1122:
847:. Besides a high concentration of cholesterol, two other factors are important in causing gallstones. The first is how often and how well the gallbladder contracts; incomplete and infrequent emptying of the gallbladder may cause the bile to become overconcentrated and contribute to gallstone formation. This can be caused by high resistance to the flow of bile out of the gallbladder due to the complicated internal geometry of the cystic duct. The second factor is the presence of proteins in the liver and bile that either promote or inhibit cholesterol crystallization into gallstones. In addition, increased levels of the hormone
1050:
1312:(CDCA) have been used in treatment to dissolve gallstones. A 2013 meta-analysis concluded that UDCA or higher dietary fat content appeared to prevent formation of gallstones during weight loss. Medical therapy with oral bile acids has been used to treat small cholesterol stones, and for larger cholesterol gallstones when surgery is either not possible or unwanted. CDCA treatment can cause diarrhea, mild reversible hepatic injury, and a small increase in the plasma cholesterol level. UDCA may need to be taken for years.
985:
1149:
973:
872:
1106:
1137:
1038:
1000:
42:
656:
1292:
1161:
1250:
1277:
1015:
493:, 10–15% of adults experience gallstones. Gallbladder and biliary-related diseases occurred in about 104 million people (1.6% of people) in 2013 and resulted in 106,000 deaths. Gallstones are more common among women than men and occur more commonly after the age of 40. Gallstones occur more frequently among
1271:
cholecystectomy, introduced in the 1980s, is performed via three to four small puncture holes for a camera and instruments. Post-operative care typically includes a same-day release or a one-night hospital stay, followed by a few days of home rest and pain medication. Perforation of the gall bladder
894:
stones vary from light yellow to dark green or brown or chalk white and are oval, usually solitary, between 2 and 3 cm long, each often having a tiny, dark, central spot. To be classified as such, they must be at least 80% cholesterol by weight (or 70%, according to the
Japanese classification
1212:
is a non-invasive method to manage gallstones that uses high-energy sound waves to disintegrate them first applied in
January 1985. Side effects of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy include biliary pancreatitis and liver haematoma. The term is derived from the Greek words meaning 'breaking (or
1165:
1164:
1166:
663:
Gallstones, regardless of size or number, are often asymptomatic. These "silent stones" do not require treatment and can remain asymptomatic even years after they form. Sometimes, the pain may be referred to tip of the scapula in cholelithiasis; this is called "Collin's sign".
1163:
1017:
1021:
1020:
1016:
731:
could significantly contribute to gallbladder stones, as melatonin inhibits cholesterol secretion from the gallbladder, enhances the conversion of cholesterol to bile, and is an antioxidant, which is able to reduce oxidative stress to the gallbladder.
1022:
687:
or below the right shoulder. If one or more gallstones block the bile ducts and cause bilirubin to leak into the bloodstream and surrounding tissue, jaundice and itching may also occur. In this case, liver enzyme levels are likely to be raised.
2197:
Koppisetti S, Jenigiri B, Terron MP, Tengattini S, Tamura H, Flores LJ, et al. (October 2008). "Reactive oxygen species and the hypomotility of the gall bladder as targets for the treatment of gallstones with melatonin: a review".
1105:
726:
Gallstone risk increases for females (especially before menopause) and for people near or above 40 years; the condition is more prevalent among people of
European or American Indigenous descent than among other ethnicities. A lack of
679:, often accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Pain from symptomatic gallstones may range from mild to severe and can steadily increase over a period lasting from 30 minutes to several hours. Other symptoms may include fever, as well as
1675:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
1019:
961:
Gallstones can vary in size and shape from as small as a grain of sand to as large as a golf ball. The gallbladder may contain a single large stone or many smaller ones. Pseudoliths, sometimes referred to as sludge, are thick
3671:
3656:
2342:
1272:
is not uncommon—it has been reported in the range of 10% to 40%. Unretrieved gallstone spillage has been reported as 6% to 30%, but gallstones that are not retrieved rarely cause complications (0.08%–0.3%).
1083:
On abdominal ultrasound, sinking gallstones usually have posterior acoustic shadowing. In floating gallstones, reverberation echoes (or comet-tail artifact) is seen instead in a clinical condition called
1121:
2643:
883:. On the basis of their composition, gallstones can be divided into the following types: cholesterol stones, pigment stones, and mixed stones. An ideal classification system is yet to be defined.
1242:(gallbladder removal) has a 99% chance of eliminating the recurrence of cholelithiasis. The lack of a gallbladder has no negative consequences in most people, however 10 to 15% of people develop
2343:
Institute of
Medicine, Food Nutrition Board, Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Panel on Dietary Reference Intakes for Electrolytes and Water (2005).
1867:
Acalovschi M, Blendea D, Feier C, Letia AI, Ratiu N, Dumitrascu DL, et al. (August 2003). "Risk factors for symptomatic gallstones in patients with liver cirrhosis: a case-control study".
1724:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
1265:) below the lower right ribs. Recovery typically requires 3–5 days of hospitalization, with a return to normal diet a week after release and to normal activity several weeks after release.
1162:
1253:
The outcomes of choosing to 'do nothing' (watchful waiting) and having cholecystectomy in the case of symptomatic gallstones, as shown in the NHS decision aid for gallstones. Data from .
999:
1470:
906:("pigment", "black pigment") stones are small, dark (often appearing black), and usually numerous. They are composed primarily of bilirubin (insoluble bilirubin pigment polymer) and
3173:"Restrictive strategy versus usual care for cholecystectomy in patients with gallstones and abdominal pain (SECURE): a multicentre, randomised, parallel-arm, non-inferiority trial"
1915:
914:
that are found in bile. They contain less than 20% of cholesterol (or 30%, according to the
Japanese classification system). Between 2% and 30% of stones are bilirubin stones.
1018:
4615:
509:
Gallstone disease refers to the condition where gallstones are either in the gallbladder or common bile duct. The presence of stones in the gallbladder is referred to as
736:
has been linked to an increased risk of gallstones. Researchers believe that gallstones may be caused by a combination of factors, including inherited body chemistry,
2427:
Misciagna G, Leoci C, Guerra V, Chiloiro M, Elba S, Petruzzi J, et al. (June 1996). "Epidemiology of cholelithiasis in southern Italy. Part II: Risk factors".
380:(or "gallbladder attack"). This happens in 1–4% of those with gallstones each year. Complications from gallstones may include inflammation of the gallbladder (
1934:
1926:
3599:
501:
experience gallstones, whereas gallstone rates in many parts of Africa are as low as 3%. Once the gallbladder is removed, outcomes are generally positive.
2479:
699:
In rare cases, gallstones that cause severe inflammation can erode through the gallbladder into adherent bowel, potentially causing an obstruction termed
3793:
2647:
2800:
Experimental investigation of the flow of bile in patient specific cystic duct models M Al-Atabi, SB Chin..., Journal of biomechanical engineering, 2010
1608:. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Guidelines. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). October 2014. p. 101.
1919:
4297:
2509:
1784:
1285:
282:
2965:"Ursodeoxycholic acid and diets higher in fat prevent gallbladder stones during weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
1196:(UDCA) appears to prevent formation of gallstones during weight loss. A high fat diet during weight loss also appears to prevent gallstones.
714:
caused by blockage of the bile ducts that prevents active enzymes from being secreted into the bowel, instead damaging the pancreas. Rarely,
2532:"Impaired intestinal cholecystokinin secretion, a fascinating but overlooked link between coeliac disease and cholesterol gallstone disease"
1462:
1049:
3892:
3466:
2668:
Cahan MA, Balduf L, Colton K, Palacioz B, McCartney W, Farrell TM (September 2006). "Proton pump inhibitors reduce gallbladder function".
