320:
EDA as if it represented one homogeneous change in arousal across the body, but in fact different locations of its measurement can lead to different responses; for example, the responses on the left and right wrists are driven by different regions of the brain, providing multiple sources of arousal; thus, the EDA measured in different places on the body varies not only with different sweat gland density but also with different underlying sources of arousal. Lastly, electrodermal responses are delayed 1–3 seconds. These show the complexity of determining the relationship between EDA and
53:, galvanic skin response (GSR), electrodermal response (EDR), psychogalvanic reflex (PGR), skin conductance response (SCR), sympathetic skin response (SSR) and skin conductance level (SCL). The long history of research into the active and passive electrical properties of the skin by a variety of disciplines has resulted in an excess of names, now standardized to electrodermal activity (EDA).
31:
319:
External factors such as temperature and humidity affect EDA measurements, which can lead to inconsistent results. Internal factors such as medications and hydration can also change EDA measurements, demonstrating inconsistency with the same stimulus level. Also, the classic understanding has treated
284:
therapy devices utilize EDA as an indicator of the user's stress response with the goal of helping the user to control anxiety. EDA is used to assess an individual's neurological status without using traditional, but uncomfortable and expensive, EEG-based monitoring. It has also been used as a proxy
682:
By 1906 was using GSR and breath measurement to note changes in respiration and skin resistance to emotionally charged worlds. Found that indicators cluster around stimulus words which indicate the nature of the subject's complexes...Much later L. Ron
Hubbard used this approach in Scientology's
176:
Human extremities, including fingers, palms, and soles of feet display different bio-electrical phenomena. They can be detected with an EDA meter, a device that displays the change in electrical conductance between two points over time. The two current paths are along the surface of the skin and
263:
Tonic changes (EDL) are based on the phasic parameters. The spontaneous fluctuations of nonspecific EDR can be used to evaluate tonic EDA. More specifically by using the frequency of "nonspecific EDR" as an index of EDA during a specific time period, e. g. 30–60 seconds. Tonic EDA is considered
109:
solution and found that electric current flowed between a limb with muscles contracted and one that was relaxed. He therefore attributed his EDA observations to muscular phenomena. Thirty years later, in 1878 in
Switzerland, Hermann and Luchsinger demonstrated a connection between EDA and sweat
192:
activity, although the electrical change alone does not identify which specific emotion is being elicited. These autonomic sympathetic changes alter sweat and blood flow, which in turn affects GSR and GSP (Galvanic skin potential). The amount of sweat glands varies across the human body, being
208:(GSR) is an older term that refers to the recorded electrical resistance between two electrodes when a very weak current is steadily passed between them. The electrodes are normally placed about an inch apart, and the resistance recorded varies according to the emotional state of the subject.
224:
by the sweat glands, increasing secretion. Although this increase is generally very small, sweat contains water and electrolytes, which increase electrical conductivity, thus lowering the electrical resistance of the skin. These changes in turn affect GSR. Another common manifestation is the
259:
Phasic changes (EDR) are short-lasting changes in EDA that appear as a response to a distinct stimulus. EDRs can also appear spontaneously without an observable external stimulus. These types of EDRs are referred to as "nonspecific EDR" (NS.EDR). The phasic EDR is useful when investigating
172:
Skin conductance is not under conscious control. Instead, it is modulated autonomously by sympathetic activity which drives human behavior, cognitive and emotional states on a subconscious level. Skin conductance, therefore, offers direct insights into autonomous emotional regulation.
814:
Reich, W. "Experimentelle
Ergebnisse ueber die electrische Funktion von Sexualitat und Angst" (Sexpolverlag, Copenhagen, 1937). Translated as "Experimental investigation of the electrical function of sexuality and anxiety" in Journal of Orgonomy, Vol. 3, No. 1-2,
291:
Often, EDA monitoring is combined with the recording of heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure, because they are all autonomically dependent variables. EDA measurement is one component of modern polygraph devices, which are often used as lie detectors.
72:
is highly aroused, then sweat gland activity also increases, which in turn increases skin conductance. In this way, skin conductance can be a measure of emotional and sympathetic responses. More recent research and additional phenomena
212:(GSP) refers to the voltage measured between two electrodes without any externally applied current. It is measured by connecting the electrodes to a voltage amplifier. This voltage also varies with the emotional state of the subject.
156:
also studied EDA in his experiments at the
Psychological Institute at the University of Oslo, in 1935 and 1936, to confirm the existence of a bio-electrical charge behind his concept of vegetative, pleasurable "streamings".
