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1683:. As processing power increased, new genres such as adventure and action games were developed that involved a player guiding a character from a third person perspective through a series of obstacles. This "real-time" element cannot be easily reproduced by a board game, which is generally limited to "turn-based" strategy; this advantage allows video games to simulate situations such as combat more realistically. Additionally, the playing of a video game does not require the same physical skill, strength or danger as a real-world representation of the game, and can provide either very realistic, exaggerated or impossible physics, allowing for elements of a fantastical nature, games involving physical violence, or simulations of sports. Lastly, a computer can, with varying degrees of success, simulate one or more human opponents in traditional table games such as
1400:, which traditionally each have two ends, each with a given number of dots, or "pips", and each combination of two possible end values as it appears on a tile is unique in the set. The games played with dominoes largely center around playing a domino from the player's "hand" onto the matching end of another domino, and the overall object could be to always be able to make a play, to make all open endpoints sum to a given number or multiple, or simply to play all dominoes from one's hand onto the board. Sets vary in the number of possible dots on one end, and thus of the number of combinations and pieces; the most common set historically is
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1163:, they are not games since there are no decisions to make which affect the outcome. Many other games involving a high degree of luck do not allow direct attacks between opponents; the random event simply determines a gain or loss in the standing of the current player within the game, which is independent of any other player; the "game" then is actually a "race" by definitions such as Crawford's.
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441:"To play a game is to engage in activity directed toward bringing about a specific state of affairs, using only means permitted by specific rules, where the means permitted by the rules are more limited in scope than they would be in the absence of the rules, and where the sole reason for accepting such limitation is to make possible such activity." (Bernard Suits)
99:. On the other hand, players in a game may constitute their own audience as they take their turn to play. Often, part of the entertainment for children playing a game is deciding who is part of their audience and who is a player. A toy and a game are not the same. Toys generally allow for unrestricted play whereas games present rules for the player to follow.
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usually face-to-face, and keep track of the developing fiction with pen and paper. Together, the players may collaborate on a story involving those characters; create, develop, and "explore" the setting; or vicariously experience an adventure outside the bounds of everyday life. Pen-and-paper role-playing games include, for example,
1694:, a virtual environment is provided in which the player may be free to do whatever they like within the confines of a particular game's universe. Sometimes, there is a lack of goals or opposition, which has stirred some debate on whether these should be considered "games" or "toys". (Crawford specifically mentions
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require specialized tables or other self-contained modules on which the game is played. The advent of home video game systems largely replaced some of these, such as table hockey, however air hockey, billiards, pinball and foosball remain popular fixtures in private and public game rooms. These games
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that a player must score a goal on a penalty; while it is expected the player will try, it is not required. While meeting the aims often requires a certain degree of skill and (in some cases) luck, following the rules of a game merely requires knowledge of the rules and some careful attempt to follow
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use a board with movers, normally to keep score. The differentiation between the two genres in such cases depends on which element of the game is foremost in its play; a board game using cards for random actions can usually use some other method of randomization, while
Cribbage can just as easily be
1894:
Business games can take a variety of forms, from interactive board games to interactive games involving different props (balls, ropes, hoops, etc.) and different kinds of activities. The purpose of these games is to link to some aspect of organizational performance and to generate discussions about
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Role-playing games, often abbreviated as RPGs, are a type of game in which the participants (usually) assume the roles of characters acting in a fictional setting. The original role playing games – or at least those explicitly marketed as such – are played with a handful of participants,
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who are entertained just by watching games. A community will often align itself with a local sports team that supposedly represents it (even if the team or most of its players only recently moved in); they often align themselves against their opponents or have traditional rivalries. The concept of
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as their central element. Board games often use dice for a randomization element, and thus each roll of the dice has a profound impact on the outcome of the game, however dice games are differentiated in that the dice do not determine the success or failure of some other element of the game; they
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or cards. Most games that simulate war are board games (though a large number of video games have been created to simulate strategic combat), and the board may be a map on which the players' tokens move. Virtually all board games involve "turn-based" play; one player contemplates and then makes a
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A tabletop game is a game where the elements of play are confined to a small area and require little physical exertion, usually simply placing, picking up and moving game pieces. Most of these games are played at a table around which the players are seated and on which the game's elements are
804:
Most games require multiple players. However, single-player games are unique in respect to the type of challenges a player faces. Unlike a game with multiple players competing with or against each other to reach the game's goal, a one-player game is a battle solely against an element of the
1623:-controlled games. Computers can create virtual spaces for a wide variety of game types. Some video games simulate conventional game objects like cards or dice, while others can simulate environs either grounded in reality or fantastical in design, each with its own set of rules or goals.
