3856:
1666:
2520:
3443:
3539:
7934:
suggests that the term should be discarded altogether, holding that there is no justification whatsoever for any such grouping (in addition to the term itself having a problematic history of use), and prefers to make a finer classification of these languages into smaller genealogical groups directly under the IA heading, a classification we shall return to shortly... Zoller identifies the Dardic languages as the modern successors of the Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA) language
Gandhari (also Gandhari Prakrit), but along with Bashir, Zoller concludes that the family tree model alone will not explain all the historical developments.
3253:
3809:
2662:
959:
1958:
3797:
3824:
2647:
8009:... It might be going too far to say that Torwali is the direct lineal descendant of the Niya Prakrit, but there is no doubt that out of all the modern languages, it shows the closest resemblance to it. A glance at the map in the Linguistic Survey of India shows that the area at present covered by "Kohistani" is the nearest to that area around Peshawar, where, as stated above, there is most reason to believe was the original home of the Niya Prakrit. That conclusion, which was reached for other reasons, is thus confirmed by the distribution of the modern dialects.
2538:
1438:
9674:
3836:
75:
1286:
2790:
3702:
1030:
7964:...This leads us to the conclusion that the ancient dialects of the Peshawar District, the country between Tirah and Swât, must have belonged to the Tirahi-Kohistani type and that the westernmost Dardic language, Pashai, which probably had its ancient centre in Laghmân, has enjoyed a comparatively independent position since early times". …Today the Kohistâni languages descendent from the ancient dialects that developed in these valleys have all been displaced from their original homelands, as described below.
3575:
2321:
109:
3626:
3742:
3758:
3591:
3662:
3773:
3650:
3714:
3730:
3607:
3563:
3686:
3785:
3674:
3638:
2958:
2897:
3551:
2338:
3231:
2112:
83:
148:
116:
164:
132:
4809:
Greater
Gandhara can be understood as a primarily linguistic rather than a political term, that is, as comprising the regions where Gandharl was the indigenous or adopted language'. Accordingly, it includes places such as Bamiyan where over two hundred of fragments of manuscripts in Gandharl have been discovered along with a larger group of manuscripts in Sanskrit.
1945:, a descendant of Vijayakamitra, approximately half a century subsequent to the initial inscription, is credited with its restoration following inflicted damage. He is presumed to have gained the throne in c. 2 BCE after succeeding Visnuvarma, with a reign of three decades lasting til c. 32 CE before being succeeded by his son
6575:
picture of my father and grandfather, they accompanied me, many of them armed with swords and bows, and our numbers increased daily; and when we reached this city, the inhabitants, with torches lit at the altar of the Sun, and singing the praises of my father and grandfather, came out and welcomed me, and brought me hither.
4871:, in Science 365 (6 September 2019), p. 11: "...we estimate the date of admixture into the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age individuals from the Swat District of northernmost South Asia to be, on average, 26 generations before the date that they lived, corresponding to a 95% confidence interval of ~1900 to 1500 BCE..."
5516:. p. Alexander while reconnoitring the fortifications, and unable to fix on a plan of attack, since nothing less than a vast mole, necessary for bringing up his engines to the walls, would suffice to fill up the chasms, was wounded from the ramparts by an arrow which chanced to hit him in the calf of the leg.
6531:
How on this his father, then sixteen years of age, fled to the king beyond the
Hydaspes, a greater king than himself, who received him kindly... he requested to be sent to the Brahmans; and how the Brahmans educated him; and how in time he married the daughter of the Hydaspian king, and received with
5587:
he bought the boy by paying on the spot 1000 kdrshapanas. Kautilya(Chanakya) then took the boy with him to his native city of
Takshasila (Taxila), then the most renowned seat of learning in India, and had him educated there for a period of seven or eight years in the humanities and the practical arts
8042:
In the
Peshawar district, there does not remain any Indian dialect continuing this old Gandhari. The last to disappear was Tirahi, still spoken some years ago in Afghanistan, in the vicinity of Jalalabad, by descendants of migrants expelled from Tirah by the Afridis in the 19th century. Nowadays, it
6488:
The king then told how his father, the son of a king, had been left very young an orphan; and how during his minority two of his relatives according to Indian custom acted as regents, but with so little regard to law, that some nobles conspired against them, and slow them as they were sacrificing to
6276:
Philostratus comments that the people who live between the River Kophen and Taxila have a coinage not of gold and silver but of
Orichalcum and black brass. He describes the houses as designed so that if you look at them from the outside, they appear to have only one storey, but if you go inside they
5398:
The regions beyond the, river Indus on the west are inhabited, up to the river Kophen, by two Indian tribes, the
Astakenoi and the Assakenoi...In the dominions of the Assakanoi there is a great city called Massaka, the seat of the sovereign power which controls the whole realm. And there is an other
4808:
The
Greater Gandhara of philologists, or at least of Salomon, extends beyond the western foothills of the Hindu Kush and the Karakorum Highway to include parts of Bactria and even parts of the region around the Tarim Basin. As Salomon specifies in The Buddhist Literature from Ancient Gandhara, 'thus
4346:
Three local chiefs had their reasons for supporting him. One of these, Sisicottus, came from Swat and was later rewarded by an appointment in this locality. Sangaeus from
Gandhara had a grudge against his brother Astis, and to improve his chances of royalty, sided with Alexander. The ruler of Taxila
3337:
Paul
Harrison has worked on some of the texts that are arguably the earliest versions we have of the Mahāyāna sūtras, those translated into Chinese in the last half of the second century AD by the Indo-Scythian translator Lokakṣema. Harrison points to the enthusiasm in the Lokakṣema sūtra corpus for
2711:, a high centre of learning, which never recovered from the destruction. Virtually all of the Alchon coins found in the area of Taxila were found in the ruins of burned down monasteries, where some of the invaders died alongside local defenders during the wave of destructions. It is thought that the
3002:
script in 1838. Chinese records provided locations and site plans for Buddhist shrines. Along with the discovery of coins, these records provided clues necessary to piece together the history of Gandhara. In 1848 Cunningham found Gandhara sculptures north of Peshawar. He also identified the site of
6100:
The name of Aspavarma occurs four times in the eighth avadana of the above mentioned Buddhist manuscripts. The story in the avadana text involves some interaction between Aspavarman and Jhadamitra (a Saka noble) with regard to the provision of a place for the monks to stay during the rainy season.
