γ-Hydroxybutyric acid

49: 1793: 663: 640: 1831:. It can only be used legally by health professionals and for university research purposes. The substance can be given by pharmacists under a prescription. Anyone who supplies the substance without prescription can be fined HK$ 10,000. The penalty for trafficking or manufacturing the substance is a HK$ 150,000 fine and life imprisonment. Possession of the substance for consumption without license from the Department of Health is illegal with a HK$ 100,000 fine or five years of jail time. 1171: 1839:

perception among legislators that all known analogues should be covered as far as this was possible. Attempts to circumvent the illegal status of GHB have led to the sale of derivatives such as 4-methyl-GHB (γ-hydroxyvaleric acid, GHV) and its prodrug form γ-valerolactone (GVL), but these are also covered under the law by virtue of their being "substantially similar" to GHB or GBL, so importation, sale, possession and use of these compounds is also considered to be illegal.

1679: 1108: 1128:, and a survey in the Netherlands published in 2010 found that the proportion of drug-related rapes where GHB was used appeared to be greatly overestimated by the media. More recently, a study in Western Australia reviewed the pre-hospital context given in medical records around emergency department presentations with analytical confirmation of GHB exposure. This study found that most cases reported daily dosing and subsequent 58: 1350:. People are most likely to vomit as they become unconscious, and as they wake up. It is important to keep the victim awake and moving; the victim must not be left alone due to the risk of death through vomiting. Frequently the victim will be in a good mood but this does not mean the victim is not in danger. GHB overdose is a medical emergency and immediate assessment in an emergency department is needed. 6830: 6826: 1746:, although eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome is also tied to tryptophan overload. In 2001 tryptophan supplement sales were allowed to resume, and in 2005 the FDA ban on tryptophan supplement importation was lifted. By November 1989 57 cases of illness caused by the GHB supplements had been reported to the 1400:

GHB may be quantitated in blood or plasma to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients, to provide evidence in an impaired driving, or to assist in a medicolegal death investigation. Blood or plasma GHB concentrations are usually in a range of 50–250 mg/L in persons receiving the

1027:

Recreational doses of 1–2 g generally provide a feeling of euphoria, and larger doses create deleterious effects such as reduced motor function and drowsiness. The sodium salt of GHB has a salty taste. Other salt forms such as calcium GHB and magnesium GHB have also been reported, but the sodium

1823:

recommended upgrading it from schedule IV to schedule II in line with UN recommendations. Their report concluded that the minimal use of Xyrem in the UK meant that prescribers would be minimally inconvenienced by the rescheduling. This advice was followed and GHB was moved to schedule 2 on 7 January

1723:

agent and was marketed for that purpose starting in 1964 in Europe but it was not widely adopted as it caused seizures; as of 2006 that use was still authorized in France and Italy but not widely used. It was also studied to treat alcohol addiction; while the evidence for this use is weak; however,

1698:

Both of the metabolic breakdown pathways shown for GHB can run in either direction, depending on the concentrations of the substances involved, so the body can make its own GHB either from GABA or from succinic semialdehyde. Under normal physiological conditions, the concentration of GHB in the body

1200:

One report has suggested that sodium oxybate overdose might be fatal, based on deaths of three patients who had been prescribed the drug. However, for two of the three cases, post-mortem GHB concentrations were 141 and 110 mg/L, which is within the expected range of concentrations for GHB after

1123:

It is also difficult to establish how often GHB is used to facilitate rape as it is difficult to detect in a urine sample after a day, and many victims may only recall the rape some time after its occurrence; however, a 2006 study suggested that there was "no evidence to suggest widespread date rape

1119:

by the late 1990s. GHB is colourless and odorless and has been described as "very easy to add to drinks". When consumed, the victim will quickly feel groggy and sleepy and may become unconscious. Upon recovery they may have an impaired ability to recall events that have occurred during the period of

5059:

Castelli MP, Ferraro L, Mocci I, Carta F, Carai MA, Antonelli T, et al. (November 2003). "Selective gamma-hydroxybutyric acid receptor ligands increase extracellular glutamate in the hippocampus, but fail to activate G protein and to produce the sedative/hypnotic effect of gamma-hydroxybutyric

1686:

Only a minor portion (1–5%) of the administered GHB dose is excreted unchanged in the urine. Studies have shown that the maximum concentration of GHB in urine appears within 1 hour and rapidly declines thereafter. The vast majority (95–98%) undergoes extensive metabolism in the liver. GHB is broken

1401:

drug therapeutically (during general anesthesia), 30–100 mg/L in those arrested for impaired driving, 50–500 mg/L in acutely intoxicated patients and 100–1000 mg/L in victims of fatal overdosage. Urine is often the preferred specimen for routine drug abuse monitoring purposes. Both

1187:

In humans, GHB has been shown to reduce the elimination rate of alcohol. This may explain the respiratory arrest that has been reported after ingestion of both drugs. A review of the details of 194 deaths attributed to or related to GHB over a ten-year period found that most were from respiratory

4217:

Department of Health and Human Services, SAMHSA Office of Applied Studies 2005 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (ages 12 years and up); American Heart Association; Johns Hopkins University study, Principles of Addiction Medicine; Psychology Today; National Gambling Impact Commission Study;

1455:

The precise function of GHB in the body is not clear. It is known, however, that the brain expresses a large number of receptors that are activated by GHB. These receptors are excitatory, however, and therefore not responsible for the sedative effects of GHB; they have been shown to elevate the

1276:

that usually resolves within three to twenty-one days. The withdrawal syndrome can be severe producing acute delirium and may require hospitalization in an intensive care unit for management. Management of GHB dependence involves considering the person's age, comorbidity and the pharmacological

5768:

Banerjee PK, Snead OC (June 1995). "Presynaptic gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and gamma-aminobutyric acidB (GABAB) receptor-mediated release of GABA and glutamate (GLU) in rat thalamic ventrobasal nucleus (VB): a possible mechanism for the generation of absence-like seizures induced by GHB".

1391:

antagonist, quickly reverses GHB overdose in mice. However, this treatment has yet to be tried in humans, and it is unlikely that it will be researched for this purpose in humans due to the illegal nature of clinical trials of GHB and the lack of medical indemnity coverage inherent in using an

1838:

In New Zealand and Australia, GHB, 1,4-B, and GBL are all Class B illegal drugs, along with any possible esters, ethers, and aldehydes. GABA itself is also listed as an illegal drug in these jurisdictions, which seems unusual given its failure to cross the blood–brain barrier, but there was a

1588:

The role of the GHB receptor in the behavioural effects induced by GHB is more complex. GHB receptors are densely expressed in many areas of the brain, including the cortex and hippocampus, and these are the receptors that GHB displays the highest affinity for. There has been somewhat limited

1640:

This explains the paradoxical mix of sedative and stimulatory properties of GHB, as well as the so-called "rebound" effect, experienced by individuals using GHB as a sleeping agent, wherein they awake suddenly after several hours of GHB-induced deep sleep. That is to say that, over time, the

1293:

has been suggested as an alternative or adjunct to benzodiazepines based on anecdotal evidence and some animal data. However, there is less experience with the use of baclofen for GHB withdrawal, and additional research in humans is needed. Baclofen was first suggested as an adjunct because

1196:

One publication has investigated 226 deaths attributed to GHB. Of the 226 deaths included, 213 had a cardiorespiratory arrest and 13 had fatal accidents. 71 deaths (34%) had no co-intoxicants. Postmortem blood GHB was 18–4400 mg/L (median=347) in deaths negative for co-intoxicants.

1765:

At the same time, research on the use of GHB in the form of sodium oxybate had formalized, as a company called Orphan Medical had filed an investigational new drug application and was running clinical trials with the intention of gaining regulatory approval for use to treat narcolepsy.

1568:

or tryptophan itself in the extracellular space, possibly by increasing tryptophan transport across the blood–brain barrier. The blood content of certain neutral amino-acids, including tryptophan, is also increased by peripheral GHB administration. GHB-induced stimulation of tissue

1718:

to use in studying the neurotransmitter GABA. It was studied in a range of uses including obstetric surgery and during childbirth and as an anxiolytic; there were anecdotal reports of it having antidepressant and aphrodisiac effects as well. It was also studied as an intravenous

1573:

turnover may be due to an increase in tryptophan transport to the brain and in its uptake by serotonergic cells. As the serotonergic system may be involved in the regulation of sleep, mood, and anxiety, the stimulation of this system by high doses of GHB may be involved in certain

3102: 1143:, died from GHB poisoning. Reid's death inspired the legislation titled the "Hillory J. Farias and Samantha Reid Date-Rape Drug Prohibition Act of 2000". This is the law that made GHB a Schedule 1 controlled substance. In the United Kingdom, British serial killer 1208:

GHB is produced in the body in very small amounts, and blood levels may climb after death to levels in the range of 30–50 mg/L. Levels higher than this are found in GHB deaths. Levels lower than this may be due to GHB or to postmortem endogenous elevations.

1804:

of the Controlled Substances Act in March 2000. However, used in sodium oxybate under an IND or NDA from the US FDA, it is considered a Schedule III substance but with Schedule I trafficking penalties, one of several drugs that are listed in multiple schedules.

1024:(or "GABA") receptor sites. The effects of GHB can last from 1.5 to 4 hours, or longer if large doses have been consumed. Consuming GHB with alcohol can cause respiratory arrest and vomiting in combination with unarousable sleep, which can lead to death. 1345:

of vomitus, positional asphyxia, and trauma sustained while intoxicated (e.g., motor vehicle accidents while driving under the influence of GHB). The risk of aspiration pneumonia and positional asphyxia risk can be reduced by laying the patient down in the

1834:

In Canada, GHB has been a Schedule I controlled substance since 6 November 2012 (the same schedule that contains heroin and cocaine). Prior to that date, it was a Schedule III controlled substance (the same schedule that contains amphetamines and LSD).

1589:

research into the GHB receptor; however, there is evidence that activation of the GHB receptor in some brain areas results in the release of glutamate, the principal excitatory neurotransmitter. Drugs that selectively activate the GHB receptor cause

1502:

GHB is also produced as a result of fermentation and so is found in small quantities in some beers and wines, in particular fruit wines. The amount found in wine is pharmacologically insignificant and not sufficient to produce psychoactive effects.

1687:

down through a series of enzymatic pathways. The primary route involves conversion to succinic semialdehyde (SSA) by either GHB dehydrogenase (ADH) or GHB transhydrogenase. SSA is further oxidized by succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) to

1656:, and 4-phenyl-GHB have been shown to produce similar effects to GHB in some animal studies, but these compounds are even less well researched than GHB itself. Of these analogues, only 4-methyl-GHB (γ-hydroxyvaleric acid, GHV) and a prodrug form 1375:

Because of the faster and more complete absorption of GBL relative to GHB, its dose-response curve is steeper, and overdoses of GBL tend to be more dangerous and problematic than overdoses involving only GHB or 1,4-B. Any GHB/GBL overdose is a

8525: 4174:

Sgaravatti AM, Magnusson AS, Oliveira AS, Mescka CP, Zanin F, Sgarbi MB, et al. (June 2009). "Effects of 1,4-butanediol administration on oxidative stress in rat brain: study of the neurotoxicity of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in vivo".

14172: 1317:

Overdose of GHB can sometimes be difficult to treat because of its multiple effects on the body. GHB tends to cause rapid unconsciousness at doses above 3500 mg, with single doses over 7000 mg often causing life-threatening

5244:

Wu Y, Ali S, Ahmadian G, Liu CC, Wang YT, Gibson KM, et al. (December 2004). "Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and gamma-aminobutyric acidB receptor (GABABR) binding sites are distinctive from one another: molecular evidence".

4899:

Kemmel V, Taleb O, Perard A, Andriamampandry C, Siffert JC, Mark J, et al. (October 1998). "Neurochemical and electrophysiological evidence for the existence of a functional gamma-hydroxybutyrate system in NCB-20 neurons".

13991: 2428:

Leone MA, Vigna-Taglianti F, Avanzi G, Brambilla R, Faggiano F, et al. (Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group) (February 2010). "Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) for treatment of alcohol withdrawal and prevention of relapses".

1058:, to form the GHB salt. Due to the ease of manufacture and the availability of its precursors, it is not usually produced in illicit laboratories like other synthetic drugs, but in private homes by low-level producers. 14618: 13996: 5138:

Gobaille S, Hechler V, Andriamampandry C, Kemmel V, Maitre M (July 1999). "gamma-Hydroxybutyrate modulates synthesis and extracellular concentration of gamma-aminobutyric acid in discrete rat brain regions in vivo".

14568: 13483: 6347: 1604:

is responsible for the addictive profile of GHB. GHB's effect on dopamine release is biphasic. Low concentrations stimulate dopamine release via the GHB receptor. Higher concentrations inhibit dopamine release via

14729: 13508: 1667:(EAB), but these are, in general, covered by analogue laws in jurisdictions where GHB is illegal, and little is known about them beyond their delayed onset and longer duration of action. The intermediate compound 14721: 6169:

Kamal RM, van Noorden MS, Franzek E, Dijkstra BA, Loonen AJ, De Jong CA (March 2016). "The Neurobiological Mechanisms of Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate Dependence and Withdrawal and Their Clinical Relevance: A Review".

5288:

Cash CD, Gobaille S, Kemmel V, Andriamampandry C, Maitre M (December 1999). "Gamma-hydroxybutyrate receptor function studied by the modulation of nitric oxide synthase activity in rat frontal cortex punches".

879:, or Xyrem) or potassium γ-hydroxybutyrate (KGHB, potassium oxybate). GHB is also produced as a result of fermentation, and is found in small quantities in some beers and wines, beef, and small citrus fruits. 14648: 14623: 5662:

Pistis M, Muntoni AL, Pillolla G, Perra S, Cignarella G, Melis M, et al. (2005). "Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and the mesoaccumbens reward circuit: evidence for GABA(B) receptor-mediated effects".

12751: 12721: 2451:

There is insufficient randomised evidence to be confident of a difference between GHB and placebo, or to determine reliably if GHB is more or less effective than other drugs for the treatment of alcohol

907:, although there remains uncertainty about its efficacy relative to other pharmacotherapies for alcohol dependence. The authors of a 2010 Cochrane review concluded that "GHB appears better than NTX and 5839:

Maitre M, Hechler V, Vayer P, Gobaille S, Cash CD, Schmitt M, et al. (November 1990). "A specific gamma-hydroxybutyrate receptor ligand possesses both antagonistic and anticonvulsant properties".

1621:. After an initial phase of inhibition, dopamine release is then increased via the GHB receptor. Both the inhibition and increase of dopamine release by GHB are inhibited by opioid antagonists such as 5103:

Maitre M, Ratomponirina C, Gobaille S, Hodé Y, Hechler V (April 1994). "Displacement of gamma-hydroxybutyrate binding by benzamide neuroleptics and prochlorperazine but not by other antipsychotics".

14041: 3564:"A multicentre case series of analytically confirmed gamma-hydroxybutyrate intoxications in Western Australian emergency departments: Pre-hospital circumstances, co-detections and clinical outcomes" 14691: 9991: 6036:

Wu H, Zink N, Carter LP, Mehta AK, Hernandez RJ, Ticku MK, et al. (May 2003). "A tertiary alcohol analog of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid as a specific gamma-hydroxybutyric acid receptor ligand".

1703:

or health promotion purposes, its concentration in the body is much higher than normal, which changes the enzyme kinetics so that these pathways operate to metabolise GHB rather than producing it.

3705: 14628: 13522: 1773:(also known as Aqua Dots, in the United States), produced by Melbourne company Moose, was banned in Australia in early November 2007 when it was discovered that 1,4-butanediol (1,4-B), which is 5909:

Smolders I, De Klippel N, Sarre S, Ebinger G, Michotte Y (September 1995). "Tonic GABA-ergic modulation of striatal dopamine release studied by in vivo microdialysis in the freely moving rat".

4990: 1917: 2358:

Caputo F, Mirijello A, Cibin M, Mosti A, Ceccanti M, Domenicali M, et al. (April 2015). "Novel strategies to treat alcohol dependence with sodium oxybate according to clinical practice".

1158:

GHB can be detected in hair. Hair testing can be a useful tool in court cases or for the victim's own information. Most over-the-counter urine test kits test only for date-rape drugs that are

14633: 3653: 4131:

Sgaravatti AM, Sgarbi MB, Testa CG, Durigon K, Pederzolli CD, Prestes CC, et al. (February 2007). "Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid induces oxidative stress in cerebral cortex of young rats".

1675:

aldehydes this compound is caustic and is strong-smelling and foul-tasting; actual use of this compound as an intoxicant is likely to be unpleasant and result in severe nausea and vomiting.

1660:(GVL) have been reported as drugs of abuse in humans, and on the available evidence seem to be less potent but more toxic than GHB, with a particular tendency to cause nausea and vomiting. 1309:

GHB withdrawal is not widely discussed in textbooks and some psychiatrists, general practitioners, and even hospital emergency physicians may not be familiar with this withdrawal syndrome.

14036: 14031: 1440:

will be inhibited via inhibition of the conversion from succinic acid semialdehyde to GHB. People with the disorder known as succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, also known as

14026: 14021: 5627:

Dimitrijevic N, Dzitoyeva S, Satta R, Imbesi M, Yildiz S, Manev H (September 2005). "Drosophila GABA(B) receptors are involved in behavioral effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB)".

14638: 14613: 5866:

Míguez I, Aldegunde M, Duran R, Veira JA (June 1988). "Effect of low doses of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid on serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine concentrations in rat brain areas".

218: 5506:

Gobaille S, Schleef C, Hechler V, Viry S, Aunis D, Maitre M (March 2002). "Gamma-hydroxybutyrate increases tryptophan availability and potentiates serotonin turnover in rat brain".

5166:

Ottani A, Saltini S, Bartiromo M, Zaffe D, Renzo Botticelli A, Ferrari A, et al. (October 2003). "Effect of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in two rat models of focal cerebral damage".

12524: 14415: 4877: 1253:

Addiction occurs when repeated drug use disrupts the normal balance of brain circuits that control rewards, memory and cognition, ultimately leading to compulsive drug taking.

3472: 14430: 4297:

Galloway GP, Frederick SL, Staggers FE, Gonzales M, Stalcup SA, Smith DE (January 1997). "Gamma-hydroxybutyrate: an emerging drug of abuse that causes physical dependence".

6351: 4965: 1663:

Other prodrug ester forms of GHB have also rarely been encountered by law enforcement, including 1,4-butanediol diacetate (BDDA/DABD), methyl-4-acetoxybutanoate (MAB), and

1341:

The greatest life threat due to GHB overdose (with or without other substances) is respiratory arrest. Other relatively common causes of death due to GHB ingestion include

14696: 14563: 13478: 13448: 12504: 12346: 12406: 3540: 14643: 12356: 12559: 1099:

Some athletes have used GHB or its analogs because of being marketed as anabolic agents, although there is no evidence that it builds muscle or improves performance.

14676: 8545: 4739:

Carai MA, Colombo G, Gessa GL (June 2005). "Resuscitative effect of a gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor antagonist on gamma-hydroxybutyric acid mortality in mice".

2007: 1964:

Tay, E., Lo, W. K. W., & Murnion, B. (2022). Current Insights on the Impact of Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) Abuse. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, 13, 13–23.

1754:. The FDA issued a warning in November 1990 that sale of GHB was illegal. GHB continued to be manufactured and sold illegally and it and analogs were adopted as a 1472:, etc.—have been shown to bind to these GHB-activated receptors in vivo. Other antipsychotics were tested and were not found to have an affinity for this receptor. 12569: 6912: 4240:

Colombo G, Agabio R, Balaklievskaia N, Diaz G, Lobina C, Reali R, et al. (October 1995). "Oral self-administration of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in the rat".

4010:

Sircar R, Basak A (December 2004). "Adolescent gamma-hydroxybutyric acid exposure decreases cortical N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and impairs spatial learning".

2002:[Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). 1201:

death, and the third case was a patient with a history of intentional drug overdose. The toxicity of GHB has been an issue in criminal trials, as in the death of

11776: 3604: 1943: 3363: 1714:

worked on this chemical family and published work on it in 1874. The first extended research into GHB and its use in humans was conducted in the early 1960s by

1135:

There have been several high-profile cases of GHB as a date-rape drug that received national attention in the United States. In early 1999, a 15-year-old girl,

257: 8113: 6566: 2849:"Treating alcohol dependence with an abuse and misuse deterrent formulation of sodium oxybate: Results of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study" 15045: 14716: 14661: 13313: 6804: 1652:(UMB68) have been synthesised and tested on animals, in order to gain a better understanding of GHB's mode of action. Analogues of GHB such as 3-methyl-GHB, 281: 163: 5209:

Elliott S, Burgess V (July 2005). "The presence of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) in alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages".

2643: 2385:

Keating GM (January 2014). "Sodium oxybate: a review of its use in alcohol withdrawal syndrome and in the maintenance of abstinence in alcohol dependence".

1043:(1,4-B). GBL and 1,4-B are normally found as pure liquids, but they can be mixed with other more harmful solvents when intended for industrial use (e.g. as 6367: 5796:

Hechler V, Gobaille S, Bourguignon JJ, Maitre M (March 1991). "Extracellular events induced by gamma-hydroxybutyrate in striatum: a microdialysis study".

4987: 3743: 2496: 1781:

in the bead manufacturing process. Three young children were hospitalized as a result of ingesting a large number of the beads, and the toy was recalled.

13926: 9503: 6303: 3701: 2911:

Schep LJ, Knudsen K, Slaughter RJ, Vale JA, Mégarbane B (July 2012). "The clinical toxicology of γ-hydroxybutyrate, γ-butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol".

2822: 14510: 13232: 9281: 4665:

Zvosec DL, Smith SW, Porrata T, Strobl AQ, Dyer JE (March 2011). "Case series of 226 γ-hydroxybutyrate-associated deaths: lethal toxicity and trauma".

3867:

Zvosec DL, Smith SW, Porrata T, Strobl AQ, Dyer JE (March 2011). "Case series of 226 γ-hydroxybutyrate-associated deaths: lethal toxicity and trauma".

2611: 1909: 1699:

is rather low, and the pathways would run in the reverse direction to what is shown here to produce endogenous GHB. However, when GHB is consumed for

234: 15119: 14515: 14162: 14122: 13318: 12549: 12282: 10300: 8795: 1016:, and death. One potential cause of death from GHB consumption is polydrug toxicity. Co-administration with other CNS depressants such as alcohol or 5541:

Hedner T, Lundborg P (1983). "Effect of gammahydroxybutyric acid on serotonin synthesis, concentration and metabolism in the developing rat brain".

3684: 1178:

study ranking various drugs (legal and illegal) based on statements by drug-harm experts. GHB was found to be the ninth overall most dangerous drug.

