:
3274:
3015:
2726:
Blumgart's
Surgery of the Liver, Pancreas and Biliary Tract E-Book: Expert Consult - Online
1342:
1295:
are kept alive in captivity while their bile is extracted, in an industry characterized by
1177:
1111:
913:
881:
604:
600:
540:
431:, very similar to intestinal absorptive cells. Underneath the epithelium is an underlying
8:
3126:
1774:
Segura-Sampedro, JJ; Navarro-Sánchez, A; Ashrafian, H; Martínez-Isla, A (February 2015).
1700:
1323:
1103:
841:
674:
644:
572:
389:
374:
268:
2136:
2109:
563:
outpouching of the embryonic gut tube. Early in development, the human embryo has three
3121:
2978:
2868:
2800:
2783:
2590:
2563:
2314:
2297:
2185:
2160:
2055:
1884:
1835:
1810:
1756:
1626:
1599:
920:, a non-invasive mechanical procedure used to break down the stones, may also be used.
885:
869:
817:
of sodium and chloride ions across the epithelium of the gallbladder, which creates an
678:
444:
420:
393:
2043:
1946:
Schoenwolf, Gary C.; et al. (2009). "Development of the
Gastrointestinal Tract".
3246:
3241:
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2872:
2828:
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2762:
2730:
2696:
2595:
2542:
2519:
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2319:
2276:
2190:
2141:
2090:
2047:
2006:
1976:
1951:
1923:
1876:
1840:
1787:
1748:
1711:
1678:
1667:
1631:
1578:
1478:
1228:
1122:
1088:
505:
2059:
2028:"Biliary Sludge Is Formed by Modification of Hepatic Bile by the Gallbladder Mucosa"
1888:
1773:
1098:
Cancer of the gallbladder can cause attacks of biliary pain, yellowing of the skin (
3279:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3154:
3149:
3104:
3099:
3037:
3025:
2860:
2795:
2585:
2575:
2509:
2358:
2309:
2180:
2172:
2131:
2121:
2082:
2039:
1915:
1868:
1830:
1822:
1760:
1740:
1621:
1611:
1441:
1361:
1169:
1066:
1054:
977:
947:
818:
814:
786:
659:
654:
378:
370:
272:
2214:"Cholelithiasis - Hepatic and Biliary Disorders - MSD Manual Professional Edition"
579:
begin to differentiate into the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the
3226:
2484:
2270:
1465:
1377:
1365:
1353:
1232:
1224:
1208:
1204:
1165:
1115:
1027:
973:
967:
901:
829:
778:
724:
717:
486:
451:
319:
303:
260:
252:
179:
3169:
3020:
2993:
1826:
1357:
1296:
1150:
1102:), and weight loss. A large gallbladder may be able to be felt in the abdomen.
1084:
1009:
939:
889:
825:
547:, which is an innocuous fold in the fundus, named after its resemblance to the
490:
467:
436:
432:
350:
146:
2864:
2825:
Chinese
Medicine Psychology: A Clinical Guide to Mental and Emotional Wellness
2362:
2275:(21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 977–984.
1919:
1409:
619:
3268:
3077:
3042:
2983:
2914:
2086:
1360:, although such an operation was in fact described earlier by French surgeon
1319:
1207:
test performed when gallbladder disease such as gallstones are suspected. An
955:
951:
943:
935:
929:
893:
639:
478:
404:
307:
203:
122:
1730:
1616:
1389:
443:. Unlike elsewhere in the intestinal tract, the gallbladder does not have a
3060:
3032:
2973:
2809:
2599:
2580:
2523:
2370:
2323:
2194:
2145:
2094:
2051:
1844:
1791:
1635:
1445:
1433:) to describe a lone hero, or "they have a lot of gall to talk like that".