5700:
In the Gupta epoch, again, some of the provinces were administered by princes of the royal blood designated kumaras. The same was the case in the time of Asoka. Three instances of such Kumara governorship are known from his edicts. Thus one kumara was stationed at Takshasila to govern the frontier
5679:
Ashoka arrived in Taxila at the head of an armed contingent, the swords remained in their scabbards: the citizenry, instead of offering resistance came out of their city and on its roads to welcome him, saying 'we did not want to rebel against the prince.. nor even against King Bundusara; but evil
5377:
Buhler had shown that the KharoshthI characters are derived from Aramaic, which Origin of was in common use for official purposes all over the Achaemenian empire during the KharoshthI period when it comprised north-western India... And Buhler is right in assuming that KharoshthI is ' the result of
7933:
Palula belongs to a group of Indo-Aryan (IA) languages spoken in the Hindukush region that are often referred to as "Dardic" languages... It has been and is still disputed to what extent this primarily geographically defined grouping has any real classificatory validity... On the one hand, Strand
5752:
Subhagasena seems to be the successor of Virasena, who came to the throne after Ashoka, according to Taranatha. It appears that after the secession of the north-western half of India from the Maurya empire after the death of Ashoka, Virasena entrenched his hold over it while the other eastern and
6574:
When I crossed the Hydraotis, I heard that, of the usurpers, one was already dead, and the other besieged in this very palace; so I hurried on, proclaiming to the villages I passed through who I was, and what were my rights : and the people received me gladly, and declaring I was the very
5439:
Taxiles and the others came to meet him, bringing gifts reckoned of value among the Indians. They presented him with the twenty-five elephants....and when they reached the Indus, they were to make all necessary preparations for the passage of the army. Taxiles and the other chiefs marched with
3493:, as well as stone, were widely used by sculptors in Gandhara for the decoration of monastic and cult buildings. Buddhist imagery combined with some artistic elements from the cultures of the Hellenistic world. An example is the youthful Buddha, his hair in wavy curls, similar to statutes of
6445:
Phraotes, in answer, said that he was moderate because his wants were few, and that as he was wealthy, he employed his wealth in doing good to his friends, and in subsidizing the barbarians, his neighbours, to prevent them from themselves ravaging, or allowing other barbarians to ravage his
4829:
Other scholars had alternately equated Jibin with Kapisa and more frequently with Kashmir. Kuwayama concludes that while this identification might prove correct for some sources, the Gaoseng zhuan s fourth and fifth century placement of Jibin coincides clearly with the narrower geographical
4767:
although Saifur Rahman Dar sought in 2007 to extend the geographical frame to the left bank of the Jhelum river, on account of six Buddhist images discovered at the sites of Mehlan, Patti Koti, Burarian, Cheyr and Qila Ram Kot (Dar 2007: 45-59), evidence remains insufficient to support his
7461:
The Hindu Śāhis were therefore neither Bhattis, or Janjuas, nor Brahmans. They were simply Uḍis/Oḍis. It can now be seen that the term Hindu Śāhi is a misnomer and, based as it is merely upon religious discrimination, should be discarded and forgotten. The correct name is Uḍi or Oḍi Śāhi
4686:
The Ramayana places Gandhara on both banks of the Indus....According to Strabo, Gandharites lay along the river Kophes, between the Khoaspes and the Indus. Ptolemy places Gandhara between Suastos (Swat) and the Indus including both banks of Koa immediately above its junction with the
2282:
also recounts that his father, being the son of a king, had become an orphan from a young age. In accordance with Indian customs, two of his relatives assumed responsibility for his upbringing until they were killed by rebellious nobles during a ritualistic ceremony along the
1371:
had been defeated by Pukkusāti's Gāndhārī kingdom. Therefore, following Prakash's position, the Achaemenids would have been able to conquer Gandhāra only after a period of decline after the reign of Pukkusāti, combined with the growth of Achaemenid power under the kings
4384:
Chanakya, who is described as a resident of the city of Taxila, returned to his native city with the boy and had him educated for a period of 7 or 8 years at that famous seat of learning where all the ' sciences and arts ' of the times were taught, as we know from the
6755:
The state of Gaofu to the southwest of Da Yuezhi and is also a large state. Its way of life resembles that of Tianzhu and the people are weak and easily conquered. They excel in commerce, and internally they are very wealthy. Their political allegiance has never been
5535:
When many were thus wounded and not a few killed, the women, taking the arms of the fallen, fought side by side with the men for the imminence of the danger and the great interests at stake forced them to do violence to their nature, and to take an active part in the
6007:
A silver drinking vessel with an animal style ibex figure formerly belonging to the "Yagu king" Kharaosta that was rededicated as a Buddhist reliquary by Indravarman may indicate this object was given to the apracas as a gift in exchange for some form of tribute or
2985:
In the 19th century, British soldiers and administrators started taking an interest in the ancient history of the Indian Subcontinent. In the 1830s coins of the post-Ashoka period were discovered, and in the same period, Chinese travelogues were translated.