228:
EDA is highly responsive to emotions in some people. Fear, anger, startled response, orienting response, and sexual feelings are among the reactions that may be reflected in EDA. These responses are utilized as part of the
1011:
Oshumi, T., Ohira, H. "The positive side of psychopathy: Emotional detachment in psychopathy and rational decision-making in the ultimatum game". Personality and
Individual Differences 49, 2010, pp. 451-456
726:
Current research using the skin's electrical activity as a communications medium between patient and therapist looks promising in such stress problems as drug abuse, alcoholism, neuroses and other tension
1574:
Figner, B., & Murphy, R. O. (2010). Using skin conductance in judgment and decision making research. A Handbook of
Process Tracing Methods for Decision Research: A Critical Review and User's Guide,
1589:; Fenwick, P. B. C.; Trimble, M. R. (2004). "Clinical efficacy of galvanic skin response biofeedback training in reducing seizures in adult epilepsy: A preliminary randomized controlled study".
919:
Grimnes, Sverre; Jabbari, Azar; Martinsen, Ørjan G.; Tronstad, Christian (2011-02-01). "Electrodermal activity by DC potential and AC conductance measured simultaneously at the same skin site".
447:
Electrodermal activity (EDA) is now the preferred term for changes in electrical conductance of the skin, including phasic changes that have been referred to as galvanic skin responses (GSR)
256:
sympathetic activity. Tonic activity can be expressed in units of electrodermal level (EDL or SCL), while phasic activity is expressed in units of electrodermal responses (EDR or SCR).
160:
By 1972, more than 1500 articles on electrodermal activity had been published in professional publications, and today EDA is regarded as the most popular method for investigating human
1626:
Loggia, M. L.; Juneau, M. N.; Bushnell, M. C. (2011). "Autonomic responses to heat pain: Heart rate, skin conductance, and their relation to verbal ratings and stimulus intensity".
143:. Jung was so impressed with EDA monitoring, he allegedly cried, "Aha, a looking glass into the unconscious!" Jung described his use of the device in counseling in his book,
89:, sometimes responsive and sometimes apparently spontaneous) suggest that EDA is more complex than it seems, and research continues into the source and significance of EDA.
124:
observed variations in skin electrical potentials in the absence of any external stimuli, and he developed a meter to observe the variations as they happened in real time.
113:
Vigouroux (France, 1879), working with emotionally distressed patients, was the first researcher to relate EDA to psychological activity. In 1888, the French neurologist
272:
EDA is a common measure of autonomic nervous system activity, with a long history of being used in psychological research. Hugo D. Critchley, Chair of
Psychiatry at the
1276:
Birjandtalab, J.; Cogan, D.; Pouyan, M. B.; Nourani, M. (2016-10-01). "A Non-EEG Biosignals
Dataset for Assessment and Visualization of Neurological Status".
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glands. Hermann later demonstrated that the electrical effect was strongest in the palms of the hands, suggesting that sweat was an important factor.
225:
vasodilation (dilation) of blood vessels in the face, referred to as blushing, as well as increased sweating that occurs when one is embarrassed.
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have been shown to manifest no such differences. This indicates that the EDA record of a polygraph may be deceptive in a criminal investigation.
859:
Ogorevc, Jaka; Geršak, Gregor; Novak, Domen; Drnovšek, Janko (November 2013). "Metrological evaluation of skin conductance measurements".
139:, published in 1906. Jung and his colleagues used the meter to evaluate the emotional sensitivities of patients to lists of words during
1319:"The effects of traveling in different transport modes on galvanic skin response (GSR) as a measure of stress: An observational study"
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highest in hand and foot regions (200–600 sweat glands per cm). The response of the skin and muscle tissue to external and internal
117:
demonstrated that skin resistance activity could be changed by emotional stimulation and that activity could be inhibited by drugs.
1386:"Skin conductance measurements as pain assessment in newborn infants born at 22–27weeks gestational age at different postnatal age"
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647:
Handbook of
Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (eds. Gianfranco Denes, Luigi Pizzamiglio). Psychology Press, 1999.
308:
716:. San Bernardino, California: The San Bernardino County Sun. The San Bernardino County Sun. October 11, 1977. p. 12
617:
SfN 2010 - Nano, Theme H, Featured
Lectures, Special Lectures, Symposia/Minisymposia, Workshops, Satellites, and Socials
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The scientific study of EDA began in the early 1900s. One of the first references to the use of EDA instruments in
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The combined changes between electrodermal resistance and electrodermal potential make up electrodermal activity.