1077:
926:
stones) typically contain 20–80% cholesterol (or 30–70%, according to the
Japanese classification system). Other common constituents are
1815:
3931:
2823:
2050:
1284:
Obstruction of the common bile duct with gallstones can sometimes be relieved by endoscopic retrograde sphincterotomy (ERS) following
3063:
Paumgartner G, Sauter GH (May 2005). "Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of gallstones: 20th anniversary of the first treatment".
3028:
Paumgartner G, Sauter GH (May 2005). "Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of gallstones: 20th anniversary of the first treatment".
3147:
3103:
1975:
3786:
2894:
3526:
Thistle JL, Hofmann AF (September 1973). "Efficacy and specificity of chenodeoxycholic acid therapy for dissolving gallstones".
2711:
Kan HP, Guo WB, Tan YF, Zhou J, Liu CD, Huang YQ (September 2015). "Statin use and risk of gallstone disease: A meta-analysis".
35:
Gallstone disease, cholelith, cholecystolithiasis (gallstone in the gallbladder), choledocholithiasis (gallstone in a bile duct)
2292:
5096:
4159:
3004:
2362:
2153:
2071:
1809:
1393:
972:
498:
346:
Most people with gallstones (about 80%) are asymptomatic. However, when a gallstone obstructs the bile duct and causes acute
4071:
3811:
744:(movement), and low-calorie diet. The absence of such risk factors does not, however, preclude the formation of gallstones.
2243:"Coinheritance of Gilbert Syndrome Increases the Risk for Developing Gallstones in Patients With Hereditary Spherocytosis"
3686:
2583:"Studies on the pathogenesis of pigment gallstones in hemolytic anemia: description and characteristics of a mouse model"
1996:
Gilani SN, Bass G, Leader F, Walsh TN (December 2009). "Collins' sign: validation of a clinical sign in cholelithiasis".
2173:
4372:
3779:
1655:
5044:
4891:
3462:
3450:
863:, may increase cholesterol levels in bile and also decrease gallbladder motility, resulting in gallstone formation.
4789:
1209:
831:
increase cholesterol concentration in bile and their use has been associated with an increased risk of gallstones.
1088:. Another sign is wall-echo-shadow (WES) triad (or double-arc shadow) which is also characteristic of gallstones.
4930:
4542:
4525:
4030:
4025:
3902:
984:
3603:
827:
inhibit cholesterol synthesis and there is evidence that their use may decrease the risk of getting gallstones.
691:
Often, gallbladder attacks occur after eating a heavy meal. Attacks are most common in the evening or at night.
5086:
4784:
4740:
4634:
4456:
4055:
3259:"Is cholecystectomy effective treatment for symptomatic gallstones? Clinical outcome after long-term follow-up"
2892:
Gallstones—Cholelithiasis; Gallbladder attack; Biliary colic; Gallstone attack; Bile calculus; Biliary calculus
2471:
3220:"Prevalence of Postcholecystectomy Symptoms: Long-term Outcome after Open versus Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy"
4995:
4841:
1930:
1221:
813:
1344:(yellow thing of cattle) in Chinese. Some slaughterhouses carefully scrutinize workers for gallstone theft.
4750:
4269:
3877:
3171:
van Dijk AH, Wennmacker SZ, de Reuver PR, Latenstein CS, Buyne O, Donkervoort SC, et al. (June 2019).
1329:
1243:
796:
Pigment gallstones are most commonly seen in the developing world. Risk factors for pigment stones include
627:
2242:
1938:
710:, which occurs when a bacterial infection causes purulent inflammation in the biliary tree and liver, and
470:. If there are no symptoms, treatment is usually not needed. In those who are having gallbladder attacks,
3964:
966:
that may be present within the gallbladder, either alone or in conjunction with fully formed gallstones.
1148:
1111:
A 1.9 cm gallstone impacted in the neck of the gallbladder and leading to cholecystitis as seen on
4330:
4259:
3860:
1136:
1005:
The large, yellow stone is largely cholesterol, while the green-to-brown stones are mostly composed of
2501:
4603:
4559:
4512:
4318:
3936:
2380:"Dietary carbohydrates and glycaemic load and the incidence of symptomatic gall stone disease in men"
595:. Choledocholithiasis is frequently associated with obstruction of the bile ducts, which can lead to
424:
1605:
Gallstone
Disease: Diagnosis and Management of Cholelithiasis, Cholecystitis and Choledocholithiasis
958:
and increases the amount of unconjugated bilirubin in bile. Between 4% and 20% of stones are mixed.
4949:
4629:
4264:
4222:
4035:
3910:
3897:
3867:
3838:
3697:
946:. They typically arise secondary to infection of the biliary tract which results in the release of
805:
3392:"Postcholecystectomy diarrhoea rate and predictive factors: a systematic review of the literature"
5081:
4874:
4651:
4392:
4184:
3843:
3488:
3487:
Vandervoort J, Soetikno RM, Tham TC, Wong RC, Ferrari AP, Montes H, et al. (November 2002).
3172:
1832:
Gurusamy KS, Davidson C, Gluud C, Davidson BR (2013-06-30). Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group (ed.).
1172:
A normal gallbladder on ultrasound with bowel peristalsis creating the false appearance of stones
1112:
832:
189:
1914:
1385:
Essential
Surgery E-Book: Problems, Diagnosis and Management: With student consult online access
4954:
4678:
4661:
4045:
3921:
3872:
3833:
3803:
3454:
3355:
Keus F, de Jong J, Gooszen HG, Laarhoven CJ (2006-10-18). Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group (ed.).
2291:
Ortega RM, Fernández-Azuela M, Encinas-Sotillos A, Andrés P, López-Sobaler AM (February 1997).
1673:
Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, et al. (August 2015).
1320:
Gallstones can be a valued by-product of animals butchered for meat because of their use as an
860:
817:
793:
increases risk of gallstone formation, especially when diagnosis of celiac disease is delayed.
482:. In rare cases when surgery is not possible, medication can be used to dissolve the stones or
3748:
2261:
1799:
1777:
1383:
4886:
4805:
4794:
4755:
4683:
3986:
1765:
1358:
1353:
1309:
990:
923:
820:
has been shown to decrease gallbladder function, potentially leading to gallstone formation.
733:
707:
597:
397:
3564:
Hofmann AF (September 1989). "Medical dissolution of gallstones by oral bile acid therapy".
3357:"Laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy for patients with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis"
3219:
2901:
Last reviewed: July 6, 2009. Reviewed by: George F. Longstreth. Also reviewed by David Zieve
2811:
1549:
Ansaloni L, Pisano M, Coccolini F, Peitzmann AB, Fingerhut A, Catena F, et al. (2016).
466:
The risk of gallstones may be decreased by maintaining a healthy weight with exercise and a
4925:
4869:
4690:
4586:
4169:
4164:
3998:
3916:
3882:
2042:
1325:
1305:
1193:
1096:
1069:
1006:
935:
676:
475:
263:
1630:
561:
459:. Gallstones may be suspected based on symptoms. Diagnosis is then typically confirmed by
8:
5091:
5019:
4829:
4722:
4705:
4666:
4639:
4591:
4434:
4411:
4404:
4353:
4325:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4154:
3771:
3675:
1505:
Lee JY, Keane MG, Pereira S (June 2015). "Diagnosis and treatment of gallstone disease".
801:
555:
336:
317:
3099:
1963:
1037:
5031:
4896:
4879:
4864:
4851:
4834:
4700:
4335:
4227:
4199:
4133:
3959:
3855:
3820:
3424:
3332:
3307:
3283:
3258:
2937:
2912:
2891:
2757:
Preiss D, Tikkanen MJ, Welsh P, Ford I, Lovato LC, Elam MB, et al. (August 2012).