1281:
1189:
1062:
1035:
1031:
989:
985:
981:
905:
763:
755:
548:
424:
412:
366:
105:
1927:
1880:
1872:
1752:
1130:("strawberry gallbladder", a change in the gallbladder wall due to excess
3144:
2126:
1385:
1331:
1161:
1131:
993:
950:. Cholecystitis is often managed with rest and antibiotics, particularly
917:
873:
759:
649:
362:
330:
291:
150:
134:
2536:
1556:
1554:
3050:
1744:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1273:
1244:
1200:
1023:
1019:
909:
852:
806:
564:
501:
463:
455:
428:
408:
299:
240:
93:
2176:
1776:"Laparoscopic approach to the intrahepatic gallbladder. A case report"
1427:) to describe a forward person, and "single, alone gallbladder hero" (
1192:. Bilirubin may rise when there is obstruction of the flow of bile. A
65:
3086:
2893:. Brown JL, Moore LA (40th ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone.
2514:
2497:
1339:
1292:
1173:
1154:
1043:
1039:
877:
865:
857:
802:
798:
774:
692:
626:
588:
580:
329:
The gallbladder is shaped like a pear, with its tip opening into the
295:
287:
110:
2385:"Endoscopic management of acute biliary & pancreatic conditions"
2271:
Nicki R. Colledge; Brian R. Walker; Stuart H. Ralston, eds. (2010).
1531:
1134:), often cause no symptoms and are thus often detected in this way.
228:
3185:
2950:
2295:
2159:
Choi YJ, Jin EH, Lim JH, Shin CM, Kim N, Han K, Lee DH (May 2022).
1808:
1507:. Essentials of Human Physiology. Augusta, Georgia, United States:
1346:
1099:
897:
794:
790:
750:
The main functions of the gallbladder are to store and concentrate
732:
704:
596:
568:
560:
470:. The mucosa is curved and collected into tiny outpouchings called
276:
77:
2562:
Hagey, L. R.; Vidal, N.; Hofmann, A. F.; Krasowski, M. D. (2010).
1345:, stated that in an enlarged, nontender gallbladder, the cause of
1338:, after examining a number of cases in 1890 that gave rise to the
1061:), with an incidence of 0.3–2%. Other causes are biliary surgery,
1381:
1369:
1308:
1277:
1212:
1193:
1185:
1018:
Biliary injury (bile duct injury) is the traumatic damage of the
737:
697:
584:
576:
98:
2495:
2296:
Neri V; Ambrosi A; Fersini A; Tartaglia N; Valentino TP (2007).
2072:
1330:
The first descriptions of gallstones appear to have been in the
1315:
model from 200 BCE, with models associated with divine worship.
884:. When symptoms occur, severe "colicky" pain in the upper right
821:
that also causes water and other electrolytes to be reabsorbed.
746:
The front border of the liver has been lifted up (brown arrow).
536:
less than one per year, were reported in scientific literature.
489:. The muscular layer is surrounded by a layer of connective and
462:
cells, with cells possessing small hair-like attachments called
2891:
Gray's
Anatomy : The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice
2646:"Is the end of 'house of horror' bear bile factories in sight?"
2349:
VK Kapoor (2007), "Bile duct injury repair: when? what? who?",
2075:
Current Drug Targets. Immune, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
1973:
Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice
1437:
1265:
1249:
1181:
1013:
828:
as indicated by observations that removal of the gallbladder (
824:
A function of the gallbladder appears to be protection against
782:
742:
687:
529:
497:
447:, and the muscular fibres are not arranged in distinct layers.
440:
117:
2541:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 355.
2005:(11th ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 802–4.
1950:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.
1901:
1811:"Aberrant gallbladder situated beneath the left lobe of liver"
1809:
Dhulkotia, A; Kumar, S; Kabra, V; Shukla, HS (March 1, 2002).
322:
that sits in a shallow depression below the right lobe of the
2960:
1418:
1253:
992:. About 30 percent of patients may experience some degree of
682:
323:
264:
162:
141:
1857:
1307:
Depictions of the gallbladder and biliary tree are found in
477:
A muscular layer sits beneath the mucosa. This is formed by
357:
lies in a depression in the surface of the lower liver. The
1706:(6th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p.
1421:, including using terms such as "a body completely gall" (
1269:
1257:
1235:
procedure used to assess the condition of the gallbladder.
1050:
751:
454:, the inner portion of the gallbladder wall, consists of a
256:
129:
2561:
2387:. In Friedman, S.; Blumberg, R.S.; Saltzman, J.R. (eds.).
1673:(5th ed.). : Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.