5137:
Bimbisara and his son Ajatasatru, he did not probably come to the throne before 540 or 530 bc, and Pukkusati also may be regarded as ruling in Gandhara about that time. He would be thus a contemporary of Cyrus who established his power and authority in 549
1003:. It has been regarded as a token of the Indo-Aryan migrations but has also been explained by local cultural continuity. Backwards projections, based on ancient DNA analyses, suggest ancestors of Swat culture people mixed with a population coming from
5915:
The first was dedicated by Prahodi, the woman of the inner court of Vijayamitra, and is dated 32 Vijayamitra (30/31 CE)...This year represents in all likelihood one of Vijayamitra's last as ruler, for the throne would subsequently be given to his son
3415:
goes further to say that Prajñāpāramitā had great success in the north-west during the Kushan period, and may have been the "fortress and hearth" of early Mahāyāna, but not its origin, which he associates with the Mahāsāṃghika branch of Buddhism.
1127:, according to which they received Brahmanic consecration, but their family's attitude towards ritual is mentioned negatively, with the royal family of Gandhāra during this period following non-Brahmanical religious traditions. According to the
9055:
8043:
must be entirely extinct and in the NWFP can only found modern Iranian languages brought in by later immigrants (Baluch, Pashto) or Indian languages brought in by the paramount political power (Urdu, Panjabi) or by Hindu traders (Hindko).
3333:. Lokaksema's translations continue to provide insight into the early period of Mahāyāna Buddhism. This corpus of texts often includes and emphasizes ascetic practices forest dwelling, and absorption in states of meditative concentration:
6121:
the Reliquary Inscription of Ariaśrava et al (No. 31), dated 98 Azes (50/51 CE), whose donor, Ariaśrava, stipulates her relic dedication was made in the reign of Gondopahres' nephew Abdagases and the General Aśpavarma, son of Indravarma
2040:
reliquary, indicating was a gift in exchange for tribute or assistance. According to another reliquary inscription Indravarma is noted as the Lord of Gandhara and general during the reign of Vijayamitra. According to Apracha chronology,
5608:
This tradition is curiously confirmed by Plutarch's statement that Chandragupta as a youth had met Alexander during his campaigns in the Panjab. This was possible because Chandragupta was already living in that locality with Kautilya
2311:
against the usurpers. With fervent support from the populace, Phraotes led a triumphant entry into the residence of the usurpers, whilst the citizens brandished torches, swords, and bows in a display of unified resistance.
5566:
The Mauryan empire proper, north of the line of the Nerbudda and the Vindhya mountains, had pivoted upon three great cities: pataliputra the capital and the seat of the emperor, Taxila the seat of the viceroy of the North
3342:). Meditation and meditative states seem to have occupied a central place in early Mahāyāna, certainly because of their spiritual efficacy but also because they may have given access to fresh revelations and inspiration.
1699:, the initial Mauryan emperor. Under Chanakya's tutelage, Chandragupta received a comprehensive education at Taxila, encompassing various arts of the time, including military training, for a duration spanning 7–8 years.
2973:
By the time Gandhara had been absorbed into the empire of Mahmud of Ghazni, Buddhist buildings were already in ruins and Gandhara's art had been forgotten. After Al-Biruni, the Kashmiri writer Kalhaṇa wrote his book
1494:
Under Persian rule, a system of centralized administration, with a bureaucratic system, was introduced into the Indus Valley for the first time. Provinces or "satrapy" were established with provincial capitals. The
3138:, identifying shared phonological, morphological, and syntactical features that trace back to Prakrit languages. Inscriptions and manuscripts from the Gandhara region show linguistic patterns that link ancient
7399:
It is the same Mihirkula who is referred to in the Rajatarangini, the History of Kashmir, by Kalhana, as a wicked king who was opposed to the local Brahmins and·who imported Gandhara Brahmins into Kashmir and
5480:
Alexander then crossed the River Guraeus (the Panchkora, in Dir District). Beyond the Karmani pass lies the Talash valley. The Assacenians, identified with the Asvakas of Sanskrit literature, tried to defend
3835:
5774:
Polybius states: "He (Antiochus the Great) crossed the Caucasus and descended into India, renewed his friendship with Sophogsenus the king of the Indians; received more elephants, until he had 150 altogether
5867:
The apracas were also connected by marital alliance with the Odi kings in the Swat valley since a royal relative and officer named Suhasoma in a Buddhist reliquary inscription of Senavarman was married to
3024:
made several discoveries in the Peshawar and Swat Valley. Excavation of many of the sites of the Gandhara Civilization is being done by researchers from Peshawar and several universities around the world.