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index of changes in autonomic sympathetic arousal that are integrated with emotional and cognitive states." Many
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45:) is the property of the human body that causes continuous variation in the electrical characteristics of the
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activity. The skill of the operator may be a significant factor in the successful application of the tool.
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Some studies include the human skin's response to alternating current, including recently deceased bodies.
683:"auditing," using the "e-meter" (a galvanic skin response indicator) to discern the presence of complexes.
1579:
Pflanzer, Richard. "Galvanic Skin Response and the Polygraph". BIOPAC Systems, Inc. Retrieved 5 May 2013
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61:
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Munsters, Josanne; Wallström, Linda; Ågren, Johan; Norsted, Torgny; Sindelar, Richard (January 2012).
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Society for Psychophysiological Research Ad Hoc Committee on Electrodermal Measures (August 2012).
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first observed that human skin was electrically active. He immersed the limbs of his subjects in a
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through the body. Active measuring involves sending a small amount of current through the body.
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EDA in regular subjects differs according to feelings of being treated fairly or unfairly, but
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1500:
Examination and Cross-examination of Experts in Forensic Psychophysiology Using the Polygraph
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1061:"Publication recommendations for electrodermal measurements: Publication standards for EDA"
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phenomena. As of 2013, EDA monitoring was still on the increase in clinical applications.
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EDA has also been studied as a method of pain assessment in premature born infants.
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Carlson, Neil (2013). Physiology of Behavior. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
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The traditional theory of EDA holds that skin resistance varies with the state of
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770:. Pocatello, Idaho: Field Enterprises, Inc. Idaho State Journal. p. 32
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201:. A correctly calibrated device can record and display the subtle changes.
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64:, and skin conductance is an indication of psychological or physiological
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Conesa J (1995). "Electrodermal palmar asymmetry and nostril dominance".
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Mind Performance Projects for the Evil Genius: 19 Brain-Bending Bio Hacks
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2016 IEEE International Workshop on Signal Processing Systems (SiPS)
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Cacioppo, John T.; Tassinary, Louis G.; Berntson, Gary G. (2007).
1202:"Book Review: Electrodermal Responses: What Happens in the Brain"
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403:"Book Review: Electrodermal Responses: What Happens in the Brain"
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1114:(3rd ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
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747:. New York, NY: Moffat, Yard & company. pp. 446 et seq
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useful in investigations of general arousal and alertness.
1458:
Picard, Rosalind; Fedor, Szymon; Ayzenberg, Yadid (2016).
1433:(illustrated ed.). McGraw Hill Professional. p.
858:
768:"Skin Talks -- And It May Not Be Saying What You Want To"
149:, and such use has continued with various practitioners.
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There is a relationship between emotional arousal and
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831:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 7.
583:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 4.
546:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 3.
465:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 1.
373:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 2.
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220:A painful stimulus such as a pinprick elicits a
49:. Historically, EDA has also been known as skin
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791:"Carl Jung & Jungian Analytical Psychology"
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890:
714:"You can learn control of how your skin talks"
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533:
486:Martini, Frederic; Bartholomew, Edwin (2001).
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1155:"Assessing Autonomic Nervous System Activity"
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197:can cause the conductance to vary by several
27:Variation in electrical response of the skin
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60:in the skin. Sweating is controlled by the
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981:"Galvanic Skin Response and the Polygraph"
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34:A sample GSR signal of 60 seconds duration
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519:. New York City: Pearson Education, Inc.
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152:The controversial Austrian psychoanalyst
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85:, electrochemical skin conductance, and
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311:", is a custom EDA measurement device.
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488:Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology
252:sympathetic activity and fast varying
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986:. BIOPAC Systems, Inc. Archived from
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978:
788:
314:
260:multifaceted attentional processes.
1425:Brad Graham; Kathy McGowan (2009).
1317:Yang, X; McCoy, E (November 2021).
766:Brown, Barbara (November 9, 1977).
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68:. If the sympathetic branch of the
24:
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274:Brighton and Sussex Medical School
25:
1824:
1497:Matté, James Allan (2000-01-01).
1200:Critchley, Hugo D. (April 2002).
881:10.1016/j.measurement.2013.06.024
401:Critchley, Hugo D. (April 2002).
1403:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.06.010
1078:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01384.x
933:10.1111/j.1600-0846.2010.00459.x
459:Boucsein, Wolfram (2013-04-17).
