Gallo language - Knowledge

2275:

pronounced differently according to the region. The other strategy proposes allowing a word to be written in multiple different ways, with different letters or letter combinations, to allow for speakers of Gallo to write according to their pronunciation. Another difference separating the proposed systems is their usage of silent letters and non-phonetic spelling. Some systems try to maintain a one-to-one correspondency between letters and sounds, whereas some choose to add silent letters or diagraphs in an attempt to better represent the sounds of Gallo.

1159: 73: 2407: 2557:. It was created in 2009 and preserves the main principles of MOGA: similarity to French and phonetic spelling. Whereas MOGA allows only one sound per letter or group of letters, ABCD allows several, enabling users to make a choice. This covers regional variants, and a text in ABCD will not be read in the same way by all Gallo speakers. ABCD also mirrors the French trait of silent letters, such as the plural s, and is therefore easier to read without prior learning. 601: 2355:", French for “write the Gallo ”), the oldest system, was proposed in 1978 by Alan-Joseph Raude and completely eschews French orthography. Raude based his writing system on medieval texts written in Gallo, therefore creating a system authentic to the language without reference to other modern writing systems. Regional differences were less pronounced during the Medieval era, meaning ELG’s spelling choices are based on a more standardized form. 194: 4743: 32: 4699: 586: 1077:, the population of Armorica was diverse, consisting of Gaulish tribes with assimilated Bretons, as well as Romanized cities and Germanic tribes. War between the Frank and Breton kingdoms was constant between the 6th and 9th centuries, which made the border between the two difficult to define. Before the 10th century, Breton was spoken by at least one third of the population up to the cities of 2359: 1149:

In reaction to the 2002 decision, an effective and committed network of Gallo activists advanced Gallo's status in Brittany schools. Gallo is now taught in Upper Brittany's state schools, though the number of students enrolled in Gallo courses remains low. In the 2003-04 academic year, there were 569

2429:

The Aneit system differs from ELG on a number of points, however. For example, every letter must have a purpose, which means that the silent h and double consonants are eliminated, except in certain specific cases (ll to indicate palatalization, etc.). Aneit has the same difficulties as ELG, since a

2266:

There is not yet a single writing system that is unanimously agreed upon, mainly due to regional pronunciation differences. The word for “me” could be pronounced any of the following ways: , , , , or . This large variance makes it difficult to pick a single written form that would be most suitable.

1233:

It is difficult to record the exact number of Gallo speakers today. Gallo and vernacular French share a sort of continuum, so speakers may have difficulty determining exactly which language they are speaking. Many people speak Gallo while using a considerable amount of French words and phrases, thus

2274:

However, the creation of a common writing system is important for ensuring comprehensibility of text across regions and making a dictionary. There are two main strategies that have been employed in past attempts at a writing system. One strategy proposes a single written form for words that will be

1792:. However, while French has combined and into just , a distinction was preserved in Gallo. The , manifests, for example, when was followed by , became either an or a diphthong, most often . The became a schwa () in most regions. This distinction between and makes it possible to differentiate 2489:

Unlike ELG and Aneit, Vantyé is more of a practical tool than a codified orthography, and is therefore much easier to master. However, it was primarily designed for speakers in the Mitau region, and does not account for the phonemes that exist in other regions, making it less useful as a universal

681:

Gallo continued as the everyday language of Upper Brittany, Maine, and some neighbouring portions of Normandy until the introduction of universal education across France, but is spoken today by only a small (and aging) minority of the population, having been almost entirely superseded by standard

1132:

Similar to speakers of other regional languages, Gallo speakers began to associate French as the language of intellectuals and social promotion, and Gallo as an impediment to their success. As a result, the rate of children learning the language has diminished, since parents struggle to see the

997:

wrote in 1878: " is a dialect of French (...): it contains a considerable quantity of old words, a very small amount of words borrowed from Breton, and is, except for several local expressions (...) very easy to understand." The study of language has evolved considerably since the 19th century,

2387:

ceased to be pronounced as early as the twelfth century in Gallo, several centuries before French, so Raude proposes to not write them. On the other hand, word-final silent consonants are retained to preserve the continuity between derived forms: fauc (false) (the final c is not pronounced) is

2498:

The MOGA system was introduced in 2007 by Bèrtran Ôbrée and the Chubri Association. Unlike ELG and Aneit, which are based on etymology, it is a phonetic script. It is also intentionally close to French, making it easier for speakers of French to learn. For example, is written with the French

1145:

In 1982, Gallo was officially adopted as an optional subject in secondary schools in Brittany, even appearing on France's secondary school-exit exam, the Baccalaureat. It took years for the Gallo language to actually be incorporated into the curriculum, but by the 1990s, the main focus of the

1141:

Within recent history, the presence of Gallo has fluctuated in Brittany's school system. Shortly before World War II, the Regional Federation of Bretagne introduced the idea of rejuvenating Gallo's presences in schools. They were primarily motivated in increasing the linguistic competence of

2417:

The Aneit system was introduced in 1984 by the Bertègn Galèzz Association, successor to the organization Friends of the Gallo Language. The system is the result of five years' research throughout Upper Brittany, and takes its name from the brochure presenting it to the public:

1269:, or questions of how the countryside was created. In the 19th century, oral literature was collected by researchers and folklorists such as Paul Sébillot, Adolphe Orain, Amand Dagnet and Georges Dottin. However, these authors frequently rewrote this literature in French. 2388:

related to fauchae (to mow), where the consonant is pronounced. In French, word-final e often serves to indicate an otherwise silent consonant should be pronounced, such as in grand and grande . ELG indicates this with a doubled consonant: graund and graundd.

1966:, for example. In Gallo, the vowel following the y differs from region to region. In most of Upper Brittany, it's a schwa, and elsewhere it's a or an (the geographical distribution is the same as for /). The Latin in open stressed syllables became a 2372:

In the words for finger, evening, and me (in French: doigt, soir, moi), which display regional pronunciation differences, the “oi” found in French is written as “ei”, giving the forms: deit, seir, mei, though will not be the pronunciation everywhere.

2234:, the became a vowel, , and then , so thus became : , while in French, the merged into : taupe . In northern Upper Brittany, diphthongs are used to express plurals: un martè , des martiaos . In Loire-Atlantique, only the plural form is used. 2568:

Most consonants are written identically between the variants, and also the same as in French, and are not included in the table. As the pronunciation of ELG and ABCD letters varies greatly from region to region, this list is not exhaustive.

1109:, public education became universal and mandatory in France, and was conducted exclusively in French; students who spoke other languages were punished. Well into the 20th century, government policy focused exclusively on French. In 1962, 1242:

Although a written literary tradition exists, Gallo is more noted for extemporised story-telling and theatrical presentations. Given Brittany's rich musical heritage, contemporary performers produce a range of music sung in Gallo (see

912:, a dialect continuum covering the northern half of France. This group includes a wide variety of more or less well-defined and differentiated languages and dialects, which share a Latin origin and some Germanic influence from 2218:

Gallo has diphthongs, just like Latin itself, other langues d’oïl, and other Romance languages. Diphthongs in Gallo generally use the semi-vowels and , more rarely : , , , , , , , , , , , , etc. The triphthong is also used.

1234:

confounding the language question further. Moreover, Gallo speakers may have a tendency to underestimate their competence and choose thus to not report speaking it. This makes estimates of the number of speakers vary widely.

117:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge. 2968:

In ABCD, the combinations mm, nm and nn work differently than in French. When two nasal consonants are written in ABCD, the first consonant nasalizes the preceding vowel, and the second consonant is pronounced as normal.

1101:

viewed regional languages as a way in which the structural inequalities of France were perpetuated. Accordingly, they sought to eradicate the regional languages to free their speakers of unconstitutional inequalities.

1871:

in practically all of Upper Brittany, while and are only heard in the center-west. The in open stressed syllables before doesn't follow the / pattern either, and has evolved very differently in different regions.

4607: 4504: 3658: 2391:

ELG’s choices create a visually distinct system for Gallo, but it requires learning and is not immediately intuitive for Gallo speakers, who may not even recognize it as Gallo upon first seeing it.

736:

In the west, the vocabulary of Gallo has been influenced by contact with Breton, but remains overwhelmingly Latinate. The influence of Breton decreases eastwards across Gallo-speaking territory.

1125:

was amended in 2008. Article 75-1 asserts that "regional languages are part of the French heritage". Moreover, Gallo is the only langue d'oïl to be recognized as a regional language by the

3640:(1997). Produced and directed by Gei Zantzinger, in collaboration with Dastum. Lois V. Kuter, ethnomusicological consultant. Devault, Pennsylvania: Constant Spring Productions. 2553:

The ABCD system (from the initials of its inventors: Régis Auffray, André Bienvenu, André Le Coq, and Patrice Dréano) is used by the Association of Gallo Teachers and also the

5025: 4469: 127: 2530:

Regional varieties are taken into account, and letter combinations are used to represent all Gallo phonemes, even if they are only used by a few speakers. The diagraph

103: 2430:

speaker with a different pronunciation needs to know the standardized spelling to be able to decipher the written system. Another problem faced by Aneit is its use of

1765:

The vowel system of Gallo is close to French, but they diverged as they evolved, and Gallo has a number of phenomena not found in French, such as the pervasive use of

4505:

https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chubri.org%2Fdocs%2FBani%2FMoga-le-livre.pdf%2Findex.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url

1046:

emigrated to Armorica around this time, they found a people who had retained their Celtic language and culture. The Bretons were therefore able to integrate easily.

1258:, an anonymous 12th century chanson de geste transcribed in the 15th century but which nevertheless retains features typical of the mediaeval Romance of Brittany. 871:, meaning 'foreigner', 'French' or 'non-Breton'. The term was first used by Breton speakers, which may explain why it is used rarely by Gallo speakers themselves. 1150:

students learning Gallo at secondary school or university. For comparison, in the same year, 3,791 students were learning Breton at the same levels of schooling.

896:

was coined by the linguist Alan-Joseph Raude in 1978 to highlight the fact that Gallo is "a Romance variety spoken by Bretons". Gallo should not be confused with

1261:

Gallo is a language of oral tradition, whose history is rich with stories, fables, and legends. Gallese legends frequently address recurring characters, such as

4186: 3666: 1994:, illustrate this diversity: , , , , etc. The pronunciation of Latin / in closed stressed syllables is more authentic in Gallo than in other langues d’oïl. 1146:

curriculum was cultural awareness of the Gallo language and identity. However, in 2002, Gallo's optional-subject status in secondary schools was withdrawn.