1196:
level may be taken to investigate for cholangiocarcinoma.
1160:
Tests used to investigate for gallbladder disease include
263:. In humans, the pear-shaped gallbladder lies beneath the
259:
is stored and concentrated before it is released into the
1322:
dating to 1500 BCE. Some historians believe the death of
1261:
280:
1575:
Imaging Atlas of the Normal Gallbladder and Its Variants
607:. Just below this is a second outpouching, known as the
290:, formed by material that cannot be dissolved – usually
1669:
Wheater's functional histology: a text and colour atlas
896:
may result. If the stone lodges in the biliary system,
2689:
Eachempati, Soumitra R.; II, R. Lawrence Reed (2015).
2298:"Antegrade dissection in laparoscopic cholecystectomy"
1664:
466:. This sits on a thin layer of connective tissue, the
333:. The gallbladder is divided into three sections: the
611:, that will eventually develop into the gallbladder.
1902:
Meilstrup JW; Hopper KD; Thieme GA (December 1991).
1648:
Shakelford's Surgery of Alimentary Tract, ed.7. 2013
1455:
1356:. Stough Hobbs in 1867 performed the first recorded
2788:
Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons
2537:Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977).
2302:
Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons
1034:, but can also be caused by other operations or by
271:, and stores it. The bile is then released via the
2917: – Human Anatomy Online dd, MyHealthScore.com
2888:
2615:"Inside the Disturbing World of Bear-Bile Farming"
2382:
1560:
1287:The bile from several species of bears is used in
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2383:Dolan, R.D.; Storm, A.C.; Thompson, C.C. (2022).
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
1996:
1994:
1992:
349:is the rounded base, angled so that it faces the
3266:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2208:
2206:
2204:
1572:
1114:, with ultrasound and CT scans being considered
528:all. Gallbladders with two lobes separated by a
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
1970:
1496:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2663:
2273:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
2158:
1989:
1364:in the mid eighteenth century. German surgeon
2936:
2231:
2201:
2108:Mu L, Li W, Ren W, Hu D, Song Y (June 2023).
1941:
1939:
1937:
1428:
1422:
1384:were used to view the gallbladder. The first
2775:
2709:
2688:
2351:Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery
2289:
318:The human gallbladder is a hollow grey-blue
2743:
1895:
1780:Revista Espanola de Enfermedades Digestivas
1697:
1311:models found from 2000 BCE, and in ancient
1217:magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography
373:IVB and V. The cystic duct unites with the
279:, where the bile helps in the digestion of
15:
2943:
2929:
2564:"Complex Evolution of Bile Salts in Birds"
2000:
1945:
1934:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
908:may occur. Gallstones are diagnosed using
801:, and also acts as a means of eliminating
76:
64:
16:
2846:
2844:
2799:
2729:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 511.
2589:
2579:
2513:
2348:
2313:
2184:
2135:
2125:
2107:
2001:Guyton, Arthur C.; Hall, John E. (2005).
1834:
1625:
1615:
1591:
1497:Ginsburg, Ph.D., J.N. (August 22, 2005).
2915:Diagram of Human Stomach and Gallbladder
2784:"The First Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy"
2781:
2722:
2032:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
1566:
1141:
1106:may be elevated, particularly involving
1069:, and, rarely, spontaneous perforation.
856:
835:
618:
523:showing gallbladder and common bile duct
515:
403:
24:This is an accepted version of this page
2782:Reynolds, Walker (January–March 2001).
2754:
1651:
14:
3267:
2841:
2822:
2612:
2478:, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Strömberg
2391:(4e ed.). McGraw Hill Education.
2338:Complications of a gallbladder removal
1597:
1499:"Control of Gastrointestinal Function"
1395:
961:
82:The gallbladder sits beneath the liver
2924:
2889:Standring S, Borley NR, eds. (2008).
2643:
1971:Standring S, Borley NR, eds. (2008).
1600:"Anatomy relevant to cholecystectomy"
888:of the abdomen is often felt. If the
51:Organ in humans and other vertebrates
2758:Gallstone Disease and its Management
1665:Young, Barbara; et al. (2006).
1577:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 4.