2736:
2693:
2558:
2531:
2452:
2404:
2379:
2346:
4 Water | Dietary
Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate
2273:
2241:
del
Giudice EM, Perrotta S, Nobili B, Specchia C, d'Urzo G, Iolascon A (October 1999).
2223:
2126:
2021:
1892:
1834:"Early versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for people with acute cholecystitis"
1833:
1748:
1723:
1699:
1674:
1577:
1550:
715:
711:
479:
416:
400:). Symptoms of these complications may include pain that lasts longer than five hours,
369:
222:
176:
3504:
3188:
2607:
2582:
1739:
1690:
947:
843:
Cholesterol gallstones develop when bile contains too much cholesterol and not enough
659:
The proportion of people with gallstones who experience symptoms as a result of them.
5009:
4990:
4363:
3708:
3581:
3577:
3543:
3508:
3429:
3411:
3372:
3337:
3308:"Spilled gall stones during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a review of the literature"
3288:
3270:
3239:
3200:
3192:
3129:
3080:
3076:
3045:
3041:
2986:
2942:
2874:
2783:
2728:
2685:
2646:. Whitehouse Station, New Jersey: Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation. Archived from
2612:
2563:
2444:
2440:
2409:
2358:
2312:
2265:
2215:
2149:
2118:
2113:
2096:
2013:
1884:
1880:
1849:
1805:
1753:
1704:
1609:
1582:
1514:
1389:
927:
490:
246:
160:
3680:
2740:
2697:
2456:
2277:
2227:
2130:
2025:
1896:
1721:
335:
may refer to the presence of gallstones or to any disease caused by gallstones, and
5056:
4976:
4971:
4961:
4823:
4695:
4623:
4441:
4348:
4343:
4273:
4232:
4040:
4005:
3759:
3573:
3535:
3500:
3419:
3403:
3364:
3327:
3319:
3278:
3231:
3184:
3072:
3037:
2976:
2932:
2924:
2864:
2773:
2720:
2677:
2602:
2594:
2553:
2543:
2436:
2399:
2391:
2350:
2321:
2308:
2304:
2293:"Differences in diet and food habits between patients with gallstones and controls"
2257:
2207:
2108:
2005:
1876:
1845:
1841:
1743:
1735:
1694:
1686:
1572:
1562:
1092:
939:
911:
797:
632:
550:
165:
102:
67:
3356:
2043:"Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination"
816:(EPP) are at increased risk to develop gallstones. Additionally, prolonged use of
5014:
4944:
4810:
4745:
4710:
4581:
4446:
4382:
4284:
4203:
4194:
4144:
4084:
3969:
3946:
3702:
2898:
1246:, which may cause nausea, indigestion, diarrhea, and episodes of abdominal pain.
1239:
1085:
856:
700:
494:
471:
286:
169:
3539:
3407:
1603:
1215:
631:, 'inflammation'), a serious infection of the bile ducts. Gallstones within the
609:
539:
515:
393:
5051:
4966:
4520:
4493:
4358:
4293:
4289:
4179:
4149:
3391:
2344:
1337:
1127:
790:
776:
636:
3713:
3368:
3218:
Peterli R, Schuppisser JP, Herzog U, Ackermann C, Tondelli PE (October 2000).
3148:"NHS England » Decision support tool: making a decision about gallstones"
2981:
2964:
2869:
2852:
2681:
2211:
2009:
1567:
621:
527:
5075:
4984:
4937:
4730:
4673:
4656:
4568:
4313:
4140:
4015:
3981:
3926:
3512:
3415:
3274:
3243:
3196:
2758:
1187:
772:
680:
668:
381:
377:
365:
354:
194:
3665:
3323:
2928:
2395:
2290:
4859:
4771:
4644:
4547:
4498:
4483:
4478:
4474:
4387:
4212:
4128:
4020:
4010:
3976:
3433:
3376:
3341:
3204:
3133:
3084:
3049:
2990:
2878:
2787:
2778:
2732:
2689:
2567:
2413:
2269:
2219:
2122:
2094:
2017:
1888:
1853:
1757:
1708:
1613:
1586:
1518:
1333:
1183:
880:
768:
748:
737:
644:
467:
389:
325:
198:
3627:
3585:
3547:
3306:
Sathesh-Kumar T, Saklani AP, Vinayagam R, Blackett RL (17 February 2004).
3292:
3235:
2946:
2616:
2448:
2316:
2095:
Fitzgerald JE, Fitzgerald LA, Maxwell-Armstrong CA, Brooks AJ (May 2009).
5039:
4801:
4779:
4610:
4530:
4174:
4075:
3828:
3743:
3631:
1321:
1268:
1182:
Maintaining a healthy weight by getting sufficient exercise and eating a
1056:
955:
943:
891:
483:
440:
439:, or rapid weight loss. The bile components that form gallstones include
347:
321:
217:
50:
779:
diet. Wine and whole-grained bread may decrease the risk of gallstones.
4815:
4488:
4466:
4111:
4050:
3390:
Farrugia A, Attard JA, Khan S, Williams N, Arasaradnam R (2022-02-01).
2724:
1262:
1130:
and gallstones. There is borderline thickening of the gallbladder wall.
951:
752:
460:
444:
252:
3648:
2598:
2548:
871:
4765:
4598:
4576:
4429:
4280:
4254:
4116:
4106:
3993:
3954:
3887:
3754:
3719:
3305:
3170:
2759:"Lipid-modifying therapies and risk of pancreatitis: a meta-analysis"
1722:
GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (January 2015).
963:
931:
903:
852:
844:
809:
782:
Rapid weight loss increases risk of gallstones. The weight loss drug
764:
756:
728:
448:
436:
420:
340:
293:
238:
226:
202:
3124:
Zackria R, Lopez RA (January 2019). "Postcholecystectomy Syndrome".
2913:"Pitfalls in the ultrasonographic diagnosis of gallbladder diseases"
4399:
4377:
4089:
3257:
Gui GP, Cheruvu CV, West N, Sivaniah K, Fiennes AG (January 1998).
3056:
2812:"Analysis of human gallstones by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)"
2354:
1967:
848:
783:
741:
640:
432:
385:
234:
3724:
2196:
875:
From left to right: cholesterol stone, mixed stone, pigment stone.
823:
Cholesterol modifying medications can affect gallstone formation.
4451:
4217:
4121:
4093:
3217:
2240:
1028:
907:
828:
767:; low fluid consumption; and, at least for men, a high intake of
760:
747:
Nutritional factors that may increase risk of gallstones include
684:
428:
373:
230:
182:
3691:
2076:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
1916:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
1660:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
1548:
1332:. The most highly prized gallstones tend to be sourced from old
4917:
4535:
4421:
3660:
2378:
Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL (June 2005).
2377:
895:
system). Between 35% and 90% of stones are cholesterol stones.
824:
351:
276:: none, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and Chenodeoxycholic acid
1382:
Quick CR, Reed JB, Harper SJ, Saeb-Parsy K, Deakin PJ (2013).
655:
4367:
4097:
1971:
1831:
1291:
1261:
Open cholecystectomy is performed via an abdominal incision (
1226:
672:
614:
602:
584:
578:
572:
566:
544:
532:
520:
409:
405:
401:
361:
357:
41:
2810:
Channa NA, Khand FD, Khand TU, Leghari MH, Memon AN (2007).
2426:
129:
91:
53:
and may result in symptoms if they block the biliary system.
3486:
3354:
1866:
1672:
1249:
1073:
879:
The composition of gallstones is affected by age, diet and
328:
135:
132:
117:
111:
82:
76:
3801:
3489:"Risk factors for complications after performance of ERCP"
3389:
2530:
Wang HH, Liu M, Li X, Portincasa P, Wang DQ (April 2017).