4636: 3748: 5018: 3699: 2442:

The Vantyé spelling system was developed again by the Bertègn Galèzz association in the early 1980s, and is notable for its attempt to be closer to

137:

Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

2380:

in Bertaeyn ("Brittany"), can be pronounced , , , or other possibilities. The diagraphs oe, cz, and tz are notable distinguishing elements of ELG.

4162: 1042:

of the population. Gaulish continued to be spoken in this region until the 6th century CE, especially in less populated, rural areas. When the

7576: 5646: 4587: 3860: 974:

as an auxiliary verb is said to be of Celtic origin. The relationship between the two is comparable to that of the two languages of Scotland:

5011: 4731: 1189:

and Gallo, but generally the Gallo language is not as visibly high-profile as the Breton language, even in its traditional heartland of the

5687: 3849:

Leray, Christian and Lorand, Ernestine. Dynamique interculturelle et autoformation: une histoire de vie en Pays gallo. L'Harmattan. 1995.

1298:

It was in the 1970s that a concerted effort to promote Gallo literature started. In 1979 Alan J. Raude published a proposed standardised

1289:, a story which was inspired by her grand-mother and was written in Gallo. This, in part, inspired the creation of the artistic movement 610: 4709: 1097:. Gallo's status as a tolerated regional language of France suffered as a direct consequence of the Revolution. During this time, the 1093:

Historically, France has been a nation with a high degree of linguistic diversity matched with relative tolerance, that is until the

1121:

declared that any governmental publications and advertisements must be in French. Gallo did not gain national recognition until the

4651: 2282:) in 1977. It proposed using French spelling as a baseline and adjusting it to fit Gallo’s unique phonetic features, such as using 1254:

written in 1178 by Étienne de Fougères, a poetical text of 336 quatrains and the earliest known Romance text from Brittany, and to

4041: 3703: 7619: 1226:

Different dialects of Gallo are distinguished, although there is a movement for standardisation on the model of the dialect of

1117:; this committee's purpose was to enforce the use of French, to the detriment of minority languages. Furthermore, in 1994, the 1998:, for example, is pronounced in Gallo, but in French. Some terms, however, are influenced by neighboring langues d'oïl, and 6138: 4453: 4403: 3927: 3742: 3003:, which only exists at the ends of words. As in ABCD, final consonants in ELG are generally silent. The sound is written as 1652: 881:

had ever used the term, and a third of them found it "had quite a pejorative connotation". According to the survey, the term

258: 6070: 2537:

The same word can be written in different ways according to local usage, such as the city of Rennes, which could be written

2222:

The very common diphthong most often is the result of the disappearance of a consonant that existed in Latin. For example,

1986:

has been replaced by a large number of phonemes varying from word to word and region to region. The many pronunciations of

998:

however, and there is no longer any universally accepted criterion to distinguish decisively between language and dialect.

230: 5873: 5868: 1855:, schwa has replaced . In some outlying regions, it is replaced by or remains . Some words do not obey the rule, such as 1129:. Nevertheless, like all of the other regional languages of France, the use of Gallo has declined since the 19th century. 5812: 5700: 1659: 1625: 1381:

in origin, generally hasn’t been pronounced since the 13th century, but it is still used in Mené, a small region around

643:. Today it is spoken only by a minority of the population, as the standard form of French now predominates in this area. 122: 5973: 5863: 6088: 3887: 2527:

is a diagraph in French corresponding to a single vowel, . Each MOGA letter or diagraph corresponds to a single sound.

145: 2977:

is pronounced and not . As in French, if the final letter is an e or a consonant, they are generally not pronounced.

2230:, and what once was two consecutive, separately pronounced vowels, , has become a diphthong: . In some words, such as 237: 6927: 4724: 4562:. Publications of the universities of Rouen and Le Havre (modern name: University Press of Rouen and Le Havre). 2008. 295: 277: 59: 2422:("our language today"). Also called "unified spelling", it follows in the footsteps of ELG in terms of its basis on 1371:

other consonants, notably , , and . However, this is not done in all regions, and is often replaced by . The word

158:

Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.

6987: 1939:. In eastern Brittany, the disappearance of the sound was even more dramatic than in French, and some speakers say 1562: 494: 6275: 5880: 5680: 4703: 2088: 2083: 1548: 808: 211: 45: 4668: 4503:Ôbrée, Bèrtran (2008). Lire et écrire en gallo avec le Moga (in French) (2nd ed.). Retiers, France. Archived at 244: 7075: 6976: 4332: 4308: 2143: 2138: 1178:

officially recognized Breton and Gallo as "the official languages of Brittany, alongside the French language."

215: 6946: 564: 6883: 6561: 5252: 4125:"Reassessing Gallo as a regional language in France: language emancipation vs. monolingual language ideology" 3725: 2095: 1597: 1982:. The evolution of the Latin in closed stressed syllables is much more diverse, and the original diphthong 7609: 5470: 4717: 4264:"The Role of Gallo in the Identity of Upper-Breton School Pupils of the Language Variety and their Parents" 2155: 2104: 1583: 1555: 1175: 1126: 546: 226: 7010: 6413: 5562: 5423: 5177: 1749: 1741: 1733: 1723: 1715: 1707: 1697: 1689: 1679: 1671: 7451: 6889: 5858: 5787: 5222: 5172: 4739: 3990:

Sébillot, Paul (1878). "Sur les limites du breton et du français, et les limites des dialectes bretons".

2169: 2053: 1915:, according to which the Latin in open stressed syllables, when preceded by a palatal consonant, became 1571: 5232: 7172: 6744: 6179: 5737: 5673: 5316: 2188: 1851:

in French. This evolution of the in stressed syllables varies from region to region. While in central

1632: 1473: 1368: 970:

Gallo has not just borrowed words from Breton, but also aspects of grammar; the use of the preposition

659: 5301: 2376:

Ruczèu ("stream", in French: ruisseau) is pronounced in eastern Upper Brittany and in the west. The

6759: 6671: 6280: 6121: 5836: 5765: 5747: 5730: 5725: 5715: 4994: 4793: 2246: 2199: 2060: 1590: 1487: 390: 375: 7614: 5464: 7464: 7368: 6241: 6189: 5968: 5916: 2069: 1727: 1480: 1262: 558: 153: 1927:. As in French, the sound represented by the letter i disappeared around the Renaissance, giving 1277:(1876). Amand Dagnet (1857-1933) also wrote a number of original works in Gallo, including a play 6832: 6423: 6377: 6258: 6231: 6170: 6107: 6053: 5760: 5720: 5264: 5082: 5077: 5034: 4931: 4921: 1719: 1604: 1508: 1494: 979: 932: 455: 395: 385: 365: 204: 6428: 2358: 7550: 6766: 6184: 6130: 5782: 5453: 2278:

The first effort to codify Gallo spelling was undertaken by the Friends of the Gallo Language (

1753: 1522: 1122: 706: 450: 5528: 2999:

In the ELG, certain letters and letter groups are only possible in certain positions, such as

2290:

to represent schwa. Since then, other systems have emerged, such as ELG, MOGA, ABCD, and BAP.

7582: 7527: 7333: 7328: 6981: 6959: 6850: 6778: 6601: 6263: 6026: 5652: 5539: 5428: 5335: 4420: 4092: 4068: 1683: 1515: 1438: 1356: 1355:, meanwhile, can be pronounced , or . These modifications result from an advancement of the 1270: 1106: 675: 174: 7246: 6214: 251: 7532: 7306: 6922: 6895: 6821: 6681: 6480: 6408: 6360: 6354: 6317: 6300: 5549: 5418: 5159: 4863: 4835: 4008: 3768: 2554: 1781: 1529: 1452: 7316: 6729: 5797: 5619: 5522: 4875: 4652:"ChubEndret — Dictionnaire de noms de lieux en gallo (Dictionary of place names in Gallo)" 4080: 4027: 1319:

in Gallo are almost the same as in French, but there are many local variants, such as the

8: 7017: 6909: 6877: 6871: 6492: 6452: 6418: 6246: 6010: 5438: 5296: 5258: 5087: 4845: 4747: 4529: 4477: 1445: 1331:. Certain consonant combinations are also characteristic of certain regions, such as the 1074: 1014:

toward the 8th century BCE. Some of early groups mentioned in the written records of the

989:

Gallo is typically not mutually intelligible with French, primarily due to its differing

960: 730: 647: 624: 167: 51: 7280: 6713: 6388: 6322: 5608: 5060: 4830: 3659:"Enquête socio-linguistique : qui parle les langues de Bretagne aujourd'hui ?" 1936: 1904: 936: 748: 632: 403: 7522: 7251: 7107: 7065: 7031: 7025: 6915: 6858: 6815: 6798: 6536: 6529: 6365: 6153: 6094: 5950: 5938: 5817: 5755: 5581: 5237: 5199: 5130: 5097: 5003: 4961: 4581: 4140: 3972: 3784: 3688:

Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24).

1971: 1893: 1797: 1701: 1675: 1406: 1378: 7300: 5792: 5247: 4038: 3689: 2014:, is common, and guernol and parto are heard instead of guernouille and partout . 709:

with adjacent varieties of the Norman language along the linguistic frontier and with

538: 7604: 7479: 7458: 7378: 7338: 7197: 7125: 7119: 7043: 6935: 6845: 6786: 6698: 6656: 6457: 6403: 6209: 6194: 6165: 6148: 6058: 6021: 5990: 5978: 5897: 5885: 5802: 5777: 5771: 5696: 5665: 5573: 5408: 5276: 5227: 5110: 4956: 4871: 4818: 4630: 4449: 4399: 4369: 4328: 4304: 4239: 4144: 4124: 4057: 3964: 3923: 3883: 3788: 3738: 2122: 1711: 1425: 1411: 1360: 1320: 1244: 1110: 1094: 964: 944: 913: 690: 572: 380: 149: 7321: 6290: 6268: 5120: 4946: 4941: 2267:

If the orthography of French was used, the word could be written in countless ways:

1328: 1158: 701:

among others. One of the features that distinguish it from Norman is the absence of

7432: 7422: 7407: 7395: 7311: 7260: 7224: 7202: 7189: 7183: 7112: 7101: 7005: 6970: 6954: 6803: 6791: 6724: 6688: 6676: 6644: 6569: 6541: 6514: 6344: 6339: 6327: 6307: 6295: 6236: 6143: 6100: 6041: 6036: 6031: 5995: 5926: 5910: 5807: 5614: 5568: 5544: 5493: 5488: 5476: 5353: 5281: 5125: 5115: 5069: 4966: 4936: 4916: 4867: 4855: 4812: 4808: 4797: 4782: 4777: 4398:. Sciences du langage. Paris: Ed. du Centre national de la recherche scientifique. 4361: 4275: 4229: 4132: 3956: 3861:"Les langues régionales de France : le gallo, pris comme dans un étau (17/20)" 3776: 2011: 2007: 1912: 1793: 1745: 1693: 1420: 1402: 1397: 1058: 1027: 956: 952: 948: 872: 848: 698: 655: 636: 503: 499: 370: 20: 7207: 7157: 4901: 3945:"L'aventure des langues en Occident: Leur origine, leur histoire, leur géographie" 1974:

in both French and Gallo around the 12th century, becoming in French, in Gallo.