13856: 11110: 8540: 6938: 2138:"GHB pharmacology and toxicology: acute intoxication, concentrations in blood and urine in forensic cases and treatment of the withdrawal syndrome" 1073:, apparently starting in the 1990s, as small doses of GHB can act as a euphoriant and are believed to be aphrodisiac. Slang terms for GHB include 14375: 12539: 12529: 12514: 8535: 6383:

Ito J, Hosaki Y, Torigoe Y, Sakimoto K (January 1992). "Identification of substances formed by decomposition of peak E substance in tryptophan".

2994:

Galloway GP, Frederick-Osborne SL, Seymour R, Contini SE, Smith DE (April 2000). "Abuse and therapeutic potential of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid".

952:

or hepatotoxic properties. Its favorable safety profile relative to ethanol may explain why GHB continues to be investigated as a candidate for

12534: 12519: 12509: 9528: 9508: 9286: 8093: 2068: 882: 6827:"Circular 001/2015: A Change to the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971: control of AH-7921, LSD–related compounds, tryptamines, and rescheduling of GHB" 3388:

Németh Z, Kun B, Demetrovics Z (September 2010). "The involvement of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in reported sexual assaults: a systematic review".

15080: 13378: 13368: 11322: 9106: 6770: 6598: 6722: 6687: 4218:

National Council on Problem Gambling; Illinois Institute for Addiction Recovery; Society for Advancement of Sexual Health; All Psych Journal

2040: 14182: 13946: 12691: 11975: 9066: 6418:

Smith MJ, Garrett RH (November 2005). "A heretofore undisclosed crux of eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome: compromised histamine degradation".

5468:

Kuriyama K, Sze PY (January 1971). "Blood-brain barrier to H3-gamma-aminobutyric acid in normal and amino oxyacetic acid-treated animals".

2189: 740: 6567:

Institute of Medicine, National Research Council (US) Committee on the Framework for Evaluating the Safety of Dietary Supplements (2002).

4483:

van Noorden MS, van Dongen LC, Zitman FG, Vergouwen TA (2009). "Gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal syndrome: dangerous but not well-known".

4227: 15108: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15025: 15020: 14985: 14656: 14400: 12889: 12806: 12554: 10771: 9574: 9226: 314: 4618:"γ-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB)-induced respiratory depression: combined receptor-transporter inhibition therapy for treatment in GHB overdose" 14995: 14870: 14711: 14706: 14440: 14276: 13971: 13358: 13353: 13328: 10761: 8821: 4869: 1747: 1162:, which GHB is not. To detect GHB in urine, the sample must be taken within four hours of GHB ingestion, and cannot be tested at home. 5421:"From ultrasocial to antisocial: a role for oxytocin in the acute reinforcing effects and long-term adverse consequences of drug use?" 785: 14192: 13951: 12579: 12416: 12411: 17: 6886: 6510: 3476: 988:

states. A review comparing ethanol to GHB concluded that the dangers of the two drugs were similar. At higher doses, GHB may induce

246: 15201: 15000: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12396: 9533: 8712: 6748: 3080: 2223: 4336: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12436: 9291: 8831: 8510: 8083: 4947: 4080:

Sircar R, Basak A, Sircar D (October 2008). "Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid-induced cognitive deficits in the female adolescent rat".

6856: 2249: 13225: 13191: 9521: 9191: 8722: 7041: 3548: 15196: 12275: 11917: 10293: 9201: 8520: 8063: 6470: 4959: 2299: 1851:

In Norway and in Switzerland, GHB is considered a narcotic and is only available by prescription under the trade name Xyrem (

1813: 1147:

administered GHB to his victims by adding it to drinks given to them, raping them, and murdering four of them in his flat in

14480: 3854: 3124: 2637:"FDA Approval Letter for Xyrem; Indication: EDS (Excessive Daytime Sleepiness) associated with narcolepsy; 18 November 2005" 13198: 13057: 9692: 8800: 7715: 6576: 5394: 5009:"Cloning and characterization of a rat brain receptor that binds the endogenous neuromodulator gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)" 4717: 4275: 2954:

Sellman JD, Robinson GM, Beasley R (January 2009). "Should ethanol be scheduled as a drug of high risk to public health?".

5711:"The Neurobiological Mechanisms of Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate Dependence and Withdrawal and Their Clinical Relevance: A Review" 3527: 3281:"Illicit gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and pharmaceutical sodium oxybate (Xyrem): differences in characteristics and misuse" 1999: 14545: 9146: 8515: 6745:"William J. Clinton: Statement on Signing the Hillory J. Farias and Samantha Reid Date-Rape Drug Prohibition Act of 2000" 1888: 1742:, which was removed from the market in November 1989 when batches contaminated with trace impurities were found to cause 2518:

Calandre EP, Rico-Villademoros F, Slim M (June 2015). "An update on pharmacotherapy for the treatment of fibromyalgia".

1050:

GHB can be manufactured with little knowledge of chemistry, as it involves the mixing of its two precursors, GBL and an

15141: 9241: 8615: 7896: 7073: 6908: 6224: 3506: 2733:"Simultaneous stimulation of slow-wave sleep and growth hormone secretion by gamma-hydroxybutyrate in normal young Men" 2105: 1995: 3612: 1939: 1801: 293: 14598: 13218: 13184: 12636: 11983: 11027: 9261: 9246: 9216: 9071: 8981: 8667: 8632: 7984: 7735: 7172: 3355: 2712:

Scrima L, Johnson FH, Hiller FC (1991). "Long-Term Effect of Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate on Sleep in Narcolepsy Patients".

1743: 1516: 1120:

intoxication. In these situations evidence and the identification of the perpetrator of the rape is often difficult.

927: 760: 14806: 13264: 12716: 12619: 5584:

Pardi D, Black J (2006). "gamma-Hydroxybutyrate/sodium oxybate: neurobiology, and impact on sleep and wakefulness".

15151: 12268: 10286: 9231: 9136: 9051: 8996: 8805: 8637: 8625: 7045: 7022: 1649: 7027: 6797: 13001: 12978: 9567: 9470: 9394: 9296: 8991: 8955: 8790: 8697: 8058: 2636: 1425: 861: 417: 203: 6364: 3729:"Measurement of exogenous gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) in urine using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS)" 1750:, with people having taken up to three teaspoons of GHB; there were no deaths but nine people needed care in an 15156: 14450: 14152: 9516: 9271: 9256: 9236: 9211: 9196: 9156: 9096: 9046: 8682: 6296: 6263: 3728: 3100:, Klosa, Joseph, "Production of nonhygroscopic salts of 4-hydroxybutyric acid", issued 12 July 1983 2780:

Scrima L, Shander D (January 1991). "Letter to Editor on article: Re: Narcolepsy Review (Aldrich MS: 8-9-91)".

2472: 1738:

and was marketed to body builders, for help with weight control and as a sleep aid, and as a "replacement" for

1711: 1581:

receptors, which are primarily responsible for its sedative effects. GHB's sedative effects are blocked by GABA

1412:

In January 2016, it was announced scientists had developed a way to detect GHB, among other things, in saliva.

2815: 488: 14778: 12099: 9661: 9450: 9399: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9016: 8727: 7572: 6532:

Dyer JE (July 1991). "gamma-Hydroxybutyrate: a health-food product producing coma and seizurelike activity".

2000:"RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" 1285:, but larger doses are often required compared to acute delirium of other causes (e.g. > 100 mg/d of 6463:

Nutritional and herbal therapies for children and adolescents : a handbook for mental health clinicians

4569:"Best evidence topic report: endotracheal intubation in gamma-hydroxybutyric acid intoxication and overdose" 2604: 911:

in maintaining abstinence and preventing craving in the medium term (3 to 12 months)". It is sometimes used

15186: 15166: 15101: 13177: 12668: 12651: 10011: 9986: 9626: 9276: 9266: 9221: 9206: 9186: 9176: 9151: 9131: 9061: 9021: 9011: 9001: 4358:

Santos C, Olmedo RE (March 2017). "Sedative-Hypnotic Drug Withdrawal Syndrome: Recognition And Treatment".

2731:

Van Cauter E, Plat L, Scharf MB, Leproult R, Cespedes S, L'Hermite-Balériaux M, et al. (August 1997).

2003: 1809: 931: 658: 539: 269: 3760:

Nutt DJ, King LA, Phillips LD (November 2010). "Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis".

1441: 1306:

receptors, is cross-tolerant with GHB and may be more effective in alleviating withdrawal effects of GHB.

14505: 12078: 11798: 11448: 9372: 9308: 9251: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9101: 9091: 9041: 9036: 9026: 9006: 8986: 8945: 8396: 6927: 1859: 619: 6934: 15171: 11553: 11367: 9560: 9480: 9455: 9181: 9141: 9111: 9056: 7470: 7028:

EMCDDA Report on the risk assessment of GHB in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs

6246: 3815:"The role of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in the treatment of alcoholism: from animal to clinical studies" 1913: 1428:(SSR). This enzyme appears to be induced by cAMP levels, meaning substances that elevate cAMP, such as 608: 6959: 3097: 14895: 14885: 14311: 13255: 12137: 11910: 11204: 10079: 9766: 9697: 9485: 8732: 8466: 8411: 7544: 7155: 3654:"Testing for GHB in hair by GC/MS/MS after a single exposure. Application to document sexual assault" 1577:

However, at therapeutic doses, GHB reaches much higher concentrations in the brain and activates GABA

14739: 5007:

Andriamampandry C, Taleb O, Viry S, Muller C, Humbert JP, Gobaille S, et al. (September 2003).

3774: 2072: 1668: 48: 12361: 12200: 12056: 11530: 11344: 10016: 8103: 6774: 3972:

Zvosec DL, Smith SW (January 2010). "Response to Editorial: "Xyrem safety: The debate continues"".

1871: 1858:

Sodium oxybate is also used therapeutically in Italy under the brand name Alcover for treatment of

1664: 726: 635: 13014: 12824: 12706: 12386: 6613: 1876: 15161: 14865: 14520: 13323: 12305: 11986: 10129: 10021: 9687: 8785: 8752: 8742: 8692: 8687: 8312: 7631: 7626: 6714: 6691: 2185: 2029: 1558: 1436:, may increase GHB synthesis and release. Conversely, endogeneous GHB production in those taking 1021: 920: 108: 14890: 12381: 8775: 2673:"The effects of gamma-hydroxybutyrate on the sleep of narcolepsy patients: a double-blind study" 14286: 14147: 13881: 13123: 11663: 11602: 11416: 10376: 10134: 10001: 9981: 9946: 9846: 8866: 8302: 8297: 8033: 7834: 7638: 7567: 7066: 5372:"Gamma-hydrobutyric acid (GHB) and its chemical modifications: a review of the GHBergic system" 3769: 2605:"FDA Approval Letter for Xyrem; Indication: Cataplexy associated with narcolepsy; 17 July 2002" 1319: 8194: 1762:, and the DEA made seizures and the FDA reissued warnings several times throughout the 1990s. 1256:

Rats forced to consume massive doses of GHB will intermittently prefer GHB solution to water.

1091:

due to its tendency to produce euphoria and sociability and its use in the dance party scene.

588: 15176: 14127: 13085: 12311: 11584: 11398: 10124: 10041: 9656: 8747: 8702: 8662: 8118: 7360: 7196: 7082: 3562:

Smith JL, Greene S, McCutcheon D, Weber C, Kotkis E, Soderstrom J, et al. (March 2024).

2291: 2285: 2095: 1700: 1634: 1421: 1001: 869: 479: 139: 5987:

Oliveto A, Gentry WB, Pruzinsky R, Gonsai K, Kosten TR, Martell B, et al. (July 2010).

2847:

Guiraud J, Addolorato G, Aubin HJ, Batel P, de Bejczy A, Caputo F, et al. (July 2021).

15181: 14850: 14370: 14006: 13517: 12036: 11903: 11733: 11251: 10051: 10026: 9646: 9641: 9475: 9367: 8780: 8737: 8677: 8605: 8578: 8098: 8073: 8043: 8038: 7864: 7665: 4089: 1792: 1342: 548: 383: 31: 12681: 11938: 5331:"[A mechanism for gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) as a drug and a substance of abuse]" 1645:

receptor activation and activates predominantly the GHB receptor, leading to wakefulness.

1511:

GHB has at least two distinct binding sites in the central nervous system. GHB acts as an

1364:. Even though these benzodiazepines are also CNS depressants, they primarily modulate GABA 528: 8: 14900: 14880: 14364: 14001: 13705: 13527: 13418: 12011: 11219: 11214: 10781: 10338: 9445: 9382: 8950: 8886: 8620: 8322: 8244: 7691: 7675: 7621: 7505: 6878: 6491:"Multistate outbreak of poisonings associated with illicit use of gamma hydroxy butyrate" 6490: 3200:

Jones C (June 2001). "Suspicious death related to gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) toxicity".

1981: 1751: 1449: 1265: 1241:

and possibly other areas as well. In addition, the neurotoxicity appears to be caused by

1129: 845: 443: 434: 119: 115: 12371: 8141: 6744: 6688:"Transcript: FDA Peripheral and Central Nervous System Drugs Advisory Committee Meeting" 5944:

Mamelak M (1989). "Gammahydroxybutyrate: an endogenous regulator of energy metabolism".

4943: 4332: 4093: 3902:

Zvosec DL, Smith SW, Hall BJ (April 2009). "Three deaths associated with use of Xyrem".

1532:

receptor. GHB is a naturally occurring substance that acts in a similar fashion to some

1277:

pathways of GHB. The mainstay of treatment for severe withdrawal is supportive care and

662: 639: 15146: 14089: 13761: 13723: 13247: 12859: 12756: 12657: 12297: 12186: 11650: 11080: 10996: 10361: 10031: 9872: 9851: 9800: 9389: 8976: 8595: 8451: 8406: 8386: 8345: 7463: 7331: 7283: 7133: 6996: 6971: 6669: 6443: 6105: 6080: 6061: 6013: 5988: 5969: 5891: 5821: 5809: 5750: 5688: 5676: 5609: 5566: 5445: 5420: 5270: 5191: 5085: 5038: 4925: 4642: 4617: 4593: 4568: 4544: 4519: 4496: 4460: 4435: 4411: 4386: 4310: 4200: 4156: 4113: 4035: 3795: 3413: 3305: 3280: 3174: 3147: 3077: 3055: 3046: 3030: 2936: 2586: 2543: 2410: 2340: 2162: 2137: 1735: 1551: 1490:, above), GHB has neuroprotective properties, and has been found to protect cells from 1140: 981: 904: 12564: 12391: 12366: 6853:"The Misuse of Drugs (Amendment No. 3) (England, Wales and Scotland) Regulations 2014" 5957: 5519: 5302: 5179: 4913: 4752: 3783: 3007: 2757: 2732: 2153: 1882: 1657: 1402: 1036: 40: 15010: 14681: 14342: 13733: 13580: 13535: 13373: 12250: 12230: 12164: 12145: 12127: 11043: 11001: 10834: 10509: 10504: 9841: 9815: 9460: 9440: 9031: 8836: 8707: 8568: 8365: 8332: 8307: 7819: 7552: 7225: 7059: 7001: 6661: 6549: 6545: 6502: 6466: 6435: 6400: 6396: 6329: 6220: 6197: 6151: 6110: 6053: 6018: 5961: 5926: 5922: 5883: 5848: 5813: 5778: 5742: 5680: 5644: 5601: 5597: 5558: 5523: 5485: 5481: 5450: 5386: 5352: 5306: 5262: 5258: 5226: 5183: 5148: 5120: 5116: 5077: 5073: 5030: 4955: 4917: 4838: 4797: 4756: 4709: 4682: 4647: 4598: 4549: 4500: 4465: 4451: 4416: 4367: 4314: 4257: 4253: 4192: 4148: 4105: 4062: 4027: 3989: 3954: 3919: 3884: 3836: 3787: 3676: 3585: 3454: 3405: 3337: 3310: 3296: 3258: 3253: 3236: 3217: 3179: 3060: 3011: 2971: 2928: 2880: 2797: 2762: 2694: 2578: 2535: 2488: 2442: 2402: 2367: 2332: 2295: 2280: 2167: 2101: 1910:"Pingers, pingas, pingaz: how drug slang affects the way we use and understand drugs" 1641:

concentration of GHB in the system decreases below the threshold for significant GABA

1533: 1491: 1377: 1347: 1124:

drug use" in the UK, and that less than 2% of cases involved GHB, while 17% involved

6852: 6673: 6065: 5973: 5895: 5825: 5754: 5692: 5613: 5371: 5274: 5222: 5195: 5089: 4929: 4204: 4160: 4039: 3702:"Drink Speaks the Truth: Forensic Investigation of Drug Facilitated Sexual Assaults" 3417: 2940: 2865: 2848: 2590: 2547: 2344: 1372:

receptor agonist, and so do not worsen CNS depression as much as might be expected.

1039:(GBL), convert to GHB in the stomach and bloodstream. Other prodrugs exist, such as 875:

It is commonly used in the form of a salt, such as sodium γ-hydroxybutyrate (NaGHB,

468: 14835: 14588: 14246: 14046: 13976: 13811: 13709: 13541: 13422: 12967: 12917: 12791: 12686: 12584: 12204: 12046: 11184: 10794: 10245: 10202: 9996: 9583: 9377: 8960: 8876: 8657: 8600: 8588: 8287: 8166: 8108: 8068: 8025: 7926: 7829: 7790: 7773: 7711: 7608: 6991: 6983: 6651: 6541: 6447: 6427: 6392: 6255: 6187: 6179: 6141: 6100: 6092: 6045: 6008: 6000: 5953: 5918: 5875: 5805: 5732: 5722: 5672: 5636: 5593: 5570: 5550: 5515: 5477: 5440: 5432: 5342: 5298: 5254: 5218: 5175: 5112: 5069: 5020: 4909: 4828: 4787: 4748: 4674: 4637: 4629: 4588: 4580: 4539: 4531: 4492: 4455: 4447: 4406: 4398: 4306: 4249: 4184: 4140: 4117: 4097: 4019: 3981: 3946: 3911: 3876: 3826: 3799: 3779: 3668: 3575: 3444: 3397: 3300: 3292: 3248: 3209: 3169: 3159: 3050: 3042: 3003: 2963: 2920: 2870: 2860: 2789: 2752: 2744: 2684: 2570: 2527: 2484: 2480: 2438: 2434: 2414: 2394: 2324: 2253: 2157: 2149: 1965: 1590: 1242: 1055: 1051: 810: 675: 341: 186: 176: 6569:"Appendix D: Table of Food and Drug Administration Actions on Dietary Supplements" 5042: 2531: 2071:. US Department of Justice via the Federal Register. 13 March 2000. Archived from 941:

and decrease the tendency for REM sleep in modified multiple sleep latency tests.

326: 14347: 14256: 14221: 13889: 13871: 13796: 13753: 13616: 13044: 12879: 12431: 12119: 12086: 12064: 12040: 11817: 11769: 11683: 11505: 11470: 11269: 11147: 11065: 11060: 11038: 10920: 10429: 10197: 9465: 9414: 9352: 8851: 8826: 8672: 8456: 8370: 8292: 8282: 8053: 8048: 7931: 7869: 7846: 7490: 7480: 6371: 6146: 6129: 6004: 5640: 4994: 4817:"Analysis of GHB and 4-methyl-GHB in postmortem matrices after long-term storage" 4144: 3634: 3328:

Klein M, Kramer F (February 2004). "Rave drugs: pharmacological considerations".

3116: 3084: 2924: 2574: 1778: 1299: 1278: 1238: 1233:

in rats with chronic administration. These effects are associated with decreased

1148: 1013: 938: 373: 359: 349: 10317: 6573:

Proposed Framework for Evaluating the Safety of Dietary Supplements: For Comment

6568: 5709:

Kamal RM, van Noorden MS, Franzek E, Dijkstra BA, Loonen AJ, De Jong CA (2016).

5347: 5330: 4283: 3985: 3950: 3915: 3267:

In the UK, GHB has been available in the night clubs around London since 1994...

2793: 1107: 14930: 14825: 13875: 13745: 13640: 13566: 13531: 13075: 13029: 12937: 12907: 12869: 12781: 12421: 12341: 12150: 12141: 12115: 12107: 12092: 11589: 11517: 11403: 11314: 11264: 11208: 11179: 11168: 11152: 11048: 10529: 10474: 10371: 10356: 10326: 10259: 9877: 9820: 9785: 9651: 9362: 9328: 9303: 8893: 8610: 8436: 8426: 8340: 8249: 8189: 8133: 7886: 7841: 7741: 7128: 7118: 6096: 4701: 4678: 3880: 1759: 1406: 1354: 1327: 1222: 1218: 1159: 1116: 1044: 1040: 1017: 972:. It has many street names. Its effects have been described as comparable with 953: 923: 894: 876: 865: 222: 13737: 11895: 6431: 4954:(5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 774. 4402: 4188: 4023: 3727:

Lott S, Piper T, Mehling LM, Spottke A, Maas A, Thevis M, et al. (2015).

2398: 2215: 15191: 15135: 14840: 14530: 14337: 14225: 14206: 14142: 14069: 13981: 13931: 13897: 13860: 13821: 13771: 13611: 13606: 13596: 13560: 13463: 13398: 13348: 13297: 13241: 13034: 13024: 12796: 12746: 12731: 12574: 12351: 12220: 12216: 12212: 12190: 12154: 12131: 12008: 11990: 11842: 11832: 11822: 11791: 11711: 11576: 11535: 11390: 11349: 11284: 11189: 11142: 11137: 11115: 11075: 10953: 10938: 10690: 10685: 10675: 10592: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10469: 10459: 10454: 10444: 10424: 10366: 10278: 10250: 10177: 9892: 9621: 9435: 9409: 9404: 9318: 8881: 8841: 8461: 8441: 8350: 8277: 8204: 8199: 8184: 7980: 7780: 7763: 7731: 7510: 7451: 7316: 7248: 7230: 7201: 7168: 7150: 6259: 4520:"Best evidence topic report. Gammahydroxybutyrate overdose and physostigmine" 3831: 3814: 3401: 3164: 2967: 2689: 2672: 1852: 1715: 1688: 1526: 1234: 1136: 838: 651: 131: 8179: 6049: 4584: 4535: 4101: 3498: 14797: 14768: 14762: 14573: 14360: 14323: 14319: 14241: 14137: 13825: 13800: 13776: 13498: 13303: 13210: 13136: 13019: 12912: 12874: 12829: 12819: 12771: 12711: 12701: 12696: 12322: 12291: 12021: 11884: 11786: 11781: 11691: 11594: 11545: 11480: 11408: 11359: 11304: 11299: 11105: 11022: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10971: 10966: 10928: 10824: 10814: 10746: 10660: 10602: 10587: 10489: 10449: 10439: 10419: 10414: 10404: 10394: 10231: 10211: 10066: 9933: 9856: 9758: 9323: 8871: 8573: 8259: 8078: 8013: 7958: 7906: 7785: 7751: 7703: 7599: 7417: 7273: 7186: 7005: 6987: 6665: 6439: 6333: 6201: 6155: 6114: 6081:"γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Toxicology" 6057: 6022: 5746: 5684: 5648: 5605: 5527: 5454: 5390: 5356: 5310: 5266: 5230: 5187: 5152: 5081: 5034: 4842: 4801: 4792: 4775: 4760: 4713: 4686: 4651: 4633: 4602: 4553: 4504: 4469: 4420: 4371: 4196: 4152: 4109: 4066: 4031: 3993: 3958: 3923: 3888: 3840: 3791: 3680: 3589: 3458: 3449: 3432: 3409: 3341: 3314: 3262: 3221: 3213: 3183: 3064: 3015: 2975: 2932: 2884: 2582: 2561:

Staud R (August 2011). "Sodium oxybate for the treatment of fibromyalgia".