575:
do not use any obvious tool; rather, their interactivity is defined by the environment. Games with the same or similar rules may have different gameplay if the environment is altered. For example, hide-and-seek in a school building differs from the same game in a park; an
94:
Games are sometimes played purely for enjoyment, sometimes for achievement or reward as well. They can be played alone, in teams, or online; by amateurs or by professionals. The players may have an audience of non-players, such as when people are entertained by watching a
1810:. These may be single-player games where one player experiences a programmed environment and story, or they may allow players to interact through the internet. The experience is usually quite different from traditional role-playing games. Single-player games include
608:. However, if the players decide to play with only three bases, they are arguably playing a different game. There are exceptions to this in that some games deliberately involve the changing of their own rules, but even then there are often immutable
1049:, are more free-form in their play and can involve physical activity such as mime. Still, these games do not require a large area in which to play them, large amounts of strength or stamina, or specialized equipment other than what comes in a box.
1151:"; the only unknown is the exact thought processes of one's opponent, not the outcome of any unknown event inherent in the game (such as a card draw or die roll). Children's games, on the other hand, tend to be very luck-based, with games such as
434:"At its most elementary level then we can define game as an exercise of voluntary control systems in which there is an opposition between forces, confined by a procedure and rules in order to produce a disequilibrial outcome." (Elliot Avedon and
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aims, which are tasks that move a player toward winning. For instance, an intermediate aim in football is to score goals, because scoring goals will increase one's likelihood of winning the game, but is not alone sufficient to win the game.
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Many sports require special equipment and dedicated playing fields, leading to the involvement of a community much larger than the group of players. A city or town may set aside such resources for the organization of sports leagues.
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business improvement. Many business games focus on organizational behaviors. Some of these are computer simulations while others are simple designs for play and debriefing. Team building is a common focus of such activities.
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If cooperation between players is allowed, then the game becomes more complex; many concepts have been developed to analyze such games. While these have had some partial success in the fields of economics, politics and
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Crawford's definition may thus be rendered as: an interactive, goal-oriented activity made for money, with active agents to play against, in which players (including active agents) can interfere with each other.
1473:
are examples. In each, the "board" is made up of a series of tiles; in
Settlers of Catan the starting layout is random but static, while in Carcassonne the game is played by "building" the board tile-by-tile.
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Students using dice to improve numeracy skills. They roll three dice, then use basic math operations to combine those into a new number which they cover on the board. The goal is to cover four squares in the
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A guessing game has as its core a piece of information that one player knows, and the object is to coerce others into guessing that piece of information without actually divulging it in text or spoken word.
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and others, as they require reflexes and coordination, are generally performed more poorly by intoxicated persons but are unlikely to result in injury because of this; as such the games are popular as
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This class of games includes any game in which the skill element involved relates to manual dexterity or hand-eye coordination, but excludes the class of video games (see below). Games such as
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move, then the next player does the same, and a player can only act on their turn. This is opposed to "real-time" play as is found in some card games, most sports and most video games.
525:). In places where the use of leather is well-established, the ball has been a popular game piece throughout recorded history, resulting in a worldwide popularity of ball games such as
444:"When you strip away the genre differences and the technological complexities, all games share four defining traits: a goal, rules, a feedback system, and voluntary participation." (
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is probably the most well-known game of this type, and has spawned numerous commercial variants that involve differing rules on the type of communication to be given, such as
813:
against a wall is not generally recognized as playing a game due to the lack of any formidable opposition. Many games described as "single-player" may be termed actually
859:. The term "game" in this context may mean either a true game played for entertainment or a competitive activity describable in principle by mathematical game theory.
851:
A multiplayer game is a game of several players who may be independent opponents or teams. Games with many independent players are difficult to analyze formally using
1370:, these games usually involve a high degree of luck, which can be directed to some extent by the player through more strategic elements of play and through tenets of
2139:
75:, and sometimes used as an educational tool. Many games are also considered to be work (such as professional players of spectator sports or games) or art (such as
1307:
Some board games include a deck of cards as a gameplay element, normally for randomization or to keep track of game progress. Conversely, some card games such as
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Pencil and paper games require little or no specialized equipment other than writing materials, though some such games have been commercialized as board games (
626:
aim is winning: in this sense, checkmate is the aim of chess. Common win conditions are being first to amass a certain quota of points or tokens (as in
1772:. Some simpler browser games appeal to more casual game-playing demographic groups (notably older audiences) that otherwise play very few video games.
39:
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Board games use as a central tool a board on which the players' status, resources, and progress are tracked using physical tokens. Many also involve
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sets with a boxed grid and pieces are available commercially). These games vary widely, from games centering on a design being drawn such as
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card game family that uses tiles numbered in ascending rank among four colors, very similar in makeup to a 2-deck "pack" of Anglo-American
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are examples of games that were originally played with a standard deck and have since been commercialized with customized decks. Some
171:, rules, and competition, all fail to adequately define what games are. From this, Wittgenstein concluded that people apply the term
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proved that games with several players have a stable solution provided that coalitions between players are disallowed. Nash won the
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Other definitions, however, as well as history, show that entertainment and games are not necessarily undertaken for monetary gain.