1080:. Gallstone complications may be detected on blood tests.
751:; eating fewer meals per day; low intake of the nutrients
2853:"Classification and nomenclature of gallstones revisited"
2667:
2644:"Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders: Cutaneous Porphyrias"
1381:
474:
is typically recommended. This can be carried out either
141:
123:
88:
2962:
2851:
Kim IS, Myung SJ, Lee SS, Lee SK, Kim MH (August 2003).
2581:
Trotman BW, Bernstein SE, Bove KE, Wirt GD (June 1980).
2580:
2148:. Pymble, NSW: HarperCollins e-books. pp. 175–206.
2097:"Recurrent gallstone ileus: time to change our surgery?"
1276:
859:, or the use of combined (estrogen-containing) forms of
3449:
2809:
2756:
2630:
Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders: Cutaneous Porphyrias
2174:"Gallstones: Epidemiology, risk factors and prevention"
1797:
1551:"2016 WSES guidelines on acute calculous cholecystitis"
978:
Gallbladder opened to show small cholesterol gallstones
451:. Gallstones formed mainly from cholesterol are termed
3256:
2997:
2963:
Stokes CS, Gluud LL, Casper M, Lammert F (July 2014).
2499:
2472:"Should you lose weight fast? – Live Well—NHS Choices"
3065:
European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
3030:
European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
2429:
European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
1995:
1935:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
1927:
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
339:
refers to the presence of migrated gallstones within
144:
138:
108:
105:
73:
3638:
1257:
There are two surgical options for cholecystectomy:
942:). Because of their calcium content, they are often
455:, and those formed mainly from bilirubin are termed
120:
114:
85:
79:
3602:. Omaha, Nebraska: Medscape (WebMD). Archived from
2529:
1798:Rosenthal RA, Zenilman ME, Katlic MR, eds. (2011).
478:or through a single larger incision, usually under
463:. Complications may be detected using blood tests.
126:
70:
3263:Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England
2320:
1115:. There is 4 mm gall bladder wall thickening.
3459:NHS Choices: Health A-Z—Conditions and treatments
3062:
3027:
5073:
2502:"Safety Information—Xenical (orlistat) capsules"
1961:
549:, 'process'). The presence of gallstones in the
262:Healthy weight, diet high in fiber, diet low in
3554:
1804:(2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer. p. 944.
1504:
3559:
3557:
3525:
2850:
2632:, pp. 63–220 in Beers, Porter and Jones (2006)
2190:
1860:
1315:
1286:endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
3787:
2910:
2710:
2420:
2349:. The National Academies Press. p. 124.
2072:"Symptoms & Causes of Gallstones | NIDDK"
1055:Numerous small gallstones made up largely of
938:(calcium bilirubinate, calcium palmitate and
786:is known to increase the risk of gallstones.
590:
3893:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
3123:
2297:Journal of the American College of Nutrition
1801:Principles and practice of geriatric surgery
812:, and biliary tract infections. People with
16:Disease where stones form in the gallbladder
3519:
2635:
2574:
2523:
2171:
3932:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
3794:
3780:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2803:
2536:European Journal of Clinical Investigation
2284:
2137:
1955:
1598:
1596:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
40:
3423:
3331:
3282:
3091:
2980:
2958:
2956:
2936:
2868:
2777:
2623:
2606:
2557:
2547:
2403:
2262:10.1182/blood.V94.7.2259.419k42_2259_2262
2112:
1747:
1698:
1625:
1623:
1576:
1566:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1388:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 281.
1377:
1375:
1373:
954:and bacteria) which hydrolyzes bilirubin
2969:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
2143:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1869:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
1783:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1648:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1290:
1275:
1248:
870:
654:
3600:"Interview with Darren Wise. Transcrip"
3563:
3361:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2837:
2641:
2469:
1838:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1593:
5074:
3445:
3443:
3097:
2953:
1620:
1485:
1402:
1370:
1190:may help prevent gallstone formation.
694:
360:often occurs, resulting in an intense
4916:
4160:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
3775:
3102:. Omaha, Nebraska: Medscape (WebMD).
2752:
2750:
2587:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
2167:
2165:
2037:
2035:
1962:Heuman DM, Mihas AA, Allen J (2010).
1903:
1827:
1825:
1525:
1210:Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
886:
789:Cholecystokinin deficiency caused by
650:
181:None, crampy pain in the right upper
3634:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
3592:
2816:Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences
1072:. Other imaging techniques used are
1068:Diagnosis is typically confirmed by
415:Risk factors for gallstones include
3528:The New England Journal of Medicine
3440:
2146:Gut Feelings: Your Digestive System
13:
2911:Fitzgerald EJ, Toi A (July 1987).
2747:
2162:
2032:
1822:
1555:World Journal of Emergency Surgery
838:
306:10–15% of adults (developed world)
14:
5108:
5045:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
4892:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
3620:
1473:from the original on 28 July 2016
1142:Gallstones as seen on plain X-ray
898:
497:than others. For example, 48% of
472:surgery to remove the gallbladder
404:, yellowish skin, vomiting, dark
49:Gallstones typically form in the
4790:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
3077:10.1097/00042737-200505000-00009
3042:10.1097/00042737-200505000-00009
2441:10.1097/00042737-199606000-00017
2114:10.1111/j.1751-2980.2009.00378.x
1998:Irish Journal of Medical Science
1881:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07618.x
1818:from the original on 2016-08-15.
1159:
1147:
1135:
1120:
1104:
1048:
1036:
1013:
998:
983:
971:
706:Other complications can include
486:can be used to break them down.
251:Based on symptoms, confirmed by
101:
66:
4031:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
4026:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
3903:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
3480:
3469:from the original on 2010-11-14
3383:
3348:
3299:
3250:
3211:
3164:
3140:
3117:
3106:from the original on 2010-12-23
3021:
2904:
2885:
2826:from the original on 2011-08-24
2794:
2704:
2661:
2512:from the original on 2016-06-11
2493:
2482:from the original on 2016-02-16
2463:
2371:
2336:
2234:
2200:Digestive Diseases and Sciences
2088:
2064:
2053:from the original on 2016-11-14
1989:
1978:from the original on 2010-11-20
1791:
1328:of some cultures, particularly
934:phosphate, bilirubin and other
917:
721:
677:upper-right side of the abdomen
476:through several small incisions
396:, and infection in bile ducts (
195:Inflammation of the gallbladder
4785:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
4635:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
4457:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
3100:"Postcholecystectomy syndrome"
2309:10.1080/07315724.1997.10718655
2172:Afdhal N, Zakko S (Sep 2022).
1846:10.1002/14651858.CD005440.pub3
1715:
1666:
1204:
866:
667:A characteristic symptom of a
1:
4842:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
3505:10.1016/s0016-5107(02)70112-0
3189:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30941-9
3005:"Gallstone Disease Treatment"
2975:(7): 1090–1100.e2, quiz e61.
2101:Journal of Digestive Diseases
1931:National Institutes of Health
1740:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61682-2
1691:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4
1364:
1177:
1154:Large gallstone as seen on CT
1099:during a gallbladder attack.
814:erythropoietic protoporphyria
718:may occur as a complication.
504:
5097:Steatorrhea-related diseases
4751:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
4270:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
3878:Esophageal motility disorder
3578:10.1016/0002-9610(89)90252-3
3312:Postgraduate Medical Journal
2917:Postgraduate Medical Journal
2500:Office of the Commissioner.