769:When food containing fat enters the
392:. All the lymph finally drains into
1691:
1501:. In Thomas M. Nosek, Ph.D. (ed.).
1223:and percutaneous or intraoperative
900:may occur; if the stone blocks the
736: 20.
731: 19.
716: 17.
711: 16.
286:The gallbladder can be affected by
48:
2850:
2530:
2025:
663: 8.
658: 7.
653: 6.
648: 5.
643: 4.
638: 3.
633: 2.
439:, an outer perimuscular layer and
361:tapers and is continuous with the
49:
3306:
3066:Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell
2908:
1904:"Imaging of gallbladder variants"
1604:Journal of Minimal Access Surgery
603:, which will go on to become the
559:The gallbladder develops from an
2953:liver, pancreas and biliary tree
1458:
1238:
2827:. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
2816:
2644:Hance, Jeremy (April 9, 2015).
2637:
2606:
2555:
2489:
2467:
2442:
2430:
2405:
2376:
2342:
2330:
2218:MSD Manual Professional Edition
2152:
2101:
2066:
2019:
1964:
1851:
1802:
1003:
923:
789:, eventually draining into the
399:
2003:Textbook of medical physiology
1767:
1724:
1698:Ross, M.; Pawlina, W. (2011).
1642:
1490:
1429:
1423:
1349:is unlikely to be gallstones.
1091:and having a highly calcified
980:. A cholecystectomy may be an
554:
411:of a normal gallbladder wall.
168:vesica biliaris, vesica fellea
13:
1:
2723:Jarnagin, William R. (2012).
2044:10.1016/s1542-3565(05)00369-1
1484:
1444:it is an extraordinary Fu or
1388:cholecystectomy performed by
846:
2613:Actman, Jani (May 5, 2016).
1289:traditional Chinese medicine
1188:may be elevated if there is
1059:laparoscopic cholecystectomy
998:postcholecystectomy syndrome
890:stone blocks the gallbladder
640:Left and right hepatic ducts
571:. During the second week of
511:
313:
70:Diagram of human gallbladder
7:
2695:. Springer. pp. 1–16.
1702:Histology: A Text and Atlas
1504:Gastrointestinal Physiology
1451:
1284:do not have a gallbladder.
861:3D still showing gallstones
809:metabolism, from the body.
758:and ultimately through the
614:
10:
3311:
3011:Fibrous capsule of Glisson
2761:. Springer. pp. 1–2.
1827:10.1080/136518202753598726
1509:Medical College of Georgia
1302:
1272:(such as pigeons and some
1076:
1007:
965:
927:
850:
839:
500:, which is exposed to the
483:Rokitansky–Aschoff sinuses
3184:
3135:
3085:
3076:
2959:
2865:10.1207/S15327868MS1801_2
2363:10.1007/s00534-007-1220-y
1948:Larsen's human embryology
1920:10.2214/ajr.157.6.1950867
1573:Jon W. Meilstrup (1994).
1474:Enterohepatic circulation
1413:) is associated with the
1408:
1147:Abdominal ultrasonography
1072:
1022:. It is most commonly an
713:Accessory pancreatic duct
521:Abdominal ultrasonography
221:
209:
197:
185:
173:
161:
156:
140:
128:
116:
104:
92:
87:
75:
63:
58:
2473:C. Michael Hogan. 2008.
2087:10.2174/1568008054064805
1336:Ludwig Georg Courvoisier
1137:
1049:Biloma is collection of
892:, inflammation known as
460:single layer of columnar
31:latest accepted revision
3095:Intrahepatic bile ducts
2755:Bateson, M. C. (2012).
1617:10.4103/0972-9941.16527
1598:Nagral, Sanjay (2005).
1093:"porcelain" gallbladder
635:Intrahepatic bile ducts
567:and abuts an embryonic
2581:10.1525/auk.2010.09155
2483:March 4, 2011, at the
2476:Guanaco: Lama guanicoe
2450:"HIDA scan - Overview"
2439:– cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk.