1981:(Scythians) who migrated from Central Asia into South Asia from the middle of the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century BCE. They displaced the Indo-Greeks and ruled a kingdom that stretched from Gandhara to
1890:
Local Greek rulers still exercised a feeble and precarious power along the borderland, but the last vestige of the Greco-Indian rulers was finished by a people known to the old Chinese as the Yeuh-Chi.
6142:
The interesting additional information we get from these coins is that Sasan, a former associate of Gondophares and afterwards one of his successors in the Taxila region, was the son of Aspa's brother
3315:
began translating some of the first Buddhist sutras into Chinese. The earliest of these translations show evidence of having been translated from the Gāndhārī language. Lokakṣema translated important
3161:, now all being displaced from their original homelands, were once more widespread in the region and most likely descend from the ancient dialects of the region of Gandhara. The last to disappear was
5180:
The Persians indeed summoned the Hydrakai from India to serve as mercenaries, but they did not lead an army into the country and only approached its borders when Kyros marched against the Massagatai.
2634:
noble hunters, together with two Alchon hunters and one of the Alchons inside a medallion. At one point, the Kidarites withdrew from Gandhara, and the Alchons took over their mints from the time of
1653:
arrow, peace terms were negotiated between the Queen of Massaga and Alexander. However, when the defenders had vacated the fort, a fierce battle ensued when Alexander broke the treaty. According to
5117:
This man of good family read the message sent by his friend King Bimbisāra and after completely renouncing his one hundred yojana-wide domain of Takkasīla, he became a monk out of reverence for Me.
8129:
5629:
According to tradition he began by strengthening his position by an alliance with the Himalayan chief Parvataka, as stated in both the Sanskrit and Jaina texts, Mudradkshasa and Parisishtaparvan.
5527:
5510:
5493:
5472:
5452:
5431:
5411:
4359:
4338:
2307:
king, whilst having one son who was Phraotes himself. Phraotes proceeds to narrate the opportune moment he seized to reclaim his ancestral kingdom, sparked by a rebellion of the citizens of
6928:"The entry of the Kidarites into India may firmly be placed some time round about the end of the rule of Chandragupta II or beginning of the rule of Kumaragupta I (circa 410–420 a.d.)" in
1815:
8441:
2422:. However, the text also characterizes them as weak and easily conquered with their political allegiance never being constant. Over time, the region underwent successive annexations by
2434:
during periods of their respective strength, only to be lost when these powers experienced a decline. The Xiyu Zhuan describes Tianzhu's customs as bearing similarities to that of the
9722:
1887:
It is during this period that the fusion of Hellenistic and South Asian mythological, artistic and religious elements becomes most apparent, especially in the region of Gandhara.
2364:
fragmented the region of Bactria into five distinct territories, with each tribe of the Yuezhi assuming dominion over a separate kingdom. However, a century after this division,
4842:
9148:
8588:
A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: being an account by the Chinese monk Fâ-hsien of his travels in India and Ceylon (A.D. 399–414) in search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline
4845:, in Narasimhan, Vagheesh M., et al., "Supplementary Materials for the formation of human populations in South and Central Asia", Science 365 (6 September 2019), pp. 137–164.
2583:. It is probably the rise of the Hephthalites and the defeats against the Sasanians which pushed the Kidarites into northern India. Their last ruler in Gandhara was Kandik,
5335:
The Parthians and Chorasmians had for their commander Artabazus son of Pharnaces, the Sogdians Azanes son of Artaeus, the Gandarians and Dadicae Artyphius son of Artabanus.
3855:
1068:
in a hymn asking fever to leave the body of the sick man and instead go those aforementioned tribes. The tribes listed were the furthermost border tribes known to those in
8228:
11558:
6234:
Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd-24th March, 2017
5100:
According to the Buddhist account Pukkusati, king of Taksasila, sent an embassy and a letter to king Bimbisara of Magadha and he also defeated Pradyota, king of Avanti.
2575:
and parts of the northwest Indian subcontinent including Gandhara probably sometime between 390 and 410 from Kushan empire, around the end of the rule of Gupta Emperor
7633:
Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia, Volume 2 The Eastern Chin and Sixteen Kingdoms Period in China and Tumshuk, Kucha and Karashahr in Central Asia (2 vols)
6801:
A CONCISE COMMENTARY ON MONOGRAPHS ON THE WESTERN REGIONS IN THE OFFICIAL HISTORY BOOKS OF THE WESTERN & EASTERN HAN, WEI, JIN, SOUTHERN & NORTHERN DYNASTIES
6771:
A CONCISE COMMENTARY ON MONOGRAPHS ON THE WESTERN REGIONS IN THE OFFICIAL HISTORY BOOKS OF THE WESTERN & EASTERN HAN, WEI, JIN, SOUTHERN & NORTHERN DYNASTIES
6740:
A CONCISE COMMENTARY ON MONOGRAPHS ON THE WESTERN REGIONS IN THE OFFICIAL HISTORY BOOKS OF THE WESTERN & EASTERN HAN, WEI, JIN, SOUTHERN & NORTHERN DYNASTIES
6710:
A CONCISE COMMENTARY ON MONOGRAPHS ON THE WESTERN REGIONS IN THE OFFICIAL HISTORY BOOKS OF THE WESTERN & EASTERN HAN, WEI, JIN, SOUTHERN & NORTHERN DYNASTIES
6680:
A CONCISE COMMENTARY ON MONOGRAPHS ON THE WESTERN REGIONS IN THE OFFICIAL HISTORY BOOKS OF THE WESTERN & EASTERN HAN, WEI, JIN, SOUTHERN & NORTHERN DYNASTIES
6650:
A CONCISE COMMENTARY ON MONOGRAPHS ON THE WESTERN REGIONS IN THE OFFICIAL HISTORY BOOKS OF THE WESTERN & EASTERN HAN, WEI, JIN, SOUTHERN & NORTHERN DYNASTIES
6620:
A CONCISE COMMENTARY ON MONOGRAPHS ON THE WESTERN REGIONS IN THE OFFICIAL HISTORY BOOKS OF THE WESTERN & EASTERN HAN, WEI, JIN, SOUTHERN & NORTHERN DYNASTIES
6590:
A CONCISE COMMENTARY ON MONOGRAPHS ON THE WESTERN REGIONS IN THE OFFICIAL HISTORY BOOKS OF THE WESTERN & EASTERN HAN, WEI, JIN, SOUTHERN & NORTHERN DYNASTIES
4868:
7425:
5766:
5744:
3411:
attended the council at Jālandhra monastery during the time of Kaniṣka, suggesting some institutional strength for Mahāyāna in the north-west during this period.