1330:traditional Chinese medicine
1244:postcholecystectomy syndrome
1227:
1199:
1063:
603:
585:
579:
573:
199:inflammation of the pancreas
7:
3566:American Journal of Surgery
3540:10.1056/NEJM197309272891303
3408:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046172
1347:
1316:Use in traditional medicine
1234:
10:
5113:
4736:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
4260:Functional colonic disease
4056:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
3493:Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
1656:"Treatment for Gallstones"
1299:
1220:
626:
615:
571:, 'bile-containing', from
567:
545:
533:
521:
5030:
4909:
4850:
4764:
4721:
4567:
4558:
4511:
4465:
4420:
4306:
4193:
4083:
4070:
3945:
3937:Acute esophageal necrosis
3819:
3810:
3734:
3642:
3369:10.1002/14651858.CD006231
2982:10.1016/j.cgh.2013.11.031
2870:10.3349/ymj.2003.44.4.561
2682:10.1007/s00464-005-0247-x
2212:10.1007/s10620-007-0195-5
2144:Roizen MF, Oz MC (2005).
2010:10.1007/s11845-009-0404-7
1568:10.1186/s13017-016-0082-5
1280:Risks of cholecystectomy.
302:
292:
269:
258:
245:
216:
208:
188:
175:
159:
57:
48:
39:
31:
26:
4036:Gastric dumping syndrome
3911:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
3898:Diffuse esophageal spasm
3455:"Gallstones — Treatment"
3224:World Journal of Surgery
944:radiographically visible
806:hereditary spherocytosis
4652:Alcoholic liver disease
4185:Bile acid malabsorption
4129:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
3463:National Health Service
3451:National Health Service
3324:10.1136/pmj.2003.006023
2929:10.1136/pgmj.63.741.525
2396:10.1136/gut.2003.031435
1095:is a common finding on
833:Bile acid malabsorption
384:), inflammation of the
4662:Hepatic encephalopathy
4046:Buried bumper syndrome
3977:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
3861:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
3804:human digestive system
3009:Johns Hopkins Medicine
2857:Yonsei Medical Journal
2779:10.1001/jama.2012.8439
2047:emedicine.medscape.com
1925:. Bethesda, Maryland:
1296:
1281:
1254:
1214:
1213:pulverizing) stones':
876:
861:hormonal contraception
818:proton pump inhibitors
660:
620:
608:
591:
560:
538:
526:
514:
5087:Gallbladder disorders
4887:Pancreatic pseudocyst
4756:Porcelain gallbladder
3868:Zenker's diverticulum
3236:10.1007/s002680010243
1359:Porcelain gallbladder
1310:chenodeoxycholic acid
1294:
1279:
1252:
874:
708:ascending cholangitis
658:
495:certain ethnic groups
331:components. The term
4691:Hepatorenal syndrome
4630:Budd–Chiari syndrome
4587:Autoimmune hepatitis
4412:Intestinal adhesions
4170:Short bowel syndrome
3999:Functional dyspepsia
3917:Esophageal stricture
3883:Nutcracker esophagus
3183:(10188): 2322–2330.
1326:traditional medicine
1324:and antidote in the
1306:ursodeoxycholic acid
1194:Ursodeoxycholic acid
1097:physical examination
1070:abdominal ultrasound
1031:images of gallstones
991:X-ray microtomograph
910:(calcium phosphate)
835:may also be a risk.
394:obstructive jaundice
264:simple carbohydrates
4830:Choledocholithiasis
4701:Metabolic disorders
4667:Acute liver failure
4640:Portal hypertension
4592:Alcoholic hepatitis
4435:Radiation proctitis
4354:Mesenteric ischemia
4326:Gastroenterocolitis
4155:Blind loop syndrome
3965:Ménétrier's disease
3873:Barrett's esophagus
2713:Hepatology Research
1966:. Omaha, Nebraska:
802:sickle-cell disease
695:Other complications
671:is the presence of
556:choledocholithiasis
491:developed countries
417:birth control pills
337:choledocholithiasis
241:, rapid weight loss
223:Birth control pills
5005:Undefined location
4996:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
4897:Pancreatic fistula
4880:Pancreatic abscess
4835:Biliary dyskinesia
4806:Mirizzi's syndrome
4307:Large and/or small
3987:Dieulafoy's lesion
3856:Boerhaave syndrome
3735:External resources
3152:www.england.nhs.uk
2897:2011-02-07 at the
2725:10.1111/hepr.12433
2670:Surgical Endoscopy
2642:Thunell S (2008).
1776:has generic name (
1354:Mirizzi's syndrome
1297:
1282:
1255:
887:Cholesterol stones
877:
716:gallbladder cancer
712:acute pancreatitis
661:
651:Signs and symptoms
643:and can result in
601:, from the Greek:
480:general anesthesia
453:cholesterol stones
320:formed within the
298:Good after surgery
229:, family history,
212:After 40 years old
203:liver inflammation
5069:
5068:
5065:
5064:
4905:
4904:
4507:
4506:
4364:Bowel obstruction
4066:
4065:
3769:
3768:
3230:(10): 1232–1235.
2599:10.1172/JCI109793
2549:10.1111/eci.12734
2364:978-0-309-09169-5
2155:978-0-06-198079-4
1811:978-1-4419-6999-6
1685:(9995): 743–800.
1513:(1783): 15–9, 2.
1469:. November 2013.
1395:978-0-7020-5483-9
1167:
1023:
928:calcium carbonate
851:, as a result of
798:hemolytic anemias
635:can obstruct the
559:, from the Greek
513:, from the Greek
310:
309:
247:Diagnostic method
99:, cholelithiasis
21:Medical condition
5104:
5057:Pneumoperitoneum
4914:
4913:
4824:Common bile duct
4706:Wilson's disease
4696:Peliosis hepatis
4565:
4564:
4442:Proctalgia fugax
4349:Abdominal angina
4274:Ogilvie syndrome
4223:Pseudomembranous
4081:
4080:
4041:Gastric volvulus
4006:Pyloric stenosis
3817:
3816:
3802:Diseases of the
3796:
3789:
3782:
3773:
3772:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3561:
3552:
3551:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3447:
3438:
3437:
3427:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3335:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3286:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2984:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2940:
2908:
2902:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2872:
2848:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2781:
2763:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2610:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2561:
2551:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2407:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2324:
2319:. Archived from
2288:
2282:
2281:
2256:(7): 2259–2262.
2247:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2206:(10): 2592–603.
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2116:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2039:
2030:
2029:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1964:"Cholelithiasis"
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1937:. Archived from
1924:
1912:
1901:
1900:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1761:
1751:
1734:(9963): 117–71.
1719:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1662:. November 2017.
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1600:
1591:
1590:
1580:
1570:
1546:
1523:
1522:
1507:The Practitioner
1502:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1459:
1400:
1399:
1379:
1304:The medications
1230:
1224:
1186:that is high in
1169:
1168:
1151:
1139:
1124:
1108:
1052:
1040:
1025:
1024:
1002:
987:
975:
940:calcium stearate
734:Gilbert syndrome
669:gallstone attack
633:ampulla of Vater
630:
618:
617:
606:
594:
588:
582:
576:
570:
569:
551:common bile duct
548:
547:
536:
535:
524:
523:
499:Native Americans
370:right upper part
166:Gastroenterology
151:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
98:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
72:
44:
24:
23:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5061:
5026:
5015:Internal hernia
4901:
4846:
4811:Biliary fistula
4769:
4760:
4746:Adenomyomatosis
4741:Cholesterolosis
4717:
4711:Hemochromatosis
4582:Viral hepatitis
4554:
4503:
4461:
4447:Rectal prolapse
4416:
4383:Fecal impaction
4373:Intussusception
4336:Crohn's disease
4302:
4285:Toxic megacolon
4197:
4195:Large intestine
4189:
4134:Curling's ulcer
4087:
4085:Small intestine
4074:
4062:
3970:Gastroenteritis
3941:
3806:
3800:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3730:
3729:
3651:
3626:
3623:
3618:
3609:
3607:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3562:
3555:
3524:
3520:
3485:
3481:
3472:
3470:
3448:
3441:
3388:
3384:
3363:(4): CD006231.