994: 7516: 7502: 7383: 7285: 7275: 7219: 7070: 7058: 6998: 6993: 6808: 6737: 6719: 6693: 6666: 6596: 6553: 6465: 6446: 6398: 6285: 6251: 6204: 6199: 5921: 5853: 5825: 5602: 5534: 5504: 5403: 5326: 5306: 5286: 5140: 5049: 4911: 4885: 4850: 4803: 4789: 4761: 4045: 2443: 2250: 2242: 2077: 1737: 1432: 1416: 1186: 983: 862: 726: 694: 671: 640: 357: 6519: 5194: 3661:[Socio-linguistic survey: who speaks the languages of Brittany today?]. 756: 551: 7567: 7474: 7469: 7390: 7270: 7232: 6964: 6524: 6470: 6332: 6016: 5944: 5890: 5639: 5458: 5291: 5242: 5189: 5166: 5149: 5105: 4926: 4906: 4859: 4824: 4163:"French language law: The attempted ruination of France's linguistic diversity" 2132: 1852: 1832:

was changed when the silent feminine or plural endings were added to the word.

1340: 1282: 1227: 1015: 975: 875:

conducted a survey in 1986 which showed that just over 4% of Gallo speakers in

842: 667: 663: 591: 338: 6613: 5363: 710: 658:. Gallo was a shared spoken language among many of those who took part in the 7598: 7509: 7412: 7400: 7132: 6840: 6497: 6435: 5931: 5443: 5270: 5204: 5184: 4951: 4879: 4373: 4349: 4243: 3968: 2366: 2027: 1266: 1035: 1031: 4365: 3807: 3019:, depending on its position in the word and the surrounding letters. Silent 7291: 7151: 6591: 6546: 5433: 5311: 2411: 2406: 1324: 1039: 445: 4279: 4136: 3780: 670:, and thus had its part, together with the much bigger role played by the 7353: 7346: 7083: 6649: 5556: 5358: 2204: 2174: 2160: 2148: 2047: 2022: 1908: 1614: 1299: 6618: 5368: 2394:

ELG is used in some public places, such as for bilingual signage in the

2253:, sometimes in slightly different forms ( in Saintongeais, in Norman). 714: 6661: 6631: 6623: 6579: 6574: 6224: 5983: 5516: 5387: 5381: 5374: 2182: 2032: 1382: 1291: 1118: 678:

variety of French which would have such a strong influence on English.

460: 156:

to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

4234: 3976: 2534:

signifies , a rare phoneme that is confined to central Côtes-d'Armor.

1163: 784: 772: 7427: 7265: 6607: 5902: 5347: 4982: 4672: 4608:"Règles orthographiques pour le gallo (Orthographic rules for Gallo)" 3694: 2545:. There is therefore not one MOGA spelling, but many MOGA spellings. 2462:

plus a vowel to represent and , respectively. Breton, however, uses

2431: 2423: 2112: 1770: 1539: 1364: 1336: 1316: 1082: 990: 702: 531: 519: 440: 7053: 4103: 3944: 2560: 2503:

instead of less familiar propositions from previous systems such as

2241:( "great") is typical of western langues d’oïl and is also found in 1386: 1335:

and , which can be compared to or followed by a light sound. The

600: 193: 7212: 7048: 6864: 6312: 6160: 4263: 4029:"The Ruin and Conquest of Britain 400 A.D. - 600 A.D" 04 March 2014 3960: 1098: 1023: 1011: 927:, is neither ancient French nor a distortion of modern French. The 838: 796: 725:. The clearest linguistic border is that distinguishing Gallo from 722: 651: 628: 85: 7417: 2973:

is pronounced and not , as French orthography would dictate, and

650:, an area now corresponding to the border lands between Brittany, 7036: 6901: 6639: 6063: 6048: 5341: 4421:"Natures de schwa en gallo (ou " il y a schwa, schwa et schwa ")" 2294:

Comparison of various writing systems using an example sentence:

1813: 1464: 1332: 1115:

Haut Comité pour la défense et l'expansion de la langue française

1062: 1043: 1019: 780: 752: 718: 114: 7238: 6584: 6507: 6487: 6219: 5510: 5498: 5481: 5215: 4742: 4698: 4221: 3734: 3687: 2395: 2363: 1210: 1196: 1182: 1078: 1070: 1066: 1054: 1050: 917: 900:, a term that refers to the Romance varieties of ancient Gaul. 854: 792: 764: 740: 607: 489: 328: 6502: 6475: 5413: 5210: 5154: 4669:"La graphie normalisée du gallo : tableau récapitulatif" 4071:"An Overview of the Languages Used in Brittany" 04 March 2014 3771:[Gallo and Breton, complementarity or competition?], 1777: 1766: 1007: 940: 585: 1954:

The Latin in open stressed syllables has also evolved into

2523:

of previous systems, which could create confusion, because

2470:

regularly, so the Vantyé system does as well. For example,

795:, and ending in the south, east of the Rhuys peninsula, in 733:

traditionally spoken in the western territory of Brittany.

2434:

not easily accessible on a French keyboard (ó, ú and r̃).

2006:) is becoming in eastern Upper Brittany. In the south of 1061:, these two cities, as well as regions to the east of the 126:

to this template: there are already 1,494 articles in the

4301:

Contes et récits du Pays Gallo du XIIe siècle à nos jours

3920:

Histoire de la langue : Du latin à l'ancien français

1250:

The roots of written Gallo literature are traced back to

5033: 2486:. Silent letters are also avoided in the Vantyé system. 1812:

are all pronounced the same, most Gallo speakers make a

4187:"Le Gallo dans l'enseignement, l'enseignement du gallo" 3724:

Moseley, Christopher; Nicolas, Alexander, eds. (2010).

5695: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 3943:

DeKeyser, Robert; Walter, Henriette (September 1995).

2961:

in words palatalized by certain Gallo speakers. Thus,

887:

was the most common way of referring to the language.

1839:

followed the same evolutionary pattern as in French.

6387: 110: 4014: 3905:

Le français et les langues historiques de la France

1038:'s invasion of Armorica in 56 BC led to a sort of 1001: 817:, the name of the language is sometimes written as 717:. However, as the dialect continuum shades towards 218:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 106:

a machine-translated version of the French article.