338:
Finally, if the player can only outperform the opponent, but not attack them to interfere with their performance, the conflict is a
1147:, are entirely deterministic, relying only on the strategy element for their interest. Such games are usually described as having "
400:"A game is a system in which players engage in an artificial conflict, defined by rules, that results in a quantifiable outcome." (
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549:. Other tools are more idiosyncratic to a certain region. Many countries in Europe, for instance, have unique standard decks of
1909:
The term "game" can include simulation or re-enactment of various activities or use in "real life" for various purposes: e.g.,
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require only very portable or improvised equipment and can be played on any flat level surface, while other examples, such as
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is one popular example, where players must succeed in each of four skills: artistry, live performance, trivia, and language.
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with separate sliding drawer, from 1390 to 1353 BC, made of glazed faience, dimensions: 5.5 × 7.7 × 21 cm, in the
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have been introduced to increase the number of dominoes available, which allows larger hands and more players in a game.
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are played with a small selection of cards that have been collected or purchased individually from large available sets.
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is perhaps the most famous example, though Liar's dice and Poker dice were originally conceived of as gambling games.
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1264:, etc.), a regional deck using 32, 36 or 40 cards and different suit signs (such as for the popular German game
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for permissible action. For example, the aim of chess is to checkmate, but although it is expected that players will
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619:, the rights and responsibilities of the players, scoring techniques, preset boundaries, and each player's goals.
287:(Crawford notes that by his definition, (a) a toy can become a game element if the player makes up rules, and (b)
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Domino games are similar in many respects to card games, but the generic device is instead a set of tiles called
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scored on paper. These elements as used are simply the traditional and easiest methods to achieve their purpose.
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of player's choices can have the effect of a contract by preventing players from profiting from what is known as
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environment (an artificial opponent), against one's own skills, against time, or against chance. Playing with a
179:. As the following game definitions show, this conclusion was not a final one and today many philosophers, like
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Lastly, some games use graphical tiles to form a board layout, on which other elements of the game are played.
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Attested as early as 2600 BC, games are a universal part of human experience and present in all cultures. The
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461:. Major key elements identified in this context are tools and rules that define the overall context of game.
114:. Games generally involve mental or physical stimulation, and often both. Many games help develop practical
3011:
2199:
1478:, an abstract strategy game using tiles as moving pieces, has mechanical and strategic elements similar to
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collectively known as Tarot, Tarock or
Tarocchi games), or a deck specific to the individual game (such as
163:
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De
Schutter, Bob (March 2011). "Never Too Old to Play: The Appeal of Digital Games to an Older Audience".
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are similar in theory but are triangular and thus have three values per tile. Similarly, a game known as
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and other elements. Some board games fall into multiple groups or incorporate elements of other genres:
183:, think that Wittgenstein was wrong and that Bernard Suits' definition is a good answer to the problem.
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into multiplayer games allows a new type of equilibrium strategy not found in traditional games. The
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instead are the central indicator of the person's standing in the game. Popular dice games include
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involve mental skill, strategy, and an element of chance, as do many strategic board games such as
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were at least as widely famous for their games as for their strictly educational value. In 1958,
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Many game tools are tokens, meant to represent other things. A token may be a pawn on a board,
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378:, make decisions in order to manage resources through game tokens in the pursuit of a goal." (
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to a range of disparate human activities that bear to one another only what one might call
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Simon C. Benjamin & Patrick M. Hayden (13 August 2001). "Multiplayer quantum games".
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The rules of a game may be distinguished from its aims. For most competitive games, the
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1006:(pitch). Variations of many games that are traditionally played on a sports field are
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1921:. The root of this meaning may originate in the human prehistory of games deduced by
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1174:. Trivia games have a great deal of randomness based on the questions a person gets.
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1929:, in which children's games mimic the activities of adults to a significant degree:
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Card games use a deck of cards as their central tool. These cards may be a standard
199:(1961), defined a game as an activity that must have the following characteristics:
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Games can be characterized by "what the player does". This is often referred to as
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may be traced primarily through the development and evolution of its game pieces.
382:) According to this definition, some "games" that do not involve choices, such as
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was probably the first academic philosopher to address the definition of the word
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Modern online games are played using an
Internet connection; some have dedicated
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are notable for often having rather less of a luck factor than many board games.
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as "lawn games" for home use in a front or back yard. Common lawn games include
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having virtually no decisions to be made. By some definitions, such as that by
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combine strategy and chance. Many card and board games combine all three; most
753:. However, most games contain two or all three of these elements. For example,
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checkmate the other player whenever possible. Similarly, it is not a rule of
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320:(Crawford admits that this is a subjective test. Video games with noticeably
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requires players to decide the best strategic move based on the roll of two
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also involve physical coordination and are popular for similar reasons.
797:"Single-player game" redirects here. For single-player video games, see
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Games are often characterized by their tools and rules. While rules are
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A game's tools and rules will result in its requiring skill, strategy,
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397:"A game is a form of play with goals and structure." (Kevin J. Maroney)
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However, if attacks are allowed, then the conflict qualifies as a game.