2437:Strawberry gallbladder
1268:), several species of
1157:
1030:— surgical removal of
954:and, in severe cases,
872:, usually with either
868:form when the bile is
862:
747:
741:21–22. Right and left
665:Major duodenal papilla
543:can occur, known as a
524:
416:
223:Anatomical terminology
3056:Hepatic stellate cell
2502:The Anatomical Record
1873:10.1007/s002619900287
1145:
1079:Gallbladder carcinoma
860:
836:Clinical significance
622:
519:
407:
3016:Perisinusoidal space
2413:"Gallbladder Polyps"
2127:10.21037/tcr-22-2049
2026:KO, CYNTHIA (2005).
1178:liver function tests
1104:Liver function tests
914:ursodeoxycholic acid
773:, it stimulates the
601:hepatic diverticulum
541:anatomical variation
251:, is a small hollow
247:, also known as the
3127:Common hepatic duct
2853:Metaphor and Symbol
2823:Lifang, Qu (2020).
2692:Acute Cholecystitis
2619:National Geographic
2539:The Vertebrate Body
1908:AJR Am J Roentgenol
1561:Gray's Anatomy 2008
1407:, the gallbladder (
1396:Society and culture
1324:Alexander the Great
1203:is often the first
962:Gallbladder removal
842:Gallbladder disease
645:Common hepatic duct
609:cystic diverticulum
390:hepatic lymph nodes
375:common hepatic duct
269:common hepatic duct
21:Page version status
3122:Right hepatic duct
2979:Ligamentum venosum
1745:10.1007/BF00188459
1733:Surgical Endoscopy
1563:, p. 1187-81.
1158:
1123:Gallbladder polyps
1089:gallbladder polyps
978:elective procedure
863:
748:
525:
445:muscularis mucosae
417:
394:celiac lymph nodes
27:
3262:
3261:
3247:Centroacinar cell
3242:Pancreatic islets
3180:
3179:
3160:Sphincter of Oddi
3117:Left hepatic duct
2900:978-0-8089-2371-8
2834:978-1-78775-276-4
2768:978-94-009-4173-1
2736:978-1-4557-4606-4
2702:978-3-319-14824-3
2548:978-0-03-910284-5
2398:978-1-260-47343-8
2282:978-0-7020-3085-7
2177:10.5009/gnl210009
2114:Transl Cancer Res
2012:978-0-7216-0240-0
1982:978-0-8089-2371-8
1957:978-0-443-06811-9
1861:Abdominal Imaging
1798:on March 4, 2016.
1717:978-0-7817-7200-6
1684:978-0-443-06850-8
1584:978-0-8493-4788-7
1479:Gallbladder flush
1343:Courvoisier's law
1229:cholescintigraphy
506:connective tissue
237:
236:
232:
39:15 September 2024
18:
3302:
3295:Digestive system
3290:Organs (anatomy)
3216:Uncinate process
3155:Ampulla of Vater
3150:Common bile duct
3105:Canals of Hering
3100:Bile canaliculus
3083:
3082:
3038:Lobules of liver
3026:Periportal space
2945:
2938:
2931:
2922:
2921:
2904:
2877:
2876:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2803:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2752:
2741:
2740:
2720:
2707:
2706:
2686:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2621:. Archived from
2610:
2604:
2603:
2593:
2583:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2517:
2515:10.1002/ar.23287
2493:
2487:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2317:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2268:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2210:
2199:
2198:
2188:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2129:
2120:(6): 1452–1465.
2105:
2099:
2098:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2023:
2017:
2016:
1998:
1987:
1986:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1943:
1932:
1931:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1838:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1794:. Archived from
1771:
1765:
1764:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1705:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1672:
1662:
1649:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1629:
1619:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1519:on April 1, 2008
1515:. Archived from
1494:
1468:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1442:Chinese medicine
1432:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1412:
1405:Chinese medicine
1362:Jean Louis Petit
1170:full blood count
1067:abdominal trauma
1055:abdominal cavity
1026:complication of
984:procedure, or a
819:osmotic pressure
815:active transport
787:common bile duct
660:Ampulla of Vater
655:Common bile duct
379:common bile duct
371:hepatic segments
273:common bile duct
229:edit on Wikidata
226:
111:Digestive system
80:
68:
56:
55:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3176:
3131:
3072:
2955:
2951:Anatomy of the
2949:
2911:
2901:
2880:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2821:
2817:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2753:
2744:
2737:
2721:
2710:
2703:
2687:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2611:
2607:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2535:
2531:
2494:
2490:
2485:Wayback Machine
2472:
2468:
2458:
2456:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2421:
2419:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2381:
2377:
2347:
2343:
2335:
2331:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2269:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2212:
2211:
2202:
2157:
2153:
2106:
2102:
2071:
2067:
2024:
2020:
2013:
1999:
1990:
1983:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1944:
1935:
1900:
1896:
1856:
1852:
1807:
1803:
1772:
1768:
1739:(9): 998–1000.