6635:
More than a hundred years later, the xihou of guishuang(kushan) named Qiujiuque(Kujula) attacked and destroyed the other four xihou and established himself king.
5460:
Then crossing the mountains Alexander descended to a city called Arigaeum , and found that this had been set on fire by the inhabitants, who had afterwards fled.
4824:
The Geography Of Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the Second International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 22nd-23rd March, 2018
4803:
The Geography Of Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the Second International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 22nd-23rd March, 2018
2537:
10157:
9143:
2449:
flourished and produced some of the best pieces of sculpture from the Indian subcontinent. Gandhara's culture peaked during the reign of the great Kushan king
2258:
and Black brass, and their houses appearing as single-story structures from the outside, but upon entering, underground rooms were also present. They describe
2087:
noble, Jhadamitra, engaged in discussions concerning the establishment of accommodation for monks during the rainy seasons, displaying that he was a patron of
1629:
documented their implementation of a scorched earth strategy, evidenced by the city ablaze upon Alexander's arrival, with its inhabitants already fleeing. The
1430:, it further states that the Persians summoned mercenaries specifically from the Oxydrakai tribe, who were previously known to have resisted the incursions of
6058:
Since Aspavarman's coins overlap with late or post-humous issues of Azes II and the Indo-parthian ruler Gondophares, he probably flourished from ca. 20-50 CE.
2497:
were built and old ones were enlarged. Huge statues of the Buddha were erected in monasteries and carved into the hillsides. Kanishka also built the 400-foot
10027:
9825:
8770:
2883:
was conquered. The following Shahi rulers all resisted the Ghaznavids but were ultimately unsuccessful, resulting in the downfall of the empire in 1026 CE.
10132:
9715:
4747:
While according to the recent research, the cultural influence of Gandhāra even reached up to the valley of the Jhelum River in the east (Dar 2007: 54-55).
4405:
Chanakya was a native of Takkasila, the son of a brahmin, learned in the three Vedas and mantras, skilled in political expedients, deceitful, a politician.
1455:. This coin is the earliest known example of its type to be found so far east. Such coins were circulating in the area as currency, at least as far as the
2203:, after having ascended from a subordinate governance role to a recognized position as one of Gondophares's successors. He assumed the position following
10307:
9367:
4326:
The Behistun inscription of the Achaemenid emperor Darius indicates that Gandhara was conquered by the Persians in the later part of the 6th century BCE.
4319:
6986:
6162:
The coins further show that Sasan, who was at first a subordinate ruler under Gondophares, subsequently assumed independent or quasi-independent status.
10498:
10057:
9905:
9845:
8714:
Filigenzi, Anna (2000). "Reviewed Work: A Catalogue of the Gandhāra Sculpture in the British Museum, Vol. I: Text, Vol. II: Plates by Wladimir Zwalf".
4604:
771:), meaning "perfume" and "referring to the spices and aromatic herbs which they (the inhabitants) traded and with which they anointed themselves". The
7153:
5191:
O. Bopearachchi, "Premières frappes locales de l'Inde du Nord-Ouest: nouvelles données", in Trésors d'Orient: Mélanges offerts à Rika Gyselen, Fig. 1
4616:
1806:
descended into India to renew his ties with King Subhagasena in 206 BCE, subsequently receiving a substantial gift of 150 elephants from the monarch.
836:
The geographical location of Gandhara has undergone alterations throughout history, with the general understanding being the region situating between
10262:
10187:
10087:
5549:
2513:
who visited the country. The stupa was built during the Kushan era to house Buddhist relics and was among the tallest buildings in the ancient world.
3288:
in the third-century BCE. Various monks were dispatched to different parts of the empire and the missionary dispatched to Gandhara specifically was
1633:
fiercely contested Alexander's forces, resulting in their eventual defeat. Subsequently, Alexander traversed the River Guraeus in the contemporary
1353:
2734:
from 630 CE explained that Mihirakula ordered the destruction of Buddhism and the expulsion of monks. The Buddhist art of Gandhara, in particular
9860:
9708:
9045:
11573:
10282:
9389:
5649:
The army of Malayaketu (Parvataka) comprised recruits from the following peoples : Khasa, Magadha, Gandhara, Yavana, Saka, Chedi and Huna.