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If a challenge has no "active agent against whom you compete", it is a
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There are many genres of video game; the first commercial video game,
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Most other board games combine strategy and luck factors; the game of
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located. However, many games falling into this category, particularly
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is an easily organized, impromptu game that requires little equipment.
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can be played as puzzles; these include the patterns used to evade
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has also been appropriated by the video game industry to describe
1971: – Association of people united by a common interest or goal
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to checkmate each other, it is not a rule of chess that a player
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defined the term in the context of computers. Using a series of
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is a domino game more similar in its play to a "trick-taking"
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them; it rarely (if ever) requires luck or demanding skills.
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Truth and Speech Acts: Studies in the
Philosophy of Language
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1937:, etc. These kinds of games are preserved in modern times.
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are not technically games any more than a slot machine is.
167:, Wittgenstein argued that the elements of games, such as
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Moral calculations: game theory, logic, and human frailty
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have been part of culture from the very earliest days of
1366:. As dice are, by their very nature, designed to produce
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Laszlo Mero; Anna C. Gosi-Greguss; David Kramer (1998).
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Schwyzer, Hubert (October 1969). "Rules and
Practices".
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that uses a set of tiles with card-like values and art.
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206:: the activity is chosen for its light-hearted character
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for economics for this important result which extended
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374:"A game is a form of art in which participants, termed
2897:(Philadelphia: Wiley, 1971), reprinted Krieger, 1979.
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A selection of pieces from different games. From top:
2069: – Electronic game played on a personal computer
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for successful action, whereas the rule identifies a
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If no goals are associated with a plaything, it is a
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
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Games can take a variety of forms, from competitive
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224:: participation does not accomplish anything useful
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2036: – Study of games and the act of playing them
1880:, which controls the vast majority of the market.
1874:. As of 2009, the most successful MMORPG has been
1834:. Online multi-player games, often referred to as
1739:dominated Visitor's Day and drew attention to the
970:Association football is a popular sport worldwide.
1272:of 78 cards (used in Europe to play a variety of
900:, no good general theory has yet been developed.
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1913:, analysis, prediction. Well-known examples are
1094:. In addition, dedicated drinking games such as
564:, or an intangible item such as a point scored.
2847:"Roleplay Simulation for Teaching and Learning"
1836:massively multiplayer online role playing games
761:involve both physical skill and strategy while
701:, and stake, and games of mental skill such as
2652:Kemp, Gary (2007). "Assertion as a practice".
2393:
2012: – Overview of and topical guide to games
1532:, to solitaire and logic puzzle games such as
1442:Some other games use tiles in place of cards;
888:games. Nash's stable solution is known as the
670:
505:by the components required to play them (e.g.
218:: the outcome of the activity is unforeseeable
79:or games involving an artistic layout such as
2924:
2297:
907:, it has been found that the introduction of
2666:
2427:
2194:
2054: – Video game played on a mobile device
1729:computers. Early commercial systems such as
1577:, and similar. The genre also includes many
604:can be played with "real" baseballs or with
580:can be radically different depending on the
2780:
2328:
2326:
2006: – Concept in education and psychology
1431:Variations of traditional dominoes abound:
3028:
2931:
2917:
2484:Suits, Bernard (1967). "What Is a Game?".
2114:
1626:A computer or video game uses one or more
1502:, for instance, is based on the idea of a
998:are outdoor games that can be played on a
749:; most require equipment such as cards or
2826:"An Analysis of MMOG Subscription Growth"
2741:
2534:
2332:
1485:
685:include games of physical skill, such as
2823:
2694:
2692:
2612:"Truth and assertion: rules versus aims"
2563:
2323:
2306:"Podcast Episode 203: Notes and Queries"
2273:
2250:
1690:In more open-ended video games, such as
1381:
1325:
1228:
1115:
965:
932:
847:(1520) depicting a multiplayer card game
835:
468:
38:
2609:
2421:
2404:Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals
2362:
212:: it is circumscribed in time and place
14:
3044:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2244:
2188:
1986: – Hobbyist who plays video games
792:
197:Les jeux et les hommes (Games and Men)
149:
2912:
2689:
2605:
2603:
2483:
2338:"I Have No Words & I Must Design"
2226:"Was Wittgenstein Wrong About Games?"
2137:
1775:
2651:
2303:
824:
453:Gameplay elements and classification
365:
141:are some of the oldest known games.
2671:Game Theory and the Social Contract
2262:
1520:, to letter and word games such as
855:as the players may form and switch
102:Key components of games are goals,
24:
2883:
2600:
1516:and "connect-the-dots" games like
301:If it has goals, a plaything is a
25:
3078:
2824:Woodcock, Bruce Sterling (2008).
1883:
1666:). More esoteric devices such as
1543:
1033:
598:subject to variations and changes
591:
588:course, even with the same cars.