4649: 4605: 4129:International Journal of the Sociology of Language 3769:"Gallo et Breton, complémentarité ou concurrence?" 3700:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology 2992:when the preceding consonant should not be nasal: 739:As of 1980, Gallo's western extent stretches from 606:Gallo is classified as Severely Endangered by the 2561:Spelling equivalencies between ELG, MOGA and ABCD 1181:One of the metro stations of the Breton capital, 7596: 4635:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3992:Bulletins de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris 1195:, which includes the two historical capitals of 1030:and maintained important economic ties with the 4617:. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023 2269:maï, maye, maille, mèï, mey, meille, ma, mé, mè 1049:In contrast to Armorica's western countryside, 3942: 3723: 1273:wrote certain dialogues in Gallo in his novel 986:, a Celtic language descended from Old Irish. 857:, though this is a matter of some contention. 152:accompanying your translation by providing an 97:Click for important translation instructions. 84:expand this article with text translated from 5681: 5019: 4725: 2957:Additionally, MOGA and ABCD use the diagraph 1935:, though this sound can still be observed in 1133:benefit of Gallo in their children's future. 947:, a group which also includes, among others, 3922:. University Press of America. p. 149. 3808:"Gallo language, alphabet and pronunciation" 2965:is pronounced or depending on the region. 1218: 1204: 1190: 903: 891: 882: 876: 866: 846: 832: 826: 316: 7577:languages with more than 5 million speakers 5647:varieties with more than 5 million speakers 3762: 3760: 3758: 3665:(in French). 8 October 2018. Archived from 2684:iñ (word-final short) / èn (short after i) 2237:The nasal diphthong , heard for example in 1057:were Roman cultural centres. Following the 60:Learn how and when to remove these messages 7160:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance) 5688: 5674: 5026: 5012: 4732: 4718: 4586:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4443: 2678:with labiovelarization: aeun / aun / ein 599: 584: 4418: 4233: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 3766: 2653:é / e (word-final as a supporting vowel) 2640:è / e (word-final as a supporting vowel) 2337:Il faut que j'aille le voir aujourd'hui. 993:and vocabulary. This is in spite of what 982:language closely related to English, and 296:Learn how and when to remove this message 278:Learn how and when to remove this message 4393: 4167:Trinity College Law Review (TCLR) online 3989: 3917: 3755: 3727:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 2454:are not native to French, which prefers 2405: 2357: 1835:Latin verbs with infinitives ending in - 1828:. In this example, the pronunciation of 1157: 611:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger 4350:"Communauté et diversité en Pays Gallo" 4160: 3902: 2611:aen / an / with labiovelarization: aun 2511:. Similarly, the diphthong is written 1943:(horse), while the French word remains 1784:syllables has evolved into or . Thus, 1375:, for example, can be pronounced or . 7597: 4663: 4661: 4571: 4298: 4219: 4204: 3877: 3858: 2939:q before a, â, o and ô, otherwise: qh 1800:and number. While in standard French, 1136: 590:The historical Gallo language area of 5669: 5007: 4713: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4541: 4539: 4524:Association des Enseignants de Gallo) 4518: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4439: 4437: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4347: 4261: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4156: 4154: 4122: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 2924:c before a, â, o and ô, otherwise: q 4576:(in French). Guémené-Penfao, France. 4560:Langues dominantes, langues dominées 4428:Laboratoire de Linguistique de Nante 3859:Walter, Henriette (9 October 2011). 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 2280:Association des Amis du parler gallo 1351:as . Elsewhere, and can be heard. 216:adding citations to reliable sources 187: 66: 25: 4658: 3880:Le français d'ici, de là, de là-bas 1339:and appear in the western part of 1088: 646:Gallo was originally spoken in the 13: 7581:Languages between parentheses are 5651:Languages between parentheses are 4594: 4536: 4509: 4492: 4434: 4380: 4250: 4151: 4109: 3882:. Le Livre de Poche. p. 113. 3751:from the original on 23 July 2022. 1816:distinction between the masculine 14: 7631: 7461:(unknown further classification) 4691: 4184: 3907:. Jean-Paul Gisserot. p. 57. 3824: 2478:("bird"), compared to the French 2203: 2198: 2187: 2173: 2168: 2159: 2154: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2121: 2103: 2094: 2087: 2082: 2068: 2059: 2052: 1658: 1651: 1631: 1624: 1603: 1596: 1589: 1582: 1570: 1561: 1554: 1547: 1528: 1521: 1514: 1507: 1493: 1486: 1479: 1472: 1451: 1444: 1437: 705:influence. There is some limited 41:This article has multiple issues. 4741: 4697: 4446:Parlons gallo: langue et culture 4059:"Gaulish Language" 04 March 2014 4011:, "Gallo Language" 04 March 2014 3023:at the end of a word is written 2325:I faùt qe j'aùge le vair aneit. 2322:Il faut qe j'auj le veir anoet. 1776:In Gallo, as in French, the of 1347:is pronounced as , and the word 1002:Celtic, Latin and Germanic roots 192: 71: 30: 4643: 4606:Chubri Association (May 2016). 4565: 4552: 4522:Association of Gallo Teachers ( 4462: 4419:Angoujard, Jean-Pierre (2006). 4412: 4396:Evolutions phonétiques en gallo 4354:Cahier des Annales de Normandie 4341: 4317: 4292: 4178: 4097: 4086: 4074: 4062: 4051: 4032: 4002: 3983: 3936: 3911: 3706:from the original on 2022-10-08 2780:aü / eü / iu / uy (word-final) 2637:aè / ei / èu / ey (word-final) 2331:I fao qe j'aoje le vaer aneit. 2286:to indicate palatalization and 1958:in both Gallo and French, with 1892:. Schwa is also used to make a 1343:, where, for example, the word 809:Linguistic boundary of Brittany 802: 203:needs additional citations for 49:or discuss these issues on the 7585:of the language on their left. 7455:(Western Romance-based pidgin) 5655:of the language on their left. 3896: 3871: 3852: 3800: 3717: 3681: 3651: 2624:ae / aé / aeu / aéy / ei / oe 2256: 162:You may also add the template 1: 7620:Severely endangered languages 4444:Tréhel-Tas, Nathalie (2007). 4161:Radford, Gavin (2015-03-04), 3644: 2334:Faot qe j'aoje le vaer anet. 2213: 1310: 1237: 1026:. They spoke dialects of the 916:, the language spoken by the 668:Lower (i.e. western) Normandy 664:Upper (i.e. eastern) Brittany 662:, most of whom originated in 4533:(in French). Rennes, France. 4394:Chauveau, Jean-Paul (1989). 4220:Le-Coq, André (2009-09-01). 3773:Cahiers de sociolinguistique 2688:aen / aim / ain / eim / ein 2340:I have to go see him today. 1305: 1176:Regional Council of Brittany 1127:French Ministry of Education 825:. It is also referred to as 674:, in the development of the 7: 7452:Mediterranean Lingua Franca 4650:Chubri Association (2023). 3918:Machonis, Peter A. (1990). 3767:Chevalier, Gwendal (2008), 3029: 2718:iy (long) / i (short) / iu 2351:The ELG system (short for " 2328:I faw ke j'awj le vèy ane. 2261: 1185:, has bilingual signage in 853:it is often referred to as 134:will aid in categorization. 16:Regional language of France 10: 7636: 7154:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish) 6180:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata 5974:Central−Southern Calabrian 4262:Nolan, John Shaun (2008). 4123:Nolan, John Shaun (2011). 3878:Walker, Henriette (2000). 3775:(in French) (12): 75–109, 2682:ein (long) / in (short) / 1174:On December 17, 2004, the 806: 660:Norman conquest of England 109:Machine translation, like 18: 7559: 7543: 7494: 7443: 7367: 7171: 7144: 7093: 6945: 6831: 6777: 6758: 6709: 6376: 6129: 6120: 6081: 5961: 5846: 5835: 5746: 5708: 5630: 5595: 5396: 5325: 5139: 5096: 5068: 5059: 5042: 4995:Language policy in France 4991: 4975: 4894: 4794:Navarro-Lapurdian dialect 4770: 4754: 4228:(in French) (31): 39–45. 4222:"L'enseignement du gallo" 2950: 2920: 2913: 2906: 2834: 2746: 2697: 2590: 2437: 2410:Bilingual signage in the 2031: 2026: 2021: 2019: 2010:, thanks to contact with 1760: 1613: 1538: 1463: 1431: 1394: 1166:displays its Gallo name, 1153: 904:Linguistic classification 877: 847: 813:While most often spelled 731:Brittonic Celtic language 639:sub-family that includes 598: 583: 571: 557: 545: 529: 517: 512: 480: 475: 433: 400:Gallo-Rhaetian (possibly) 354: 344: 334: 324: 315: 310: 86:the corresponding article 6462:North American dialects 5969:Extreme Southern Italian 4572:Michel, Jean-M. (1981). 4083:, "Vannes" 13 April 2014 4048:"Armorica" 04 March 2014 3631: 3299:same root as Old French 2614:aun (long) / en (short) 2401: 1073:rule. Thus, during the 721:, there is a less clear 689:, Gallo forms part of a 19:Not to be confused with 5881:Central−Northern Latian 5035:Gallo-Romance languages 4549:. Rennes, France. 1993. 4366:10.3406/annor.1983.3902 4327:. Mougon: Geste. 1994. 4299:Bourel, Claude (2001). 4268:Sociolinguistic Studies 4081:Encyclopædia Britannica 3903:Abalain, Hervé (2007). 3733:(3rd ed.). Paris: 2548: 2493: 1367:is used extensively to 1281:(1901). In the 1920's, 1279:La fille de la Brunelas 933:Gallo-Romance languages 693:which includes Norman, 173:For more guidance, see 164:{{Translated|fr|Gallo}} 6185:Gallo-Italic of Sicily 4448:. Paris: l'Harmattan. 4192:. Marges linguistiques 4106:"Breton" 04 March 2014 4094:"France" 04 March 2014 3382:= mouth of an animal) 2414: 2369: 2346: 1907:, Gallo underwent the 1327:and that of into in 1219: 1205: 1191: 1171: 1123:Constitution of France 935:, which also includes 923:Gallo, like the other 892: 883: 867: 833: 827: 707:mutual intelligibility 317: 6672:Poitevin–Saintongeais 5645:A star (*) indicates 5540:Poitevin-Saintongeais 5471:Labrador Inuit Pidgin 4348:Jouin, Serge (1983). 4280:10.1558/sols.v2i1.131 4137:10.1515/ijsl.2011.023 3865:www.canalacademie.com 3781:10.3917/csl.0701.0075 2980:In MOGA, is written 2783:û (long) / u (short) 2721:î (long) / i (short) 2663:aé / ey (word-final) 2650:aé / ey (word-final) 2643:e / è / ae / ai / aï 2409: 2361: 2247:Poitevin-Saintongeais 1357:place of articulation 1252:Le Livre des Manières 1161: 1065:, including the town 175:Knowledge:Translation 146:copyright attribution 6481:St. Marys Bay French 6005:Neapolitan–Calabrese 4836:French Sign Language 4706:at Wikimedia Commons 2988:is used in place of 2799:um / un / eum / eun 2598:a / au (word-final) 2555:University of Rennes 2362:A Gallo sign in the 2317:English translation 1863:, which have become 943:. These are in turn 908:Gallo is one of the 212:improve this article 7610:Languages of France 6833:Galician–Portuguese 5859:Central Marchigiano 5098:Bourbonnais Creoles 4846:Lorraine Franconian 4748:Languages of France 4574:Pihern Revue Vantyé 4558:Villard, Laurence. 