2539: 2492: 2446: 2406: 2371: 2336: 2171: 1827:

In Hong Kong, GHB is regulated under Schedule 1 of Hong Kong's Chapter 134

1739: 1653: 1536:

in the mammalian brain. GHB is probably synthesized from GABA in GABAergic

1519: 1202: 1144: 985: 949: 916: 860:. The substance is also used illicitly for various reasons, including as a 830: 181: 171: 143: 135: 14805: 12902: 12260: 9718: 6553: 6506: 6404: 5965: 5930: 5887: 5852: 5817: 5782: 5562: 5489: 5124: 5025: 5008: 4921: 4859:, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 680–84. 4833: 4816: 4318: 4261: 2801: 2766: 2698: 944:

The FDA-approved labeling for sodium oxybate suggests no evidence GHB has

15050: 14975: 14910: 14749: 14686: 14593: 14535: 14445: 14315: 14306: 14266: 13921: 13916: 13905: 13901: 13851: 13841: 13728: 13713: 13695: 13590: 13556: 13413: 13363: 13343: 13293: 12942: 12786: 12736: 12544: 12103: 12060: 12032: 11957: 11869: 11813: 11808: 11764: 11738: 11696: 11673: 11658: 11617: 11563: 11431: 11377: 11327: 11294: 11279: 11239: 11100: 11095: 11090: 10961: 10943: 10933: 10862: 10842: 10804: 10680: 10617: 10612: 10557: 10542: 10514: 10479: 10464: 10399: 10386: 10351: 10056: 9728: 9631: 8770: 8717: 8563: 8401: 8269: 8224: 8146: 8123: 7856: 7814: 7522: 7385: 7311: 7266: 7113: 6656: 6639: 5436: 5329:

Maitre M, Humbert JP, Kemmel V, Aunis D, Andriamampandry C (March 2005).

2875: 2275: 2214:

Benzer TI, Cameron S (8 January 2007). VanDeVoort JT, Benitez JG (eds.).

1692: 1469: 1465: 1433: 1331: 1323: 1175: 1170: 1152: 945: 330: 14061: 7051: 3855:

Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic Science in Seattle, 2006

2671:

Scrima L, Hartman PG, Johnson FH, Thomas EE, Hiller FC (December 1990).

1969: 1819:

In the UK GHB was made a class C drug in June 2003. In October 2013 the

1678: 508: 14935: 14845: 14754: 14744: 14603: 14420: 14410: 14395: 14390: 14385: 14352: 14331: 14301: 14236: 14216: 14210: 14112: 14079: 14073: 14065: 13966: 13961: 13956: 13941: 13893: 13866: 13831: 13806: 13665: 13660: 13654: 13601: 13550: 13546: 13433: 13288: 13151: 13141: 13108: 13098: 12947: 12864: 12849: 12844: 12834: 12766: 12594: 12234: 12158: 12072: 12015: 11998: 11994: 11927: 11864: 11837: 11827: 11748: 11728: 11701: 11636: 11612: 11607: 11490: 11485: 11475: 11465: 11426: 11421: 11332: 11274: 11259: 11070: 10976: 10872: 10852: 10819: 10809: 10799: 10789: 10756: 10738: 10723: 10670: 10665: 10627: 10622: 10597: 10582: 10552: 10547: 10537: 10519: 10098: 10006: 9887: 9882: 9864: 9810: 9591: 8846: 8583: 8317: 8209: 7682: 7527: 7475: 7105: 7035: 6935:"FOR 30 June 1978 nr 08: Forskrift om narkotika m.v. (Narkotikalisten)" 6192: 5879: 5737: 5554: 3672: 2993: 2471:

Leone MA, Vigna-Taglianti F, Avanzi G, Brambilla R, Faggiano F (2010).

1774: 1728: 1720: 1626: 1565: 1523: 1335: 997: 969: 965: 908: 900: 857: 853: 814: 702: 519: 147: 126: 10046: 6183: 5727: 5710: 3580: 3563: 3031:"Gamma-hydroxybutyrate and ethanol effects and interactions in humans" 2748: 2328: 15070: 15065: 15055: 15015: 14960: 14945: 14925: 14920: 14905: 14701: 14671: 14578: 14558: 14553: 14405: 14327: 14261: 14231: 14202: 14132: 14117: 14084: 14051: 13815: 13791: 13749: 13741: 13700: 13690: 13674: 13670: 13646: 13631: 13626: 13586: 13503: 13488: 13453: 13443: 13428: 13403: 13383: 13338: 13146: 12991: 12932: 12839: 12776: 12761: 12589: 12473: 12180: 12176: 12111: 11961: 11874: 11668: 11558: 11525: 11460: 11372: 11337: 11289: 11132: 11085: 10892: 10877: 10867: 10857: 10766: 10728: 10718: 10710: 10695: 10652: 10642: 10637: 10607: 10562: 10499: 10434: 10115: 9919: 9825: 9738: 9357: 9313: 8861: 8856: 8431: 8416: 8391: 8239: 8234: 8219: 8214: 8174: 8151: 8088: 7945: 7918: 7802: 7660: 7643: 7616: 7532: 7495: 7485: 7458: 7429: 7390: 7377: 7355: 7326: 7123: 6972:"GHB urine concentrations after single-dose administration in humans" 2315:

Mayer G (May 2012). "The use of sodium oxybate to treat narcolepsy".

2219: 1755: 1672: 1630: 1570: 1461: 1457: 1437: 1429: 1384: 1361: 1070: 1020:

can result in an additive effect (potentiation), as they all bind to

993: 912: 849: 822: 454: 396: 96: 9552: 6241: 5137: 4482: 15060: 14990: 14980: 14940: 14915: 14855: 14758: 14666: 14540: 14470: 14425: 14356: 14296: 14281: 14196: 14157: 14056: 13936: 13845: 13785: 13765: 13757: 13650: 13636: 13620: 13570: 13468: 13458: 13438: 13408: 13392: 13283: 13156: 13113: 12890: 12854: 12807: 12741: 12486: 12468: 12224: 12208: 12168: 12123: 12050: 12002: 11949: 11858: 11849: 11743: 11495: 11224: 11194: 11120: 11055: 10910: 10887: 10882: 10847: 10700: 10632: 10494: 10409: 10313: 10309: 10036: 9900: 9805: 9616: 8360: 8254: 8156: 7879: 7810: 7768: 7758: 7726: 7721: 7686: 7500: 7407: 7367: 7343: 7296: 7191: 7160: 3857:. Web.archive.org (3 December 2007). Retrieved on 24 December 2011. 2816:"FDA Approved Labeling Text: Xyrem® (sodium oxybate) oral solution" 2470: 2427: 2290:(2nd ed.). Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 2097:

Manual of forensic emergency medicine : a guide for clinicians

1622: 1618: 1614: 1544: 1357: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1269: 1226: 568: 499: 156: 152: 1205:, where the defense argued that death was due to GHB, not murder. 725: 14965: 14950: 14860: 14773: 14500: 14460: 14455: 14380: 14291: 14271: 14187: 13836: 13576: 13492: 13473: 13308: 13103: 13070: 12927: 12491: 12194: 12172: 12082: 12028: 11941: 11803: 11540: 11354: 11229: 11125: 11032: 10751: 10484: 10236: 10152: 9748: 9733: 9723: 9713: 9666: 9636: 8471: 7990: 7973: 7968: 7953: 7901: 7891: 7874: 7746: 7587: 7582: 7515: 7441: 7261: 7181: 6488: 6215:

Lewis DE (2012). "Section 4.4.3 Aleksandr Mikhailovich Zaitsev".

5287: 4296: 4173: 3605:"Remembering Samantha Reid: 10th anniversary of teen's GHB death" 1770: 1537: 1512: 1480: 1125: 1032: 1009: 973: 834: 826: 14016: 14011: 5795: 5626: 4898: 4814: 1982:"Therapeutic Goods (Poisons Standard—June 2024) Instrument 2024" 1338:), and nausea/vomiting (especially when combined with alcohol). 1132:

rather than their presentation being associated with date-rape.

14830: 13781: 13684: 13388: 12961: 12401: 11969: 11953: 11945: 11854: 11006: 10902: 9743: 9671: 8421: 8355: 7824: 7670: 7650: 7412: 7336: 7301: 7240: 7032: 6789: 6168: 5708: 5102: 4239: 3937:

Feldman NT (April 2009). "Xyrem safety: the debate continues".

3279:

Carter LP, Pardi D, Gorsline J, Griffiths RR (September 2009).

1547: 1273: 1230: 1005: 989: 599: 402: 57: 6320:

Laborit H, Jouany JM, Gerard J, Fabiani F (October 1960). "".

5908: 5006: 4053:

García FB, Pedraza C, Arias JL, Navarro JF (August 2006). "".

2247: 1188:

depression caused by interaction with alcohol or other drugs.

930:

for the treatment of cataplexy associated with narcolepsy and

14875: 14525: 14251: 14101: 13717: 13333: 12446: 12441: 12426: 11965: 11879: 11199: 9965: 9771: 7557: 7395: 7348: 7211: 6350:. Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco. 31 March 2017. Archived from 6134:

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics

3433:"Prevalence of drugs used in cases of alleged sexual assault" 3087:. Erowid.org (18 March 2009). Retrieved on 27 September 2012. 2517: 1824:

2015. In April 2022 GHB was changed from class C to class B.

1777:

into GHB, had been substituted for the non-toxic plasticiser

1445: 716: 579: 365: 301: 297: 13058: 5986: 4130: 3278: 3152:

Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research

2730: 2069:"2000 – Addition of Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid to Schedule I" 1557:

If taken orally, GABA itself does not effectively cross the

1380:

and should be cared for by appropriately trained personnel.

1111:

FDA warning against products containing GHB and its prodrugs

624: 14970: 14783: 14465: 14435: 14177: 14167: 14107: 14097: 14093: 13680: 12922: 12726: 12068: 10346: 8446: 7963: 7577: 7446: 7434: 7402: 7220: 7143: 7138: 5165: 2846: 1820: 1695:

and is ultimately converted into carbon dioxide and water.

1574:

neuropharmacological events induced by GHB administration.

1476: 977: 818: 559: 14481: 6319: 5838: 5661: 5505: 4815:

Marinetti LJ, Isenschmid DS, Hepler BR, Kanluen S (2005).

3635:"Stephen Port: Serial killer guilty of murdering four men" 3561: 3237:"Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid: an emerging recreational drug" 2670: 2100:. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 42. 1633:

may play a role in the inhibition of dopamine release via

13885: 8546:

Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs

8229: 7655: 7422: 6130:"Kinetics aspects of Gamma-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase" 6038:

The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

5865: 5841:

The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

5771:

The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

5141:

The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

5058: 4052: 2910: 2454: 2357: 885:

is a disease that causes GHB to accumulate in the blood.

6382: 5328: 4950:. In Levy RH, Mattson RH, Meldrum BS, Perucca E (eds.). 4870:"New spit test for 'date rape' drug developed in the UK" 4664: 3866: 3029:

Thai D, Dyer JE, Benowitz NL, Haller CA (October 2006).

2360:

European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences

1671:(GHBAL) is also a prodrug for GHB; however, as with all 844:

receptor. GHB has been used in the medical setting as a

13002: 12979: 7038:(also contains information about addiction and dangers) 6348:"Alcover: Riassunto delle Caratteristiche del Prodotto" 5989:"Behavioral effects of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in humans" 3726: 3651: 3473:"No evidence to suggest widespread date rape drug use'" 2821:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 18 November 2005. 1564:

GHB induces the accumulation of either a derivative of

14807: 13265: 12620: 4325: 3652:

Kintz P, Cirimele V, Jamey C, Ludes B (January 2003).

3028: 2953: 11719: 6879:"The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (Amendment) Order 2022" 6763: 5418: 5369: 4776:"Suspected GHB overdoses in the emergency department" 4333:"GHB: An Important Pharmacologic and Clinical Update" 3145: 899:

GHB is used for medical purposes in the treatment of

12669: 6909:"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, SC 1996, c 19" 6297:"Critical review of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB)" 3387: 1727:

GHB and sodium oxybate were also studied for use in

1392:

untested treatment for a life-threatening overdose.

12895:

Tooltip Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter

12812:

Tooltip Sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporters

6969: 6489:Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (November 1990). 6127: 4774:Couper FJ, Thatcher JE, Logan BK (September 2004). 4773: 4560: 4384: 2711: 487: 6715:"Australia bans China-made toy on toxic drug risk" 6078: 3812: 2279: 1845:Ley de substancias psicotrópicas y estupefacientes 1724:sodium oxybate is marketed for this use in Italy. 1497: 1217:In multiple studies, GHB has been found to impair 10170: 6953: 6712: 6035: 4738: 4436:"Behavioral analyses of GHB: receptor mechanisms" 4290: 4079: 2209: 2207: 1842:In Chile, GHB is a controlled drug under the law 1486:In spite of its demonstrated neurotoxicity, (see 15133: 6713:Perry M, Pomfret J, Crabb RP (7 November 2007). 6079:Felmlee MA, Morse BL, Morris ME (January 2021). 5243: 4699: 4615: 4433: 3759: 3146:Kapoor P, Deshmukh R, Kukreja I (October 2013). 768:InChI=1S/C4H8O3/c5-3-1-2-4(6)7/h5H,1-3H2,(H,6,7) 467: 11925: 10190: 10114: 9974: 6217:Early Russian organic chemists and their legacy 5419:McGregor IS, Callaghan PD, Hunt GE (May 2008). 4857:Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man 4708:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 4566: 4387:"Baclofen and gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal" 4005: 4003: 3901: 3430: 2243: 2241: 442: 13124: 10308: 8094:Legal history of cannabis in the United States 6640:"Gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) intoxication" 5540: 5208: 4988:Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency 4732: 2666: 2664: 2204: 2186:"Sodium Oxybate: MedlinePlus Drug Information" 883:Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency 13226: 13086: 12292: 12276: 11911: 11323:Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors 10294: 9568: 7067: 6411: 6340: 6162: 6128:Taxon ES, Halbers LP, Parsons SM (May 2020). 6121: 6072: 5767: 4434:Carter LP, Koek W, France CP (January 2009). 3383: 3381: 3096: 2779: 2268: 2213: 1843: 1353:Convulsions from GHB can be treated with the 1302:with GHB while baclofen, which works via GABA 13240: 13063:Tooltip Hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase 7094: 6417: 5324: 5322: 5320: 4616:Morse BL, Vijay N, Morris ME (August 2012). 4517: 4511: 4476: 4357: 4351: 4167: 4124: 4073: 4046: 4000: 3645: 2840: 2274: 2238: 2135: 1600:Activation of both the GHB receptor and GABA 1115:GHB became known to the general public as a 1102: 13242: 12290: 11712: 6970:Haller C, Thai D, Jacob P, Dyer JE (2006). 6495:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 5467: 4427: 4009: 3971: 3356:"Warning on Risk of 'Party Drug' Chemicals" 3327: 2724: 2661: 2477:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2431:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1182: 926:(Xyrem). Sodium oxybate is approved by the 14490:Tooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid A-rho receptor 13233: 13219: 12283: 12269: 11918: 11904: 10301: 10287: 10107: 9575: 9561: 8822:Arguments for and against drug prohibition 7074: 7060: 6637: 6534:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 5583: 4986:National Organization for Rare Disorders. 4667:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 4082:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 3869:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 3378: 3272: 1748:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 661: 638: 527: 56: 47: 30:"GHB" redirects here. For other uses, see 10224: 7081: 6995: 6655: 6242:"Über die Reduction des Succinylchlorids" 6191: 6145: 6104: 6012: 5736: 5726: 5444: 5346: 5317: 5054: 5052: 5024: 4832: 4791: 4641: 4592: 4543: 4459: 4410: 4385:LeTourneau JL, Hagg DS, Smith SM (2008). 3830: 3773: 3753: 3627: 3579: 3528:Alcohol and other popular Date Rape Drugs 3448: 3304: 3252: 3173: 3163: 3054: 2874: 2864: 2756: 2688: 2161: 1848:(psychotropic substances and narcotics). 1368:receptors whereas GHB is primarily a GABA 547: 221:(Prohibited substance) / S8 as 8796:Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S. 8493: 6911:. Canadian Legal Information Institute. 6484: 6482: 6239: 4012:Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior 3234: 3195: 3193: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2093: 1800:In the United States, GHB was placed on 1791: 1677: 1415: 1169: 1106: 937:GHB has been shown to reliably increase 829:in certain brain areas. It acts on the 13007:Tooltip 4-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 12984:Tooltip Succinic semialdehyde reductase 8832:Capital punishment for drug trafficking 7887:Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids 6795: 6460: 6309:from the original on 10 September 2014. 6291: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6281: 5943: 4942: 3936: 2384: 2250:"GHB, GBL and 1,4BD as Date Rape Drugs" 1456:principal excitatory neurotransmitter, 1444:, have elevated levels of GHB in their 1094: 634: 507: 14: 15134: 14815:Tooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid B receptor 13273:Tooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid A receptor 12628:Tooltip γ-Aminobutyric acid B receptor 8723:Office of National Drug Control Policy 8511:International drug control conventions 6798:"ACMD advice on the scheduling of GHB" 6751:from the original on 13 September 2018 5946:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 5704: 5702: 5501: 5499: 5049: 4567:Michael H, Harrison M (January 2005). 3602: 3035:Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 1994: 1812:placed GHB in Schedule IV of the 1971 1540:, and released when the neurons fire. 919:. GHB is the active ingredient of the 652: 320: 308: 275: 13214: 12264: 11899: 10282: 9582: 9556: 8914: 8492: 8064:List of cannabis rights organizations 8011: 7093: 7055: 6479: 6214: 4276:"Is GHB toxic? Addictive? Dangerous?" 3362:. The Associated Press. 12 May 1999. 3202:Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine 3199: 3190: 2982: 2891: 2737:The Journal of Clinical Investigation 2560: 2314: 2226:from the original on 28 November 2021 2136:Busardò FP, Jones AW (January 2015). 2063: 2061: 1814:Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1796:GHB sold in Italy for therapeutic use 984:, disinhibition, enhanced libido and 607: 587: 287: 15120:GABA metabolism/transport modulators 12674:Tooltip Monocarboxylate transporters 12323: 6941:from the original on 16 October 2014 6855:. UK Home Office. 11 December 2014. 6531: 6278: 5370:Waszkielewicz A, Bojarski J (2004). 4948:"Valproic Acid: Mechanism of Action" 4880:from the original on 8 November 2020 4720:from the original on 1 December 2022 4700:Allen MJ, Sabir S, Sharma S (2022). 3127:from the original on 1 February 2021 3123:. U.S National Library of Medicine. 2828:from the original on 24 January 2022 2649:from the original on 17 October 2012 2617:from the original on 17 October 2012 2499:from the original on 5 November 2022 2459:] or the prevention of relapses. 2248:US Drug Enforcement Administration. 2046:from the original on 17 October 2020 1920:from the original on 15 January 2021 1734:In May 1990 GHB was introduced as a 1264:GHB has also been associated with a 185: 175: 13516:Positive modulators (abridged; see 6807:from the original on 13 August 2014 6579:from the original on 29 August 2021 5699: 5496: 4968:from the original on 18 August 2023 3541:"Labs making date-rape drug raided" 2782:The New England Journal of Medicine 2114: 1395: 959: 567: 458: 264: 24: 11984:voltage-dependent calcium channels 8616:Law Enforcement Action Partnership 6859:from the original on 5 August 2023 6690:. FDA. 6 June 2001. Archived from 6612:(1). November 2002. Archived from 6606:Substance Abuse Treatment Advisory 5810:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb02012.x 5677:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.11.021 5400:from the original on 6 August 2021 4497:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.11.001 4311:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb03640.x 3749:from the original on 4 March 2016. 3708:from the original on 14 March 2016 3499:"Date-rape drugs 'not widespread'" 3475:. 16 November 2006. Archived from 3235:Kam PC, Yoong FF (December 1998). 3047:10.1097/01.jcp.0000237944.57893.28 2317:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 2192:from the original on 11 April 2010 2058: 2010:from the original on 3 August 2023 1648:Recently, analogs of GHB, such as 1487: 1420:Cells produce GHB by reduction of 1409:are converted to GHB in the body. 1322:, and higher doses still inducing 1294:benzodiazepines do not affect GABA 1165: 934:(EDS) associated with narcolepsy. 25: 15213: 15051:Homotaurine (tramiprosate, 3-APS) 14549:-Chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside 13344:Homotaurine (tramiprosate, 3-APS) 12151:Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids) 11028:Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate 8633:Students for Sensible Drug Policy 7023:Gamma-hydroxybutyrate MS Spectrum 7016: 6915:from the original on 17 June 2019 6889:from the original on 26 July 2023 6833:from the original on 6 April 2023 6725:from the original on 5 April 2023 6575:. National Academies Press (US). 6266:from the original on 4 March 2021 4753:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.12.013 4518:Allen L, Alsalim W (April 2006). 4339:from the original on 4 March 2016 3813:Poldrugo F, Addolorato G (1999). 3366:from the original on 6 April 2023 2563:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 2520:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 2216:"Toxicity, Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate" 2154:10.2174/1570159X13666141210215423 1593:in high doses, as do GHB and GABA 1061:GHB is colourless and odourless. 1004:, visual disturbances, depressed 928:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 212: 8638:Transform Drug Policy Foundation 8532:Other treaties addressing drugs 8012: 7046:National Institute on Drug Abuse 6976:Journal of Analytical Toxicology 6963: 6901: 6871: 6845: 6819: 6737: 6706: 6680: 6638:Mason PE, Kerns WP (July 2002). 6631: 6591: 6560: 6525: 6513:from the original on 6 June 2021 6454: 6376: 6313: 6233: 6208: 6029: 5980: 5937: 5911:European Journal of Pharmacology 5902: 5859: 5832: 5789: 5761: 5655: 5629:European Journal of Pharmacology 5620: 5598:10.2165/00023210-200620120-00004 5577: 5534: 5461: 5259:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.08.019 5105:European Journal of Pharmacology 5074:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.02037.x 4821:Journal of Analytical Toxicology 4780:Journal of Analytical Toxicology 4452:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.10.003 4242:European Journal of Pharmacology 3509:from the original on 20 May 2007 3437:Journal of Analytical Toxicology 3431:ElSohly MA, Salamone SJ (1999). 3297:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.04.012 3254:10.1046/j.1365-2044.1998.00603.x 2853:European Neuropsychopharmacology 1946:from the original on 24 May 2024 1650:4-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acid 1387:, which acts as a selective GABA 1298:receptors and therefore have no 1212: 1028:salt is by far the most common. 964:GHB is a central nervous system 686: 15202:Drug-facilitated sexual assault 14343:Pentylenetetrazol (pentetrazol) 12466:Positive allosteric modulators: 9471:Regulation of therapeutic goods 9395:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder 8956:Opium production in Afghanistan 5425:British Journal of Pharmacology 5412: 5363: 5281: 5237: 5223:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.02.014 5202: 5159: 5131: 5096: 5000: 4980: 4936: 4892: 4862: 4849: 4808: 4767: 4693: 4658: 4609: 4440:Pharmacology & Therapeutics 4378: 4268: 4233: 4221: 4211: 3980:(1): 108, author reply 108–09. 3965: 3930: 3895: 3860: 3847: 3806: 3720: 3694: 3596: 3555: 3533: 3521: 3491: 3465: 3424: 3348: 3321: 3228: 3139: 3109: 3090: 3071: 3022: 2947: 2866:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.06.003 2808: 2773: 2705: 2629: 2597: 2554: 2511: 2464: 2421: 2378: 2351: 2308: 2178: 1787: 1543:GHB has been found to activate 1506: 1498:Natural fermentation by-product 1426:succinic semialdehyde reductase 1334:(especially when combined with 773:Key:SJZRECIVHVDYJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 252: 13129:Tooltip Aldehyde dehydrogenase 12100:positive allosteric modulators 9821:Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) 9419:of tobacco or other substances 5543:Journal of Neural Transmission 5379:Polish Journal of Pharmacology 5211:Forensic Science International 3547:. 10 July 2008. Archived from 2485:10.1002/14651858.CD006266.pub2 2439:10.1002/14651858.CD006266.pub2 2087: 2022: 1988: 1974: 1958: 1932: 1902: 1889:β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid 888: 692: 680: 241: 228: 13: 1: 15102:Receptor/signaling modulators 14257:Isopregnanolone (sepranolone) 13192:Glutamate receptor modulators 13178:Receptor/signaling modulators 13109:Fomepizole (4-methylpyrazole) 13091:Tooltip Alcohol dehydrogenase 9451:Needle and syringe programmes 9400:Long-term effects of cannabis 8801:Psilocybin mushrooms legality 8728:School district drug policies 6771:"Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB)" 5958:10.1016/S0149-7634(89)80053-3 5520:10.1016/s0024-3205(01)01526-0 5303:10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00265-8 5180:10.1016/S0006-8993(03)03252-9 4914:10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00085-2 3784:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6 3603:Martin JH (16 January 2009). 3390:Journal of Psychopharmacology 3148:"GHB acid: A rage or reprive" 3008:10.1016/S0741-8329(99)00090-7 2956:Journal of Psychopharmacology 2532:10.1517/14656566.2015.1047343 2188:. Nlm.nih.gov. 28 July 2010. 1895: 1744:eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome 1522:and as a weak agonist at the 1330:. Other side-effects include 1259: 315:Psychotropic Schedule II 15197:Glutamate (neurotransmitter) 15113:receptor positive modulators 13621:ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine) 12079:Dopamine reuptake inhibitors 8521:1971 Psychotropic Substances 7042:InfoFacts – Rohypnol and GHB 6796:Iversen L (3 October 2013). 6546:10.1016/0735-6757(91)90050-t 6397:10.1016/0278-6915(92)90139-C 6385:Food and Chemical Toxicology 6147:10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140376 6005:10.1097/FBP.0b013e32833b3397 5923:10.1016/0014-2999(95)00369-V 5641:10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.07.016 5482:10.1016/0028-3908(71)90013-X 5117:10.1016/0014-2999(94)90248-8 4741:Annals of Emergency Medicine 4254:10.1016/0014-2999(95)00493-5 4145:10.1016/j.neuint.2006.11.007 4133:Neurochemistry International 3661:Journal of Forensic Sciences 2925:10.3109/15563650.2012.702218 2575:10.1517/14656566.2011.589836 1810:Commission on Narcotic Drugs 1248: 1064: 932:excessive daytime sleepiness 7: 13199:Glycine receptor modulators 12352:Aceburic acid (GHB acetate) 12231:Orexin receptor antagonists 11554:Tetracyclic antidepressants 11368:Tetracyclic antidepressants 9309:Pharmaceutical distribution 8946:Coca production in Colombia 8397:Counterculture of the 1960s 6644:Academic Emergency Medicine 6599:"GHB: A Club Drug To Watch" 4485:General Hospital Psychiatry 4360:Emergency Medicine Practice 3986:10.1016/j.sleep.2009.08.004 3951:10.1016/j.sleep.2009.02.002 3916:10.1016/j.sleep.2009.01.005 3285:Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2794:10.1056/nejm199101243240416 2387:Clinical Drug Investigation 1865: 1312: 796:γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) 368:, also in blood and tissues 296: / Schedule III ( 10: 15218: 14312:Nonsteroidal antiandrogens 12047:Dopamine receptor agonists 9481:Substance abuse prevention 9456:Opioid replacement therapy 6247:Liebigs Annalen der Chemie 6097:10.1208/s12248-020-00543-z 4679:10.1016/j.ajem.2009.11.008 4573:Emergency Medicine Journal 4524:Emergency Medicine Journal 3881:10.1016/j.ajem.2009.11.008 2287:From Chocolate to Morphine 2006:(published 4 April 2023). 1769:A popular children's toy, 1706: 1609:receptors as do other GABA 892: 862:performance-enhancing drug 670:Chemical and physical data 256:: Prescription only ( 29: 15142:Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid 15093: 14796: 14479: 13263: 13254: 13169: 13122: 13084: 13056: 13000: 12977: 12960: 12888: 12805: 12667: 12650: 12618: 12321: 12304: 12244: 12201:NMDA receptor antagonists 12057:Dopamine releasing agents 11934: 11757: 11710: 11682: 11649: 11629: 11575: 11531:Tricyclic antidepressants 11516: 11504: 11447: 11389: 11345:Tricyclic antidepressants 11313: 11250: 11238: 11167: 11015: 10952: 10919: 10901: 10833: 10780: 10737: 10709: 10651: 10528: 10385: 10337: 10325: 10163: 10151: 10097: 10074: 10065: 9964: 9941: 9932: 9912: 9834: 9793: 9784: 9757: 9706: 9680: 9627:Glutamic acid (glutamate) 9622:Aspartic acid (aspartate) 9609: 9600: 9590: 9494: 9486:Supervised injection site 9428: 9343: 8969: 8936: 8925: 8921: 8915: 8910: 8814: 8776:Anabolic steroid legality 8763: 8648: 8556: 8541:Convention Against Doping 8536:Law of the Sea Convention 8503: 8499: 8488: 8467:Urban legends about drugs 8379: 8331: 8268: 8165: 8132: 8024: 8020: 8007: 7944: 7917: 7855: 7801: 7702: 7607: 7598: 7543: 7376: 7239: 7104: 7100: 7089: 6432:10.1007/s00011-005-1380-7 5798:Journal of Neurochemistry 5348:10.1051/medsci/2005213284 5062:Journal of Neurochemistry 4997:. Retrieved 6 March 2010. 4403:10.1007/s12028-008-9062-2 4189:10.1007/s11011-009-9136-7 4024:10.1016/j.pbb.2004.09.022 2399:10.1007/s40261-013-0158-x 2142:Current Neuropharmacology 1853:Union Chimique Belge S.A. 1829:Dangerous Drugs Ordinance 1808:On 20 March 2001, the UN 1758:and came to be used as a 1442:γ-hydroxybutyric aciduria 1191: 1103:Usage as a date-rape drug 809:is a naturally occurring 781: 756: 736: 714: 701: 674: 669: 650: 618: 598: 578: 558: 538: 518: 498: 478: 453: 433: 413: 408: 395: 382: 372: 358: 348: 340: 202: 197: 162: 125: 107: 95: 69: 64: 55: 46: 18:Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid 13861:sulfonmethane (sulfonal) 13185:GABA receptor modulators 11116:Sulfonmethane (sulfonal) 9811:Epinephrine (adrenaline) 9282:Turks and Caicos Islands 8791:Methamphetamine legality 8104:Marijuana Policy Project 7095:Major recreational drugs 6829:. UK Home Office. 2015. 6260:10.1002/jlac.18741710216 6219:. Springer. p. 79. 5993:Behavioural Pharmacology 5291:Biochemical Pharmacology 3402:10.1177/0269881110363315 3165:10.4103/2231-4040.121410 3083:22 November 2015 at the 2968:10.1177/0269881108091596 1872:Beta-Hydroxybutyric acid 1731:from the 1960s onwards. 1682:Metabolic pathway of GHB 1665:ethyl-4-acetoxybutanoate 1483:in certain brain areas. 1383:A newer synthetic drug, 1183:Combination with alcohol 15152:GABAB receptor agonists 11603:Atypical antipsychotics 11417:Atypical antipsychotics 8059:Cannabis rights leaders 6050:10.1124/jpet.102.046797 4585:10.1136/emj.2004.021154 4536:10.1136/emj.2006.035139 4228:Addiction and the Brain 4177:Metabolic Brain Disease 4102:10.1196/annals.1432.044 3568:Drug and Alcohol Review 2004:Diário Oficial da União 1069:GHB has been used as a 1022:gamma-aminobutyric acid 921:prescription medication 817:. It is a precursor to 14740:5α-Dihydroprogesterone 14287:Morphine-3-glucuronide 13947:Hyenachin (mellitoxin) 13832:Retigabine (ezogabine) 12165:nACh receptor agonists 11777:Chlorophenylalkyldiols 11585:Typical antipsychotics 11399:Typical antipsychotics 10246:Carbonyl sulfide (COS) 9847:N-Methylphenethylamine 8867:Politics of drug abuse 7835:Mandragora officinarum 6883:www.legislation.gov.uk 6773:. 2002. Archived from 5868:Neurochemical Research 4634:10.1124/mol.112.078154 4622:Molecular Pharmacology 3832:10.1093/alcalc/34.1.15 3819:Alcohol and Alcoholism 3214:10.1054/jcfm.2001.0473 3078:"The Vaults Of Erowid" 2690:10.1093/sleep/13.6.479 1844: 1797: 1683: 1669:γ-hydroxybutyraldehyde 1635:kappa opioid receptors 1475:GHB is a precursor to 1320:respiratory depression 1179: 1112: 807:4-hydroxybutanoic acid 425:4-hydroxybutanoic acid 15157:GHB receptor agonists 14128:Chlorophenylsilatrane 13015:α-Ketoisocaproic acid 12251:Recreational drug use 12187:Nitric oxide prodrugs 9987:2-AGE (noladin ether) 9227:Saint Kitts and Nevis 8526:1988 Drug Trafficking 8119:Cannabis and religion 7083:Recreational drug use 6420:Inflammation Research 5026:10.1096/fj.02-0846fje 3551:on 25 September 2015. 2473:"cochranelibrary.com" 2278:, Winifred R (1993). 1877:γ-Hydroxyvaleric acid 1795: 1681: 1422:succinic semialdehyde 1416:Endogenous production 1281:for control of acute 1173: 1110: 1047:or varnish thinner). 915:for the treatment of 848:and as treatment for 140:GABA receptor agonist 136:GHB receptor agonists 76:γ-hydroxybutyric acid 41:γ-hydroxybutyric acid 15078:Negative modulators: 14958:Positive modulators: 14851:Arbaclofen placarbil 14737:Negative modulators: 14586:Positive modulators: 14371:Pregnenolone sulfate 14007:17-Phenylandrostenol 13989:Negative modulators: 13874:constituents (e.g., 13844:constituents (e.g., 13706:Neuroactive steroids 13683:constituents (e.g., 13419:Neuroactive steroids 12328:Tooltip GHB receptor 11734:Gabapentin enacarbil 10782:Neuroactive steroids 10752:Apronal (apronalide) 10198:Carbon monoxide (CO) 9476:Responsible drug use 9287:United Arab Emirates 8606:Drug Policy Alliance 8494:Legality of drug use 8099:Legality of cannabis 8074:Cannabis Social Club 8044:Cannabis cultivation 8039:Cannabis consumption 7870:Cannabis (Marijuana) 7692:Psilocybin mushrooms 6988:10.1093/jat/30.6.360 6747:. 18 February 2000. 6657:10.1197/aemj.9.7.730 6370:4 March 2021 at the 5437:10.1038/bjp.2008.132 4993:6 April 2023 at the 4793:10.1093/jat/28.6.481 3690:on 24 December 2012. 3505:. 16 November 2006. 3450:10.1093/jat/23.3.141 2094:Riviello RJ (2010). 1174:Table from the 2010 1095:Sports and athletics 803:-hydroxybutyric acid 237:(Psychoactive drugs) 32:GHB (disambiguation) 15187:Gamma hydroxy acids 15167:General anesthetics 14667:Gabazine (SR-95531) 14657:CGP-36742 (SGS-742) 14365:dihydropicrotoxinin 14090:Bicyclic phosphates 14002:11-Ketoprogesterone 13937:Gabazine (SR-95531) 13762:pyrazolopyrimidines 12487:Gabazine (SR-95531) 11926:Drugs which induce 10203:Hydrogen sulfide (H 10057:Virodhamine (O-AEA) 9534:Tobacco consumption 9504:Alcohol consumption 9446:Drug rehabilitation 9383:Effects of cannabis 9107:Indian Ocean region 8887:Philippine drug war 8516:1961 Narcotic Drugs 7197:nail polish remover 6777:on 31 December 2005 6461:Kapalka GM (2010). 6240:Saytzeff A (1874). 4952:Antiepileptic drugs 4834:10.1093/jat/29.1.41 4286:on 27 January 2011. 4094:2008NYASA1139..386S 3768:(9752): 1558–1565. 3641:. 23 November 2016. 2913:Clinical Toxicology 2452:withdrawl [ 1970:10.2147/SAR.S315720 1752:intensive care unit 1691:, which enters the 1559:blood–brain barrier 1450:cerebrospinal fluid 1448:, blood plasma and 1266:withdrawal syndrome 1130:accidental overdose 378:Within 5–15 minutes 43: 14188:FG-7142 (ZK-31906) 13734:Nonbenzodiazepines 12850:Mesalazine (5-ASA) 12757:Phenylpyruvic acid 12387:GHV (4-methyl-GHB) 12128:nonbenzodiazepines 11799:Diethylpropanediol 11081:Dichloralphenazone 10997:Methylmethaqualone 10835:Nonbenzodiazepines 10362:Diethylpropanediol 10260:Sulfur dioxide (SO 10171:Cholinergic system 9873:Phenylethanolamine 9852:N-Methyltryptamine 9816:NAS (normelatonin) 9603:inhibitory systems 9601:Major excitatory / 9390:Drug-related crime 9067:Dominican Republic 8977:Illegal drug trade 8452:Religion and drugs 8407:Drug paraphernalia 8387:Chasing the dragon 8346:Fashion cigarettes 7927:Calea zacatechichi 7622:Psychoactive toads 7332:Mitragyna speciosa 7284:Dextropropoxyphene 7226:Nonbenzodiazepines 7134:Alcoholic beverage 6803:. UK Home Office. 