240:
186:
3027:
2865:"Roleplay Simulation Gamer Site"
2176:. MacGregor Historic Games. 2006
1947:
1458:is another game very similar to
1053:Dexterity and coordination games
261:if made for its own beauty, and
2938:
2857:
2839:
2817:
2774:
2719:
2660:
2645:
2557:
2528:
2477:
2448:
2434:. University Press of America.
2387:
2356:
2138:Green, William (19 June 2008).
1707:
1670:have also been used for input.
1420:are very popular domino games.
1123:is an American adaptation of a
3057:26th-century BC establishments
2610:Marsili, Neri (12 June 2018).
2218:
2166:
2131:
2115:Soubeyrand, Catherine (2000).
2108:
1745:Brookhaven National Laboratory
1602:
1105:
862:
415:among two or more independent
268:A piece of entertainment is a
144:
13:
1:
2280:Chris Crawford on Game Design
2076:
1898:
1679:, was a simple simulation of
1619:Video games are computer- or
1315:
1212:
990:
2201:Philosophical Investigations
1662:or a motion sensitive tool (
164:Philosophical Investigations
7:
1940:
1335:Dice games use a number of
671:Skill, strategy, and chance
314:; if there is one, it is a
10:
3083:
2760:10.1103/PhysRevA.64.030301
2304:Ross, Greg (4 June 2018).
2021: – Basic unit of play
1960:
1902:
1887:
1779:
1711:
1612:
1606:
1547:
1489:
1385:
1319:
1222:
1216:
1181:Board game groups include
1109:
1037:
959:
926:
866:
828:
796:
615:Rules generally determine
29:
3025:
2947:
2463:. J. Wiley. p. 405.
2407:. MIT Press. p. 80.
1704:as an example of a toy.)
1368:apparently random numbers
955:
713:include checkers, chess,
419:seeking to achieve their
67:, usually undertaken for
47:game board inscribed for
2795:10.1177/1555412010364978
2705:. New York: Copernicus.
2566:The Philosophical Review
2535:McGonigal, Jane (2011).
1176:German-style board games
987:began with sports fans.
978:Popular sports may have
922:
799:Single-player video game
729:include gambling games (
464:
63:is a structured type of
2365:"My Entire Waking Life"
2363:Maroney, Kevin (2001).
1439:uses four-sided tiles.
1191:abstract strategy games
1127:, originating in India.
617:the time-keeping system
325:artificial intelligence
257:Creative expression is
27:Structured form of play
2256:Les jeux et les hommes
2117:"The Royal Game of Ur"
2067:Personal computer game
1838:, or MMORPGs, include
1808:a genre of video games
1790:Dungeons & Dragons
1486:Pencil and paper games
1332:
1296:collectible card games
1284:1000 Blank White Cards
1241:
1128:
971:
941:
848:
831:Multiplayer video game
553:. Other games such as
498:
344:(Competitions include
56:
2667:K.G. Binmore (1994).
2631:10.1093/analys/any008
2486:Philosophy of Science
2428:Clark C. Abt (1987).
2204:. Oxford: Blackwell.
2004:Learning through play
1990:Girls' games and toys
1751:was known mainly for
1492:Paper-and-pencil game
1382:Domino and tile games
1329:
1232:
1225:Collectible card game
1223:Further information:
1119:
969:
936:
839:
747:rock, paper, scissors
638:). There may also be
472:
299:are toys, not games.)
42:
32:Game (disambiguation)
2196:Wittgenstein, Ludwig
2091:"Definition of GAME"
1747:; during the 1980s,
1446:is a variant of the
1301:Magic: The Gathering
1139:Some games, such as
882:von Neumann's theory
741:, etc.), as well as
648:sufficient condition
646:An aim identifies a
30:For other uses, see
3033:List of game genres
2891:Sutton-Smith, Brian
2853:on 5 February 2008.
2752:2001PhRvA..64c0301B
2457:Sutton-Smith, Brian
2375:on 21 November 2008
2144:2008 Summer Journey
1149:perfect information
929:List of game genres
909:quantum information
905:quantum game theory
793:Single-player games
652:necessary condition
489:, Monopoly hotels,
191:French sociologist
177:family resemblances
155:Ludwig Wittgenstein
150:Ludwig Wittgenstein
3062:Leisure activities
2895:The Study of Games
2461:The Study of Games
2174:"History of Games"
2119:. The Game Cabinet
2027: – Latin word
1927:primitive cultures
1776:Role-playing games
1668:paddle controllers
1372:probability theory
1333:
1274:trick-taking games
1248:(52-card) deck of
1242:
1157:Chutes and Ladders
1129:
972:
942:
849:
775:trick-taking games
743:snakes and ladders
519:a board and pieces
499:
436:Brian Sutton-Smith
384:Chutes and Ladders
265:if made for money.
97:chess championship
57:
3039:
3038:
2783:Games and Culture
2729:Physical Review A
2712:978-0-387-98419-3
2682:978-0-262-02444-0
2550:978-0-14-312061-2
2543:. Penguin Books.