4474:Corpus de la parole 4303:. Fréhel: Astoure. 3638:Of Pipers and Wrens 3478:(lit. "woods cat") 2420:Nostre lenghe aneit 2314:French translation 2295: 2002:("now", from Latin 1137:Gallo and education 1075:Merovingian dynasty 845:and in the west of 648:Marches of Neustria 631:. It is one of the 482:Recognised minority 350:191,000 (2012) 7247:Catalan Ribagorçan 7094:Pyrenean–Mozarabic 6366:Judaeo-Piedmontese 6276:Bustocco–Legnanese 6071:Northern Calabrian 4895:Overseas languages 4771:Regional languages 4185:Hervé, Gildas d'. 4044:2012-01-06 at the 2806:aè / àè /aéy / ai 2617:am / an / en / em 2539:Renn, Rènn, Rein-n 2426:for its spelling. 2415: 2370: 2293: 1361:palatal consonants 1172: 755:, passing through 154:interlanguage link 7592: 7591: 7568:extinct languages 7490: 7489: 7167: 7166: 7126:Navarro-Aragonese 7011:Peruvian Ribereño 6936:Judaeo-Portuguese 6851:Galician–Asturian 6754: 6753: 6745:Old Gallo-Romance 6699:Wisconsin Walloon 6116: 6115: 6089:Dalmatian Romance 5697:Romance languages 5663: 5662: 5640:extinct languages 5596:Francoprovencalic 5591: 5590: 5574:Wisconsin Walloon 5001: 5000: 4755:Official language 4702:Media related to 4455:978-2-296-03247-7 4405:978-2-222-04281-5 4235:10.4000/trema.942 3929:978-0-8191-7874-9 3867:. Canal Académie. 3744:978-92-3-104096-2 3669:on 6 October 2018 3629: 3628: 2955: 2954: 2515:, instead of the 2344: 2343: 2226:("beech") became 2211: 2210: 1990:, from the Latin 1820:and the feminine 1668: 1667: 1245:Music of Brittany 1111:Charles de Gaulle 1095:French Revolution 945:Romance languages 691:dialect continuum 625:regional language 618: 617: 456:Old Gallo-Romance 306: 305: 298: 288: 287: 280: 262: 186: 185: 98: 94: 64: 7627: 7113:Judaeo-Aragonese 7102:Andalusi Romance 6955:Amazonic Spanish 6792:Western Asturian 6775: 6774: 6714:Franco-Provençal 6385: 6384: 6281:Comasco–Lecchese 6139:Emilian–Romagnol 6127: 6126: 5927:Regional Italian 5917:Italo-Australian 5844: 5843: 5766:Megleno-Romanian 5690: 5683: 5676: 5667: 5666: 5609:Franco-Provençal 5605:/Faetar-Cigliàje 5494:Louisiana French 5489:Louisiana Creole 5302:Saint-Barthélemy 5070:Antillean Creole 5066: 5065: 5028: 5021: 5014: 5005: 5004: 4831:Franco-Provençal 4813:Northern Catalan 4798:Souletin dialect 4783:Alsatian dialect 4778:Alemannic German 4746: 4745: 4734: 4727: 4720: 4711: 4710: 4701: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4671:. Archived from 4665: 4656: 4655: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4634: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4612: 4603: 4592: 4591: 4585: 4577: 4569: 4563: 4556: 4550: 4543: 4534: 4520: 4507: 4501: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4476:. Archived from 4466: 4460: 4459: 4441: 4432: 4431: 4425: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4391: 4378: 4377: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4286: 4259: 4248: 4247: 4237: 4217: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4191: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4174: 4173: 4158: 4149: 4148: 4120: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4055: 4049: 4036: 4030: 4025: 4012: 4009:Celtic Countries 4006: 4000: 3999: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3856: 3850: 3847: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3818: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3764: 3753: 3752: 3732: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3711: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3655: 3502:esteile, estoile 3034: 3033: 2996:is pronounced . 2572: 2571: 2296: 2292: 2207: 2202: 2191: 2177: 2172: 2163: 2158: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2125: 2107: 2098: 2091: 2086: 2072: 2063: 2056: 2017: 2016: 2008:Loire-Atlantique 1876:has thus become 1794:past participles 1751: 1743: 1735: 1725: 1717: 1709: 1699: 1691: 1681: 1673: 1662: 1655: 1635: 1628: 1607: 1600: 1593: 1586: 1574: 1565: 1558: 1551: 1532: 1525: 1518: 1511: 1497: 1490: 1483: 1476: 1455: 1448: 1441: 1392: 1391: 1256:Le Roman d'Aquin 1222: 1208: 1194: 1113:established the 1089:Decline of Gallo 1059:Migration Period 1028:Gaulish language 939:, spoken around 937:Franco-Provençal 895: 886: 880: 879: 873:Henriette Walter 870: 852: 851: 849:Pays de la Loire 836: 830: 699:Poitevin dialect 603: 588: 579: 567: 541: 522: 504:Pays de la Loire 500:Loire-Atlantique 484:language in 360: 320: 308: 307: 301: 294: 283: 276: 272: 269: 263: 261: 227:"Gallo language" 220: 196: 188: 165: 159: 133: 132:|topic= 130:, and specifying 115:Google Translate 96: 92: 75: 74: 67: 56: 34: 33: 26: 21:Gallong language 7635: 7634: 7630: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7625: 7624: 7595: 7594: 7593: 7588: 7555: 7539: 7517:Pannonian Latin 7503:African Romance 7486: 7439: 7370: 7363: 7301:Judeo-Provençal 7174: 7163: 7140: 7089: 6999:Chilean Chilote 6941: 6827: 6768: 6764: 6761: 6750: 6738:Moselle Romance 6705: 6554:Missouri French 6515:Franco-Ontarian 6390: 6379: 6372: 6112: 6077: 6054:Southern Latian 5957: 5922:Maltese Italian 5854:Central Italian 5838: 5831: 5826:Common Romanian 5742: 5726:Italo-Dalmatian 5704: 5694: 5664: 5659: 5658: 5626: 5587: 5505:Moselle Romance 5465:Karipúna Creole 5392: 5321: 5233:Franco-Ontarian 5135: 5092: 5055: 5050:Canadian French 5038: 5032: 5002: 4997: 4987: 4971: 4890: 4766: 4750: 4740: 4738: 4694: 4689: 4688: 4678: 4676: 4667: 4666: 4659: 4648: 4644: 4628: 4627: 4620: 4618: 4610: 4604: 4595: 4579: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4557: 4553: 4547:Écrire le gallo 4544: 4537: 4530:L'écriture ABCD 4521: 4510: 4502: 4493: 4483: 4481: 4480:on 3 March 2016 4470:"Langues d'oïl" 4468: 4467: 4463: 4456: 4442: 4435: 4423: 4417: 4413: 4406: 4392: 4381: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4323: 4322: 4318: 4311: 4297: 4293: 4284: 4282: 4260: 4251: 4218: 4205: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4179: 4171: 4169: 4159: 4152: 4121: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4056: 4052: 4046:Wayback Machine 4037: 4033: 4026: 4015: 4007: 4003: 3988: 3984: 3941: 3937: 3930: 3916: 3912: 3901: 3897: 3890: 3876: 3872: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3825: 3816: 3814: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3793: 3791: 3765: 3756: 3745: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3709: 3707: 3686: 3682: 3672: 3670: 3663:Région Bretagne 3657: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3634: 3032: 2563: 2551: 2496: 2440: 2404: 2353:écrire le gallo 2349: 2264: 2259: 2216: 1923:, which became 1763: 1313: 1308: 1287:Les Sept Frères 1240: 1156: 1139: 1091: 1004: 984:Scottish Gaelic 906: 861:comes from the 811: 805: 672:Norman language 614: 613: 594: 577: 563: 537: 518: 508: 485: 483: 476:Official status 471: 436: 429: 391:Western Romance 376:Latino-Faliscan 361: 358:Language family 356: 347: 346:Native speakers 302: 291: 290: 289: 284: 273: 267: 264: 221: 219: 209: 197: 182: 181: 180: 163: 157: 131: 99: 76: 72: 35: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7633: 7623: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7586: 7579: 7570: 7560: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7553: 7547: 7545: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7537: 7536: 7535: 7530: 7520: 7513: 7506: 7498: 7496: 7492: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7484: 7483: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7456: 7447: 7445: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7437: 7436: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7398: 7388: 7387: 7386: 7375: 7373: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7359: 7358: 7357: 7343: 7342: 7341: 7336: 7326: 7325: 7324: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7297: 7296: 7295: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7268: 7258: 7257: 7256: 7255: 7254: 7249: 7241: 7236: 7233:Judaeo-Catalan 7229: 7228: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7216: 7215: 7210: 7200: 7192: 7179: 7177: 7169: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7162: 7161: 7155: 7148: 7146: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7138: 7137: 7136: 7122: 7117: 7116: 7115: 7105: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7087: 7080: 7079: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7040: 7039: 7022: 7021: 7020: 7015: 7014: 7013: 7003: 7002: 7001: 6988:Latin American 6984: 6979: 6967: 6965:Judaeo-Spanish 6962: 6957: 6951: 6949: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6939: 6932: 6931: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6919: 6918: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6892: 6887: 6880: 6868: 6861: 6856: 6855: 6854: 6843: 6837: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6825: 6818: 6813: 6812: 6811: 6801: 6796: 6795: 6794: 6783: 6781: 6772: 6756: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6741: 6734: 6733: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6703: 6702: 6701: 6696: 6686: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6636: 6635: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6616: 6611: 6594: 6589: 6588: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6567: 6566: 6565: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6551: 6550: 6549: 6539: 6534: 6533: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6478: 6460: 6455: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6395: 6393: 6382: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6368: 6358: 6351: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6278: 6273: 6272: 6271: 6256: 6255: 6254: 6249: 6234: 6229: 6228: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6174: 6173: 6168: 6158: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6135: 6133: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6110: 6108:Judaeo-Italian 6105: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6085: 6083: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6073: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5999: 5998: 5988: 5987: 5986: 5976: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5953: 5941: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5877: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5850: 5848: 