6172:Neuropsychobiology 5880:10.1007/BF00973292 5715:Neuropsychobiology 5555:10.1007/BF01250046 4391:Neurocritical Care 3673:10.1520/JFS2002209 3360:The New York Times 1916:. 8 January 2020. 1860:alcohol withdrawal 1798: 1736:dietary supplement 1684: 1552:supraoptic nucleus 1237:expression in the 1180: 1141:Rockwood, Michigan 1113: 905:alcohol dependence 903:and, more rarely, 846:general anesthetic 39: 15172:Neurotransmitters 15129: 15128: 15089: 15088: 15011:2-Hydroxysaclofen 14792: 14791: 14682:Isonipecotic acid 14047:Anabolic steroids 14017:α5IA (LS-193,268) 13927:Dihydrosecurinine 13812:Pyrazolopyridines 13581:potassium bromide 13579:compounds (e.g., 13542:Anabolic steroids 13520:for a full list): 13374:Isonipecotic acid 13208: 13207: 13165: 13164: 13047: 12971: 12956: 12955: 12682:α-Ketoisocaproate 12661: 12646: 12645: 12499:Unknown/unsorted: 12315: 12258: 12257: 12116:ethanol (alcohol) 11939:μ-Opioid receptor 11893: 11892: 11645: 11644: 11443: 11442: 11163: 11162: 11044:Potassium bromide 11002:Nitromethaqualone 10510:Thiotetrabarbital 10357:Ethanol (alcohol) 10276: 10275: 10272: 10271: 10220: 10219: 10212:Nitric oxide (NO) 10186: 10185: 10159: 10147: 10146: 10143: 10142: 10093: 10092: 10089: 10088: 9960: 9959: 9956: 9955: 9928: 9927: 9842:3-Iodothyronamine 9780: 9779: 9584:Neurotransmitters 9550: 9549: 9546: 9545: 9542: 9541: 9461:Pharmacovigilance 9441:Drug legalization 9339: 9338: 8906: 8905: 8902: 8901: 8837:Cognitive liberty 8781:Cannabis legality 8569:Decriminalization 8484: 8483: 8480: 8479: 8366:Smoking fetishism 8003: 8002: 7999: 7998: 7940: 7939: 7820:Atropa belladonna 7187:contact adhesives 7129:Ethanol (alcohol) 6472:978-0-12-374927-7 6184:10.1159/000443173 5728:10.1159/000443173 5514:(18): 2101–2112. 5470:Neuropharmacology 5335:Médecine/Sciences 5247:Neuropharmacology 4961:978-0-7817-2321-3 3736:Toxichem Krimtech 3609:thenewsherald.com 3581:10.1111/dar.13830 3479:on 8 January 2009 2749:10.1172/JCI119587 2329:10.1586/ern.12.42 2301:978-0-395-66079-9 1998:(31 March 2023). 1712:Alexander Zaytsev 1613:agonists such as 1534:neurotransmitters 1479:, glutamate, and 1378:medical emergency 1348:recovery position 870:recreational drug 805:), also known as 793: 792: 727:Interactive image 620:CompTox Dashboard 324: 312: 291: 279: 267: 260:for higher doses) 255: 244: 232: 216: 79:γ-hydroxybutyrate 27:Chemical compound 16:(Redirected from 15209: 14836:4-Fluorophenibut 14816: 14812: 14803: 14802: 14672:Gaboxadol (THIP) 14589:Allopregnanolone 14491: 14487: 14222:Fluoroquinolones 13977:Thiocolchicoside 13797:Piperidinediones 13754:imidazopyridines 13710:allopregnanolone 13617:Dihydroergolines 13532:drinking alcohol 13423:allopregnanolone 13339:Gaboxadol (THIP) 13274: 13270: 13261: 13260: 13244: 13235: 13228: 13221: 13212: 13211: 13130: 13126: 13092: 13088: 13064: 13060: 13048:-Glucuronic acid 13045: 13008: 13004: 12985: 12981: 12975: 12974: 12965: 12896: 12892: 12813: 12809: 12792:Sodium valproate 12687:Acetoacetic acid 12675: 12671: 12665: 12664: 12655: 12629: 12625: 12585:Prochlorperazine 12329: 12325: 12319: 12318: 12309: 12294: 12285: 12278: 12271: 12262: 12261: 11920: 11913: 11906: 11897: 11896: 11818:muscle relaxants 11721: 11718: 11514: 11513: 11248: 11247: 11185:4-Fluorophenibut 10921:Piperidinediones 10795:Allopregnanolone 10377:Trichloroethanol 10335: 10334: 10303: 10296: 10289: 10280: 10279: 10251:Nitrous oxide (N 10222: 10221: 10191:Gasotransmitters 10188: 10187: 10168: 10167: 10158: 10112: 10111: 10105: 10104: 10072: 10071: 10007:Anandamide (AEA) 9975:Endocannabinoids 9972: 9971: 9939: 9938: 9826:Serotonin (5-HT) 9791: 9790: 9610:Glutamate system 9607: 9606: 9598: 9597: 9577: 9570: 9563: 9554: 9553: 9378:Drug harmfulness 9373:Driving impaired 9192:Papua New Guinea 8961:Rolling meth lab 8934: 8933: 8923: 8922: 8912: 8911: 8877:Mexican drug war 8786:Cocaine legality 8771:Alcohol legality 8601:Demand reduction 8589:Supply reduction 8501: 8500: 8490: 8489: 8167:Drinking culture 8109:Medical cannabis 8069:Cannabis smoking 8026:Cannabis culture 8022: 8021: 8009: 8008: 7985:recreational use 7830:Hyoscyamus niger 7791:Salvia divinorum 7774:Amanita muscaria 7736:recreational use 7716:recreational use 7605: 7604: 7173:recreational use 7102: 7101: 7091: 7090: 7076: 7069: 7062: 7053: 7052: 7010: 7009: 6999: 6967: 6961: 6957: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6937:(in Norwegian). 6931: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6905: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6823: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6802: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6741: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6710: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6684: 6678: 6677: 6659: 6635: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6619:on 1 August 2017 6618: 6603: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6529: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6486: 6477: 6476: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6415: 6409: 6408: 6380: 6374: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6354:on 6 August 2021 6344: 6338: 6337: 6317: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6301: 6293: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6195: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6149: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6108: 6085:The AAPS Journal 6076: 6070: 6069: 6033: 6027: 6026: 6016: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5777:(3): 1534–1543. 5765: 5759: 5758: 5740: 5730: 5706: 5697: 5696: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5592:(12): 993–1018. 5581: 5575: 5574: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5503: 5494: 5493: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5448: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5399: 5376: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5350: 5326: 5315: 5314: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5056: 5047: 5046: 5028: 5004: 4998: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4866: 4860: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4836: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4795: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4645: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4596: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4547: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4463: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4414: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4282:. Archived from 4272: 4266: 4265: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4007: 3998: 3997: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3864: 3858: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3834: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3777: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3733: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3704:. 20 June 2013. 3698: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3683:. Archived from 3658: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3611:. Archived from 3600: 3594: 3593: 3583: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3452: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3385: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3308: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3256: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3197: 3188: 3187: 3177: 3167: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3117:"1,4-Butanediol" 3113: 3107: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3088: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3058: 3026: 3020: 3019: 2991: 2980: 2979: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2908: 2889: 2888: 2878: 2868: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2827: 2820: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2760: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2692: 2668: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2648: 2641: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2616: 2609: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2468: 2462: 2461: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2283: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2252:. Archived from 2245: 2236: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2211: 2202: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2165: 2133: 2112: 2111: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2065: 2056: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2045: 2034: 2026: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2015: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1978: 1972: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1936: 1930: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1914:The Conversation 1906: 1862:and dependence. 1847: 1591:absence seizures 1488:relevant section 1396:Detection of use 1243:oxidative stress 1056:sodium hydroxide 1052:alkali hydroxide 960:Recreational use 811:neurotransmitter 789: 788: 729: 709: 694: 688: 682: 665: 654: 643: 642: 628: 626: 611: 591: 571: 551: 531: 511: 491: 471: 461: 460: 446: 387: 322: 319: 310: 307: 289: 286: 277: 274: 266: 263: 254: 251: 243: 240: 230: 227: 214: 211: 189: 179: 60: 51: 44: 42: 38: 21: 15217: 15216: 15212: 15211: 15210: 15208: 15207: 15206: 15132: 15131: 15130: 15125: 15112: 15085: 14814: 14811: 14788: 14516:Homohypotaurine 14489: 14485: 14475: 14348:Phenylsilatrane 13890:chloral hydrate 13857:Sulfonylalkanes 13746:cyclopyrrolones 13567:Benzodiazepines 13319:Dihydromuscimol 13272: 13269: 13250: 13239: 13209: 13204: 13161: 13128: 13118: 13090: 13080: 13062: 13052: 13006: 12996: 12983: 12964: 12952: 12894: 12884: 12880:Salicyclic acid 12811: 12801: 12673: 12654: 12642: 12627: 12624: 12614: 12550:azido-BnOPh-GHB 12327: 12308: 12300: 12289: 12259: 12254: 12240: 12120:alcoholic drink 12108:benzodiazepines 12096: 12087:methylphenidate 12065:methamphetamine 12025: 11979: 11930: 11924: 11894: 11889: 11753: 11716: 11706: 11678: 11641: 11625: 11571: 11518:Antidepressants 11509: 11500: 11471:Dexmedetomidine 11452: 11439: 11385: 11315:Antidepressants 11309: 11270:Diphenhydramine 11243: 11234: 11172: 11159: 11148:Isovaleric acid 11111:Sulfonylalkanes 11066:Chloral hydrate 11061:Chloral betaine 11039:Lithium bromide 11011: 10948: 10915: 10897: 10829: 10776: 10733: 10705: 10647: 10530:Benzodiazepines 10524: 10430:Ethallobarbital 10381: 10330: 10321: 10307: 10277: 10268: 10263: 10254: 10240: 10216: 10206: 10182: 10139: 10085: 10061: 9952: 9924: 9908: 9830: 9786:Biogenic amines 9776: 9753: 9702: 9676: 9602: 9586: 9581: 9551: 9538: 9496: 9490: 9466:Reagent testing 9424: 9415:Passive smoking 9345: 9335: 8965: 8951:Drug precursors 8938: 8929: 8927: 8917: 8898: 8852:Drug possession 8827:Cannabis rights 8810: 8806:Salvia legality 8759: 8650: 8644: 8552: 8495: 8476: 8457:Self-medication 8375: 8371:Tobacco smoking 8333:Smoking culture 8327: 8264: 8161: 8128: 8084:Cannabis vaping 8054:Cannabis rights 8049:Cannabis edible 8016: 7995: 7936: 7932:Silene capensis 7913: 7851: 7847:Diphenhydramine 7797: 7698: 7594: 7539: 7491:Methylphenidate 7481:Methamphetamine 7372: 7235: 7119:Benzodiazepines 7096: 7085: 7080: 7019: 7014: 7013: 6968: 6964: 6958: 6954: 6944: 6942: 6933: 6932: 6928: 6918: 6916: 6907: 6906: 6902: 6892: 6890: 6877: 6876: 6872: 6862: 6860: 6851: 6850: 6846: 6836: 6834: 6825: 6824: 6820: 6810: 6808: 6800: 6794: 6790: 6780: 6778: 6769: 6768: 6764: 6754: 6752: 6743: 6742: 6738: 6728: 6726: 6711: 6707: 6697: 6695: 6686: 6685: 6681: 6636: 6632: 6622: 6620: 6616: 6601: 6597: 6596: 6592: 6582: 6580: 6565: 6561: 6530: 6526: 6516: 6514: 6487: 6480: 6473: 6465:. Elsevier/AP. 6459: 6455: 6416: 6412: 6381: 6377: 6372:Wayback Machine 6357: 6355: 6346: 6345: 6341: 6318: 6314: 6306: 6299: 6295: 6294: 6279: 6269: 6267: 6238: 6234: 6227: 6213: 6209: 6167: 6163: 6126: 6122: 6077: 6073: 6034: 6030: 5985: 5981: 5942: 5938: 5907: 5903: 5864: 5860: 5837: 5833: 5794: 5790: 5766: 5762: 5707: 5700: 5660: 5656: 5625: 5621: 5582: 5578: 5539: 5535: 5504: 5497: 5466: 5462: 5417: 5413: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5374: 5368: 5364: 5327: 5318: 5297:(11): 1815–19. 5286: 5282: 5242: 5238: 5217:(2–3): 289–92. 5207: 5203: 5174:(1–2): 181–90. 5164: 5160: 5136: 5132: 5101: 5097: 5057: 5050: 5019:(12): 1691–93. 5005: 5001: 4995:Wayback Machine 4985: 4981: 4971: 4969: 4962: 4941: 4937: 4908:(3): 989–1000. 4897: 4893: 4883: 4881: 4876:. August 2016. 4868: 4867: 4863: 4854: 4850: 4813: 4809: 4772: 4768: 4737: 4733: 4723: 4721: 4702:"GABA Receptor" 4698: 4694: 4663: 4659: 4614: 4610: 4565: 4561: 4516: 4512: 4481: 4477: 4432: 4428: 4383: 4379: 4356: 4352: 4342: 4340: 4335:. Ualberta.ca. 4331: 4330: 4326: 4295: 4291: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4238: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4212: 4172: 4168: 4129: 4125: 4078: 4074: 4051: 4047: 4008: 4001: 3970: 3966: 3935: 3931: 3900: 3896: 3865: 3861: 3852: 3848: 3811: 3807: 3775:10.1.1.690.1283 3758: 3754: 3746: 3731: 3725: 3721: 3711: 3709: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3687: 3656: 3650: 3646: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3618: 3616: 3615:on 4 March 2016 3601: 3597: 3560: 3556: 3545:The Independent 3539: 3538: 3534: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3497: 3496: 3492: 3482: 3480: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3429: 3425: 3386: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3326: 3322: 3277: 3273: 3247:(12): 1195–98. 3233: 3229: 3198: 3191: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3115: 3114: 3110: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3085:Wayback Machine 3076: 3072: 3027: 3023: 2992: 2983: 2952: 2948: 2909: 2892: 2845: 2841: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2818: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2778: 2774: 2729: 2725: 2710: 2706: 2669: 2662: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2569:(11): 1789–98. 2559: 2555: 2516: 2512: 2502: 2500: 2479:(2): CD006266. 2469: 2465: 2433:(2): CD006266. 2426: 2422: 2383: 2379: 2356: 2352: 2313: 2309: 2302: 2273: 2269: 2259: 2257: 2246: 2239: 2229: 2227: 2212: 2205: 2195: 2193: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2134: 2115: 2108: 2092: 2088: 2078: 2076: 2067: 2066: 2059: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2032: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2013: 2011: 1993: 1989: 1980: 1979: 1975: 1963: 1959: 1949: 1947: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1923: 1921: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1883:γ-Valerolactone 1868: 1790: 1784: 1779:1,5-pentanediol 1709: 1658:γ-valerolactone 1644: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1596: 1584: 1580: 1530: 1509: 1500: 1464:antipsychotics— 1418: 1403:γ-butyrolactone 1398: 1390: 1371: 1367: 1355:benzodiazepines 1315: 1305: 1300:cross-tolerance 1297: 1279:benzodiazepines 1272:, anxiety, and 1262: 1251: 1239:cerebral cortex 1215: 1194: 1185: 1168: 1166:Adverse effects 1160:benzodiazepines 1105: 1097: 1067: 1037:γ-butyrolactone 1018:benzodiazepines 1014:unconsciousness 962: 939:slow-wave sleep 897: 891: 842: 815:depressant drug 784: 782: 777: 774: 769: 764: 763: 752: 749: 744: 743: 732: 707: 697: 691: 685: 646: 622: 614: 594: 574: 554: 534: 514: 494: 474: 457: 449: 429: 426: 421: 420: 385: 374:Onset of action 364:95–98%, mainly 350:Bioavailability 342:Pharmacokinetic 336: 193: 155: 151: 110: 98: 91: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15215: 15205: 15204: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15184: 15179: 15174: 15169: 15164: 15162:GABA analogues 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15127: 15126: 15124: 15123: 15116: 15110: 15105: 15098: 15094: 15091: 15090: 15087: 15086: 15084: 15083: 15074: 15073: 15068: 15063: 15058: 15053: 15048: 15043: 15038: 15033: 15028: 15023: 15018: 15013: 15004: 15003: 14998: 14993: 14988: 14983: 14978: 14973: 14968: 14963: 14954: 14953: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14933: 14931:Sodium oxybate 14928: 14923: 14918: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14848: 14843: 14838: 14833: 14828: 14826:1,4-Butanediol 14819: 14817: 14809: 14800: 14794: 14793: 14790: 14789: 14787: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14752: 14747: 14742: 14733: 14732: 14727: 14719: 14714: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14684: 14679: 14674: 14669: 14664: 14659: 14654: 14646: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14616: 14607: 14606: 14601: 14596: 14591: 14582: 14581: 14576: 14571: 14566: 14561: 14556: 14551: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14528: 14523: 14518: 14513: 14508: 14503: 14494: 14492: 14483: 14477: 14476: 14474: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14438: 14433: 14428: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14398: 14393: 14388: 14383: 14378: 14373: 14368: 14350: 14345: 14340: 14335: 14309: 14304: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14219: 14214: 14200: 14190: 14185: 14180: 14175: 14170: 14165: 14160: 14155: 14150: 14145: 14140: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14110: 14105: 14087: 14082: 14077: 14070:cephalosporins 14059: 14054: 14049: 14044: 14039: 14034: 14029: 14024: 14019: 14014: 14009: 14004: 13999: 13994: 13985: 13984: 13979: 13974: 13969: 13964: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13944: 13939: 13934: 13929: 13924: 13919: 13910: 13909: 13879: 13876:valerenic acid 13869: 13864: 13854: 13849: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13822:Quinazolinones 13819: 13809: 13804: 13794: 13789: 13779: 13774: 13769: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13678: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13644: 13641:mefenamic acid 13634: 13629: 13624: 13614: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13594: 13584: 13574: 13564: 13554: 13544: 13539: 13525: 13512: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13486: 13481: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13426: 13416: 13411: 13406: 13401: 13396: 13386: 13381: 13376: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13356: 13351: 13346: 13341: 13336: 13331: 13326: 13321: 13316: 13311: 13306: 13301: 13291: 13286: 13277: 13275: 13267: 13258: 13252: 13251: 13238: 13237: 13230: 13223: 13215: 13206: 13205: 13203: 13202: 13195: 13188: 13181: 13174: 13170: 13167: 13166: 13163: 13162: 13160: 13159: 13154: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13133: 13131: 13120: 13119: 13117: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13095: 13093: 13082: 13081: 13079: 13078: 13076:Phenanthroline 13073: 13067: 13065: 13054: 13053: 13051: 13050: 13038: 13037: 13032: 13030:Salicylic acid 13027: 13022: 13017: 13011: 13009: 12998: 12997: 12995: 12994: 12988: 12986: 12972: 12958: 12957: 12954: 12953: 12951: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12938:Nipecotic acid 12935: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12908:Bafilomycin A1 12905: 12899: 12897: 12886: 12885: 12883: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12870:Propionic acid 12867: 12862: 12860:Nicotinic acid 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12816: 12814: 12803: 12802: 12800: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12782:Salicylic acid 12779: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12754: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12678: 12676: 12662: 12648: 12647: 12644: 12643: 12641: 12640: 12632: 12630: 12622: 12616: 12615: 12613: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12495: 12494: 12489: 12477: 12476: 12471: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12422:Sodium oxybate 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12332: 12330: 12316: 12302: 12301: 12288: 12287: 12280: 12273: 12265: 12256: 12255: 12245: 12242: 12241: 12239: 12238: 12228: 12198: 12191:alkyl nitrites 12184: 12162: 12148: 12142:sodium oxybate 12135: 12132:quinazolinones 12094: 12090: 12076: 12054: 12044: 12023: 12019: 12006: 11991:gabapentinoids 11977: 11973: 11935: 11932: 11931: 11923: 11922: 11915: 11908: 11900: 11891: 11890: 11888: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11865:Passion flower 11862: 11852: 11847: 11846: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11795: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11774: 11773: 11772: 11761: 11759: 11755: 11754: 11752: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11725: 11723: 11714: 11708: 11707: 11705: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11688: 11686: 11680: 11679: 11677: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11655: 11653: 11647: 11646: 11643: 11642: 11640: 11639: 11633: 11631: 11627: 11626: 11624: 11623: 11622: 11621: 11615: 11610: 11600: 11599: 11598: 11592: 11590:Chlorpromazine 11581: 11579: 11577:Antipsychotics 11573: 11572: 11570: 11569: 11568: 11567: 11561: 11551: 11550: 11549: 11543: 11538: 11528: 11522: 11520: 11511: 11507: 11502: 11501: 11499: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11457: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11444: 11441: 11440: 11438: 11437: 11436: 11435: 11429: 11424: 11414: 11413: 11412: 11406: 11404:Chlorpromazine 11395: 11393: 11391:Antipsychotics 11387: 11386: 11384: 11383: 11382: 11381: 11375: 11365: 11364: 11363: 11357: 11352: 11342: 11341: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11319: 11317: 11311: 11310: 11308: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11265:Cyproheptadine 11262: 11256: 11254: 11252:Antihistamines 11245: 11241: 11236: 11235: 11233: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11209:sodium oxybate 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11180:1,4-Butanediol 11176: 11174: 11170: 11165: 11164: 11161: 11160: 11158: 11157: 11156: 11155: 11153:Valerenic acid 11150: 11145: 11135: 11130: 11129: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11052: 11051: 11049:Sodium bromide 11046: 11041: 11030: 11025: 11019: 11017: 11013: 11012: 11010: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10958: 10956: 10954:Quinazolinones 10950: 10949: 10947: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10925: 10923: 10917: 10916: 10914: 10913: 10907: 10905: 10899: 10898: 10896: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10839: 10837: 10831: 10830: 10828: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10786: 10784: 10778: 10777: 10775: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10743: 10741: 10735: 10734: 10732: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10715: 10713: 10707: 10706: 10704: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10657: 10655: 10649: 10648: 10646: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10534: 10532: 10526: 10525: 10523: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10475:Propylbarbital 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10391: 10389: 10383: 10382: 10380: 10379: 10374: 10372:Methylpentynol 10369: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10343: 10341: 10332: 10328: 10323: 10322: 10306: 10305: 10298: 10291: 10283: 10274: 10273: 10270: 10269: 10267: 10266: 10261: 10257: 10252: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10234: 10228: 10226: 10218: 10217: 10215: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10200: 10194: 10192: 10184: 10183: 10181: 10180: 10174: 10172: 10165: 10161: 10160: 10156: 10149: 10148: 10145: 10144: 10141: 10140: 10138: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10121: 10119: 10109: 10102: 10095: 10094: 10091: 10090: 10087: 10086: 10084: 10083: 10075: 10069: 10063: 10062: 10060: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9978: 9976: 9969: 