1729:
1725:
1718:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1663:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1466:Medicine portal
1464:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1398:
1378:contrast medium
1366:Carl Langenbuch
1354:biliary fistula
1305:
1241:
1233:nuclear imaging
1225:cholangiography
1209:abdominal X-ray
1205:medical imaging
1166:medical imaging
1140:
1128:cholesterolosis
1116:medical imaging
1081:
1075:
1028:cholecystectomy
1016:
1008:Main articles:
1006:
974:cholecystectomy
970:
968:Cholecystectomy
964:
932:
926:
916:, may be used;
902:pancreatic duct
855:
849:
844:
838:
830:cholecystectomy
805:, a product of
779:cholecystokinin
771:digestive tract
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:Small intestine
720:
718:Pancreatic duct
715:
710:
700:
695:
690:
685:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
617:
557:
514:
487:adenomyomatosis
402:
316:
304:cholecystectomy
298:, a product of
261:small intestine
233:
83:
71:
52:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
3308:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3285:Animal anatomy
3282:
3277:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3190:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3170:Cholecystocyte
3164:
3163:
3162:
3152:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3091:
3089:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3021:Liver sinusoid
3018:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2994:Lobes of liver
2991:
2989:Round ligament
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2910:
2909:External links
2907:
2906:
2905:
2899:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2840:
2833:
2815:
2774:
2767:
2742:
2735:
2708:
2701:
2662:
2636:
2625:on May 5, 2016
2605:
2574:(4): 820–831.
2554:
2547:
2529:
2508:(2): 161–172.
2488:
2466:
2441:
2429:
2404:
2397:
2375:
2357:(5): 476–479,
2341:
2329:
2288:
2281:
2230:
2200:
2171:(3): 465–473.
2151:
2100:
2081:(2): 143–151.
2065:
2018:
2011:
1988:
1981:
1963:
1956:
1933:
1894:
1850:
1801:
1766:
1723:
1716:
1690:
1683:
1650:
1641:
1590:
1583:
1565:
1530:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1453:
1450:
1397:
1394:
1358:cholecystotomy
1304:
1301:
1297:animal cruelty
1240:
1237:
1151:biliary sludge
1139:
1136:
1085:adenocarcinoma
1077:Main article:
1074:
1071:
1010:Biliary injury
1005:
1002:
966:Main article:
963:
960:
952:cephalosporins
940:cholelithiasis
928:Main article:
925:
922:
882:biliary system
851:Main article:
848:
845:
840:Main article:
837:
834:
826:carcinogenesis
762:(parts of the
616:
613:
556:
553:
513:
510:
468:lamina propria
437:muscular layer
433:lamina propria
421:columnar cells
401:
398:
377:to become the
365:, part of the
351:abdominal wall
315:
312:
235:
234:
225:
219:
218:
213:
207:
206:
201:
195:
194:
189:
183:
182:
177:
171:
170:
165:
159:
158:
154:
153:
147:Celiac ganglia
144:
138:
137:
132:
126:
125:
120:
114:
113:
108:
102:
101:
96:
90:
89:
85:
84:
81:
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61:
60:
50:
28:
22:
19:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3307:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3253:
3252:Stellate cell
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3238:Microanatomy
3237:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
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3138:
3134:
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3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3078:Biliary tract
3075:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:Microanatomy
3046:
3044:
3043:Liver segment
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2984:Porta hepatis
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2902:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2845:
2836:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2770:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2738:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2704:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2470:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2438:
2433:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2400:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2014:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1959:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1914:(6): 1205–8.
1913:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
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1282:invertebrates
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1239:Other animals
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1046:and surgery.