5841: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5829: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5768: 5763: 5761:Istro-Romanian 5758: 5752: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5735: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5718: 5712: 5710: 5709:Major branches 5706: 5705: 5701:classification 5693: 5692: 5685: 5678: 5670: 5661: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5649: 5643: 5632: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5617: 5606: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5566: 5559: 5554: 5553: 5552: 5547: 5537: 5532: 5525: 5520: 5513: 5508: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5485: 5484: 5474: 5467: 5462: 5459:Haitian Creole 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5429:Burundi Pidgin 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5378: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5344: 5339: 5331: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5267: 5262: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5175: 5164: 5163: 5162: 5157: 5146: 5144: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5102: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5074: 5072: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5053: 5046: 5044: 5040: 5039: 5031: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5008: 4999: 4998: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4898: 4896: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4888: 4883: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4825:French Flemish 4821: 4816: 4806: 4801: 4787: 4786: 4785: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4764: 4758: 4756: 4752: 4751: 4737: 4736: 4729: 4722: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4704:Gallo language 4693: 4692:External links 4690: 4687: 4686: 4657: 4642: 4593: 4564: 4551: 4535: 4508: 4491: 4461: 4454: 4433: 4411: 4404: 4379: 4360:(1): 165–182. 4340: 4333: 4316: 4309: 4291: 4274:(1): 131–153. 4249: 4203: 4177: 4150: 4108: 4096: 4085: 4073: 4061: 4050: 4039:Ancient Worlds 4031: 4013: 4001: 3982: 3961:10.2307/416271 3935: 3928: 3910: 3895: 3889:978-2253149293 3888: 3870: 3851: 3823: 3799: 3754: 3743: 3716: 3680: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3641: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3621: 3608: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3589: 3587:sibler, sifler 3584: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3473: 3469: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3408: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3383: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3338: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3313: 3303: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3232: 3230:chievre, bique 3227: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3072: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3031: 3028: 2953: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2926: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2562: 2559: 2550: 2547: 2495: 2492: 2446:. The letters 2439: 2436: 2403: 2400: 2398:metro system. 2348: 2345: 2342: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2166: 2164: 2152: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2126: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2101: 2099: 2092: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2066: 2064: 2057: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 1853:Upper Brittany 1762: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1731: 1728:labial-palatal 1705: 1687: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1656: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1629: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1608: 1601: 1594: 1587: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1568: 1566: 1559: 1552: 1545: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1533: 1526: 1519: 1512: 1505: 1501: 1500: 1498: 1491: 1484: 1477: 1470: 1467: 1461: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1449: 1442: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1423: 1414: 1409: 1400: 1395: 1365:semi-consonant 1341:Haute-Bretagne 1329:Pays de la Mée 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1283:Jeanne Malivel 1239: 1236: 1228:Upper Brittany 1155: 1152: 1138: 1135: 1107:Third Republic 1090: 1087: 1003: 1000: 905: 902: 843:Lower Normandy 828:langue gallèse 804: 801: 616: 615: 605: 604: 596: 595: 592:Upper Brittany 589: 581: 580: 575: 569: 568: 561: 555: 554: 549: 543: 542: 535: 527: 526: 523: 515: 514: 513:Language codes 510: 509: 507: 506: 497: 488: 486: 481: 478: 477: 473: 472: 470: 469: 468: 467: 466: 465: 464: 463: 439: 437: 434: 431: 430: 428: 427: 426: 425: 424: 423: 422: 421: 420: 419: 418: 417: 416: 415: 414: 413: 412: 411: 364: 362: 355: 352: 351: 348: 345: 342: 341: 339:Upper Brittany 336: 332: 331: 326: 325:Native to 322: 321: 313: 312: 304: 303: 286: 285: 268:September 2008 200: 198: 191: 184: 183: 179: 178: 171: 160: 138: 135: 123:adding a topic 118: 107: 100: 81: 80: 79: 77: 70: 65: 39: 38: 36: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7632: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7615:Oïl languages 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7584: 7580: 7578: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7565: 7562: 7561: 7558: 7552: 7551:Proto-Romance 7549: 7548: 7546: 7544:Reconstructed 7542: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7518: 7514: 7512: 7511: 7510:British Latin 7507: 7505: 7504: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7493: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7442: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7410: 7409: 7406: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7389: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7380: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7372: 7366: 7356: 7355: 7351: 7350: 7349: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7329:Vivaro-Alpine 7327: 7323: 7320: 7319: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7293: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7273: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7262: 7259: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7176: 7170: 7159: 7156: 7153: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7143: 7135: 7134: 7133:Old Navarrese 7130: 7129: 7128: 7127: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7092: 7086: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7016: 7012: 7009: 7008: 7007: 7004: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6989: 6985: 6983: 6982:Equatoguinean 6980: 6978: 6975: 6974: 6973: 6972: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6944: 6938: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6898: 6897: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6885: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6875: 6874: 6873: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6834: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6793: 6790: 6789: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6776: 6773: 6770: 6763: 6757: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6740: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6708: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6691: 6690: 6687: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6634: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6609: 6605: 6604: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6571: 6568: 6564: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6552: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6448: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6436:Frainc-Comtou 6434: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6375: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6352: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6260: 6257: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6232:Judeo-Italian 6230: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6162: 6159: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6119: 6109: 6106: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6080: 6072: 6069: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6027:Castelmezzano 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6006: 6003: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5989: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5960: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5932:Swiss Italian 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5813:Transylvanian 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5773: 5772:Daco-Romanian 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5736: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5721:Italo-Western 5719: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5702: 5698: 5691: 5686: 5684: 5679: 5677: 5672: 5671: 5668: 5654: 5650: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5584: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5530: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5518: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5472: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5444:Frainc-Comtou 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5337: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5271:Middle French 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5161: 5160:St. Marys Bay 5158: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5138: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5061:Langues d'oïl 5058: 5051: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5029: 5024: 5022: 5017: 5015: 5010: 5009: 5006: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4880:Vivaro-Alpine 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4788: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4744: 4735: 4730: 4728: 4723: 4721: 4716: 4715: 4712: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4695: 4675:on 2007-11-30 4674: 4670: 4664: 4662: 4653: 4646: 4638: 4632: 4616: 4609: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4589: 4583: 4575: 4568: 4561: 4555: 4548: 4545:Raude, Alan. 4542: 4540: 4532: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4506: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4457: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4438: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4407: 4401: 4397: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4344: 4336: 4330: 4326: 4325:Paroles d'oïl 4320: 4312: 4306: 4302: 