864:. This must have been very late in his life. At the time of Gandaraditya’s death (c. 956 CE), Uttama Chola must have been a young boy, as he was set aside in the order of succession and Arinjaya took over the Chola crown. Sembiyan Madeviyar survived her husband for a long time. She seems to have been a pious lady as she figures in several inscriptions, making donations to various temples. She died c. 1001 CE during Rajaraja’s reign. She was the daughter of Mazhavarayar clan chieftain and is described thus in inscriptions.
807:
For the time being, the martial Chola power seemed to have been toned down but trade (especially maritime) continued to flourish. There are only very few inscriptions to be found that could be directly attributed to him and this may be because earlier inscriptions were consciously deleted by later
803:
and
Gandaratitya did not seem to have made any attempt to retrieve it. It is not clear if this is because he was uninterested in war or that he was assimilating his position south of the Paalar River and cutting his losses to keep Eelam (which was fast slipping out of Chola control) and to keep a
776:) must have also fought along with their brother, Rajaditya in that epic battle and must have been variously injured and died rapidly. Thus, Parantaka I was forced to get his grandson Sundara Chola (the son of Arinjaya and probably the oldest surviving prince) to be the heir-apparent.
871:" - the king who rose in the west, that is who went west and attained salvation. The meaning of this phrase is not clearly understood but could possibly mean the king who went west to Kerala. There are claims that Gandaraditya in his later life adapted the
879:
land in the west of the Chola country with a Jain ascetic named Loka-pala acharya. This claim does not have many supporters amongst historians especially because of his
Saivaite background and his wife's and son's continued persuasion of this faith.
840:
Very early in his reign
Gandharaditya must have made his younger brother Arinjaya co-regent and heir-apparent. It is possible that Gandaradhitya was without issue for a long time and in attempt to secure the continuation of the
936:
Thanjaiyar Kon
Gandaradittan" in these poems. It is not clear when he composed this poetry and whether it was he who covered the Chidambaram shrine in lieu of his father, or if it was done at Parantaka I's term.
812:
who undertook the task of converting South Indian temples into granite from brick-and-mortar under the "Kalpani" scheme. The conscious decision by Uttama Chola is mentioned in his inscriptions at
Kanchipuram.
757:
in 985 CE, Chola history is obscure. During this period of 30 years there were five princes who must have occupied the throne. There are several theories surrounding the rapid ascension to the Chola throne.
856:
Gandaraditya had two queens namely
Sembiyan Mahadevi, described as the daughter of Mazhavarayar and another called Viranarayaniyar who is described as the daughter of Solamadeviyar.
765:
and his brother-in-law Ganga Butuga, and the defeat of the Chola army at
Takkolam resulting in the death of heir-apparent Rajaditya Chola (the first in line to the throne - "
410:
761:
One was that there were internal feuds among the different members of the royal family. The other is that the effects of the
Rashtrakuta invasion, under
799:
Gandaraditya was a reluctant monarch and focussed more on religious work and not on empire building. The
Tondaimandalam continued to be occupied by the
737:
king about 955 CE. He was also a Tamil literary poet in the
Thiruvisaippa Palandu. He had a son named Madurantaka Chola also known as
888:
It has been widely accepted by researchers of Tamil literature and Saiva religious scholars that Gandaraditya was the author of a
713:
1229:
1299:
990:
1107:
999:
610:
1294:
706:
685:
645:
630:
796:
in the North Arcot district. Parantaka I must have made his second son Gandaraditya as heir apparent.
650:
962:
1125:
A Topographical List of Inscriptions of the Madras Presidency, Volume II, with Notes and References
1289:
1279:
1146:
699:
670:
772:
The second theory has more merit since the sons of Parantaka I (specifically Gandaraditya and
1099:
567:
507:
497:
8:
1284:
477:
1219:, Volume 4 by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti
1079:
Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India
789:
527:
457:
430:
420:
340:
1244:
1103:
1093:
986:
857:
583:
400:
390:
81:
72:
1226:
842:
635:
615:
380:
350:
280:
1211:
Historical Perspectives of Warfare in India: Some Morale and Matériel Determinants
1006:
Historical Perspectives of Warfare in India: Some Morale and Matériel Determinants
1233:
785:
310:
271:
1261:
620:
575:
218:
173:
1273:
742:
640:
559:
467:
227:
129:
98:
861:
809:
800:
738:
734:
665:
517:
448:
360:
236:
209:
139:
86:
1213:, by Sri Nandan Prasad, Centre for Studies in Civilizations (Delhi, India)
921:
897:
893:
829:
762:
730:
487:
300:
164:
108:
52:
754:
625:
370:
200:
191:
1142:. Orient Longman, 1971 - Architecture, Chola - 351 pages. p. 210.