3353:
3349:
3304:
3300:
3255:
3251:
3216:
3212:
3169:
3165:
3156:
3154:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3122:
3118:
3109:
3107:
3098:Jensen (2010).
3096:
3092:
3061:
3057:
3026:
3022:
3013:
3011:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2961:
2954:
2923:(741): 525–32.
2909:
2905:
2899:Wayback Machine
2890:
2886:
2849:
2838:
2829:
2827:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2761:
2755:
2748:
2709:
2705:
2666:
2662:
2653:
2651:
2640:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2579:
2575:
2528:
2524:
2515:
2513:
2498:
2494:
2485:
2483:
2468:
2464:
2425:
2421:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2341:
2337:
2328:
2326:
2289:
2285:
2245:
2239:
2235:
2195:
2191:
2182:
2180:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2142:
2138:
2093:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2056:
2054:
2041:
2040:
2033:
1994:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1960:
1956:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1865:
1861:
1840:(6): CD005440.
1830:
1823:
1812:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1720:
1716:
1671:
1667:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1631:"Complications"
1629:
1628:
1621:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1547:
1526:
1503:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1461:
1460:
1403:
1396:
1380:
1371:
1367:
1350:
1318:
1302:
1295:Risks of ERCP.
1240:Cholecystectomy
1237:
1207:
1202:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1143:
1140:
1131:
1125:
1116:
1109:
1086:adenomyomatosis
1066:
1059:
1053:
1044:
1043:Large gallstone
1041:
1032:
1026:
1014:
1009:
1003:
994:
988:
979:
976:
948:β-glucuronidase
920:
901:
889:
869:
857:hormone therapy
841:
839:Pathophysiology
724:
701:gallstone ileus
697:
685:shoulder blades
653:
507:
427:of gallstones,
287:Cholecystectomy
277:
170:General surgery
168:
155:
104:
100:
69:
65:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5110:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5082:Abdominal pain
5067:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5054:
5052:Hemoperitoneum
5049:
5048:
5047:
5036:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4922:
4920:
4911:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4856:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4776:
4774:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4727:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4654:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4573:
4571:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4523:
4521:Blood in stool
4517:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4494:Anal dysplasia
4491:
4486:
4481:
4471:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4426:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4361:
4359:Angiodysplasia
4356:
4351:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4328:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4294:Diverticulosis
4290:Diverticulitis
4287:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4267:
4257:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4180:Milroy disease
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4150:Tropical sprue
4147:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4103:
4101:
4078:
4072:Lower GI tract
4068:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3951:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3825:
3823:
3814:
3812:Upper GI tract
3808:
3807:
3799:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3776:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3751:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3716:
3705:
3694:
3683:
3668:
3652:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:Classification
3637:
3636:
3622:
3621:External links
3619:
3617:
3616:
3591:
3572:(3): 198–204.
3553:
3518:
3499:(5): 652–656.
3479:
3439:
3402:(2): e046172.
3382:
3347:
3318:(940): 77–79.
3298:
3249:
3210:
3163:
3139:
3116:
3090:
3071:(5): 525–527.
3055:
3036:(5): 525–527.
3020:
2996:
2952:
2903:
2884:
2836:
2802:
2793:
2746:
2719:(9): 942–948.
2703:
2660:
2634:
2622:
2573:
2542:(4): 328–333.
2522:
2492:
2462:
2419:
2370:
2363:
2355:10.17226/10925
2335:
2283:
2233:
2189:
2161:
2154:
2136:
2087:
2063:
2031:
2004:(4): 397–400.
1988:
1954:
1902:
1875:(8): 1856–60.
1859:
1821:
1810:
1790:
1774:|author1=
1714:
1665:
1647:
1619:
1592:
1524:
1484:
1401:
1394:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1338:calculus bovis
1317:
1314:
1301:
1298:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1236:
1233:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1134:
1132:
1128:Biliary sludge
1126:
1119:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1027:
1012:
1010:
1004:
997:
995:
993:of a gallstone
989:
982:
980:
977:
970:
919:
916:
900:
899:Pigment stones
897:
888:
885:
868:
865:
840:
837:
800:(such as from
791:celiac disease
777:glycemic index
740:, gallbladder
723:
720:
696:
693:
652:
649:
639:system of the
619:, 'vessel') +
511:cholelithiasis
506:
503:
457:pigment stones
425:family history
333:cholelithiasis
308:
307:
304:
300:
299:
296:
290:
289:
271:
267:
266:
260:
256:
255:
249:
243:
242:
220:
214:
213:
210:
206:
205:
192:
186:
185:
179:
173:
172:
163:
157:
156:
154:
153:
61:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
33:
29:
28:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5109:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4926:Diaphragmatic
4924:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4767:
4763:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4731:Cholecystitis
4729:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4674:Liver abscess
4672:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4657:Liver failure
4655:
4653:
4650:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4314:Enterocolitis
4312:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4141:Malabsorption
4139:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4016:Gastroparesis
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3982:Cushing ulcer
3980:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3927:Megaesophagus
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3797:
3792:
3790:
3785:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3606:on 2010-11-21
3605:
3601:
3595:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3558:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3534:(13): 655–9.
3533:
3529:
3522:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2957:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2863:(4): 561–70.
2862:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2825:
2822:(4): 546–50.
2821:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2772:(8): 804–11.
2771:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2751:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2676:(9): 1364–7.
2675:
2671:
2664:
2650:on 2020-03-12
2649:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2626:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2593:(6): 1301–8.
2592:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2470:NHS Choices.
2466:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2435:(6): 585–93.
2434:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2366:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2339:
2325:on 2008-07-20
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2166:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2107:(2): 149–51.
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1944:on 2010-12-05
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1786:
1779:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1597:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1397:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1278:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1093:Murphy's sign
1089:
1087:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1058:
1051:
1046:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1011:
1008:
1007:bile pigments
1001:
996:
992:
986:
981:
974:
969:
968:
967:
965:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
936:bile pigments
933:
929:
925:
924:brown pigment
915:
913:
909:
905:
896:
893:
884:
882:
873:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
836:
834:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
792:
787:
785:
780:
778:
774:
773:glycemic load
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
730:
719:
717:
713:
709:
704:
702:
692:
689:
686:
682:
681:referred pain
678:
674:
670:
665:
657:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
629:
624:
623:
612:
611:
605:
600:
599:
593:
587:
581:
575:
564:
563:
558:
557:
552:
542:
541:
537:, 'stone') +
530:
529:
518:
517:
512:
502:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
437:liver disease
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
382:cholecystitis
379:
378:biliary colic
375:
371:
367:
366:visceral pain
363:
359:
356:
355:smooth muscle
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
327:
323:
319:
315:
305:
301:
297:
295:
291:
288:
284:
280:
275:
272:
268:
265:
261:
257:
254:
250:
248:
244:
240:
239:liver disease
236:
232:
228:
224:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
204:
200:
196:
193:
191:
190:Complications
187:
184:
180:
178:
174:
171:
167:
164:
162:
158:
149:
96:
63:
62:
60:
58:Pronunciation
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
5004:
4983:
4860:Pancreatitis
4822:
4772:biliary tree
4735:
4645:Nutmeg liver
4622:
4548:Hematochezia
4499:Pruritus ani
4484:Anal abscess
4479:Anal fistula
4475:Anal fissure
4388:Constipation
4342:
4213:Appendicitis
4021:Gastroptosis
4011:Achlorhydria
3850:
3839:Eosinophilic
3753:
3742:
3718:
3707:
3696:
3685:
3670:
3655:
3628:"Gallstones"
3608:. Retrieved
3604:the original
3594:
3569:
3565:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3496:
3492:
3482:
3471:. Retrieved
3458:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3360:
3350:
3315:
3311:
3301:
3269:(1): 25–32.