2519:
11472:
5881:
5221:
4788:
Here he had to depend upon and appoint Indians as his satraps, viz., Ambhi, king of Taxila, to rule from the Indus to the Hydaspes (Jhelum).
3538:
8775:
8110:
7379:
The Brahmanas of Gandhara accepted from him gift of agraharas; they no doubt, too, were similar as his own and were the meanest Brahmanas.
6956:"The Alchon Huns....established themselves as overlords of northwestern India, and directly contributed to the downfall of the Guptas" in
2730:, over one thousand Buddhist monasteries throughout Gandhara are said to have been destroyed. In particular, the writings of Chinese monk
9684:
8415:
6854:
Marshall, John H. (1909): "Archaeological Exploration in India, 1908–9." (Section on: "The stūpa of Kanishka and relics of the Buddha").
2715:, one of the most famous and tallest buildings in antiquity, was destroyed by them during their invasion of the area in the 460s CE. The
6799:
6769:
6738:
6708:
6678:
6648:
6618:
6588:
4707:
The Ramayana places Gandhara on both banks of the Indus with its two royal cities Pushkalavati for the west and Takshasila for the east.
9192:
8934:
6695:
and his son yangouzhen(Vima takto) succeeded him as king. He in his turn destroyed Tianzhu and installed a general there to control it.
4628:
681:. The zenith of Gandhara's cultural and political influence transpired during Kushan rule, before succumbing to devastation during the
11519:
7782:
6041:
5990:
5960:
5850:
5837:
The domain of the Apracas was probably centred in Bajaur and extended to Swat, Gandhara, Taxila and other parts of Eastern Afghanistan
5820:
4640:
3685:
11583:
8523:
9673:
8765:
3590:
1657:, the Asvakas, including women fighting alongside their husbands, valiantly resisted Alexander's army but were ultimately defeated.
2091:. A reliquary inscription dedicated to 50 CE, by a woman named Ariasrava, describes that her donation was made during the reign of
8597:
Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia
6961:
Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia
6043:
Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia
5992:
Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia
5962:
Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia
5852:
Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia
5822:
Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia
3701:
2855:. He is depicted as a great ruler with strength to the standard where kings of other regions would seek shelter in his capital of
708:
11598:
10739:
10697:
8843:
8783:
3808:
3757:
1280:
8232:
4418:
3713:
3013:
and monasteries. These discoveries helped to piece together much more of the chronology of the history of Gandhara and its art.
10491:
10365:
2287:. This event led to the usurpation of the throne, compelling Phraotes' father to seek refuge with the king situated beyond the
1759:
but rather against oppressive ministers. In Ashoka's subsequent tenure as emperor, he appointed his son as the new governor of
1538:
1033:
Kingdoms and cities of ancient Buddhism, with Gandhara located in the northwest of this region, during the time of the Buddha (
8756:
3796:
3661:
11608:
9005:
8605:
8513:
8093:
8066:
8035:
7957:
7926:
7899:
7872:
7668:
7641:
7355:
6996:
6879:
6809:
6779:
6748:
6718:
6688:
6658:
6628:
6598:
6269:
6242:
6215:
6185:
6051:
6000:
5970:
5891:
5860:
5830:
5724:
5672:
5559:
5076:
5050:
4936:
4428:
4221:
4194:
4167:
4140:
3741:
3625:
3497:. Sacred artworks and architectural decorations used limestone for stucco composed by a mixture of local crushed rocks (i.e.
2327:
8571:
1606:
with significant gifts, esteemed among the Indian populace, and subsequently accompanied him on the expedition crossing the
1242:
being part of the kingdom. Due to this important position, Buddhist texts listed the Gandhāra kingdom as one of the sixteen
11578:
9138:
7391:
3009:
excavated at Taxila between 1912 and 1934. He discovered separate Greek, Parthian, and Kushan cities and a large number of
2978:
in 1151. He recorded some events that took place in Gandhara and provided details about its last royal dynasty and capital
1717:
region, possibly during his time at the university. Subsequent to Alexander's death, Chanakya and Chandragupta allied with
9397:
5112:
11588:
8924:
6605:
Formerly, when the Yuezhi had been destroyed by the Xiongnu, they moved to Daxia and divided the country into five Xihou.
6361:
They are taken to the palace. They found the city divided by narrow streets, well-arranged, and reminding them of Athens.
5391:
5173:
4759:
8673:
7228:
4070:
2418:
were extremely wealthy and excelled in commerce, with their cultural practices bearing resemblance to those observed in
9382:
9025:
8929:
8815:
8557:
8549:
8294:
7413:
6786:
The three states of Tianzhu Jibin and Anxi had possessed it when they were strong and have lost it when they were weak.
5786:
Rapson, Edward James; Haig, Sir Wolseley; Burn, Sir Richard; Dodwell, Henry; Wheeler, Sir Robert Eric Mortimer (1968).
5714:
4300:
3823:
3221:
539:
74:
4739:
3637:
11603:
10484:
9030:
9020:
8683:
8489:
8139:
7328:
7301:
7276:
7238:
7211:
7034:
6969:
6941:
6913:
6839:
5787:
5258:
4565:
4531:
2944:
2879:, however, he was eventually defeated. During his rule and that of his son and successor, Anandapala, the kingdom of
2441:
The Kushan period is considered the Golden Period of Gandhara. Peshawar Valley and Taxila are littered with ruins of
1476:
7434:, p. 187 and Pl. V B., "the horseman is shown wearing a turban-like head-gear with a small globule on the top".