9962: 9961: 9958: 9957: 9954: 9953: 9951: 9950: 9942: 9936: 9930: 9929: 9926: 9925: 9923: 9922: 9916: 9914: 9910: 9909: 9907: 9906: 9898: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9878:Phenethylamine 9875: 9870: 9862: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9838: 9836: 9832: 9831: 9829: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9797: 9795: 9788: 9782: 9781: 9778: 9777: 9775: 9774: 9769: 9763: 9761: 9755: 9754: 9752: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9710: 9708: 9707:Glycine system 9704: 9703: 9701: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9684: 9682: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9652:Kynurenic acid 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9613: 9611: 9604: 9595: 9588: 9587: 9580: 9579: 9572: 9565: 9557: 9548: 9547: 9544: 9543: 9540: 9539: 9537: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9525: 9524: 9519: 9511: 9506: 9500: 9498: 9492: 9491: 9489: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9432: 9430: 9429:Harm reduction 9426: 9425: 9423: 9422: 9421: 9420: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9386: 9385: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9363:Date rape drug 9360: 9355: 9349: 9347: 9341: 9340: 9337: 9336: 9334: 9333: 9332: 9331: 9329:Liquor license 9326: 9321: 9316: 9306: 9304:Darknet market 9301: 9300: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8973: 8971: 8967: 8966: 8964: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8942: 8940: 8931: 8919: 8918: 8908: 8907: 8904: 8903: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8896: 8894:Zero tolerance 8891: 8890: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8818: 8816: 8812: 8811: 8809: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8767: 8765: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8757: 8756: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8668:Czech Republic 8665: 8660: 8654: 8652: 8646: 8645: 8643: 8642: 8641: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8629: 8628: 8621:Liberalization 8618: 8613: 8611:Harm reduction 8608: 8603: 8593: 8592: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8560: 8558: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8550: 8549: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8530: 8529: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8507: 8505: 8497: 8496: 8486: 8485: 8482: 8481: 8478: 8477: 8475: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8437:Party and play 8434: 8429: 8427:Needle sharing 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8383: 8381: 8377: 8376: 8374: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8341:Cigarette card 8337: 8335: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8274: 8272: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8250:Tailgate party 8247: 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8200:Drinking games 8197: 8192: 8190:Binge drinking 8187: 8182: 8177: 8171: 8169: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8138: 8136: 8134:Coffee culture 8130: 8129: 8127: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8030: 8028: 8018: 8017: 8005: 8004: 8001: 8000: 7997: 7996: 7994: 7993: 7988: 7978: 7977: 7976: 7971: 7961: 7956: 7950: 7948: 7942: 7941: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7934: 7929: 7923: 7921: 7915: 7914: 7912: 7911: 7910: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7884: 7883: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7861: 7859: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7849: 7844: 7842:Dimenhydrinate 7839: 7838: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7807: 7805: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7795: 7794: 7793: 7783: 7778: 7777: 7776: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7755: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7742:alkyl nitrites 7739: 7724: 7719: 7708: 7706: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7696: 7695: 7694: 7680: 7679: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7666:Peruvian torch 7658: 7653: 7648: 7647: 7646: 7636: 7635: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7613: 7611: 7602: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7592: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7564: 7563: 7555: 7549: 7547: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7537: 7536: 7535: 7530: 7520: 7519: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7467: 7466: 7456: 7455: 7454: 7449: 7439: 7438: 7437: 7427: 7426: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7405: 7400: 7399: 7398: 7388: 7382: 7380: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7370: 7365: 7364: 7363: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7329: 7324: 7323: 7322: 7314: 7309: 7308: 7307: 7299: 7294: 7293: 7292: 7289: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7271: 7270: 7269: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7254: 7245: 7243: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7233: 7231:Quinazolinones 7228: 7223: 7218: 7217: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7206: 7205: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7158: 7153: 7151:Gabapentinoids 7148: 7147: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7110: 7108: 7098: 7097: 7087: 7086: 7079: 7078: 7071: 7064: 7056: 7050: 7049: 7039: 7030: 7025: 7018: 7017:External links 7015: 7012: 7011: 6962: 6952: 6926: 6900: 6870: 6844: 6818: 6788: 6762: 6736: 6705: 6694:on 16 May 2017 6679: 6630: 6590: 6559: 6524: 6501:(47): 861–63. 6478: 6471: 6453: 6426:(11): 435–50. 6410: 6375: 6339: 6312: 6277: 6232: 6226:978-3642282195 6225: 6207: 6161: 6120: 6071: 6028: 5999:(4): 332–342. 5979: 5952:(4): 187–198. 5936: 5917:(1–2): 83–91. 5901: 5874:(6): 531–533. 5858: 5847:(2): 657–663. 5831: 5804:(3): 938–944. 5788: 5760: 5698: 5671:(2): 465–474. 5654: 5635:(3): 246–252. 5619: 5576: 5549:(1–2): 39–48. 5533: 5495: 5460: 5411: 5362: 5316: 5280: 5253:(8): 1146–56. 5236: 5201: 5168:Brain Research 5158: 5130: 5095: 5068:(3): 722–732. 5048: 4999: 4979: 4960: 4935: 4891: 4861: 4848: 4807: 4766: 4731: 4692: 4673:(3): 319–332. 4657: 4628:(2): 226–235. 4608: 4559: 4510: 4475: 4426: 4377: 4350: 4324: 4289: 4267: 4232: 4220: 4210: 4166: 4123: 4072: 4057:(in Spanish). 4045: 3999: 3974:Sleep Medicine 3964: 3939:Sleep Medicine 3929: 3904:Sleep Medicine 3894: 3859: 3853:Zvosec et al. 3846: 3805: 3752: 3719: 3693: 3667:(1): 195–200. 3644: 3626: 3595: 3574:(4): 984–996. 3554: 3532: 3520: 3490: 3464: 3423: 3377: 3347: 3320: 3271: 3227: 3189: 3158:(4): 173–178. 3138: 3108: 3089: 3070: 3021: 2981: 2946: 2890: 2839: 2807: 2772: 2723: 2714:Sleep Research 2704: 2660: 2628: 2596: 2553: 2526:(9): 1347–68. 2510: 2463: 2420: 2377: 2366:(7): 1315–20. 2350: 2307: 2300: 2267: 2256:on 10 May 2012 2237: 2203: 2177: 2113: 2107:978-0763744625 2106: 2086: 2057: 2030:"What is GHB?" 2021: 1987: 1984:. 30 May 2024. 1973: 1957: 1931: 1900: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1886: 1880: 1874: 1867: 1864: 1789: 1786: 1760:date rape drug 1708: 1705: 1642: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1594: 1582: 1578: 1528: 1508: 1505: 1499: 1496: 1417: 1414: 1407:1,4-butanediol 1397: 1394: 1388: 1369: 1365: 1328:cardiac arrest 1314: 1311: 1303: 1295: 1261: 1258: 1250: 1247: 1223:working memory 1219:spatial memory 1214: 1211: 1193: 1190: 1184: 1181: 1167: 1164: 1117:date-rape drug 1104: 1101: 1096: 1093: 1076:liquid ecstasy 1066: 1063: 1045:paint stripper 1041:1,4-butanediol 976:(alcohol) and 961: 958: 956:substitution. 924:sodium oxybate 895:Sodium oxybate 893:Main article: 890: 887: 877:sodium oxybate 866:date rape drug 840: 833:and is a weak 791: 790: 779: 778: 776: 775: 772: 770: 767: 759: 758: 757: 754: 753: 751: 750: 747: 739: 738: 737: 734: 733: 731: 730: 722: 720: 712: 711: 705: 699: 698: 695: 689: 683: 678: 672: 671: 667: 666: 656: 648: 647: 645: 644: 631: 629: 616: 615: 613: 612: 604: 602: 596: 595: 593: 592: 584: 582: 576: 575: 573: 572: 564: 562: 556: 555: 553: 552: 544: 542: 536: 535: 533: 532: 524: 522: 516: 515: 513: 512: 504: 502: 496: 495: 493: 492: 484: 482: 476: 475: 473: 472: 464: 462: 451: 450: 448: 447: 439: 437: 431: 430: 428: 427: 424: 416: 415: 414: 411: 410: 406: 405: 399: 393: 392: 389: 380: 379: 376: 370: 369: 362: 356: 355: 352: 346: 345: 338: 337: 335: 334: 317: 305: 284: 272: 261: 249: 238: 225: 223:sodium oxybate 208: 206: 200: 199: 195: 194: 192: 191: 168: 166: 160: 159: 129: 123: 122: 113: 111:administration 105: 104: 101: 93: 92: 90: 89: 86: 83: 80: 77: 73: 71: 67: 66: 62: 61: 53: 52: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15214: 15203: 15200: 15198: 15195: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15139: 15137: 15122: 15121: 15117: 15115: 15114: 15106: 15104: 15103: 15099: 15096: 15095: 15092: 15082: 15079: 15076: 15075: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15047: 15044: 15042: 15039: 15037: 15034: 15032: 15029: 15027: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15009: 15006: 15005: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14979: 14977: 14974: 14972: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14959: 14956: 14955: 14952: 14949: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14841:Aceburic acid 14839: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14821: 14820: 14818: 14813: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14795: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14764: 14760: 14756: 14753: 14751: 14748: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14738: 14735: 14734: 14731: 14728: 14726: 14724: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14651: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14612: 14609: 14608: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14597: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14587: 14584: 14583: 14580: 14577: 14575: 14572: 14570: 14567: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14552: 14550: 14548: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14531:Ibotenic acid 14529: 14527: 14524: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14496: 14495: 14493: 14488: 14478: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14397: 14394: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14376:Propybicyphat 14374: 14372: 14369: 14366: 14362: 14358: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14338:Oenanthotoxin 14336: 14333: 14329: 14325: 14321: 14317: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14247:Iomazenil (I) 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14227: 14226:ciprofloxacin 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14212: 14208: 14207:amentoflavone 14204: 14201: 14198: 14194: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14179: 14176: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14156: 14154: 14151: 14149: 14146: 14144: 14143:Cyclothiazide 14141: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14103: 14099: 14095: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14075: 14071: 14067: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14030: 14028: 14025: 14023: 14020: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14010: 14008: 14005: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13987: 13986: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13938: 13935: 13933: 13932:Famiraprinium 13930: 13928: 13925: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13912: 13911: 13907: 13903: 13899: 13898:diethyl ether 13895: 13891: 13887: 13883: 13880: 13877: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13862: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13847: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13827: 13823: 13820: 13817: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13802: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13787: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13772:Norfluoxetine 13770: 13767: 13763: 13759: 13755: 13751: 13747: 13743: 13739: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13719: 13715: 13711: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13686: 13682: 13679: 13676: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13656: 13652: 13648: 13645: 13642: 13638: 13635: 13633: 13630: 13628: 13625: 13622: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13612:Clomethiazole 13610: 13608: 13607:Chlormezanone 13605: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13597:Carbamazepine 13595: 13592: 13588: 13585: 13582: 13578: 13575: 13572: 13568: 13565: 13562: 13561:phenobarbital 13558: 13555: 13552: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13537: 13533: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13514: 13513: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13494: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13464:Quisqualamine 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13424: 13420: 13417: 13415: 13412: 13410: 13407: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13399:Methylglyoxal 13397: 13394: 13390: 13387: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13349:Ibotenic acid 13347: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13299: 13298:phenobarbital 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13279: 13278: 13276: 13271: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13253: 13249: 13246: 13236: 13231: 13229: 13224: 13222: 13217: 13216: 13213: 13201: 13200: 13196: 13194: 13193: 13189: 13187: 13186: 13182: 13180: 13179: 13175: 13172: 13171: 13168: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13134: 13132: 13127: 13121: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13096: 13094: 13089: 13083: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13068: 13066: 13061: 13055: 13049: 13043: 13040: 13039: 13036: 13035:Valproic acid 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13025:Phenylacetate 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13012: 13010: 13005: 12999: 12993: 12990: 12989: 12987: 12982: 12976: 12973: 12969: 12963: 12959: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12900: 12898: 12893: 12887: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12817: 12815: 12810: 12804: 12798: 12797:Valproic acid 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12747:Niflumic acid 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12732:Hexanoic acid 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12679: 12677: 12672: 12666: 12663: 12659: 12653: 12649: 12638: 12634: 12633: 12631: 12626: 12617: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12575:Levosulpiride 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12540:4-Phenyl-THCA 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12530:4-Methyl-THCA 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12515:3-Methyl-THCA 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12500: 12497: 12496: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12482: 12479: 12478: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12337: 12334: 12333: 12331: 12326: 12320: 12317: 12313: 12307: 12303: 12299: 12296: 12286: 12281: 12279: 12274: 12272: 12267: 12266: 12263: 12253: 12252: 12249: 12243: 12236: 12232: 12229: 12226: 12222: 12221:phencyclidine 12218: 12217:nitrous oxide 12214: 12213:methoxetamine 12210: 12206: 12202: 12199: 12196: 12192: 12188: 12185: 12182: 12178: 12174: 12170: 12166: 12163: 12160: 12156: 12155:dexamethasone 12152: 12149: 12147: 12143: 12139: 12136: 12133: 12129: 12125: 12121: 12117: 12113: 12109: 12105: 12101: 12098: 12091: 12088: 12084: 12080: 12077: 12074: 12070: 12066: 12062: 12058: 12055: 12052: 12048: 12045: 12042: 12038: 12034: 12030: 12027: 12020: 12017: 12013: 12010: 12009:AMPA receptor 12007: 12004: 12000: 11996: 11992: 11988: 11985: 11981: 11974: 11971: 11967: 11963: 11959: 11955: 11951: 11947: 11943: 11940: 11937: 11936: 11933: 11929: 11921: 11916: 11914: 11909: 11907: 11902: 11901: 11898: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11860: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11844: 11843:Methocarbamol 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11833:Mephenoxalone 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11823:Chlorphenesin 11821: 11820: 11819: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11793: 11792:Phenaglycodol 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11779: 11778: 11775: 11771: 11768: 11767: 11766: 11763: 11762: 11760: 11756: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11726: 11724: 11722: 11709: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11689: 11687: 11685: 11681: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11656: 11654: 11652: 11648: 11638: 11635: 11634: 11632: 11628: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11605: 11604: 11601: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11587: 11586: 11583: 11582: 11580: 11578: 11574: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11556: 11555: 11552: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11536:Amitriptyline 11534: 11533: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11523: 11521: 11519: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11503: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11458: 11456: 11454: 11446: 11433: 11430: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11419: 11418: 11415: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11401: 11400: 11397: 11396: 11394: 11392: 11388: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11370: 11369: 11366: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11350:Amitriptyline 11348: 11347: 11346: 11343: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11325: 11324: 11321: 11320: 11318: 11316: 11312: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11285:Methapyrilene 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11257: 11255: 11253: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11237: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11210: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11190:Aceburic acid 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11177: 11175: 11173: 11166: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11143:Isovaleramide 11141: 11140: 11139: 11138:Sesquiterpene 11136: 11134: 11131: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11113: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11076:Clomethiazole 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11020: 11018: 11014: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10959: 10957: 10955: 10951: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10939:Pyrithyldione 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10926: 10924: 10922: 10918: 10912: 10909: 10908: 10906: 10904: 10900: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10840: 10838: 10836: 10832: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10787: 10785: 10783: 10779: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10744: 10742: 10740: 10736: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10716: 10714: 10712: 10708: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10691:Phenprobamate 10689: 10687: 10686:Methocarbamol 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10676:Hexapropymate 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10658: 10656: 10654: 10650: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10593:Flutoprazepam 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10578:Flunitrazepam 10576: 10574: 10573:Flunitrazolam 10571: 10569: 10568:Flubromazolam 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10535: 10533: 10531: 10527: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10470:Phenobarbital 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10460:Pentobarbital 10458: 10456: 10455:Narcobarbital 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10445:Mephobarbital 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10425:Cyclobarbital 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10392: 10390: 10388: 10384: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10367:Ethchlorvynol 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10344: 10342: 10340: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10324: 10319: 10315: 10311: 10304: 10299: 10297: 10292: 10290: 10285: 10284: 10281: 10265: 10258: 10256: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10229: 10227: 10223: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10195: 10193: 10189: 10179: 10178:Acetylcholine 10176: 10175: 10173: 10169: 10166: 10164:Miscellaneous 10162: 10157: 10154: 10150: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10113: 10110: 10106: 10103: 10100: 10096: 10081: 10077: 10076: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10067:Neurosteroids 10064: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9979: 9977: 9973: 9970: 9967: 9963: 9948: 9944: 9943: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9934:Neuropeptides 9931: 9921: 9918: 9917: 9915: 9911: 9905: 9903: 9899: 9897: 9895: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9867: 9863: 9861: 9859: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9839: 9837: 9833: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9798: 9796: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9783: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9764: 9762: 9760: 9756: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9705: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9685: 9683: 9679: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9614: 9612: 9608: 9605: 9599: 9596: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9578: 9573: 9571: 9566: 9564: 9559: 9558: 9555: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9514: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9495:Countries by 9493: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9436:Drug checking 9434: 9433: 9431: 9427: 9418: 9417: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9405:Neurotoxicity 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9384: 9381: 9380: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9350: 9348: 9342: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9319:Cannabis shop 9317: 9315: 9312: 9311: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9292:United States 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9147:Latin America 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8979: 8978: 8975: 8974: 8972: 8968: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8935: 8932: 8924: 8920: 8913: 8909: 8895: 8892: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8882:Plan Colombia 8880: 8878: 8875: 8874: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8842:Designer drug 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8813: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8768: 8766: 8764:Drug legality 8762: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8715: 8714: 8713:United States 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8655: 8653: 8647: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8627: 8626:Latin America 8624: 8623: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8598: 8597: 8596:Policy reform 8594: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8566: 8565: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8555: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8533: 8531: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8513: 8512: 8509: 8508: 8506: 8504:International 8502: 8498: 8491: 8487: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8462:Sex and drugs 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8442:Poly drug use 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8384: 8382: 8378: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8351:Cloud-chasing 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8334: 8330: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8278:Psychonautics 8276: 8275: 8273: 8271: 8267: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8205:Drinking song 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8195:Diethyl ether 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8185:Beer festival 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8168: 8164: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8135: 8131: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8010: 8006: 7992: 7989: 7986: 7982: 7981:Nitrous oxide 7979: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7966: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7947: 7943: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7916: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7889: 7888: 7885: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7867: 7866: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7854: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7817: 7816: 7812: 7809: 7808: 7806: 7804: 7800: 7792: 7789: 7788: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7775: 7772: 7771: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7737: 7733: 7732:Nitrous oxide 7730: 7729: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7717: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7704:Dissociatives 7701: 7693: 7690: 7689: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7663: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7645: 7642: 7641: 7640: 7637: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7610: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7600:Hallucinogens 7597: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7580: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7561: 7560: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7542: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7524: 7521: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7503: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7460: 7457: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7440: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7431: 7428: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7418:Energy drinks 7416: 7414: 7411: 7410: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7375: 7369: 7366: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7357: 7354: 7350: 7347: 7346: 7345: 7342: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7320: 7319: 7318: 7317:Hydromorphone 7315: 7313: 7310: 7305: 7304: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7285: 7282: 7277: 7276: 7275: 7272: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7263: 7260: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7250: 7249:Buprenorphine 7247: 7246: 7244: 7242: 7238: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7213: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7203: 7202:Paint thinner 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7179: 7174: 7170: 7169:Nitrous oxide 7167: 7166: 7164: 7163: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7077: 7072: 7070: 7065: 7063: 7058: 7057: 7054: 7047: 7043: 7040: 7037: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7007: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6982:(6): 360–64. 