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490:. San Francisco, California:
1336:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106764
1111:Handbook of psychophysiology
921:Skin Research and Technology
303:as part of its practice of "
276:states, "EDA is a sensitive
7:
1603:10.1016/j.yebeh.2003.12.003
1529:Perceptual and Motor Skills
1030:. Boston, MA: Springer US.
745:Studies in Word-Association
667:"Notes on Carl Gustav Jung"
620:. Coe-Truman Technologies.
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146:Studies in Word Association
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1640:10.1016/j.pain.2010.11.032
1218:10.1177/107385840200800209
1024:Boucsein, Wolfram (2012).
825:Boucsein, Wolfram (2012).
577:Boucsein, Wolfram (2012).
540:Boucsein, Wolfram (2012).
421:10.1177/107385840200800209
367:Boucsein, Wolfram (2012).
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62:sympathetic nervous system
1798:Electronic test equipment
1764:areolar connective tissue
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1541:10.2466/pms.1995.80.1.211
1460:"Multiple Arousal Theory"
1323:Environment International
1036:10.1007/978-1-4614-1126-0
285:of psychological stress.
1476:10.1177/1754073914565517
795:Mind Development Courses
612:Society for Neuroscience
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206:Galvanic skin resistance
137:Studies in Word Analysis
70:autonomic nervous system
1591:Epilepsy & Behavior
1503:. J.A.M. Publications.
1390:Early Human Development
743:. In Jung, Carl (ed.).
739:Binswanger, L. (1919).
695:The Biofeedback Monitor
671:Sonoma State University
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210:Galvanic skin potential
1712:Galvanic skin response
1027:Electrodermal Activity
828:Electrodermal Activity
580:Electrodermal Activity
543:Electrodermal Activity
517:Physiology of Behavior
515:Carlson, Neil (2013).
462:Electrodermal Activity
370:Electrodermal Activity
244:Different units of EDA
233:or lie detector test.
39:Electrodermal activity
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18:Galvanic skin response
1793:Measuring instruments
301:Church of Scientology
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1286:10.1109/SiPS.2016.27
1280:. pp. 110–114.
222:sympathetic response
1808:Forensic techniques
1256:"Services Provided"
1164:; Beer, J. (eds.).
1151:Mendes, Wendy Berry
993:on 18 December 2014
979:Pflanzer, Richard.
873:2013Meas...46.2993O
789:Mitchell, Gregory.
334:Affective computing
278:psychophysiological
184:Physiological basis
162:psychophysiological
122:Ivane Tarkhnishvili
120:In 1889 in Russia,
1760:Superficial fascia
700:2008-09-15 at the
408:The Neuroscientist
344:Electroacupuncture
36:
1813:Electrophysiology
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1444:978-0-07-162392-6
1295:978-1-5090-3361-4
1179:978-1-606-23040-4
1121:978-0-511-27907-2
1045:978-1-4614-1125-3
665:Daniels, Victor.
526:978-0-205-23939-9
501:978-0-13-061567-1
492:Benjamin Cummings
380:978-1-461-41126-0
315:Possible problems
309:security checking
16:(Redirected from
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1585:Nagai, Y.;
1346:10230/53035
1185:October 20,
861:Measurement
633:28 February
322:sympathetic
282:biofeedback
238:psychopaths
190:sympathetic
168:Description
51:conductance
1787:Categories
1694:Physiology
1521:References
1329:: 106764.
655:. Page 33.
442:2015-04-15
386:20 October
133:C. G. Jung
87:admittance
75:resistance
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1234:146232135
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941:1600-0846
904:18 August
437:146232135
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231:polygraph
135:entitled
97:In 1849,
83:impedance
79:potential
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751:30 March
698:Archived
614:(2011).
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559:16 April
429:11954558
328:See also
305:auditing
216:Examples
1575:163–84.
1549:7624194
869:Bibcode
800:9 April
774:8 April
727:states.
720:8 April
676:4 April
349:E-meter
307:" and "
297:E-meter
195:stimuli
103:Germany
93:History
66:arousal
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1230:S2CID
1160:. In
1158:(PDF)
1091:S2CID
991:(PDF)
984:(PDF)
953:S2CID
815:1969.
741:"XII"
433:S2CID
355:Notes
250:tonic
1762:and
1737:Hair
1698:skin
1644:PMID
1628:Pain
1607:PMID
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937:ISSN
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846:2015
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467:ISBN
425:PMID
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295:The
268:Uses
115:Féré
47:skin
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