4295: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4188: 4181: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4155: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4105: 4100: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4077: 4070: 4065: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4043: 4040: 4035: 4028: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4010: 4005: 3997: 3993: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3939: 3931: 3925: 3921: 3914: 3906: 3899: 3891: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3866: 3862: 3855: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3750: 3746: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3728: 3720: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3684: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3650: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3405:à cette heure 3402: 3399: 3397: 3396:a ceste heure 3394: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3305:Same root as 3304: 3302: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3035: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2838: 2831: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2750: 2743: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2701: 2694: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2556: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2533: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2491: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2474:("that') and 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2413: 2408: 2399: 2397: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2374: 2368: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2354: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2270: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2055: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1972:monophthonged 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1937:Côtes-d'Armor 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1913:Bartsch's law 1910: 1906: 1905:langues d'oïl 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1847:in Gallo and 1846: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1755: 1747: 1739: 1732: 1729: 1721: 1720:post-alveolar 1713: 1706: 1703: 1695: 1688: 1685: 1677: 1670: 1669: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1654: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1323:of into in 1322: 1318: 1303: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1275:Châteaupauvre 1272: 1268: 1267:Morgan le Fay 1264: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1235: 1231: 1229: 1224: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1134: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1069:, fell under 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1036:Julius Caesar 1033: 1032:British Isles 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 999: 996: 995:Paul Sébillot 992: 987: 985: 981: 977: 973: 968: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 929:langues d'oïl 926: 925:langues d'oïl 921: 919: 915: 911: 910:langues d'oïl 901: 899: 894: 888: 885: 878:Côtes-d'Armor 874: 869: 864: 860: 856: 850: 844: 840: 835: 829: 824: 820: 816: 810: 800: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 749:Côtes-d'Armor 746: 742: 737: 734: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 683: 679: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 644: 642: 638: 634: 633:langues d'oïl 630: 626: 622: 612: 609: 602: 597: 593: 587: 582: 576: 574: 570: 566: 562: 560: 556: 553: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 534: 533: 528: 524: 521: 516: 511: 505: 501: 498: 496: 493: 492: 491: 487: 479: 474: 462: 459: 458: 457: 454: 453: 452: 451:Proto-Romance 449: 448: 447: 444: 443: 442: 438: 432: 410: 407: 406: 405: 402: 401: 399: 398: 397: 396:Gallo-Romance 394: 393: 392: 389: 388: 387: 386:Italo-Western 384: 383: 382: 379: 378: 377: 374: 373: 372: 369: 368: 367: 366:Indo-European 363: 359: 353: 349: 343: 340: 337: 333: 330: 327: 323: 319: 314: 309: 300: 297: 282: 279: 271: 260: 257: 253: 250: 246: 243: 239: 236: 232: 229: – 228: 224: 223:Find sources: 217: 213: 207: 206: 201:This article 199: 195: 190: 189: 176: 172: 169: 161: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 136: 129: 128:main category 125: 124: 119: 116: 112: 108: 105: 102: 101: 95: 89: 87: 82:You can help 78: 69: 68: 63: 61: 54: 53: 48: 47: 42: 37: 28: 27: 22: 7572: 7563: 7515: 7508: 7501: 7450: 7352: 7345: 7307:Languedocien 7299: 7292:Judeo-Gascon 7290: 7231: 7182: 7152:Barranquenho 7131: 7124: 7100: 7082: 7024: 6986: 6969: 6960:Extremaduran 6934: 6908: 6894: 6882: 6870: 6863: 6820: 6779:Asturleonese 6743: 6736: 6694:West Walloon 6682:Saintongeais 6630: 6606: 6602:Anglo-Norman 6560: 6493:Newfoundland 6453:Jersey Legal 6445: 6440: 6353: 6318:Southwestern 6301:Vallassinese 6190:Gallo-Picene 6131:Gallo-Italic 6093: 6009: 6004: 5943: 5909: 5824: 5770: 5635: 5580: 5561: 5550:Saintongeais 5527: 5515: 5503: 5469: 5448: 5434:Camfranglais 5380: 5373: 5346: 5336:Anglo-Norman 5334: 5297:Newfoundland 5282:Metropolitan 5269: 5259:Jersey Legal 5257: 5248:Houma French 5088:Saint Lucian 5043:Areal groups 5037:and dialects 4922:Guadeloupean 4864:Languedocian 4840: 4677:. Retrieved 4673:the original 4645: 4619:. Retrieved 4614: 4573: 4567: 4559: 4554: 4546: 4527: 4523: 4482:. Retrieved 4478:the original 4473: 4464: 4445: 4427: 4414: 4395: 4357: 4353: 4343: 4324: 4319: 4300: 4294: 4283:. Retrieved 4271: 4267: 4225: 4196:November 11, 4194:. Retrieved 4180: 4170:, retrieved 4166: 4128: 4099: 4088: 4076: 4064: 4053: 4034: 4004: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3952: 3948: 3938: 3919: 3913: 3904: 3898: 3879: 3873: 3864: 3854: 3815:. Retrieved 3812:Omniglot.com 3811: 3802: 3792:, retrieved 3772: 3726: 3719: 3708:. Retrieved 3693: 3683: 3671:. Retrieved 3667:the original 3662: 3653: 3637: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3486: 3481: 3476:chat-de-boéz 3475: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3379: 3375: 3371:goule, boche 3370: 3365: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3310: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2956: 2944: 2929: 2848:ae / aï / é 2683: 2677: 2567: 2564: 2552: 2542: 2538: 2536: 2531: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2488: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2428: 2419: 2416: 2412:Rennes metro 2393: 2390: 2384: 2382: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2352: 2350: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2265: 2238: 2236: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1978:thus became 1975: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1953: 1948: 1947:(from Latin 1944: 1940: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1902: 1897: 1896:and , as in 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1789: 1785: 1775: 1764: 1754:labial-velar 1377: 1372: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1325:Pays de Retz 1314: 1297: 1290: 1286: 1278: 1274: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1249: 1241: 1232: 1225: 1214: 1200: 1180: 1173: 1170:, on signage 1167: 1162:The town of 1148: 1144: 1140: 1131: 1114: 1104: 1092: 1048: 1040:Romanization 1005: 988: 971: 969: 928: 924: 922: 909: 907: 897: 893:britto-roman 889: 858: 834:britto-roman 822: 818: 814: 812: 803:Nomenclature 788: 776: 768: 760: 757:Châtelaudren 744: 738: 735: 687:langue d'oïl 686: 684: 680: 676:Anglo-Norman 645: 620: 619: 559:Linguasphere 530: 446:Vulgar Latin 408: 292: 274: 265: 255: 248: 241: 234: 222: 210:Please help 205:verification 202: 150:edit summary 141: 121: 91: 83: 57: 50: 44: 43:Please help 40: 7528:Campidanese 7354:Old Catalan 7347:Old Occitan 7084:Old Spanish 7018:Rioplatense 6822:Old Leonese 6650:Cotentinais 6614:Guernésiais 6537:Frenchville 6530:New England 6409:Bourbonnais 6361:Piedmontese 6355:Old Lombard 6247:Bergamasque 6171:Sammarinese 5642:or dialects 5529:Petit nègre 5419:Bourbonnais 5364:Guernésiais 5359:Cotentinais 5238:Frenchville 5200:New England 5131:Seychellois 4932:Martiniquan 4069:Bretagne.fr 3578:to whistle 3572:aujourd'hui 3076:apple tree 3043:Old French 2676:aen / en / 2383:Word-final 2257:Orthography 1909:vowel shift 1684:labiodental 1615:Approximant 1302:for Gallo. 1300:orthography 1010:settled in 898:Gallo-Roman 841:. In south 779:), east of 751:, south of 711:Guernésiais 627:of eastern 435:Early forms 7599:Categories 7575:indicates 7533:Logudorese 7066:Philippine 7032:Andalusian 7026:Peninsular 6916:Estremenho 6872:Portuguese 6799:Cantabrian 6632:Law French 6624:Sercquiais 6458:Meridional 6419:Champenois 6414:Burgundian 6225:Tabarchino 6215:Monégasque 6154:Parmigiano 6011:Neapolitan 5984:Manduriano 5951:Florentine 5818:Wallachian 5788:Bukovinian 5517:Old French 5439:Champenois 5424:Burgundian 5388:Sercquiais 5382:Old Norman 5375:Law French 5317:Vietnamese 5277:Meridional 5111:Chagossian 4993:See also: 4621:8 December 4484:9 December 4334:2905061952 4310:2845830262 4285:2016-11-07 4172:2016-11-07 3955:(3): 659. 3817:2018-10-09 3794:2018-10-09 3710:2022-10-07 3645:References 3606:côteu avek 3549:(archaic: 3513:timetable 3401:maintenant 3351:puet estre 3212:(archaic: 3067:(archaic: 3065:après-midi 3051:afternoon 2861:iao / éou 2656:e / é / ë 2490:standard. 2432:diacritics 2214:Diphthongs 1824:or plural 1771:diphthongs 1696:, whereas 1690:/n̪,t̪,d̪/ 1678:, whereas 1544:voiceless 1469:voiceless 1383:Merdrignac 1369:palatalize 1337:affricates 1317:consonants 1311:Consonants 1292:Seiz Breur 1271:Paul Féval 1238:Literature 1192:Pays Gallo 1142:children. 