3266:
3262:
3252:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3180:
3176:
3166:
3155:. Retrieved
3151:
3142:
3125:
3119:
3108:. Retrieved
3093:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3012:. Retrieved
3008:
2999:
2972:
2968:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2887:
2860:
2856:
2828:. Retrieved
2819:
2815:
2805:
2796:
2769:
2765:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2652:. Retrieved
2648:the original
2637:
2629:
2625:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2514:. Retrieved
2505:
2495:
2484:. Retrieved
2475:
2465:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2390:(6): 823–8.
2387:
2383:
2373:
2345:
2338:
2327:. Retrieved
2322:the original
2303:(1): 88–95.
2300:
2296:
2286:
2253:
2249:
2236:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2181:. Retrieved
2177:
2145:
2139:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2079:. Retrieved
2075:
2066:
2055:. Retrieved
2046:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1980:. Retrieved
1957:
1946:. Retrieved
1939:the original
1920:"Gallstones"
1872:
1868:
1862:
1837:
1800:
1793:
1766:cite journal
1731:
1727:
1717:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1638:. Retrieved
1634:
1604:
1558:
1554:
1510:
1506:
1475:. Retrieved
1466:
1463:"Gallstones"
1384:
1341:
1319:
1303:
1283:
1269:Laparoscopic
1256:
1238:
1208:
1192:
1184:healthy diet
1181:
1090:
1082:
1067:
960:
956:glucuronides
950:(by injured
921:
918:Mixed stones
902:
890:
878:
842:
822:
795:
788:
781:
769:carbohydrate
749:constipation
746:
725:
722:Risk factors
705:
698:
690:
683:between the
675:pain in the
666:
662:
645:pancreatitis
596:
583:, 'duct') +
554:
525:, 'bile') +
510:
508:
488:
468:healthy diet
465:
456:
452:
414:
390:pancreatitis
345:
332:
326:precipitated
313:
311:
278:
274:Asymptomatic
273:
218:Risk factors
18:
5040:Peritonitis
4802:Cholestasis
4780:Cholangitis
4723:Gallbladder
4611:Fatty liver
4531:Hematemesis
4513:GI bleeding
4319:Necrotizing
4248:Lymphocytic
4243:Collagenous
4238:Microscopic
4175:Steatorrhea
4076:Enteropathy
3922:Inlet patch
3844:Herpetiform
3829:Esophagitis
3744:MedlinePlus
3632:MedlinePlus
2506:www.fda.gov
1322:antipyretic
1308:(UDCA) and
1205:Lithotripsy
1091:A positive
1057:cholesterol
952:hepatocytes
892:Cholesterol
867:Composition
775:, and high
738:body weight
598:cholangitis
562:choledocho-
484:lithotripsy
441:cholesterol
408:, and pale
398:cholangitis
376:known as a
348:cholestasis
322:gallbladder
209:Usual onset
51:gallbladder
32:Other names
5092:Hepatology
5076:Categories
5032:Peritoneal
5010:Incisional
4931:Congenital
4875:Hereditary
4852:Pancreatic
4816:Haemobilia
4489:Hemorrhoid
4467:Anal canal
4405:Infectious
4393:Functional
4228:Ulcerative
4112:Duodenitis
4051:Gastrinoma
3709:DiseasesDB
3610:2010-11-06
3473:2010-11-06
3461:. London:
3177:The Lancet
3157:2024-09-18
3126:StatPearls
3110:2011-01-20
3014:2021-09-25
2830:2010-11-06
2654:2010-11-07
2538:(Review).
2516:2016-06-18
2486:2016-02-16
2476:www.nhs.uk
2329:2010-11-06
2183:2023-05-26
2081:2022-06-28
2057:2016-11-14
1982:2010-11-06
1948:2010-11-06
1365:References
1334:dairy cows
1263:laparotomy
1178:Prevention
1113:ultrasound
964:secretions
845:bile salts
673:colic-like
553:is called
505:Definition
461:ultrasound
445:bile salts
341:bile ducts
281:: surgery
259:Prevention
253:ultrasound
64:Cholelith
5020:Richter's
4977:Spigelian
4972:Obturator
4962:Umbilical
4795:Ascending
4766:Bile duct
4599:Cirrhosis
4577:Hepatitis
4560:Accessory
4430:Proctitis
4281:Megacolon
4255:Dysentery
4165:Whipple's
4117:Jejunitis
4107:Enteritis
3994:Dyspepsia
3955:Gastritis
3888:Achalasia
3821:Esophagus
3755:eMedicine
3725:235919008
3720:SNOMED CT
3513:0016-5107
3416:2044-6055
3275:0035-8843
3244:0364-2313
3197:0140-6736
1342:niu-huang
1336:, termed
1200:Treatment
1064:Diagnosis
932:palmitate
904:Bilirubin
881:ethnicity
853:pregnancy
810:cirrhosis
771:, a high
765:vitamin C
757:magnesium
729:melatonin
568:χοληδόχος
449:bilirubin
421:pregnancy
352:reflexive
314:gallstone
303:Frequency
294:Prognosis
270:Treatment
227:pregnancy
161:Specialty
27:Gallstone
4950:Indirect
4945:Inguinal
4679:Pyogenic
4624:Vascular
4400:Diarrhea
4378:Volvulus
4344:Vascular
4283: /
4272: /
4233:Ischemic
4200:Appendix
4090:Duodenum
3960:Atrophic
3834:Candidal
3760:emerg/97
3467:Archived
3453:(2010).
3434:35177439
3396:BMJ Open
3377:17054285
3342:14970293
3205:31036336
3134:30969724
3104:Archived
3085:15827443
3050:15827443
2991:24321208
2895:Archived
2879:12950109
2824:Archived
2788:22910758
2741:25636425
2733:25297889
2698:20833380
2690:16858534
2568:28186337
2510:Archived
2480:Archived
2457:11355563
2414:15888792
2278:40558696
2270:10498597
2228:22785223
2220:18338264
2178:UpToDate
2131:43696188
2123:19426399
2051:Archived
2026:22457009
2018:19685000
1976:Archived
1968:Medscape
1918:(2007).
1897:26695806
1889:12907344
1854:23813477
1816:Archived
1758:25530442
1709:26063472
1614:25473723
1587:27307785
1519:26455113
1471:Archived
1348:See also
1288:(ERCP).
1235:Surgical
849:estrogen
829:Fibrates
784:orlistat
742:motility
641:pancreas
637:exocrine
433:diabetes
386:pancreas
235:diabetes
177:Symptoms
4991:Petit's
4967:Femoral
4870:Chronic
4684:Amoebic
4452:Anismus
4218:Colitis
4145:Coeliac
4122:Ileitis
4094:Jejunum
3947:Stomach
3851:Rupture
3703:D042882
3586:2672842
3548:4580472
3425:8860059
3333:1742934
3293:9579123
3284:2502763
2947:3309915
2938:2428351
2617:7410545
2559:8135131
2449:8823575
2405:1774557
2317:9013440
1749:4340604
1700:4561509
1578:4908702
1477:27 July
1300:Medical
922:Mixed (
908:calcium
825:Statins
761:calcium
429:obesity
374:abdomen
372:of the
368:in the
231:obesity
183:abdomen
4985:Lumbar
4955:Direct
4938:Hiatus
4918:Hernia
4770:Other
4536:Melena
4422:Rectum
3905:(GERD)
3749:000273
3692:600803
3584:
3546:
3511:
3432:
3422:
3414:
3375:
3340:
3330:
3291:
3281:
3273:
3242:
3203:
3195:
3132:
3083:
3048:
2989:
2945:
2935:
2877:
2786:
2739:
2731:
2696:
2688:
2615:
2608:371467
2605:
2566:
2556:
2455:
2447:
2412:
2402:
2361:
2315:
2276:
2268:
2226:
2218:
2152:
2129:
2121:
2024:
2016:
1895:
1887:
1852:
1808:
1756:
1746:
1728:Lancet
1707:
1697:
1679:Lancet
1640:13 May
1635:nhs.uk
1612:
1585:
1575:
1561:: 25.