2539:Reality is Broken
2470:978-0-471-03839-9
2441:978-0-8191-6148-2
2414:978-0-262-24045-1
2369:The Games Journal
2344:on 12 August 2008
2290:978-0-88134-117-1
2211:978-0-631-23127-1
2140:"Big Game Hunter"
1877:World of Warcraft
1825:The Elder Scrolls
1804:role-playing game
1782:Role-playing game
1584:Win, Lose or Draw
1538:crossword puzzles
1467:Settlers of Catan
1238:Theodoor Rombouts
952:and video games.
825:Multiplayer games
783:Settlers of Catan
755:American football
711:Games of strategy
628:Settlers of Catan
535:soccer (football)
425:limiting context.
366:Other definitions
228:governed by rules
43:Ancient Egyptian
16:(Redirected from
3074:
3031:
3030:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2910:
2909:
2889:Avedon, Elliot;
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2849:. Archived from
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2745:
2743:quant-ph/0007038
2723:
2717:
2716:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2674:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2616:
2607:
2598:
2597:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2542:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2455:Avedon, Elliot;
2452:
2446:
2445:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2371:. Archived from
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2340:. Archived from
2330:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2271:
2260:
2259:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2150:. Archived from
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2087:
2072:
2063:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2015:
1999:History of games
1995:
1974:
1963:Outline of games
1957:
1952:
1951:
1764:programs, while
1638:combination (on
1596:$ 25,000 Pyramid
1504:crossword puzzle
890:Nash equilibrium
845:Lucas van Leyden
841:The Card Players
501:Games are often
131:Royal Game of Ur
55:(New York City).
21:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3021:
2943:
2937:
2886:
2884:Further reading
2881:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2830:
2828:
2822:
2818:
2779:
2775:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2665:
2661:
2650:
2646:
2614:
2608:
2601:
2578:10.2307/2184198
2562:
2558:
2551:
2533:
2529:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2399:Zimmerman, Eric
2392:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2334:Costikyan, Greg
2331:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2310:Futility Closet
2302:
2298:
2291:
2275:Crawford, Chris
2272:
2263:
2252:Caillois, Roger
2249:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2230:Nigel Warburton
2224:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2154:on 20 June 2008
2136:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2095:Merriam-Webster
2089:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2070:
2061:
2046:
2037:
2028:
2013:
1993:
1972:
1965:
1953:
1946:
1943:
1925:from observing
1907:
1905:Simulation game
1901:
1892:
1886:
1784:
1778:
1768:require only a
1716:
1710:
1617:
1615:Electronic game
1611:
1605:
1552:
1546:
1494:
1488:
1394:
1388:Tile-based game
1386:Main articles:
1384:
1324:
1318:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1114:
1108:
1055:
1042:
1036:
993:
964:
958:
931:
925:
871:
865:
834:
827:
802:
795:
727:Games of chance
699:target shooting
673:
594:
467:
455:
417:decision-makers
368:
243:
189:
152:
147:
53:Brooklyn Museum
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3080:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3037:
3036:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2936:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2867:. Playburg.com
2856:
2838:
2816:
2789:(2): 155–170.
2773:
2718:
2711:
2688:
2681:
2659:
2644:
2625:(4): 638–648.
2599:
2572:(4): 451–467.
2556:
2549:
2527:
2498:10.1086/288138
2492:(2): 148–156.
2476:
2469:
2447:
2440:
2420:
2413:
2386:
2355:
2322:
2296:
2289:
2283:. New Riders.
2261:
2243:
2217:
2210:
2187:
2165:
2130:
2107:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2064:
2055:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2022:
2016:
2007:
2001:
1996:
1987:
1981:
1978:Game mechanics
1975:
1961:Main article:
1959:
1958:
1942:
1939:
1903:Main article:
1900:
1897:
1888:Main article:
1885:
1884:Business games
1882:
1865:Anarchy Online
1780:Main article:
1777:
1774:
1736:Tennis for Two
1712:Main article:
1709:
1706:
1656:computer games
1630:, typically a
1621:microprocessor
1607:Main article:
1604:
1601:
1548:Main article:
1545:
1544:Guessing games
1542:
1490:Main article:
1487:
1484:
1383:
1380:
1320:Main article:
1317:
1314:
1246:Anglo-American
1240:, 17th century
1217:Main article:
1214:
1211:
1161:Greg Costikyan
1110:Main article:
1107:
1104:
1092:drinking games
1063:paper football
1054:
1051:
1038:Main article:
1035:
1034:Tabletop games
1032:
992:
989:
960:Main article:
957:
954:
924:
921:
867:Main article:
864:
861:
826:
823:
794:
791:
683:Games of skill
672:
669:
593:
592:Rules and aims
590:
567:Games such as
466:
463:
454:
451:
450:
449:
446:Jane McGonigal
442:
439:
432:
411:"A game is an
409:
406:Eric Zimmerman
398:
395:
380:Greg Costikyan
372:
367:
364:
356:
355:
350:figure skating
336:
306:
279:
266:
247:Chris Crawford
245:Game designer
242:
241:Chris Crawford
239:
238:
237:
231:
225:
222:non-productive
219:
213:
207:
195:, in his book
193:Roger Caillois
188:
187:Roger Caillois
185:
151:
148:
146:
143:
77:jigsaw puzzles
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3079:
3068:
3067:Entertainment
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3034:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2922:
2920:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2904:
2903:0-89874-045-2
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2866:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2827:
2820:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2736:(3): 030301.