1045:
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1021:
1015:
1011:
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987:
983:
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969:
959:
957:
956:metronidazole
953:
949:
948:Murphy's sign
945:
944:phospholipase
941:
937:
936:cholecystitis
931:
930:Cholecystitis
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
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894:cholecystitis
891:
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756:hepatic ducts
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531:
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479:smooth muscle
475:
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123:Cystic artery
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62:
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40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
3136:
3110:Interlobular
3061:Kupffer cell
3033:Portal triad
2974:Cantlie line
2890:
2859:(1): 13–31.
2856:
2852:
2824:
2818:
2794:(1): 89–94.
2791:
2787:
2777:
2757:
2725:
2691:
2653:. Retrieved
2650:The Guardian
2649:
2639:
2627:. Retrieved
2623:the original
2618:
2608:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2538:
2532:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2475:
2469:
2457:. Retrieved
2453:
2444:
2432:
2420:. Retrieved
2416:
2407:
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2378:
2354:
2350:
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2332:
2308:(2): 225–8.
2305:
2301:
2291:
2272:
2221:. Retrieved
2217:
2168:
2164:
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2117:
2113:
2103:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2038:(7): 672–8.
2035:
2031:
2021:
2002:
1972:
1966:
1947:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1867:(1): 67–72.
1864:
1860:
1853:
1821:(1): 39–42.
1818:
1814:
1804:
1796:the original
1786:(2): 122–3.
1783:
1779:
1769:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1701:
1693:
1668:
1644:
1607:
1603:
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1574:
1568:
1521:. Retrieved
1517:the original
1503:
1492:
1435:
1402:
1399:
1386:laparoscopic
1374:
1351:
1329:
1317:
1306:
1286:
1242:
1198:
1190:pancreatitis
1159:
1120:
1097:
1082:
1063:liver biopsy
1048:
1036:major trauma
1032:gall bladder
1017:
1004:Complication
990:biliary tree
986:laparoscopic
971:
933:
924:Inflammation
906:pancreatitis
864:
823:
811:
768:
764:biliary tree
749:
723:
722:
703:
702:
669:
625:
624:
608:
605:biliary tree
593:
558:
549:Phrygian cap
545:Phrygian cap
538:
534:
526:
495:
482:
476:
471:
449:
425:brush border
418:
400:Microanatomy
387:
367:biliary tree
358:
354:
346:
342:
338:
334:
328:
317:
285:
248:
244:
238:
192:A05.8.02.001
167:
53:
38:
29:This is the
23:
3275:Gallbladder
3145:Cystic duct
3137:Gallbladder
2655:October 23,
2629:October 23,
2459:October 18,
2454:Mayo Clinic
2223:October 18,
1610:(2): 53–8.
1511:. pp.
1332:Renaissance
1252:(including
1245:vertebrates
1162:blood tests
1132:cholesterol
1053:within the
994:indigestion
918:lithotripsy
874:cholesterol
793:. The bile
781:(CCK) from
760:cystic duct
670:Gallbladder
650:Cystic duct
565:germ layers
555:Development
385:'s pouch".
363:cystic duct
331:cystic duct
292:cholesterol
245:gallbladder
241:vertebrates
157:Identifiers
151:vagus nerve
135:Cystic vein
59:Gallbladder
3269:Categories
3087:Bile ducts
3051:Hepatocyte
2417:MayoClinic
1485:References
1440:theory of
1390:Erich Mühe
1309:Babylonian
1293:bile bears
1276:species),
1274:psittacine
1231:scan is a
1201:ultrasound
1155:gallstones
1024:iatrogenic
1020:bile ducts
910:ultrasound
866:Gallstones
853:Gallstones
847:Gallstones
807:hemoglobin
799:bile salts
795:emulsifies
627:Bile ducts
589:intestines
561:endodermal
502:peritoneum
464:microvilli
429:microvilli
409:Micrograph
300:hemoglobin
288:gallstones
3232:accessory
2969:Bare area
2873:143595915
2422:March 19,
2165:Gut Liver
1340:eponymous
1266:laminoids
1174:bilirubin
1044:radiology
1040:endoscopy
934:Known as
878:bilirubin
870:saturated
803:bilirubin
775:secretion
693:Esophagus
681:lobes of
581:esophagus
512:Variation
314:Structure
296:bilirubin
275:into the
249:cholecyst
94:Precursor
3186:Pancreas
3004:Quadrate
2810:11304004
2600:21113274
2524:26559382
2481:Archived
2371:17909716
2336:nhs.uk,
2324:17761085
2195:35502586
2146:37434692
2137:10331452
2095:16089346
2060:27488720
2052:16206500
1889:30176379
1845:18333151
1792:25659400
1636:21206646
1523:June 29,
1452:See also
1382:CT scans
1347:jaundice
1313:Etruscan
1280:and all
1278:lampreys
1149:showing
1100:jaundice
898:jaundice
886:quadrant
791:duodenum
733:Duodenum
705:Pancreas
615:Function
597:duodenum
569:yolk sac
493:tissue.