2926:
732:
9299:
3842:
3772:
3649:
2622:, confirming the Alchon presence in this area around 450–500 CE. The numismatic evidence as well as the so-called "
1238:. During the 6th century BCE, Gandhāra was an important imperial power in north-west Iron Age South Asia, with the
8475:
The Life of Hiuen-Tsiang by the Shaman Hwui Li, with an Introduction containing an account of the Works of I-Tsing
6259:
6205:
6175:
5307:
The Parthians, Chorasmians, Sogdians, Gandarians, and Dadicae in the army had the same equipment as the Bactrians.
9524:
9346:
3094:. The Gandhara region's dynamic cultural and political shifts influenced Hindko's linguistic development. Today,
2025:
2001:
5936:
More likely is that Indravasu governed until c. 50 CE, whereafter he was succeeded by his grandson Indravarma II
3606:
3134:
took birth from, preserving its historical significance and reflecting the region's enduring linguistic legacy.
2161:. These kings have traditionally been referred to as Indo-Parthians, as their coinage was often inspired by the
1899:
The Apracharajas were a historical dynasty situated in the region of Gandhara, extending from the governance of
11336:
10689:
10107:
8085:
Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages
5662:
5357:
3729:
3371:
sect as well for its compilation, and in this sutra, there are many elements in common with the Lokottaravādin
2922:
108:
6232:
4242:
3673:
2278:
is reported to have subsidized both barbarians and neighbouring states, to avert incursions into his kingdom.
766:
11613:
11568:
9528:
9375:
9264:
9035:
7002:
3574:
3006:
3003:
Taxila in the 1860s. From then on a large number of Buddhist statues were discovered in the Peshawar valley.
5277:
Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander's Conquest)
5207:
Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander's Conquest)
3338:
the extra ascetic practices, for dwelling in the forest, and above all for states of meditative absorption (
11192:
10806:
10629:
9780:
8377:"Geological overwiew of Gandharan sites and petrographical analysis on Gandharan stucco and clay artefacts"
5349:
The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys.
4035:
3119:
1004:
4479:
4420:
The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys
1751:
to quell the uprising. Upon entering the city, the populace conveyed that their rebellion was not against
8528:(in Greek and English). With an English translation by A. D. Godley. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
7745:
7708:
5250:
The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan
4843:'Late Bronze – Iron Age Swat Protohistoric Graves (Gandhara Grave Culture), Swat Valley, Pakistan (n-99)'
3143:
3049:
1665:
1649:, became a focal point. Despite an initial standoff which led to Alexander being struck in the leg by an
1147:
983:
and lasted until 800 BCE, and named for their distinct funerary practices. It was found along the Middle
622:
11311:
8633:
The Last Two Dynasties of the Sahis: An analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography
5319:
5291:
4466:
3562:
1915:, this assertion is supported by swathes of discovered donations within their principal domain, between
569:
17:
10358:
7658:
6988:
Monuments of Hope, Gloom and Glory in the Age of the Hunnic Wars: 50 years that changed India (484–534)
3841:
The Seated Buddha, dating from 300 to 500 CE, was found near Jamal Garhi, and is now on display at the
3478:
period, from the 1st to the 5th centuries, but it declined and was destroyed after the invasion of the
2162:
2126:
1400:. The annexation under Cyrus was limited to the Western sphere of Gandhāra as only during the reign of
1388:
remained in power after the Achaemenid conquest as a Persian vassal or if he was replaced by a Persian
1138:, Nagnajit, or Naggaji, was a prominent king who had adopted Jainism and was comparable to Dvimukha of
735:, also transliterated as Gadāra since the nasal "n" before consonants were omitted in Old Persian). In
8619:
Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty
4665:
2630:, suggests a period of peaceful coexistence between the Kidarites and the Alchons, as it features two
10611:
9000:
7783:"https://medium.com/@ancient.marvel/buddha-from-the-regions-of-afghanistan-and-pakistan-b5afc50a995f"
7491:
Rehman (2002: 41) makes a good case for calling the Hindu Śāhis by a more accurate name, "Uḍi Śāhis".
3312:
2918:
895:
The term Greater Gandhara describes the cultural and linguistic extent of Gandhara and its language,
449:
39:
8533:
7805:
7768:
7731:
7693:
4230:
3784:
11274:
11012:
10928:
10772:
10725:
10635:
10507:
10177:
9700:
9663:
9420:
8848:
8614:
7660:
https://books.google.com/books?id=eUEiEAAAQBAJ&dq=en&pg=PA15#v=onepage&q=en&f=false
6072:"Social Background of Buddhism in Gandhara(c.2 Nd Century Bce to the Middle of the 4th Century Ce)"
3993:
3442:
3321:
3252:
2979:
2907:
2681:
hunters wearing characteristic crowns, as well as two Alchon hunters (one of them shown here, with
2075:
whilst also describing him as 'Stratega' or general of the Aprachas. In accordance with a Buddhist
1790:, and Virasena emerged as its king. Noteworthy for his diplomatic endeavors, Virasena's successor,
661:
and later assumed control with his support. Subsequently, Gandhara was successively annexed by the
3389:
3304:
2266:, being walled like a Greek city whilst also being shaped with Narrow roads, and further describe
11474:
Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"
11332:
9351:
9187:
8155:
5225:
4854:
Coningham, Robin, and Mark Manuel, (2008). "Kashmir and the Northwest Frontier", Asia, South, in
3184:
claimed that Tirahi is "probably the remnant of a dialect group extending from Tirah through the
2911:
2661:
2623:
1966:
1803:
1213:
776:
8470:
2 vols. Trans. by Samuel Beal. London. Reprint: Delhi. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 1969.