2735:
2731:
2730:
2722:
2714:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2695:
2693:
2684:
2678:
2675:. MIT Press.
2673:
2672:
2663:
2655:
2648:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2613:
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2487:
2480:
2472:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2443:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2431:Serious Games
2424:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2343:
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2327:
2311:
2307:
2300:
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2270:
2268:
2266:
2257:
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2231:
2227:
2221:
2213:
2207:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2175:
2169:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2118:
2111:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2082:
2068:
2065:
2059:
2058:N-player game
2056:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2011:
2010:List of games
2008:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1956:
1950:
1945:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1896:
1891:
1890:Team building
1881:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1813:Final Fantasy
1809:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
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1746:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1692:sandbox games
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1664:console games
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1628:input devices
1624:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1576:
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1570:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1551:
1550:Guessing game
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1529:Scattergories
1525:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:playing cards
1449:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:Mexican Train
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
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1328:
1323:
1313:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1271:
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1255:
1252:(such as for
1251:
1250:playing cards
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1234:Playing Cards
1231:
1226:
1220:
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1200:
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69:entertainment
66:
62:
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49:Amenhotep III
46:
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2982:Role-playing
2939:
2894:
2869:. Retrieved
2859:
2851:the original
2841:
2829:. Retrieved
2819:
2786:
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2776:
2733:
2727:
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2701:
2670:
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2423:
2403:
2395:Salen, Katie
2389:
2377:. Retrieved
2373:the original
2368:
2358:
2346:. Retrieved
2342:the original
2313:. Retrieved
2309:
2299:
2279:
2258:. Gallimard.
2255:
2246:
2234:. Retrieved
2220:
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2190:
2178:. Retrieved
2168:
2156:. Retrieved
2152:the original
2143:
2133:
2121:. Retrieved
2110:
2098:. Retrieved
2094:
2085:
1955:Games portal
1923:anthropology
1919:role-playing
1908:
1893:
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1869:
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1857:
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1811:
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1801:
1794:
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1759:
1752:
1741:oscilloscope
1734:
1719:Online games
1717:
1708:Online games
1699:
1689:
1681:table tennis
1674:
1672:
1640:arcade games
1625:
1618:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1572:
1566:
1562:Catch Phrase
1560:
1553:
1527:
1521:
1511:
1497:
1495:
1464:
1441:
1430:
1418:Chicken Foot
1405:
1401:
1395:
1341:
1334:
1306:
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1277:
1243:
1233:
1180:
1165:
1138:
1130:
1087:table hockey
1056:
1043:
1004:sports field
994:
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913:entanglement
902:
894:
872:
850:
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681:
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640:intermediate
639:
623:
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456:
429:Clark C. Abt
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181:Thomas Hurka
172:
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128:
120:simulational
101:
93:
60:
58:
36:
3012:Traditional
2831:16 November
2315:25 December
2052:Mobile game
1933:, warring,
1847:EverQuest 2
1831:Mass Effect
1770:web browser
1727:time-shared
1714:Online game
1696:Will Wright
1603:Video games
1508:tic-tac-toe
1471:Carcassonne
1437:Quad-Ominos
1406:double-nine
1356:Liar's dice
1106:Board games
1047:party games
950:board games
878:Nobel prize
869:Game theory
863:Game theory
853:game theory
819:recreations
809:or playing
787:Carcassonne
763:tiddlywinks
723:tic-tac-toe
606:wiffleballs
402:Katie Salen
340:competition
322:algorithmic
276:interactive
251:dichotomies
145:Definitions
112:interaction
89:video games
3046:Categories
2977:Redemption
2077:References
1899:Simulation
1859:MapleStory
1853:Guild Wars
1749:Xerox PARC
1660:controller
1613:See also:
1609:Video game
1579:game shows
1574:Pictionary
1513:Pictionary
1433:Triominoes
1402:double-six
1364:Poker dice
1316:Dice games
1270:tarot deck
1213:Card games
1195:word games
1183:race games
1168:backgammon
1153:Candy Land
1112:Board game
1079:air hockey
1028:lawn bowls
1012:horseshoes
996:Lawn games
991:Lawn games
980:spectators
938:Tug of war
927:See also:
857:coalitions
691:tug of war
562:play money
547:volleyball
531:basketball
507:miniatures
503:classified
421:objectives
388:Candy Land
329:ghosts in
234:fictitious
87:, or some
2811:220317720
2803:1555-4120
2639:0003-2638
2586:0031-8108
2522:119699909
2506:0031-8248
2379:17 August
2348:17 August
2180:5 October
2158:5 October
2123:5 October
2043:Ludomania
2025:Ludibrium
1969:Game club
1915:war games
1841:RuneScape
1802:The term
1723:networked
1652:trackball
1426:card game
1322:Dice game
1219:Card game
1121:Parcheesi
1100:beer pong
1075:billiards
874:John Nash
731:blackjack
695:hopscotch
687:wrestling
636:checkmate
578:auto race
303:challenge
274:if it is
271:plaything
216:uncertain
161:. In his
108:challenge
85:solitaire
3007:Tabletop
2997:Strategy
2967:Guessing
2962:Gambling
2952:Children
2768:32056578
2619:Analysis
2459:(1971).