383:Hartmann
277:duodenum
35:reviewed
3280:Abdomen
2999:Caudate
2801:3015420
2591:2990222
2568:The Auk
2315:3015719
2186:9099388
1928:1950867
1881:9437066
1836:2023911
1761:2581053
1753:7482221
1627:3004105
1436:In the
1403:In the
1370:fistula
1303:History
1250:mammals
1213:CT scan
1194:CA 19-9
1186:amylase
783:I cells
743:kidneys
738:Jejunum
698:Stomach
673:10–11.
585:stomach
577:foregut
423:with a
180:D005704
99:Foregut
88:Details
3223:Ducts
3193:Gross
3166:Cells
2897:
2871:
2831:
2808:
2798:
2765:
2733:
2699:
2598:
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1624:
1581:
1438:Zangfu
1419:idioms
1415:Wuxing
1320:Thebes
1264:, and
1254:horses
1182:lipase
1073:Cancer
1014:Biloma
688:Spleen
587:, and
530:septum
498:serosa
456:lining
452:mucosa
441:serosa
353:. The
347:fundus
345:. The
341:, and
335:fundus
255:where
243:, the
118:Artery
106:System
2961:Liver
2883:Books
2869:S2CID
2056:S2CID
1885:S2CID
1757:S2CID
1513:p. 30
1270:birds
1243:Most
1138:Tests
683:liver
675:Right
472:rugae
458:of a
324:liver
320:organ
265:liver
253:organ
227:[
163:Latin
142:Nerve
3227:main
3212:Head
3207:Neck
3202:Body
3197:Tail
2895:ISBN
2829:ISBN
2806:PMID
2763:ISBN
2731:ISBN
2697:ISBN
2657:2017
2631:2017
2596:PMID
2543:ISBN
2520:PMID
2461:2017
2424:2015
2393:ISBN
2367:PMID
2320:PMID
2277:ISBN
2225:2017
2191:PMID
2142:PMID
2091:PMID
2048:PMID
2007:ISBN
1977:ISBN
1952:ISBN
1924:PMID
1877:PMID
1841:PMID
1788:PMID
1749:PMID
1712:ISBN
1679:ISBN
1632:PMID
1579:ISBN
1525:2007
1446:yang
1430:孤膽英雄
1424:渾身是膽
1380:and
1262:rats
1258:deer
1227:. A
1221:ERCP
1176:and
1168:. A
1164:and
1153:and
1110:and
1051:bile
1012:and
982:open
752:bile
721:18.
701:15.
696:14.
691:13.
686:12.
679:left
677:and
450:The
435:, a
359:neck
355:body
343:neck
339:body
281:fats
257:bile
216:7202
204:3081
187:TA98
175:MeSH
130:Vein
2861:doi
2796:PMC
2586:PMC
2576:doi
2572:127
2510:doi
2506:299
2359:doi
2310:PMC
2181:PMC
2173:doi
2132:PMC
2122:doi
2083:doi
2040:doi
1916:doi
1912:157
1869:doi
1831:PMC
1823:doi
1815:HPB
1784:107
1741:doi
1708:646
1675:298
1622:PMC
1612:doi
1219:),
1211:or
1199:An
1184:or
1112:ALP
1108:GGT
876:or
777:of
668:9.
623:1.
539:An
491:fat
427:of
306:).
294:or
239:In
211:FMA
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