1119:Loi Toubon 1105:Under the 961:Portuguese 807:See also: 697:, and the 461:Old French 238:newspapers 93:(May 2013) 46:improve it 7583:varieties 7566:indicate 7523:Sardinian 7480:Triestine 7428:Sursilvan 7339:Mentonasc 7317:Provençal 7266:Auvergnat 7252:Valencian 7208:Mallorcan 7198:Algherese 7173:Occitano- 7120:Navarrese 7108:Aragonese 7044:Castilian 6947:Castilian 6923:Uruguayan 6896:Brazilian 6859:Minderico 6853:/Eonavian 6816:Mirandese 6730:Valdôtain 6716:/Arpitan 6657:Orléanais 6608:Auregnais 6592:Mayennais 6542:Louisiana 6424:Ardennais 6404:Berrichon 6210:Intemelio 6166:Forlivese 6149:Bolognese 6095:Dalmatian 6059:Tarantino 6022:Benevento 5979:Salentino 5939:Sassarese 5903:Gallurese 5886:Romanesco 5839:Dalmatian 5803:Moldavian 5798:Maramureș 5756:Aromanian 5653:varieties 5638:indicate 5620:Valdôtain 5611:/Arpitan 5582:Zarphatic 5523:Orléanais 5409:Berrichon 5348:Auregnais 5223:Cambodian 5205:Québécois 5126:Rodriguan 5116:Mauritian 5083:Grenadian 5078:Dominican 4983:Guillemet 4962:Wallisian 4876:Provençal 4872:Auvergnat 4582:cite book 4374:0570-1600 4244:1167-315X 4145:147587111 3969:0097-8507 3789:194256991 3695:Glottolog 3673:6 October 3533:to smoke 3482:escurueil 3472:squirrel 3356:peut-être 3295:garsaille 2705:oe / oey 2695:oe / oey 2565:Sources: 2499:diagraph 2424:etymology 2078:Close-mid 2039:unrounded 1962:becoming 1911:known as 1903:Like all 1708:/ɲ,c,ɟ,j/ 1540:Fricative 1306:Phonology 1263:Gargantua 1217:, Breton 1203:, Breton 1083:Avranches 1018:were the 991:phonology 890:The term 719:Mayennais 703:Old Norse 565:51-AAA-hb 532:Glottolog 520:ISO 639-3 441:Old Latin 168:talk page 120:Consider 88:in French 52:talk page 7605:Brittany 7459:Venetian 7433:Vallader 7423:Surmiran 7396:Cadorino 7379:Friulian 7312:Limousin 7281:Béarnese 7243:Western 7225:Northern 7213:Menorcan 7203:Balearic 7194:Eastern 7190:dialects 7049:Castrapo 7006:Peruvian 6977:dialects 6910:European 6878:dialects 6865:Portugis 6846:Galician 6787:Asturian 6725:Savoyard 6677:Poitevin 6645:Cauchois 6619:Jèrriais 6466:Canadian 6345:Varesino 6340:Ticinese 6328:Novarese 6323:Cremunés 6313:Ossolano 6308:Milanese 6296:Lecchese 6264:Brianzöö 6195:Ligurian 6161:Romagnol 6042:Arianese 6037:Irpinian 6032:Cilentan 5996:Pantesco 5991:Sicilian 5962:Southern 5898:Corsican 5874:Macerata 5869:Fabriano 5808:Oltenian 5778:dialects 5738:Southern 5615:Savoyard 5545:Poitevin 5454:Guianese 5369:Jèrriais 5354:Cauchois 5307:Standard 5287:Missouri 5228:Francien 5178:Kinshasa 4976:See also 4957:Tahitian 4952:Shimaore 4912:Guianese 4868:Limousin 4827:dialect) 4819:Corsican 4815:dialect) 4631:cite web 4104:Sorosoro 4042:Archived 3949:Language 3749:Archived 3704:Archived 3487:écureuil 3237:(slang: 3196:to fall 3037:English 3030:Examples 2842:aè / ei 2812:ae / aï 2773:ou / oû 2760:om / on 2711:eû / eu 2575:Phoneme 2262:Overview 2133:Open-mid 2042:rounded 2012:Poitevin 1919:, as in 1894:syllabic 1841:Captiáre 1814:phonemic 1806:chassée, 1782:stressed 1702:alveolar 1676:bilabial 1407:Alveolar 1379:Germanic 1333:plosives 1099:Jacobins 1071:Frankish 1024:Namnetes 1022:and the 1012:Armorica 965:Romanian 914:Frankish 839:Brittany 797:Morbihan 789:Lominoec 723:isogloss 715:Jèrriais 682:French. 652:Normandy 629:Brittany 578:fr-gallo 539:gall1275 495:Brittany 144:provide 7564:Italics 7465:Chipilo 7408:Romansh 7371:Romance 7369:Rhaeto- 7334:Gardiol 7286:Landese 7276:Aranese 7261:Occitan 7220:Central 7184:Catalan 7175:Romance 7076:Creoles 7071:Saharan 7059:Murcian 7037:Llanito 6994:Chilean 6971:Spanish 6928:Creoles 6902:Mineiro 6884:African 6809:Riberan 6804:Leonese 6769:Iberian 6762:Romance 6689:Walloon 6662:Paydret 6640:Augeron 6580:Vosgien 6575:Gaumais 6570:Lorrain 6562:Creoles 6525:Muskrat 6471:Acadian 6399:Angevin 6389:Langues 6380:Romance 6286:Comasco 6259:Western 6252:Cremish 6242:Eastern 6237:Lombard 6205:Genoese 6200:Brigasc 6144:Emilian 6122:Western 6101:Istriot 6064:Vastese 6049:Molisan 5911:Italian 5847:Central 5793:Crișana 5748:Eastern 5731:Western 5716:Eastern 5636:Italics 5569:Walloon 5563:Tây Bồi 5477:Lorrain 5404:Angevin 5342:Augeron 5292:Muskrat 5265:Laotian 5243:Haitian 5190:Belgian 5173:Abidjan 5167:African 5150:Acadian 5121:Réunion 5106:Agalega 4967:Xaracuu 4947:Réunion 4937:Nengone 4927:Kibushi 4917:Futunan 4856:Occitan 4823:Dutch ( 4809:Catalan 4131:(209). 3592:siffler 3551:pétuner 3537:betunae 3527:horaire 3522:horaire 3497:esteill 3452:school 3416:limerot 3412:number 3346:vantiet 3255:lui, li 3170:fromage 3165:formage 3160:fórmaij 3156:cheese 3145:chaiere 3110:abeille 3105:aveille 3090:pommier 3080:pommieu 3060:vespree 3046:French 2767:ó / ou 2604:â / ae 2305:Vantyé 2271:, etc. 2251:Angevin 2028:Central 1970:, then 1925:chieuvr 1849:chasser 1845:chasser 1843:became 1826:chassés 1822:chassée 1810:chassés 1788:became 1786:adsátis 1712:palatal 1698:/s,z,l/ 1672:/m,p,b/ 1644:labial 1579:voiced 1504:voiced 1465:Plosive 1426:Glottal 1412:Palatal 1359:of the 1321:voicing 1213:(Gallo 1206:Roazhon 1199:(Gallo 1164:Loudéac 1063:Vilaine 1044:Bretons 1020:Redones 957:Spanish 953:Italian 949:Catalan 785:Locminé 781:Pontivy 773:Loudéac 753:Paimpol 637:Romance 381:Romance 252:scholar 166:to the 148:in the 90:. 7495:Others 7475:Talian 7470:Fiuman 7444:Others 7384:Fornes 7322:Niçard 7271:Gascon 7239:Patuet 7145:Others 7054:Castúo 6760:Ibero- 6720:Faetar 6667:Picard 6597:Norman 6585:Welche 6508:Magoua 6498:Quebec 6488:Brayon 6447:French 6429:Rémois 6378:Gallo- 6333:Pavese 6291:Laghée 6269:Canzés 6220:Royasc 6082:Others 6017:Barese 5945:Tuscan 5891:Sabino 5864:Ancona 5837:Italo- 5603:Faetar 5535:Picard 5511:Nouchi 5499:Michif 5482:Welche 5397:Others 5327:Norman 5253:Indian 5216:Magoua 5185:Aostan 5141:French 4886:Picard 4860:Gascon 4851:Norman 4804:Breton 4790:Basque 4762:French 4679:30 Nov 4615:Chubri 4526:(2009) 4452: 4402: 4372: 4331: 4307: 4242: 4143: 3998:: 241. 3977:416271 3975: 3967: 3926: 3886: 3787: 3741: 3735:UNESCO 3582:sublae 3558:today 3517:oryaer 3507:étoile 3461:escole 3456:escoll 3426:numéro 3421:nombre 3391:astour 3380:gueule 3376:bouche 3362:mouth 3342:maybe 3311:garçon 3280:maison 3275:hostel 3266:house 3235:chèvre 3210:tomber 3205:cheoir 3190:sortie 3185:sortie 3180:desort 3150:chaise 3140:chaérr 3136:chair 3116:cider 3085:pomier 3069:vêprée 3040:Gallo 2984:, and 2921:c / q 2786:û / u 2630:e / ë 2484:oiseau 2476:wézyaw 2444:Breton 2438:Vantyé 2396:Rennes 2364:Rennes 2302:Aneit 2243:Norman 2000:astour 1929:chèvre 1898:berton 1818:chassé 1802:chassé 1798:gender 1761:Vowels 1748:, and 1746:uvular 1722:, and 1694:dental 1619:plain 1421:Uvular 1403:Dental 1398:Labial 1387:Plémet 1363:. The 1285:wrote 1220:Naoned 1215:Nauntt 1211:Nantes 1209:) and 1197:Rennes 1187:French 1183:Rennes 1168:Loudia 1154:Status 1079:Pornic 1067:Vannes 1055:Rennes 1051:Nantes 1016:Greeks 980:Anglic 918:Franks 884:patois 863:Breton 855:patois 823:Gallot 793:Vannes 777:Loudia 769:Corlaè 765:Corlay 761:Châtié 747:), in 741:Plouha 727:Breton 695:Picard 654:, and 641:French 608:UNESCO 490:France 371:Italic 335:Region 329:France 254: 247: 240: 233: 225: 7418:Putèr 7413:Jauer 7401:Nones 7391:Ladin 6890:Asian 6547:Houma 6520:Métis 6503:Joual 6476:Chiac 6441:Gallo 6391:d'oïl 5783:Banat 5449:Gallo 5414:Bolze 5312:Swiss 5211:Joual 5195:Métis 5155:Chiac 4942:Paicî 4907:Drehu 4841:Gallo 4611:(PDF) 4424:(PDF) 4226:Tréma 4190:(PDF) 4141:S2CID 3973:JSTOR 3785:S2CID 3731:(PDF) 3690:"Oil" 3632:Films 3619:avoec 3598:with 3562:anoet 3547:fumer 3542:fumer 3493:star 3466:école 3446:poire 3441:peire 3436:peirr 3432:pear 3335:lippe 3331:lèvre 3326:levre 3284:hôtel 3270:ostèu 3239:bique 3221:goat 3214:choir 3200:cheir 3176:exit 3130:cidre 3125:cidre 3100:avètt 3055:vêpré 2994:diñra 2975:Janne 2971:Fenme 2584:ABCD 2581:MOGA 2543:Rin-n 2402:Aneit 2367:metro 2311:ABCD 2308:MOGA 2239:grand 2232:talpa 2048:Close 2023:Front 1980:qheur 1945:chien 1933:cheuv 1921:cápra 1861:mátre 1857:pátre 1778:Latin 1767:schwa 1738:velar 1734:/k,g/ 1716:/ʃ,ʒ/ 1680:/f,v/ 1433:Nasal 1417:Velar 1373:pllée 1349:ghepe 1201:Resnn 1008:Celts 978:, an 976:Scots 941:Savoy 865:word 859:Gallo 815:Gallo 745:Plóha 685:As a 656:Maine 623:is a 621:Gallo 552:Gallo 409:Gallo 311:Gallo 259:JSTOR 245:books 111:DeepL 7573:Bold 7158:Caló 6841:Fala 6767:West 5557:Tayo 4902:Ajië 4681:2007 4637:link 4623:2023 4588:link 4486:2023 4450:ISBN 4400:ISBN 4370:ISSN 4329:ISBN 4305:ISBN 4240:ISSN 4198:2016 3965:ISSN 3924:ISBN 3884:ISBN 3739:ISBN 3675:2018 3624:avec 3387:now 3366:góll 3333:(or 3317:lip 3307:gars 3301:gars 3291:kid 3246:him 3096:bee 2963:bllë 2868:aeü 2578:ELG 2549:ABCD 2519:and 2494:MOGA 2482:and 2466:and 2458:and 2450:and 2299:ELG 2249:and 2224:fagu 2183:Open 2033:Back 2004:hóra 1996:Gùla 1964:yere 1960:hĕri 1949:cáne 1941:chen 1931:and 1874:Sále 1869:mere 1867:and 1865:pere 1859:and 1808:and 1790:assé 1769:and 1736:are 1718:are 1710:are 1700:are 1692:are 1682:are 1674:are 1385:and 1345:curë 1315:The 1265:and 1081:and 1053:and 1006:The 972:pour 963:and 931:are 868:gall 819:Galo 729:, a 713:and 666:and 635:, a 573:IETF 318:galo 231:news 142:must 140:You 104:View 4362:doi 4276:doi 4230:doi 4133:doi 3957:doi 3777:doi 3604:or 3567:hui 3321:lip 3260:lui 3225:biq 3120:cit 3025:tz. 3015:or 3001:oey 2951:gh 2936:qh 2907:ch 2900:ao 2897:ow 2894:ou 2887:oy 2884:oï 2881:oy 2874:eû 2871:eù 2858:éw 2855:èu 2845:èï 2835:ao 2832:au 2825:ây 2822:âï 2819:ei 2809:aï 2796:ûn 2793:un 2770:ou 2757:on 2754:on 2708:eû 2698:eu 2666:ée 2541:or 2507:or 2480:que 2347:ELG 2228:fao 2113:Mid 1988:mai 1976:Cór 1951:). 1890:seu 1888:or 1882:sél 1878:sèl 1837:are 1796:by 1780:in 1752:is 1750:/w/ 1744:is 1742:/ʁ/ 1726:is 1724:/ɥ/ 1353:Qhi 1247:). 1223:). 1034:. 837:in 831:or 821:or 791:), 771:), 763:), 547:ELP 404:Oïl 214:by 113:or 7601:: 5207:* 5169:* 4878:, 4874:, 4870:, 4866:, 4862:, 4796:, 4660:^ 4633:}} 4629:{{ 4613:. 4596:^ 4584:}} 4580:{{ 4538:^ 4528:. 4511:^ 4494:^ 4472:. 4436:^ 4426:. 4382:^ 4368:. 4358:15 4356:. 4352:. 4270:. 4266:. 4252:^ 4238:. 4224:. 4206:^ 4165:, 4153:^ 4139:. 4127:. 4111:^ 4016:^ 3994:. 3971:. 3963:. 3953:71 3951:. 3947:. 3863:. 3826:^ 3810:. 3783:, 3757:^ 3747:. 3737:. 3702:. 3698:. 3692:. 3617:, 3615:od 3553:) 3407:) 3337:) 3309:, 3286:) 3250:li 3241:) 3216:) 3071:) 3011:, 3007:, 3005:cz 2982:lh 2959:ll 2948:g 2933:q 2914:j 2747:ô 2744:o 2737:o 2734:o 2731:o 2724:i 2669:é 2627:e 2601:â 2591:a 2532:lh 2525:au 2521:au 2517:aù 2513:ao 2509:nh 2505:ny 2501:gn 2472:ke 2378:ae 2284:lh 2245:, 2205:ɑ̃ 2175:ɔ̃ 2161:œ̃ 2149:ɛ̃ 2144:ɛː 2089:eː 1992:mé 1984:éi 1968:ue 1956:ie 1917:ie 1900:. 1886:sé 1884:, 1880:, 1804:, 1773:. 1740:, 1714:, 1516:d̪ 1481:t̪ 1446:n̪ 1389:. 1295:. 1230:. 1085:. 967:. 959:, 955:, 951:, 920:. 799:. 783:, 502:, 55:. 6771:) 6765:( 5703:) 5699:( 5689:e 5682:t 5675:v 5461:* 5143:* 5052:* 5027:e 5020:t 5013:v 4882:) 4858:( 4811:( 4800:) 4792:( 4733:e 4726:t 4719:v 4683:. 4654:. 4639:) 4625:. 4590:) 4488:. 4458:. 4430:. 4408:. 4376:. 4364:: 4337:. 4313:. 4288:. 4278:: 4272:2 4246:. 4232:: 4200:. 4147:. 4135:: 3996:1 3979:. 3959:: 3932:. 3892:. 3820:. 3779:: 3713:. 3677:. 3613:/ 3611:o 3602:ô 3403:( 3378:( 3282:( 3021:s 3017:s 3013:ç 3009:c 2990:n 2986:ñ 2468:w 2464:k 2460:o 2456:q 2452:w 2448:k 2385:e 2288:ë 2200:ɑ 2189:a 2170:ɔ 2156:œ 2139:ɛ 2123:ə 2105:o 2096:ø 2084:e 2070:u 2061:y 2054:i 1830:é 1756:. 1730:. 1704:. 1686:. 1660:w 1653:ɥ 1633:j 1626:l 1605:ʁ 1598:ʒ 1591:z 1584:v 1572:h 1563:ʃ 1556:s 1549:f 1530:g 1523:ɟ 1509:b 1495:k 1488:c 1474:p 1453:ɲ 1439:m 1419:/ 1405:/ 787:( 775:( 767:( 759:( 743:( 525:– 299:) 293:( 281:) 275:( 270:) 266:( 256:· 249:· 242:· 235:· 208:. 177:. 170:. 62:) 58:( 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index