2401:(2003).
2336:(1994).
2277:(2003).
2254:(1957).
2198:(1953).
2034:Ludology
1941:See also
1911:training
1754:Maze War
1658:); or a
1644:keyboard
1636:joystick
1590:Password
1581:such as
1557:Charades
1499:Scrabble
1444:Rummikub
1422:Texas 42
1398:dominoes
1392:Dominoes
1309:Cribbage
1298:such as
1199:wargames
1096:quarters
1083:foosball
1008:marketed
917:betrayal
898:conflict
886:zero-sum
771:Monopoly
759:baseball
739:roulette
703:checkers
664:football
632:Monopoly
624:ultimate
612:-rules.
602:baseball
523:computer
495:checkers
487:dominoes
485:tokens,
483:Monopoly
459:gameplay
423:in some
413:activity
316:conflict
290:The Sims
210:separate
2871:29 July
2748:Bibcode
2594:2184198
2236:28 June
1935:nursing
1931:hunting
1743:at the
1701:SimCity
1518:sprouts
1456:Mahjong
1410:Muggins
1343:Yahtzee
1207:Cranium
1189:games,
1125:Pachisi
1071:pinball
1020:croquet
815:puzzles
735:Mahjong
539:cricket
521:, or a
497:pieces.
479:marbles
477:pawns,
376:players
331:Pac-Man
296:SimCity
139:Mancala
81:Mahjong
3002:Street
2957:Chance
2942:genres
2901:
2809:
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2208:
2019:Ludeme
1868:, and
1828:, and
1766:others
1762:client
1632:button
1534:Sudoku
1523:Boggle
1506:, and
1416:, and
1362:, and
1360:Perudo
1348:Farkle
1254:bridge
1203:trivia
1197:, and
1085:, and
1065:, and
1026:, and
985:fandom
956:Sports
946:sports
811:tennis
785:, and
769:, and
721:, and
719:arimaa
586:street
545:, and
543:tennis
390:, and
346:racing
311:puzzle
137:, and
126:role.
116:skills
110:, and
3052:Games
3017:Video
2992:Sport
2987:Skill
2972:Party
2807:S2CID
2764:S2CID
2738:arXiv
2615:(PDF)
2590:JSTOR
2518:S2CID
2510:JSTOR
2100:7 May
1984:Gamer
1871:Dofus
1819:Fable
1796:GURPS
1731:Plato
1685:chess
1648:mouse
1642:); a
1568:Taboo
1480:chess
1460:Rummy
1448:Rummy
1376:Craps
1352:Bunco
1268:), a
1262:Rummy
1258:poker
1236:, by
1141:chess
1067:Jenga
1059:jacks
1024:bocce
1016:sholf
962:Sport
923:Types
807:yo-yo
767:poker
707:chess
582:track
555:chess
527:rugby
515:cards
491:jacks
475:Chess
465:Tools
135:Senet
122:, or
104:rules
45:senet
18:Games
2940:Game
2899:ISBN
2873:2009
2833:2008
2799:ISSN
2707:ISBN
2677:ISBN
2635:ISSN
2582:ISSN
2545:ISBN
2502:ISSN
2465:ISBN
2436:ISBN
2409:ISBN
2381:2008
2350:2008
2317:2023
2285:ISBN
2238:2013
2206:ISBN
2182:2008
2160:2008
2148:Time
2125:2008
2102:2017
1917:and
1793:and
1725:and
1676:Pong
1593:and
1536:and
1526:and
1476:Hive
1469:and
1390:and
1337:dice
1331:row.
1292:Rook
1290:and
1266:skat
1172:dice
1155:and
1143:and
1133:dice
1098:and
1000:lawn
779:Risk
757:and
751:dice
745:and
705:and
677:luck
660:must
610:meta
511:ball
509:, a
493:and
404:and
348:and
293:and
173:game
169:play
159:game
65:play
61:game
2791:doi
2756:doi
2627:doi
2574:doi
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1698:'s
1650:or
1288:Uno
1286:).
1282:or
1279:Set
948:to
903:In
884:of
843:by
817:or
656:try
584:or
573:tag
571:or
427:" (
392:War
283:toy
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