1517:
1392:
1228:tripso
1216:litho-
763:, and
753:folate
592:-iasis
580:docho-
540:-iasis
516:chole-
447:, and
410:stools
364:-like
152:
4910:Other
4865:Acute
4616:MASLD
4569:Liver
4543:Lower
4526:Upper
4368:Ileus
4204:Colon
4098:Ileum
3913:(LPR)
2762:(PDF)
2737:S2CID
2694:S2CID
2453:S2CID
2274:S2CID
2250:Blood
2246:(PDF)
2224:S2CID
2127:S2CID
2022:S2CID
1972:WebMD
1942:(PDF)
1923:(PDF)
1893:S2CID
1467:NIDDK
1222:τρίψω
1188:fiber
912:salts
628:-ῖτις
622:-itis
616:ἄγγος
604:chol-
586:lith-
574:chol-
546:ἴασις
534:λίθος
528:lith-
406:urine
402:fever
362:cramp
358:spasm
324:from
318:stone
316:is a
4298:SCAD
3714:2533
3698:MeSH
3687:OMIM
3676:9-CM
3582:PMID
3544:PMID
3509:ISSN
3430:PMID
3412:ISSN
3373:PMID
3338:PMID
3289:PMID
3271:ISSN
3240:ISSN
3201:PMID
3193:ISSN
3130:PMID
3081:PMID
3046:PMID
2987:PMID
2943:PMID
2875:PMID
2784:PMID
2766:JAMA
2729:PMID
2686:PMID
2613:PMID
2564:PMID
2445:PMID
2410:PMID
2359:ISBN
2313:PMID
2266:PMID
2216:PMID
2150:ISBN
2119:PMID
2014:PMID
1885:PMID
1850:PMID
1806:ISBN
1785:link
1778:help
1754:PMID
1705:PMID
1642:2018
1610:PMID
1583:PMID
1515:PMID
1479:2016
1390:ISBN
1078:MRCP
1076:and
1074:ERCP
804:and
610:ang-
522:χολή
423:, a
350:, a
329:bile
283:ERCP
279:Pain
4604:PBC
4331:IBD
4265:IBS
3681:574
3672:ICD
3666:K80
3657:ICD
3574:doi
3570:158
3536:doi
3532:289
3501:doi
3420:PMC
3404:doi
3365:doi
3328:PMC
3320:doi
3279:PMC
3232:doi
3185:doi
3181:393
3073:doi
3038:doi
2977:doi
2933:PMC
2925:doi
2865:doi
2774:doi
2770:308
2721:doi
2678:doi
2603:PMC
2595:doi
2554:PMC
2544:doi
2437:doi
2400:PMC
2392:doi
2384:Gut
2351:doi
2305:doi
2258:doi
2208:doi
2109:doi
2006:doi
2002:178
1974:).
1877:doi
1842:doi
1744:PMC
1736:doi
1732:385
1695:PMC
1687:doi
1683:386
1573:PMC
1563:doi
1511:259
1340:or
1231:).
855:or
808:),
489:In
392:),
5078::
4768:/
4366::
4347::
4143::
3758::
3747::
3723::
3712::
3701::
3690::
3679::
3664::
3661:10
3630:.
3580:.
3568:.
3556:^
3542:.
3530:.
3507:.
3497:56
3495:.
3491:.
3465:.
3457:.
3442:^
3428:.
3418:.
3410:.
3400:12
3398:.
3394:.
3371:.
3359:.
3336:.
3326:.
3316:80
3314:.
3310:.
3287:.
3277:.
3267:80
3265:.
3261:.
3238:.
3228:24
3226:.
3222:.
3199:.
3191:.
3179:.
3175:.
3150:.
3128:.
3079:.
3069:17
3067:.
3044:.
3034:17
3032:.
3007:.
2985:.
2973:12
2971:.
2967:.
2955:^
2941:.
2931:.
2921:63
2919:.
2915:.
2873:.
2861:44
2859:.
2855:.
2839:^
2820:23
2818:.
2814:.
2782:.
2768:.
2764:.
2749:^
2735:.
2727:.
2717:45
2715:.
2692:.
2684:.
2674:20
2672:.
2611:.
2601:.
2591:65
2589:.
2585:.
2562:.
2552:.
2540:47
2534:.
2508:.
2504:.
2478:.
2474:.
2451:.
2443:.
2431:.
2408:.
2398:.
2388:54
2386:.
2382:.
2357:.
2311:.
2301:16
2299:.
2295:.
2272:.
2264:.
2254:94
2252:.
2248:.
2222:.
2214:.
2204:53
2202:.
2176:.
2164:^
2125:.
2117:.
2105:10
2103:.
2099:.
2074:.
2049:.
2045:.
2034:^
2020:.
2012:.
2000:.
1933:,
1929:,
1905:^
1891:.
1883:.
1873:98
1871:.
1848:.
1836:.
1824:^
1814:.
1770::
1768:}}
1764:{{
1752:.
1742:.
1730:.
1726:.
1703:.
1693:.
1681:.
1677:.
1658:.
1633:.
1622:^
1595:^
1581:.
1571:.
1559:11
1557:.
1553:.
1527:^
1509:.
1487:^
1465:.
1404:^
1372:^
1225:,
1219:+
1029:CT
930:,
759:,
755:,
703:.
647:.
607:+
589:+
577:+
443:,
435:,
431:,
419:,
412:.
343:.
312:A
285:,
237:,
233:,
225:,
201:,
197:,
133:aɪ
112:oʊ
77:oʊ
4804:/
4477:/
4296:/
4292:/
4206:)
4202:/
4198:(
4100:)
4096:/
4092:/
4088:(
3795:e
3788:t
3781:v
3674:-
3659:-
3649:D
3613:.
3588:.
3576::
3550:.
3538::
3515:.
3503::
3476:.
3436:.
3406::
3379:.
3367::
3344:.
3322::
3295:.
3246:.
3234::
3207:.
3187::
3160:.
3136:.
3113:.
3087:.
3075::
3052:.
3040::
3017:.
2993:.
2979::
2949:.
2927::
2881:.
2867::
2833:.
2790:.
2776::
2743:.
2723::
2700:.
2680::
2657:.
2619:.
2597::
2570:.
2546::
2519:.
2489:.
2459:.
2439::
2433:8
2416:.
2394::
2367:.
2353::
2332:.
2307::
2280:.
2260::
2230:.
2210::
2186:.
2158:.
2133:.
2111::
2084:.
2060:.
2028:.
2008::
1985:.
1970:(
1951:.
1899:.
1879::
1856:.
1844::
1787:)
1780:)
1760:.
1738::
1711:.
1689::
1644:.
1616:.
1589:.
1565::
1521:.
1481:.
1398:.
625:(
613:(
565:(
543:(
531:(
519:(
388:(
148:/
145:s
142:ɪ
139:s
136:ə
130:θ
127:ˈ
124:ɪ
121:l
118:ə
115:l
109:k
106:ˌ
103:/
95:/
92:θ
89:ɪ
86:l
83:ə
80:l
74:k
71:ˈ
68:/
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