925:
909:
792:(c. 949 CE). Takkalom is identified with the area around present day
680:
675:
655:
1095:
The Great Chola Temples: Thanjavur, Gangaikondacholapuram, Darasuram
917:
913:
793:
773:
590:
330:
290:
182:
118:
62:
1169:. Sethuraman, 1980 - Chola (Indic people) - 124 pages. p. 42.
933:
876:
660:
148:
93:
33:
1076:
901:
1251:
971:, by Archaeological Survey of India. Southern Circle, page 11
825:
1140:
Early Chola Temples: Parantaka I to Rajaraja I, A.D. 907-985
1034:
Early Chola Temples: Parantaka I to Rajaraja I, A.D. 907-985
956:
Early Chola Temples: Parantaka I to Rajaraja I, A.D. 907-985
872:
821:
769:") must have brought large-scale disorder in the kingdom.
784:
As noted earlier, the eldest son of Parantaka I, prince
1061:
845:
dynasty, Gandharaditya made his brother heir apparent.
1127:. Asian Educational Services, New Delhi. p. 1357.
916:
with gold. Gandaraditya composed eleven poems on Lord
817:
1167:
Early Cholas: Mathematics Reconstructs the Chronology
1049:
Early Cholas: Mathematics Reconstructs the Chronology
1207:, by Archaeological Survey of India. Southern Circle
883:
753:From the death of Parantaka I, to the accession of
1137:
1031:
953:
1227:http://tamilnation.co/sathyam/east/thirumurai.htm
816:He spent more time in religious discourse. He is
1271:
1194:, University of Madras, Madras (Reprinted 1984).
1091:
30:Rajakesari Varman, Merkey Ezhuntharulina Thevar
1122:
896:. In this there is a distinct statement that
707:
1217:The History and Culture of the Indian People
1153:The History and Culture of the Indian People
924:. These are part of the ninth volume of the
741:, who became Chola emperor after his cousin
1098:. Archaeological Survey of India. p.
1081:. Asian Educational Services. p. 103.
1019:The early Chōḷas history, art, and culture
1016:
714:
700:
1164:
1046:
1077:Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar (1911).
1021:. Sharada Pub. House, 1998. p. 77.
1272:
1066:. Oxford University Press. p. 97.
1055:
983:A Textbook of Medieval Indian History
1036:. Orient Longman, 1971. p. 250.
958:. Orient Longman, 1971. p. 250.
980:
974:
860:bore him a son called Madhurantaka
748:
13:
1201:, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002).
1187:. (Rev. edn.) New Delhi: Vikram.
779:
14:
1311:
1183:Venkata Ramanappa, M. N. (1987).
884:Contributions to Tamil literature
804:resurgent Pandya Kingdom at bay.
1197:Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1955).
1190:Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1935).
1185:Outlines of South Indian History
1062:Karen Pechilis Prentiss (2000).
985:. Primus Books. pp. 46–49.
867:Gandaraditya was also known as "
851:
1158:
1131:
1116:
1085:
1051:. Sethuraman, 1980. p. 39.
1070:
1040:
1025:
1010:
947:
1:
1177:
253:
154:
1300:10th-century Indian monarchs
912:) and covered the temple of
835:
7:
932:. He refers to himself as "
686:Legendary early Chola kings
10:
1316:
646:Great Living Chola Temples
631:Chola art and architecture
1258:
1249:
1241:
1092:C. Sivaramamurti (2007).
892:on Siva at the Temple of
869:Merkey elundarulina devar
767:aanai mael thunjiya devar
114:
104:
92:
80:
68:
58:
48:
40:
28:
23:
16:King in the Chola dynasty
1199:A History of South India
1138:S. R. Balasubrahmanyam.