6981: 6977: 6973: 6966: 6960: 6956: 6940: 6936: 6930: 6914: 6910: 6904: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6874: 6858: 6854: 6848: 6832: 6828: 6822: 6806: 6799: 6792: 6776: 6772: 6766: 6750: 6746: 6740: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6709: 6693: 6689: 6683: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6650:(7): 730–79. 6649: 6645: 6641: 6634: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6600: 6594: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6563: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6540:(4): 321–24. 6539: 6535: 6528: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6485: 6483: 6474: 6468: 6464: 6457: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6414: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6379: 6373: 6369: 6366: 6353: 6349: 6343: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6324:(in French). 6323: 6316: 6305: 6298: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6254:(2): 258–90. 6253: 6250:(in German). 6249: 6248: 6243: 6236: 6228: 6222: 6218: 6211: 6203: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6165: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6140:(5): 140376. 6139: 6135: 6131: 6124: 6116: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6075: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6044:(2): 675–79. 6043: 6039: 6032: 6024: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5940: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5905: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5862: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5835: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5792: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5764: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5705: 5703: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5658: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5623: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5580: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5537: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5508:Life Sciences 5502: 5500: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5476:(1): 103–08. 5475: 5471: 5464: 5456: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5431:(2): 358–68. 5430: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5373: 5366: 5358: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5341:(3): 284–89. 5340: 5337:(in French). 5336: 5332: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5240: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5205: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5162: 5154: 5150: 5147:(1): 303–09. 5146: 5142: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5111:(2): 211–14. 5110: 5106: 5099: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5055: 5053: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5013:FASEB Journal 5010: 5003: 4996: 4992: 4989: 4983: 4967: 4963: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4939: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4895: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4865: 4858: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4786:(6): 481–84. 4785: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4747:(6): 614–19. 4746: 4742: 4735: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4696: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4530:(4): 300–01. 4529: 4525: 4521: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4491:(4): 394–96. 4490: 4486: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4446:(1): 100–14. 4445: 4441: 4437: 4430: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4397:(3): 430–33. 4396: 4392: 4388: 4381: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4354: 4338: 4334: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4248:(1): 103–07. 4247: 4243: 4236: 4229: 4224: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4183:(2): 271–82. 4182: 4178: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4139:(3): 564–70. 4138: 4134: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4088:(1): 386–89. 4087: 4083: 4076: 4068: 4064: 4061:(3): 519–24. 4060: 4056: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4018:(4): 701–08. 4017: 4013: 4006: 4004: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3945:(4): 405–06. 3944: 3940: 3933: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3910:(4): 490–93. 3909: 3905: 3898: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3875:(3): 319–32. 3874: 3870: 3863: 3856: 3850: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3723: 3707: 3703: 3697: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3655: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3630: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3529: 3524: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3396:(9): 1281–7. 3395: 3391: 3384: 3382: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3291:(1–2): 1–10. 3290: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3194: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3099: 3093: 3086: 3082: 3079: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3041:(5): 524–29. 3040: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3002:(3): 263–69. 3001: 2997: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2962:(1): 94–100. 2961: 2957: 2950: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2919:(6): 458–70. 2918: 2914: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2876:11392/2483205 2872: 2867: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2843: 2824: 2817: 2811: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2788:(4): 270–72. 2787: 2783: 2776: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2743:(3): 745–53. 2742: 2738: 2734: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2683:(6): 479–90. 2682: 2678: 2674: 2667: 2665: 2645: 2638: 2632: 2613: 2606: 2600: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2514: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2467: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2381: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2323:(5): 519–29. 2322: 2318: 2311: 2303: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2288: 2282: 2281:"Depressants" 2277: 2271: 2255: 2251: 2244: 2242: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2210: 2208: 2191: 2187: 2181: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2109: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2090: 2075:on 1 May 2021 2074: 2070: 2064: 2062: 2042: 2038: 2031: 2025: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1991: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1967: 1961: 1945: 1941: 1940:"GHB/GBL "G"" 1935: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1905: 1901: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1869: 1863: 1861: 1856: 1854: 1849: 1846: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1830: 1825: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1803: 1794: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1725: 1722: 1717: 1716:Henri Laborit 1713: 1704: 1702: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1689:succinic acid 1680: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1598: 1592: 1586: 1585:antagonists. 1575: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1546: 1545:oxytocinergic 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1504: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1438:valproic acid 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1393: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1373: 1363: 1359: 1356: 1351: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1310: 1307: 1301: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1257: 1254: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1235:NMDA receptor 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1213:Neurotoxicity 1210: 1206: 1204: 1198: 1189: 1177: 1172: 1163: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1137:Samantha Reid 1133: 1131: 1127: 1121: 1118: 1109: 1100: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 980:use, such as 979: 975: 971: 967: 957: 955: 951: 947: 942: 940: 935: 933: 929: 925: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 896: 886: 884: 880: 878: 873: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 802: 797: 787: 780: 771: 766: 765: 762: 755: 746: 745: 742: 735: 728: 724: 723: 721: 718: 713: 706: 704: 700: 679: 677: 673: 668: 664: 660: 657: 655: 653:ECHA InfoCard 649: 641: 637: 636:DTXSID2074740 633: 632: 630: 621: 617: 610: 606: 605: 603: 601: 597: 590: 586: 585: 583: 581: 577: 570: 566: 565: 563: 561: 557: 550: 546: 545: 543: 541: 537: 530: 526: 525: 523: 521: 517: 510: 506: 505: 503: 501: 497: 490: 486: 485: 483: 481: 477: 470: 466: 465: 463: 456: 452: 445: 441: 440: 438: 436: 432: 423: 422: 419: 412: 407: 404: 400: 398: 394: 391:30–60 minutes 390: 388: 381: 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 361: 357: 353: 351: 347: 343: 339: 332: 328: 318: 316: 306: 303: 299: 295: 285: 283: 273: 271: 262: 259: 250: 248: 239: 236: 226: 224: 220: 210: 209: 207: 205: 201: 196: 188: 183: 178: 173: 170: 169: 167: 165: 161: 158: 154: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 132:GABA analogue 130: 128: 124: 121: 117: 114: 112: 106: 102: 100: 94: 87: 84: 81: 78: 75: 74: 72: 68: 65:Clinical data 63: 59: 54: 50: 45: 37: 33: 19: 15177:Drug culture 15118: 15107: 15100: 15077: 15008:Antagonists: 15007: 14957: 14822: 14798:Metabotropic 14769:Pregnanolone 14763:picrotoxinin 14736: 14722: 14649: 14619:(S)-4-ACPBPA 14614:(S)-2-MeGABA 14611:Antagonists: 14610: 14585: 14574:Thiomuscimol 14546: 14497: 14361:picrotoxinin 14324:enzalutamide 14320:bicalutamide 14242:Golexanolone 14138:Cloflubicyne 13988: 13914:Antagonists: 13913: 13826:methaqualone 13801:glutethimide 13777:Petrichloral 13738:β-carbolines 13557:Barbiturates 13515: 13499:Thiomuscimol 13304:Beta-Alanine 13294:Barbiturates 13284:(+)-Catechin 13280: 13197: 13190: 13183: 13176: 13137:Acetaldehyde 13041: 13020:Ethosuximide 12913:Butyric acid 12875:Pyruvic acid 12830:Butyric acid 12820:Benzoic acid 12772:Pyruvic acid 12712:Butyric acid 12702:Benzoic acid 12697:Atorvastatin 12535:4-Phenyl-GHB 12520:4-Benzyl-GHB 12510:3-Methyl-GHB 12501: 12498: 12483: 12481:Antagonists: 12480: 12469:(+)-Catechin 12465: 12376: 12338: 12335: 12247: 12246: 12104:barbiturates 12033:cannabinoids 11982:-containing 11885:Valnoctamide 11787:Metaglycodol 11782:Fenpentadiol 11692:Daridorexant 11595:Thioridazine 11546:Trimipramine 11481:Medetomidine 11409:Thioridazine 11360:Trimipramine 11305:Propiomazine 11300:Promethazine 11106:Petrichloral 11091:Kavalactones 11023:Acetophenone 10992:Methaqualone 10987:Mecloqualone 10982:Mebroqualone 10972:Diproqualone 10967:Cloroqualone 10929:Glutethimide 10825:Progesterone 10815:Hydroxydione 10747:Acecarbromal 10661:Carisoprodol 10603:Lormetazepam 10588:Flutemazepam 10490:Secobarbital 10450:Methohexital 10440:Hexobarbital 10420:Butobarbital 10415:Butabarbital 10405:Aprobarbital 10395:Allobarbital 10387:Barbiturates 10232:Acetaldehyde 9901: 9893: 9865: 9857: 9835:Trace amines 9522:Lifetime use 9324:Liquor store 9242:South Africa 8872:War on drugs 8698:Soviet Union 8574:Legalization 8412:Drug tourism 8260:Wine tasting 8180:Beer culture 8142:Coffee break 8079:Cannabis tea 8014:Drug culture 7857:Cannabinoids 7786:Salvinorin A 7752:amyl nitrite 7609:Psychedelics 7361:/paracetamol 7274:Desomorphine 7114:Barbiturates 6979: 6975: 6965: 6955: 6943:. Retrieved 6929: 6917:. Retrieved 6903: 6891:. Retrieved 6882: 6873: 6861:. Retrieved 6847: 6835:. Retrieved 6821: 6809:. Retrieved 6791: 6779:. Retrieved 6775:the original 6765: 6753:. Retrieved 6739: 6727:. Retrieved 6718: 6708: 6696:. Retrieved 6692:the original 6682: 6647: 6643: 6633: 6621:. Retrieved 6614:the original 6609: 6605: 6593: 6581:. Retrieved 6572: 6562: 6537: 6533: 6527: 6515:. Retrieved 6498: 6494: 6462: 6456: 6423: 6419: 6413: 6391:(1): 71–81. 6388: 6384: 6378: 6356:. Retrieved 6352:the original 6342: 6325: 6322:Agressologie 6321: 6315: 6268:. Retrieved 6251: 6245: 6235: 6216: 6210: 6178:(2): 65–80. 6175: 6171: 6164: 6137: 6133: 6123: 6088: 6084: 6074: 6041: 6037: 6031: 5996: 5992: 5982: 5949: 5945: 5939: 5914: 5910: 5904: 5871: 5867: 5861: 5844: 5840: 5834: 5801: 5797: 5791: 5774: 5770: 5763: 5721:(2): 65–80. 5718: 5714: 5668: 5665:Neuroscience 5664: 5657: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5589: 5585: 5579: 5546: 5542: 5536: 5511: 5507: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5428: 5424: 5414: 5402:. Retrieved 5385:(1): 43–49. 5382: 5378: 5365: 5338: 5334: 5294: 5290: 5283: 5250: 5246: 5239: 5214: 5210: 5204: 5171: 5167: 5161: 5144: 5140: 5133: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5065: 5061: 5016: 5012: 5002: 4982: 4970:. Retrieved 4951: 4938: 4905: 4902:Neuroscience 4901: 4894: 4882:. Retrieved 4873: 4864: 4856: 4851: 4827:(1): 41–47. 4824: 4820: 4810: 4783: 4779: 4769: 4744: 4740: 4734: 4722:. Retrieved 4705: 4695: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4625: 4621: 4611: 4576: 4572: 4562: 4527: 4523: 4513: 4488: 4484: 4478: 4443: 4439: 4429: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4341:. Retrieved 4327: 4305:(1): 89–96. 4302: 4298: 4292: 4284:the original 4279: 4270: 4245: 4241: 4235: 4223: 4213: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4136: 4132: 4126: 4085: 4081: 4075: 4058: 4054: 4048: 4015: 4011: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3849: 3825:(1): 15–24. 3822: 3818: 3808: 3765: 3761: 3755: 3739: 3735: 3722: 3710:. Retrieved 3696: 3685:the original 3664: 3660: 3647: 3638: 3629: 3619:27 September 3617:. Retrieved 3613:the original 3608: 3598: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3549:the original 3544: 3535: 3523: 3511:. Retrieved 3502: 3493: 3481:. Retrieved 3477:the original 3467: 3443:(3): 141–6. 3440: 3436: 3426: 3393: 3389: 3368:. Retrieved 3359: 3350: 3336:(1): 61–67. 3333: 3330:AANA Journal 3329: 3323: 3288: 3284: 3274: 3266: 3244: 3240: 3230: 3208:(2): 74–76. 3205: 3201: 3155: 3151: 3141: 3129:. Retrieved 3120: 3111: 3092: 3073: 3038: 3034: 3024: 2999: 2995: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2916: 2912: 2856: 2852: 2842: 2830:. Retrieved 2810: 2785: 2781: 2775: 2740: 2736: 2726: 2717: 2713: 2707: 2680: 2676: 2651:. Retrieved 2631: 2619:. Retrieved 2599: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2523: 2519: 2513: 2501:. Retrieved 2476: 2466: 2453: 2450: 2430: 2423: 2393:(1): 63–80. 2390: 2386: 2380: 2363: 2359: 2353: 2320: 2316: 2310: 2286: 2270: 2258:. Retrieved 2254:the original 2228:. Retrieved 2194:. Retrieved 2180: 2148:(1): 47–70. 2145: 2141: 2096: 2089: 2077:. Retrieved 2073:the original 2048:. Retrieved 2036: 2024: 2012:. Retrieved 1990: 1976: 1960: 1948:. Retrieved 1934: 1922:. Retrieved 1904: 1857: 1850: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1818: 1807: 1799: 1788:Legal status 1783: 1768: 1764: 1740:l-tryptophan 1733: 1726: 1710: 1701:recreational 1697: 1685: 1662: 1654:4-methyl-GHB 1647: 1639: 1599: 1587: 1576: 1563: 1556: 1542: 1520:GHB receptor 1510: 1507:Pharmacology 1501: 1485: 1474: 1454: 1419: 1411: 1399: 1382: 1374: 1352: 1340: 1316: 1308: 1263: 1255: 1252: 1216: 1207: 1203:Felicia Tang 1199: 1195: 1186: 1157: 1145:Stephen Port 1134: 1122: 1114: 1098: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1074: 1068: 1060: 1049: 1030: 1026: 986:empathogenic 963: 950:carcinogenic 943: 936: 917:fibromyalgia 898: 881: 874: 831:GHB receptor 806: 800: 799: 795: 794: 783: 384:Elimination 204:Legal status 198:Legal status 144:Psycholeptic 36: 15182:Euphoriants 15081:Compound 14 14911:Lesogaberan 14750:Loreclezole 14687:Loreclezole 14624:(S)-4-ACPCA 14604:Lanthanides 14594:Alphaxolone 14536:Isoguvacine 14446:Terbequinil 14316:apalutamide 14307:Nicardipine 14267:Laudanosine 14074:carbapenems 14066:penicillins 13922:Coriamyrtin 13917:Bicuculline 13906:sevoflurane 13902:paraldehyde 13852:Stiripentol 13729:Niacinamide 13714:cholesterol 13696:Loreclezole 13591:meprobamate 13547:Avermectins 13414:Nefiracetam 13379:Kojic amine 13369:Isomuscimol 13364:Isoguvacine 12943:Valinomycin 12787:Simvastatin 12737:Lactic acid 12652:Transporter 12545:Amisulpride 12427:T-HCA (GHC) 12357:BDDA (DABD) 12061:amphetamine 12012:antagonists 11958:hydrocodone 11870:Scopolamine 11814:Guaifenesin 11809:Fenadiazole 11765:Cannabidiol 11739:Mirogabalin 11697:Lemborexant 11674:Tasimelteon 11659:Agomelatine 11618:Risperidone 11564:Mirtazapine 11453:-Adrenergic 11432:Risperidone 11378:Mirtazapine 11328:Etoperidone 11295:Pheniramine 11280:Hydroxyzine 11101:Paraldehyde 11096:Loreclezole 10962:Afloqualone 10944:Piperidione 10934:Methyprylon 10863:Pazinaclone 10843:Eszopiclone 10805:Alphaxolone 10800:Alphadolone 10739:Monoureides 10681:Meprobamate 10618:Nitemazepam 10613:Nimetazepam 10558:Doxefazepam 10543:Cinolazepam 10515:Vinbarbital 10480:Proxibarbal 10465:Phenallymal 10400:Amobarbital 10352:Chloralodol 10237:Ammonia (NH 10108:Nucleosides 9868:-Octopamine 9860:-Octopamine 9772:T-HCA (GHC) 9729:Hypotaurine 9681:GABA system 9632:Glutathione 9529:Opiates use 9509:Cocaine use 9344:Issues with 9262:Switzerland 9247:South Korea 9217:Puerto Rico 9202:Philippines 9072:El Salvador 8982:Afghanistan 8718:Just Say No 8708:Switzerland 8683:Netherlands 8649:Drug policy 8579:Prohibition 8564:Drug policy 8557:State level 8402:Dance party 8313:Microdosing 8270:Psychedelia 8225:Oktoberfest 8147:Coffeehouse 8124:Stoner film 7815:Scopolamine 7545:Entactogens 7523:Theobromine 7386:Amphetamine 7312:Hydrocodone 7302:Diamorphine 7106:Depressants 6919:25 November 6781:20 November 6328:: 397–406. 6193:2066/158441 5738:2066/158441 4855:R. Baselt, 4366:(3): 1–20. 4280:lycaeum.org 3241:Anaesthesia 1775:metabolized 1693:Krebs cycle 1470:nemonapride 1466:amisulpride 1434:vinpocetine 1332:convulsions 1324:bradycardia 1176:DrugScience 1153:East London 968:used as an 946:teratogenic 889:Medical use 868:, and as a 710: g·mol 659:100.218.519 589:CHEBI:30830 409:Identifiers 331:Netherlands 120:intravenous 70:Other names 15136:Categories 14936:SKF-97,541 14846:Arbaclofen 14755:Picrotoxin 14745:Bilobalide 14421:Suritozole 14411:Sarmazenil 14396:Ro 19-4603 14391:Ro 15-4513 14386:Radequinil 14353:Picrotoxin 14332:nilutamide 14302:Naltrexone 14237:Furosemide 14217:Flumazenil 14211:oroxylin A 14203:Flavonoids 14183:Etbicyphat 14113:Bilobalide 14080:Basmisanil 13967:Sinomenine 13962:Securinine 13957:Pitrazepin 13942:Hydrastine 13894:chloroform 13867:Topiramate 13807:Propanidid 13671:Imidazoles 13666:Flupirtine 13661:Fluoxetine 13655:hispidulin 13647:Flavonoids 13602:Chloralose 13587:Carbamates 13551:ivermectin 13489:Terpenoids 13434:PF-6372865 13289:Bamaluzole 13256:Ionotropic 13248:modulators 13152:Disulfiram 13142:Cimetidine 13099:Cimetidine 13042:Enhancers: 12968:inhibitors 12948:Vigabatrin 12918:Evans blue 12865:Probenecid 12845:Ketoprofen 12835:Fenoprofen 12767:Probenecid 12692:AR-C155858 12595:Sultopride 12502:Main site: 12484:Main site: 12339:Main site: 12298:modulators 12235:suvorexant 12159:prednisone 12112:carbamates 12073:mephedrone 12016:perampanel 11999:pregabalin 11995:gabapentin 11838:Metaxalone 11828:Mephenesin 11749:Pregabalin 11729:Gabapentin 11702:Suvorexant 11637:Niaprazine 11613:Quetiapine 11608:Olanzapine 11491:Tizanidine 11486:Romifidine 11476:Lofexidine 11466:Detomidine 11427:Quetiapine 11422:Olanzapine 11333:Nefazodone 11275:Doxylamine 11260:Captodiame 11071:Chloralose 11035:compounds 10977:Etaqualone 10873:Suproclone 10853:Lirequinil 10820:Minaxolone 10810:Eltanolone 10790:Acebrochol 10757:Bromisoval 10724:Metomidate 10711:Imidazoles 10671:Ethinamate 10666:Emylcamate 10653:Carbamates 10628:Nitrazolam 10623:Nitrazepam 10598:Loprazolam 10583:Flurazepam 10553:Clonazolam 10548:Climazolam 10538:Brotizolam 10520:Vinylbital 10505:Thiopental 10225:Candidates 10099:Nucleobase 9888:Tryptamine 9883:Synephrine 9794:Monoamines 9759:GHB system 9592:Amino acid 9517:Annual use 9368:Dependence 9232:Seychelles 9137:Kyrgyzstan 9052:Costa Rica 8997:Bangladesh 8970:Drug trade 8939:production 8928:production 8847:Drug court 8733:California 8651:by country 8584:Regulation 8318:Smart shop 8303:Literature 8298:Experience 8245:Sports bar 8210:Happy hour 8175:Bartending 7946:Club drugs 7919:Oneirogens 7803:Deliriants 7683:Psilocybin 7506:Polacrilex 7476:Mephedrone 7378:Stimulants 7180:Hazardous 7124:Carbamates 6811:23 October 6365:Index page 4724:21 October 4706:StatPearls 4055:Psicothema 3530:. udel.edu 3131:15 January 3098:US 4393236 2503:23 January 2230:16 January 1896:References 1802:Schedule I 1729:narcolepsy 1721:anesthetic 1627:naltrexone 1597:agonists. 1566:tryptophan 1524:inhibitory 1517:inhibitory 1405:(GBL) and 1343:aspiration 1336:stimulants 1260:Withdrawal 1035:, such as 998:drowsiness 970:intoxicant 966:depressant 909:disulfiram 901:narcolepsy 858:alcoholism 854:narcolepsy 748:O=C(O)CCCO 715:3D model ( 703:Molar mass 609:ChEMBL1342 549:30IW36W5B2 520:ChemSpider 480:IUPHAR/BPS 435:CAS Number 418:IUPAC name 360:Metabolism 354:25% (oral) 294:Schedule I 258:Anlage III 247:Schedule I 148:Depressant 127:Drug class 15147:Sedatives 15071:SKF-97541 15066:SCH-50911 15056:Phaclofen 15041:CGP-64213 15036:CGP-55845 15031:CGP-54626 15026:CGP-52432 15021:CGP-46381 15016:CGP-35348 14986:CGP-13501 14961:ADX-71441 14946:Tolgabide 14926:Progabide 14921:Picamilon 14906:Isovaline 14823:Agonists: 14725:-3-ACPBPA 14702:SKF-97541 14652:-3-ACPBPA 14579:Tolgabide 14559:Progabide 14554:Picamilon 14498:Agonists: 14406:RO4938581 14401:RO4882224 14328:flutamide 14262:L-655,708 14232:Flurothyl 14133:Cicutoxin 14118:Bupropion 14085:Bemegride 14062:β-Lactams 14052:Amiloride 13882:Volatiles 13816:etazolate 13792:Phenytoin 13750:zopiclone 13742:abecarnil 13701:Monastrol 13691:Lanthanum 13675:etomidate 13637:Fenamates 13632:Etifoxine 13627:Etazepine 13504:Tolgabide 13454:Progabide 13444:Picamilon 13429:Org 20599 13404:Monastrol 13384:L-838,417 13281:Agonists: 13147:Cyanamide 12992:Quercetin 12933:Nigericin 12903:β-Alanine 12840:Ibuprofen 12777:Quercetin 12762:Phloretin 12590:Sulpiride 12555:BnOPh-GHB 12474:Monastrol 12336:Agonists: 12248:See also: 12225:inhalants 12181:areca nut 12177:arecoline 12146:analogues 12124:inhalants 12035:) (e.g., 11993:) (e.g., 11980:δ subunit 11962:oxycodone 11948:) (e.g., 11875:Trazodone 11816:-related 11669:Ramelteon 11664:Melatonin 11651:Melatonin 11559:Mianserin 11526:Trazodone 11461:Clonidine 11373:Mianserin 11338:Trazodone 11290:Perlapine 11133:Triclofos 11086:Gaboxadol 10893:Zopiclone 10878:Suriclone 10868:Saripidem 10858:Necopidem 10772:Ectylurea 10767:Carbromal 10729:Propoxate 10719:Etomidate 10696:Procymate 10643:Triazolam 10638:Temazepam 10608:Midazolam 10563:Estazolam 10500:Thiamylal 10435:Heptabarb 10314:sedatives 10310:Hypnotics 10116:Adenosine 9920:Histamine 9904:-Tyramine 9896:-Tyramine 9739:Sarcosine 9719:β-Alanine 9714:α-Alanine 9513:Cannabis 9358:Addiction 9314:Beer shop 9297:Venezuela 9162:Mauritius 8992:Australia 8930:and trade 8857:Drug test 8658:Australia 8432:Nootropic 8417:Entheogen 8392:Club drug 8240:Sommelier 8235:Pub crawl 8220:Nightclub 8215:Hip flask 8152:Latte art 8089:Head shop 7959:Quaaludes 7727:Inhalants 7676:San Pedro 7661:Mescaline 7644:Ayahuasca 7617:Bufotenin 7562:Benzofury 7553:2C series 7533:Chocolate 7496:Modafinil 7486:Methylone 7459:Ephedrine 7430:Cathinone 7391:Arecoline 7356:Oxycodone 7327:Methadone 7161:Inhalants 7036:GHB Vault 6945:17 August 6091:(1): 22. 5586:CNS Drugs 4972:16 August 4944:Löscher W 4884:9 January 4579:(1): 43. 4299:Addiction 3770:CiteSeerX 2859:: 18–30. 2220:eMedicine 2014:16 August 1756:club drug 1673:aliphatic 1631:Dynorphin 1571:serotonin 1462:benzamide 1458:glutamate 1430:forskolin 1385:SCH-50911 1362:lorazepam 1249:Addiction 1081:lollipops 1071:club drug 1065:Party use 1006:breathing 1002:agitation 994:dizziness 913:off-label 850:cataplexy 823:glutamate 397:Excretion 386:half-life 109:Routes of 99:liability 97:Addiction 15097:See also 15061:Saclofen 14996:rac-BHFF 14991:GS-39783 14981:CGP-7930 14941:SL 75102 14916:Phenibut 14871:Gabamide 14856:Baclofen 14759:picrotin 14712:SR-95813 14707:SR-95318 14629:2-MeTACA 14541:Muscimol 14471:ZK-93426 14441:TCS-1105 14426:TB-21007 14357:picrotin 14297:Naloxone 14282:Morphine 14277:MaxiPost 14197:fipronil 14193:Fiproles 14163:(+)-DMBB 14158:Dieldrin 14057:Anisatin 13972:SR-42641 13872:Valerian 13846:baicalin 13842:Skullcap 13786:propofol 13766:zaleplon 13758:zolpidem 13651:apigenin 13571:diazepam 13528:Alcohols 13469:SL-75102 13459:Propofol 13439:Phenibut 13409:Muscimol 13393:honokiol 13359:iso-THIP 13354:iso-THAZ 13329:Gabamide 13245:receptor 13173:See also 13157:Prunetin 13114:Pyrazole 12855:Naproxen 12742:Luteolin 12658:blockers 12639:instead. 12306:Receptor 12295:receptor 12209:ketamine 12169:nicotine 12097:receptor 12051:levodopa 12041:cannabis 12029:agonists 12026:receptor 12003:phenibut 11987:blockers 11950:morphine 11942:agonists 11928:euphoria 11859:morphine 11850:Midaflur 11770:Cannabis 11744:Phenibut 11496:Xylazine 11225:Phenibut 11195:Baclofen 11121:Tetronal 11056:Centalun 10911:Propofol 10888:Zolpidem 10883:Zaleplon 10848:Indiplon 10762:Capuride 10701:Tybamate 10633:Quazepam 10495:Talbutal 10410:Barbital 10339:Alcohols 10155:-derived 10101:-derived 10082:instead. 10037:Oleamide 9968:-derived 9949:instead. 9806:Dopamine 9617:Agmatine 9594:-derived 9497:drug use 9410:Overdose 9346:drug use 9272:Thailand 9257:Suriname 9237:Slovakia 9212:Portugal 9197:Paraguay 9157:Malaysia 9097:Honduras 9047:Colombia 9032:Cambodia 8753:Virginia 8743:Maryland 8738:Colorado 8693:Slovakia 8688:Portugal 8361:Smokeasy 8255:Wine bar 8157:Teahouse 7880:Hash oil 7811:Atropine 7769:Muscimol 7759:Ketamine 7722:Glaucine 7687:Psilocin 7501:Nicotine 7408:Caffeine 7368:Tramadol 7344:Morphine 7321:Dilaudid 7297:Fentanyl 7288:Darvocet 7278:Krokodil 7253:Suboxone 7192:Gasoline 7182:solvents 7165:Medical 7006:16872565 6939:Archived 6913:Archived 6887:Archived 6857:Archived 6831:Archived 6805:Archived 6755:16 April 6749:Archived 6723:Archived 6698:16 April 6674:13325306 6666:12093716 6623:16 April 6583:16 April 6577:Archived 6517:16 April 6511:Archived 6440:16307217 6368:Archived 6358:16 April 6334:13758011 6304:Archived 6302:. 2012. 6264:Archived 6202:27003176 6156:31981617 6115:33417072 6066:86191608 6058:12606613 6023:20526195 5974:20217078 5896:27073926 5826:86392963 5755:33389634 5747:27003176 5693:54342374 5685:15708487 5649:16129424 5614:72211254 5606:17140279 5528:12002803 5455:18475254 5395:Archived 5391:15047976 5357:15745703 5311:10571257 5275:54233206 5267:15567424 5231:15939164 5196:54374774 5188:12965243 5153:10381791 5090:82175813 5082:14535954 5035:12958178 4991:Archived 4966:Archived 4946:(2002). 4930:21001043 4878:Archived 4874:BBC News 4843:15808012 4802:15516299 4761:15940094 4718:Archived 4714:30252380 4687:20825811 4652:22561075 4603:15611542 4554:16549578 4505:19555805 4470:19010351 4421:18266111 4372:28186869 4343:1 August 4337:Archived 4205:13460935 4197:19296210 4161:43049617 4153:17197055 4110:18991885 4067:17296081 4040:31736568 4032:15582677 3994:19959395 3959:19332385 3924:19269893 3889:20825811 3841:10075397 3792:21036393 3744:Archived 3706:Archived 3681:12570228 3639:BBC News 3590:38426636 3507:Archived 3503:BBC News 3459:10369321 3418:25496192 3410:20488831 3370:16 April 3364:Archived 3342:15098519 3315:19493637 3263:10193223 3222:15274975 3184:24350046 3125:Archived 3081:Archived 3065:16974199 3016:10869868 2976:18583435 2941:19697449 2933:22746383 2885:34237655 2832:23 April 2823:Archived 2644:Archived 2612:Archived 2591:33026097 2583:21679091 2548:24246355 2540:26001183 2497:Archived 2493:20166080 2447:20166080 2407:24307430 2372:25912595 2345:43706704 2337:22550980 2224:Archived 2196:1 August 2190:Archived 2172:26074743 2079:16 April 2041:Archived 2008:Archived 1944:Archived 1918:Archived 1866:See also 1623:naloxone 1619:phenibut 1615:baclofen 1358:diazepam 1313:Overdose 1291:Baclofen 1287:diazepam 1283:delirium 1270:insomnia 1227:learning 1089:liquid E 1085:liquid X 1054:such as 1033:prodrugs 982:euphoria 786:(verify) 500:DrugBank 444:591-81-1 235:Class B1 164:ATC code 157:Sedative 153:Hypnotic 116:By mouth 14966:BHF-177 14951:Tolibut 14861:BL-1020 14774:ROD-188 14639:4-ACPAM 14634:3-APMPA 14501:BL-1020 14461:U-93631 14456:Thujone 14381:PWZ-029 14355:(i.e., 14314:(e.g., 14292:MRK-016 14272:Lindane 14224:(e.g., 14205:(e.g., 14195:(e.g., 14064:(e.g., 14042:β-EMGBL 13952:PHP-501 13888:(e.g., 13859:(e.g., 13837:ROD-188 13824:(e.g., 13814:(e.g., 13799:(e.g., 13784:(e.g., 13782:Phenols 13764:(e.g., 13756:(e.g., 13748:(e.g., 13740:(e.g., 13736:(e.g., 13708:(e.g., 13673:(e.g., 13649:(e.g., 13639:(e.g., 13619:(e.g., 13589:(e.g., 13577:Bromide 13569:(e.g., 13559:(e.g., 13549:(e.g., 13530:(e.g., 13523:α-EMTBL 13493:borneol 13491:(e.g., 13474:Taurine 13421:(e.g., 13391:(e.g., 13389:Lignans 13309:BL-1020 13296:(e.g., 13104:Ethanol 13071:Cyanide 12928:Glycine 12580:NCS-400 12492:NCS-382 12417:NCS-435 12412:NCS-356 12312:ligands 12233:(e.g., 12203:(e.g., 12195:poppers 12189:(e.g., 12173:tobacco 12167:(e.g., 12153:(e.g., 12102:(e.g., 12083:cocaine 12081:(e.g., 12059:(e.g., 12049:(e.g., 12014:(e.g., 11946:opioids 11857:(e.g., 11855:Opioids 11804:Evoxine 11541:Doxepin 11355:Doxepin 11230:Tolibut 11126:Trional 11033:Bromide 10903:Phenols 10485:Reposal 10153:Vitamin 10047:RVD-Hpα 10002:AA-5-HT 9749:Taurine 9734:Proline 9724:Glycine 9667:Proline 9637:Glycine 9172:Nigeria 9167:Moldova 9087:Germany 9082:Finland 9077:Estonia 9017:Bolivia 8673:Germany 8472:Whoonga 8323:Therapy 7991:Poppers 7969:Ecstasy 7954:Cocaine 7902:APINACA 7892:JWH-018 7875:Hashish 7747:poppers 7583:Ecstasy 7516:Tobacco 7464:Ephedra 7442:Cocaine 7262:Codeine 7256:Subutex 7241:Opioids 6997:2257868 6893:15 June 6719:Reuters 6554:2054002 6507:2122223 6448:7785345 6405:1544609 6270:30 June 6106:8098080 6014:2911496 5966:2691926 5931:8549640 5888:2457177 5853:2173754 5818:1847191 5783:7791129 5571:9471705 5563:6194255 5490:5569303 5446:2442436 5125:7914168 5060:acid". 4922:9692734 4643:3400846 4594:1726538 4545:2579509 4461:2631377 4412:2630388 4319:9060200 4262:8846805 4118:1823886 4090:Bibcode 3800:5667719 3742:: 264. 3712:24 July 3513:8 April 3483:8 April 3306:2713368 3175:3853692 3121:PubChem 3056:2766839 2996:Alcohol 2802:1985252 2767:9239423 2699:2281247 2653:6 March 2621:6 March 2415:2056246 2163:4462042 2050:6 March 2037:Dea.gov 1771:Bindeez 1707:History 1550:in the 1548:neurons 1538:neurons 1515:at the 1513:agonist 1492:hypoxia 1481:glycine 1149:Barking 1126:cocaine 1010:amnesia 974:ethanol 954:alcohol 837:at the 835:agonist 827:glycine 708:104.105 676:Formula 509:DB01440 469:3037032 455:PubChem 329: ( 282:Class B 270:Class B 268:: 245:: 184: ( 182:N07XX04 180:) 174: ( 172:N01AX11 85:fishies 15001:KK-92A 14831:3-APPA 14599:ATHDOC 14153:DHEA-S 13992:1,3M1B 13724:Niacin 13685:kavain 12962:Enzyme 12610:UMB119 12605:UMB109 12600:UMB108 12525:4-HPBA 12402:HOCPCA 12397:HOCHCA 12342:1,4-BD 12144:) and 11970:kratom 11954:heroin 11758:Others 11684:Orexin 11630:Others 11620:, etc. 11597:, etc. 11566:, etc. 11548:, etc. 11434:, etc. 11411:, etc. 11380:, etc. 11362:, etc. 11016:Others 11007:SL-164 10118:system 9992:2-ALPI 9913:Others 9744:Serine 9672:Serine 9277:Turkey 9267:Taiwan 9222:Russia 9207:Poland 9187:Panama 9177:Norway 9152:Latvia 9132:Kosovo 9062:Cyprus 9022:Brazil 9012:Bhutan 9002:Belize 8748:Oregon 8703:Sweden 8663:Canada 8422:Hippie 8356:Loosie 7825:Datura 7671:Peyote 7656:LSD-25 7413:Coffee 7337:Kratom 7306:Heroin 7291:Darvon 7208:Other 7033:Erowid 7004: 6994: 6729:2 July 6672: 6664: 6552: 6505: 6469: 6446: 6438: 6403: 6332: 6223: 6200: 6154: 6113: 6103: 6064: 6056: 6021: 6011: 5972: 5964: 5929: 5894: 5886: 5851: 5824: 5816: 5781: 5753: 5745: 5691: 5683: 5647: 5612: 5604: 5569: 5561: 5526: 5488: 5453: 5443: 5404:3 June 5389: 5355: 5309: 5273: 5265: 5229: 5194: 5186: 5151: 5123: 5088: 5080: 5043:489179 5041: 5033: 4958: 4928: 4920: 4841: 4800: 4759: 4712: 4685: 4650: 4640: 4601: 4591: 4552: 4542: 4503: 4468: 4458: 4419: 4409: 4370: 4317: 4260: 4230:. Time 4203: 4195: 4159: 4151: 4116: 4108: 4065: 4038: 4030: 3992: 3957: 3922: 3887: 3839: 3798: 3790: 3772: 3762:Lancet 3679: 3588: 3457: 3416: 3408: 3340: 3313: 3303: 3261: 3220: 3182: 3172: 3104: 3063: 3053: 3014: 2974: 2939: 2931: 2883: 2800: 2765: 2758:508244 2755: 2720:: 330. 2697: 2589: 2581: 2546: 2538: 2491: 2445: 2413: 2405: 2370: 2343: 2335: 2298: 2276:Weil A 2260:10 May 2170: 2160: 2104: 1996:Anvisa 1950:24 May 1924:13 May 1460:. The 1274:tremor 1231:memory 1192:Deaths 990:nausea 856:, and 825:, and 813:and a 741:SMILES 600:ChEMBL 569:C00989 403:kidney 401:1–5%, 327:List I 325: 313: 292: 280: 233: 217: 14891:GHBAL 14876:GABOB 14779:THDOC 14723:trans 14717:TPMPA 14692:P4MPA 14644:4-GBA 14526:GABOB 14252:IPTBO 14102:IPTBO 14037:β-CCP 14032:β-CCM 14027:β-CCE 14022:β-CCB 13982:Tutin 13886:gases 13718:THDOC 13334:GABOB 13003:GHBDH 12891:VIATT 12808:SMCTs 12505:2-HPA 12462:UMB86 12457:UMB73 12452:UMB72 12447:UMB68 12442:UMB66 12437:UMB58 12382:GHBAL 12347:3-HPA 11966:opium 11880:UMB68 11200:GABOB 10027:NAGly 9966:Lipid 9801:6-OHM 9693:GABOB 9353:Abuse 9252:Spain 9127:Kenya 9122:Japan 9117:Italy 9102:India 9092:Haiti 9042:China 9037:Chile 9027:Burma 9007:Benin 8987:Aruba 8916:Other 8815:Other 8678:India 8380:Other 8308:Music 8114:NORML 7974:Molly 7907:Spice 7897:APICA 7627:Vilca 7588:Molly 7558:6-APB 7528:Cocoa 7452:Crack 7403:Betel 7396:Areca 7349:Opium 7212:Freon 6863:8 May 6837:8 May 6801:(PDF) 6670:S2CID 6617:(PDF) 6602:(PDF) 6444:S2CID 6307:(PDF) 6300:(PDF) 6062:S2CID 5970:S2CID 5892:S2CID 5822:S2CID 5751:S2CID 5689:S2CID 5610:S2CID 5567:S2CID 5398:(PDF) 5375:(PDF) 5271:S2CID 5192:S2CID 5086:S2CID 5039:S2CID 4926:S2CID 4201:S2CID 4157:S2CID 4114:S2CID 4036:S2CID 3796:S2CID 3747:(PDF) 3732:(PDF) 3688:(PDF) 3657:(PDF) 3414:S2CID 2937:S2CID 2826:(PDF) 2819:(PDF) 2677:Sleep 2647:(PDF) 2640:(PDF) 2615:(PDF) 2608:(PDF) 2587:S2CID 2544:S2CID 2411:S2CID 2341:S2CID 2044:(PDF) 2033:(PDF) 1891:(HMB) 1885:(GVL) 1879:(GHV) 1446:urine 1031:Some 801:gamma 761:InChI 717:JSmol 580:ChEBI 366:liver 302:Xyrem 298:Xywav 15192:GABA 15109:GABA 15046:DAVA 14976:BSPP 14971:BHFF 14866:GABA 14808:GABA 14784:Zinc 14730:ZAPA 14677:I4AA 14662:DAVA 14569:TAMP 14564:TACA 14521:GABA 14511:CAMP 14506:CACA 14482:GABA 14466:Zinc 14451:TETS 14436:TBPS 14431:TBOB 14363:and 14178:EBOB 14173:DMPC 14168:DMCM 14148:DHEA 14123:CHEB 14108:BIDN 14098:TBPO 14094:TBPS 14012:α3IA 13997:3M2B 13681:Kava 13536:2M2B 13518:here 13509:ZAPA 13484:TAMP 13479:TACA 13324:GABA 13314:DAVA 13266:GABA 13243:GABA 13125:ALDH 12923:GABA 12752:NPPB 12727:DIDS 12722:DBDS 12717:CHCA 12670:MCTs 12637:here 12635:See 12621:GABA 12570:GTBL 12324:GHBR 12093:GABA 12069:MDMA 11720:VDCC 11506:5-HT 11169:GABA 10347:2M2B 10327:GABA 10318:N05C 10080:here 10078:See 10022:NADA 9997:2-OG 9982:2-AG 9947:here 9945:See 9688:GABA 9662:NAAG 9647:GSSG 9642:GSNO 9182:Oman 9142:Laos 9112:Iran 9057:Cuba 8937:Drug 8926:Drug 8862:Narc 8447:Rave 8288:Drug 7964:MDMA 7813:and 7632:Yopo 7578:MDMA 7511:Salt 7471:MDPV 7447:Coca 7435:Khat 7267:Lean 7221:Kava 7144:Wine 7139:Beer 7002:PMID 6947:2008 6921:2018 6895:2023 6865:2017 6839:2017 6813:2013 6783:2016 6757:2018 6731:2017 6700:2018 6662:PMID 6625:2018 6585:2018 6550:PMID 6519:2018 6503:PMID 6467:ISBN 6436:PMID 6401:PMID 6360:2018 6330:PMID 6272:2019 6221:ISBN 6198:PMID 6152:PMID 6138:1868 6111:PMID 6054:PMID 6019:PMID 5962:PMID 5927:PMID 5884:PMID 5849:PMID 5814:PMID 5779:PMID 5743:PMID 5681:PMID 5645:PMID 5602:PMID 5559:PMID 5524:PMID 5486:PMID 5451:PMID 5406:2008 5387:PMID 5353:PMID 5307:PMID 5263:PMID 5227:PMID 5184:PMID 5149:PMID 5121:PMID 5078:PMID 5031:PMID 4974:2021 4956:ISBN 4918:PMID 4886:2016 4839:PMID 4798:PMID 4757:PMID 4726:2022 4710:PMID 4683:PMID 4648:PMID 4599:PMID 4550:PMID 4501:PMID 4466:PMID 4417:PMID 4368:PMID 4345:2010 4315:PMID 4258:PMID 4193:PMID 4149:PMID 4106:PMID 4086:1139 4063:PMID 4028:PMID 3990:PMID 3955:PMID 3920:PMID 3885:PMID 3837:PMID 3788:PMID 3714:2014 3677:PMID 3621:2012 3586:PMID 3515:2014 3485:2014 3455:PMID 3406:PMID 3372:2018 3338:PMID 3311:PMID 3259:PMID 3218:PMID 3180:PMID 3133:2021 3061:PMID 3012:PMID 2972:PMID 2929:PMID 2881:PMID 2834:2021 2798:PMID 2763:PMID 2695:PMID 2655:2022 2623:2022 2579:PMID 2536:PMID 2505:2023 2489:PMID 2443:PMID 2403:PMID 2368:PMID 2333:PMID 2296:ISBN 2262:2012 2232:2007 2198:2010 2168:PMID 2102:ISBN 2081:2018 2052:2022 2016:2023 1952:2024 1926:2023 1821:ACMD 1625:and 1617:and 1605:GABA 1527:GABA 1477:GABA 1432:and 1424:via 1326:and 1229:and 978:MDMA 839:GABA 819:GABA 798:(or 560:KEGG 540:UNII 529:9984 489:4711 344:data 300:and 103:High 14901:GVL 14896:GHV 14886:GHB 14881:GBL 14697:P4S 14650:cis 14416:SCS 13760:), 13752:), 13744:), 13449:P4S 13087:ADH 13059:HOT 12980:SSR 12825:BHB 12707:BHB 12565:DVL 12560:DHV 12432:THF 12407:MAB 12392:GVL 12377:GHB 12372:GCL 12367:GBL 12362:EAB 12293:GHB 12205:DXM 12138:GHB 12122:), 12037:THC 11220:GVL 11215:GBL 11205:GHB 10135:ATP 10130:AMP 10125:ADP 10052:SEA 10042:PEA 10032:OEA 10017:LPI 10012:DEA 9767:GHB 9698:GHB 9657:NAA 8293:Era 8283:Art 8230:Pub 8034:420 7865:THC 7781:PCP 7764:MXE 7712:DXM 7651:LSA 7639:DMT 7573:MDA 7568:AMT 7423:Tea 7156:GHB 6992:PMC 6984:doi 6652:doi 6542:doi 6428:doi 6393:doi 6256:doi 6252:171 6188:hdl 6180:doi 6142:doi 6101:PMC 6093:doi 6046:doi 6042:305 6009:PMC 6001:doi 5954:doi 5919:doi 5915:284 5876:doi 5845:255 5806:doi 5775:273 5733:hdl 5723:doi 5673:doi 5669:131 5637:doi 5633:519 5594:doi 5551:doi 5516:doi 5478:doi 5441:PMC 5433:doi 5429:154 5343:doi 5299:doi 5255:doi 5219:doi 5215:151 5176:doi 5172:986 5145:290 5113:doi 5109:256 5070:doi 5021:doi 4910:doi 4829:doi 4788:doi 4749:doi 4675:doi 4638:PMC 4630:doi 4589:PMC 4581:doi 4540:PMC 4532:doi 4493:doi 4456:PMC 4448:doi 4444:121 4407:PMC 4399:doi 4307:doi 4250:doi 4246:285 4185:doi 4141:doi 4098:doi 4020:doi 3982:doi 3947:doi 3912:doi 3877:doi 3827:doi 3780:doi 3766:376 3669:doi 3576:doi 3445:doi 3398:doi 3301:PMC 3293:doi 3289:104 3249:doi 3210:doi 3170:PMC 3160:doi 3051:PMC 3043:doi 3004:doi 2964:doi 2921:doi 2871:hdl 2861:doi 2790:doi 2786:324 2753:PMC 2745:doi 2741:100 2685:doi 2571:doi 2528:doi 2481:doi 2455:sic 2435:doi 2395:doi 2325:doi 2158:PMC 2150:doi 1966:doi 1855:). 1360:or 1289:). 1268:of 1139:of 1087:or 625:EPA 459:CID 187:WHO 177:WHO 82:GHB 15138:: 14761:, 14486:-ρ 14359:, 14330:, 14326:, 14322:, 14318:, 14209:, 14100:, 14096:, 14072:, 14068:, 13904:, 13900:, 13896:, 13892:, 13768:)) 13716:, 13712:, 13653:, 13534:, 12464:; 12223:, 12219:, 12215:, 12211:, 12207:, 12197:)) 12179:, 12175:, 12171:, 12157:, 12130:, 12126:, 12114:, 12110:, 12106:, 12085:, 12071:, 12067:, 12063:, 12039:, 12022:CB 12001:, 11997:, 11968:, 11964:, 11960:, 11956:, 11952:, 11508:2A 10255:O) 10207:S) 7685:/ 7000:. 6990:. 6980:30 6978:. 6974:. 6885:. 6881:. 6721:. 6717:. 6668:. 6660:. 6646:. 6642:. 6608:. 6604:. 6571:. 6548:. 6536:. 6509:. 6499:39 6497:. 6493:. 6481:^ 6442:. 6434:. 6424:54 6422:. 6399:. 6389:30 6387:. 6280:^ 6262:. 6244:. 6196:. 6186:. 6176:73 6174:. 6150:. 6136:. 6132:. 6109:. 6099:. 6089:23 6087:. 6083:. 6060:. 6052:. 6040:. 6017:. 6007:. 5997:21 5995:. 5991:. 5968:. 5960:. 5950:13 5948:. 5925:. 5913:. 5890:. 5882:. 5872:13 5870:. 5843:. 5820:. 5812:. 5802:56 5800:. 5773:. 5749:. 5741:. 5731:. 5719:73 5717:. 5713:. 5701:^ 5687:. 5679:. 5667:. 5643:. 5631:. 5608:. 5600:. 5590:20 5588:. 5565:. 5557:. 5547:57 5545:. 5522:. 5512:70 5510:. 5498:^ 5484:. 5474:10 5472:. 5449:. 5439:. 5427:. 5423:. 5393:. 5383:56 5381:. 5377:. 5351:. 5339:21 5333:. 5319:^ 5305:. 5295:58 5293:. 5269:. 5261:. 5251:47 5249:. 5225:. 5213:. 5190:. 5182:. 5170:. 5143:. 5119:. 5107:. 5084:. 5076:. 5066:87 5064:. 5051:^ 5037:. 5029:. 5017:17 5015:. 5011:. 4964:. 4924:. 4916:. 4906:86 4904:. 4872:. 4837:. 4825:29 4823:. 4819:. 4796:. 4784:28 4782:. 4778:. 4755:. 4745:45 4743:. 4716:. 4704:. 4681:. 4671:29 4669:. 4646:. 4636:. 4626:82 4624:. 4620:. 4597:. 4587:. 4577:22 4575:. 4571:. 4548:. 4538:. 4528:23 4526:. 4522:. 4499:. 4489:31 4487:. 4464:. 4454:. 4442:. 4438:. 4415:. 4405:. 4393:. 4389:. 4364:19 4362:. 4313:. 4303:92 4301:. 4278:. 4256:. 4244:. 4199:. 4191:. 4181:24 4179:. 4155:. 4147:. 4137:50 4135:. 4112:. 4104:. 4096:. 4084:. 4059:18 4034:. 4026:. 4016:79 4014:. 4002:^ 3988:. 3978:11 3976:. 3953:. 3943:10 3941:. 3918:. 3908:10 3906:. 3883:. 3873:29 3871:. 3835:. 3823:34 3821:. 3817:. 3794:. 3786:. 3778:. 3764:. 3740:82 3738:. 3734:. 3675:. 3665:48 3663:. 3659:. 3637:. 3607:. 3584:. 3572:43 3570:. 3566:. 3543:. 3501:. 3453:. 3441:23 3439:. 3435:. 3412:. 3404:. 3394:24 3392:. 3380:^ 3358:. 3334:72 3332:. 3309:. 3299:. 3287:. 3283:. 3265:. 3257:. 3245:53 3243:. 3239:. 3216:. 3204:. 3192:^ 3178:. 3168:. 3154:. 3150:. 3119:. 3059:. 3049:. 3039:26 3037:. 3033:. 3010:. 3000:20 2998:. 2984:^ 2970:. 2960:23 2958:. 2935:. 2927:. 2917:50 2915:. 2893:^ 2879:. 2869:. 2857:52 2855:. 2851:. 2796:. 2784:. 2761:. 2751:. 2739:. 2735:. 2718:20 2716:. 2693:. 2681:13 2679:. 2675:. 2663:^ 2642:. 2610:. 2585:. 2577:. 2567:12 2565:. 2542:. 2534:. 2524:16 2522:. 2495:. 2487:. 2475:. 2449:. 2441:. 2409:. 2401:. 2391:34 2389:. 2364:19 2362:. 2339:. 2331:. 2321:12 2319:. 2294:. 2292:77 2284:. 2240:^ 2222:. 2218:. 2206:^ 2166:. 2156:. 2146:13 2144:. 2140:. 2116:^ 2060:^ 2039:. 2035:. 1942:. 1912:. 1816:. 1637:. 1629:. 1561:. 1554:. 1494:. 1468:, 1452:. 1245:. 1225:, 1221:, 1155:. 1151:, 1083:, 1079:, 1012:, 1008:, 1000:, 996:, 992:, 948:, 872:. 864:, 852:, 821:, 321:EU 309:UN 288:US 276:UK 265:NZ 253:DE 242:CA 229:BR 219:S9 213:AU 146:; 142:; 134:, 118:, 15111:A 14810:B 14765:) 14757:( 14547:N 14484:A 14367:) 14334:) 14228:) 14213:) 14199:) 14104:) 14092:( 14076:) 13908:) 13884:/ 13878:) 13863:) 13848:) 13828:) 13818:) 13803:) 13788:) 13720:) 13687:) 13677:) 13657:) 13643:) 13623:) 13593:) 13583:) 13573:) 13563:) 13553:) 13538:) 13495:) 13425:) 13395:) 13300:) 13268:A 13234:e 13227:t 13220:v 13046:D 12970:) 12966:( 12660:) 12656:( 12623:B 12314:) 12310:( 12284:e 12277:t 12270:v 12237:) 12227:) 12193:( 12183:) 12161:) 12140:( 12134:) 12118:( 12095:A 12089:) 12075:) 12053:) 12043:) 12031:( 12024:1 12018:) 12005:) 11989:( 11978:2 11976:α 11972:) 11944:( 11919:e 11912:t 11905:v 11861:) 11717:δ 11715:2 11713:α 11451:2 11449:α 11242:1 11240:H 11211:) 11207:( 11171:B 10329:A 10320:) 10316:( 10312:/ 10302:e 10295:t 10288:v 10264:) 10262:2 10253:2 10241:) 10239:3 10205:2 9902:p 9894:m 9866:p 9858:m 9576:e 9569:t 9562:v 7987:) 7983:( 7738:) 7734:( 7718:) 7714:( 7175:) 7171:( 7075:e 7068:t 7061:v 7048:) 7044:( 7008:. 6986:: 6949:. 6923:. 6897:. 6867:. 6841:. 6815:. 6785:. 6759:. 6733:. 6702:. 6676:. 6654:: 6648:9 6627:. 6610:2 6587:. 6556:. 6544:: 6538:9 6521:. 6475:. 6450:. 6430:: 6407:. 6395:: 6362:. 6336:. 6326:1 6274:. 6258:: 6229:. 6204:. 6190:: 6182:: 6158:. 6144:: 6117:. 6095:: 6068:. 6048:: 6025:. 6003:: 5976:. 5956:: 5933:. 5921:: 5898:. 5878:: 5855:. 5828:. 5808:: 5785:. 5757:. 5735:: 5725:: 5695:. 5675:: 5651:. 5639:: 5616:. 5596:: 5573:. 5553:: 5530:. 5518:: 5492:. 5480:: 5457:. 5435:: 5408:. 5359:. 5345:: 5313:. 5301:: 5277:. 5257:: 5233:. 5221:: 5198:. 5178:: 5155:. 5127:. 5115:: 5092:. 5072:: 5045:. 5023:: 4976:. 4932:. 4912:: 4888:. 4845:. 4831:: 4804:. 4790:: 4763:. 4751:: 4728:. 4689:. 4677:: 4654:. 4632:: 4605:. 4583:: 4556:. 4534:: 4507:. 4495:: 4472:. 4450:: 4423:. 4401:: 4395:8 4374:. 4347:. 4321:. 4309:: 4264:. 4252:: 4207:. 4187:: 4163:. 4143:: 4120:. 4100:: 4092:: 4069:. 4042:. 4022:: 3996:. 3984:: 3961:. 3949:: 3926:. 3914:: 3891:. 3879:: 3843:. 3829:: 3802:. 3782:: 3716:. 3671:: 3623:. 3592:. 3578:: 3517:. 3487:. 3461:. 3447:: 3420:. 3400:: 3374:. 3344:. 3317:. 3295:: 3251:: 3224:. 3212:: 3206:8 3186:. 3162:: 3156:4 3135:. 3067:. 3045:: 3018:. 3006:: 2978:. 2966:: 2943:. 2923:: 2887:. 2873:: 2863:: 2836:. 2804:. 2792:: 2769:. 2747:: 2701:. 2687:: 2657:. 2625:. 2593:. 2573:: 2550:. 2530:: 2507:. 2483:: 2457:? 2437:: 2417:. 2397:: 2374:. 2347:. 2327:: 2304:. 2264:. 2234:. 2200:. 2174:. 2152:: 2110:. 2083:. 2054:. 2018:. 1968:: 1954:. 1928:. 1643:B 1611:B 1607:B 1602:B 1595:B 1583:B 1579:B 1529:B 1389:B 1370:B 1366:A 1304:B 1296:B 841:B 719:) 696:3 693:O 690:8 687:H 684:4 681:C 627:) 623:( 333:) 323:: 311:: 304:) 290:: 278:: 231:: 215:: 190:) 150:; 138:— 88:G 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.