1064:The Embodiment of Bhakti
1032:S. R. Balasubrahmanyam.
954:S. R. Balasubrahmanyam.
940:
1123:V. Rangacharya (1985).
981:Sen, Sailendra (2013).
875:faith and went to the
671:Gangaikonda Cholapuram
341:Parantaka II (Sundara)
1232:10 March 2016 at the
1223:The Twelve Thirumurai
820:with writing a Tamil
788:lost his life in the
729:succeeded his father
591:Rajahnate of Sanmalan
1155:, Volume 4, page 157
351:Aditya II (Karikala)
1295:10th-century Hindus
934:Koli(Kozhi) Vendan
858:Sembiyan Madeviyar
790:Battle of Takkolam
727:Gandaraditha Chola
132:Kings and Emperors
24:Gandaraditha Chola
1268:
1267:
1259:Succeeded by
1245:Parantaka Chola I
992:978-9-38060-734-4
724:
723:
651:Solesvara Temples
611:Ganges Expedition
596:
595:
584:Rajahnate of Cebu
552:Related dynasties
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73:Sembiyan Mahadevi
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1242:Preceded by
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616:Chola government
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1234:Wayback Machine
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930:Tiruvisaippa
929:
905:
904:country and
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887:
868:
866:
862:Uttama Chola
855:
847:
839:
815:
810:Uttama Chola
806:
801:Rashtrakutas
798:
783:
771:
766:
760:
752:
739:Uttama Chola
726:
725:
666:Melakadambur
578:of Karnataka
543:
528:Rajendra III
518:Rajaraja III
458:Kulothunga I
449:Later Cholas
431:Athirajendra
421:Virarajendra
411:Rajamahendra
321:Gandaraditya
320:
251:
237:Perunarkilli
210:Killivalavan
140:Early Cholas
87:Uttama Chola
29:
18:
1256:950–957 CE
922:Chidambaram
898:Parantaka I
894:Chidambaram
830:Chidambaram
763:Krishna III
731:Parantaka I
568:Chodagangas
488:Rajaraja II
401:Rajendra II
391:Rajadhiraja
301:Parantaka I
165:Kulakkottan
109:Parantaka I
53:Parantaka I
49:Predecessor
1285:956 deaths
1274:Categories
1178:References
843:Vijayalaya
755:Rajaraja I
626:Chola Navy
570:of Kalinga
381:Rajendra I
371:Rajaraja I
281:Vijayalaya
259: – c.
257: 200
201:Nalankilli
192:Nedunkilli
44:955–956 CE
1205:Epigraphy
1192:The CōĻas
969:Epigraphy
926:Tirumurai
910:Sri Lanka
836:Co-regent
786:Rajaditya
681:Tiruvarur
676:Thanjavur
656:Poompuhar
562:of Andhra
532:1246–1279
522:1216–1256
512:1178–1218
502:1166–1178
492:1146–1173
482:1133–1150
472:1118–1135
462:1070–1120
435:1067–1070
425:1063–1070
415:1060–1063
405:1051–1063
395:1018–1054
385:1012–1044
153:205 BCE–
59:Successor
1230:Archived
918:Nataraja
914:Nataraja
832:Temple.
818:credited
794:Arakonam
774:Arinjaya
375:985–1014
331:Arinjaya
291:Aditya I
285:848–871?
183:Karikala
119:Hinduism
115:Religion
63:Arinjaya
32:King of
877:Kannada
828:of the
661:Uraiyur
544:Related
468:Vikrama
365:971–987
355:966–971
345:950–980
335:955–956
325:949–962
315:935–949
305:907–955
295:871–907
149:Ellalan
94:Dynasty
69:Empress
34:Tanjore
1106:
989:
902:Pandya
361:Uttama
105:Father
1252:Chola
941:Notes
906:Eelam
735:Chola
130:Chola
99:Chola
82:Issue
41:Reign
1104:ISBN
987:ISBN
873:Jain
826:Siva
822:hymn
920:of
824:on
1276::
1225:-
1102:.
1100:11
745:.
254:c.
155:c.
1112:.
995:.
908:(
715:e
708:t
701:v
263:)
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