7862:
2835:. Lalliya replaced Samanta soon after and re-conquered Kabul whilst also subduing the region of
2726:
sources to have been a "terrible persecutor of their religion" in Gandhara. During the reign of
2195:, emerged as a figure of significance. Aspavarman, a preceding Apracharaja contemporaneous with
2153:) as their residence, but during their last few years of existence, the capital shifted between
1923:. Archaeological evidence also establishes dynastic affiliations between them and the rulers of
10400:
10122:
9294:
8858:
8808:
8631:
8622:
5150:
4109:
3550:
3277:
3021:
1982:
1864:
area of Gandhara, mentioned on a 1st-century CE signet ring, bearing the Kharoṣṭhī inscription
1822:
1642:
1568:
1254:
963:
958:
949:
594:
8595:
8503:
8056:
7631:
7318:
7201:
7184:
6959:
6903:
6829:
6028:
the Lord Vijayamitra Apracarāja, and Indravarma the General, Ruler of Gandhāra, are worshipped
5040:
4926:
4555:
4521:
4211:
1957:
1396:
sources claim that he renounced his throne and became a monk after becoming a disciple of the
11593:
11094:
10978:
10949:
10849:
10351:
10047:
9910:
9630:
9219:
8505:
Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of the Brahmin Town of Harmatelia
8083:
7916:
7889:
7268:
7262:
6869:
5948:
5347:
4644:
4632:
4620:
4608:
4482:
4260:
4184:
4157:
3364:
3131:
3079:
2385:
2331:
2181:
2134:
1646:
10410:
8748:
8501:
8376:
4444:
4248:
3326:
1159:
1020:
31:
10292:
10152:
9945:
9620:
9484:
9408:
4454:
4451:
4447:
2995:
2781:
and India and states that he had given thousands of villages to these Brahmins in Kashmir.
2453:(127 CE – 150 CE). The cities of Taxila (Takṣaśilā) at Sirsukh and Purushapura (modern-day
2357:
1825:(205–171 BCE), wearing the scalp of an elephant, symbol of his conquest of the Indus valley
1419:
1381:
953:
799:
553:
6905:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
6816:
its customs are the same as those of Yuezhi...the inhabitants ride on elephants in warfare
4450:. In particular, Old Persian nasals such as "n" were omitted in writing before consonants
4443:
Some sounds are omitted in the writing of Old Persian and are shown with a raised letter.
4272:
3399:
records that Kaniṣka of the Kushan Empire presided over the establishment of the Mahāyāna
3352:
was compiled in the age of the Kushan Empire in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, by order of
1076:, the Āṅgeyas and Māgadhīs in the east, and the Mūjavants and Gandhārīs in the north. The
880:
discoveries however further evidence is needed to support this, though during the rule of
8:
11357:
11295:
10747:
10542:
10415:
10287:
9499:
6403:
and was the residence of a sovereign who ruled over what of old was the kingdom of Porus.
4740:"Decorative Motifs on Pedestals of Gandharan Sculptures: A Case Study of Peshawar Museum"
4094:
3581:
3467:
3348:
3181:
3158:
2824:
ruler, Lagaturman. Samanta succeeded him, and it was during his reign that the region of
2239:
2059:
is situated between 20 and 50 CE, during which numismatic evidence overlaps him with the
1725:. This alliance resulted in the formation of a composite army, comprising Gandharans and
1710:
1706:
1696:
1614:
1603:
1437:
1431:
1223:
1199:
881:
821:
650:
634:
337:
6192:
In the Indus valley Gondophares was succeeded by his nephew Abdagases and then by Sases.
4822:
4801:
11106:
10933:
10877:
10833:
10202:
9955:
9560:
9474:
9469:
9464:
9319:
9284:
9274:
9199:
9177:
9050:
8914:
8863:
8723:
8702:
8357:
8000:
7678:
7605:
7126:
7080:
6565:
6522:
6479:
6436:
6394:
6352:
6310:
6114:"Buddhism and Society in the Indic North and Northwest, 2nd Century BCE–3rd Century CE"
6091:
6021:"Buddhism and Society in the Indic North and Northwest, 2nd Century BCE–3rd Century CE"
5929:"Buddhism and Society in the Indic North and Northwest, 2nd Century BCE–3rd Century CE"
5908:"Buddhism and Society in the Indic North and Northwest, 2nd Century BCE–3rd Century CE"
5002:
4156:
Kulke, Professor of Asian History Hermann; Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004).
3764:
3486:
3471:
3425:
3225:
3083:
3082:, has deep roots in the region's rich cultural and intellectual heritage. Derived from
2735:
2450:
2446:
1933:
The dynasty is argued to have been founded by Vijayakamitra, identified as a vassal to
1904:
1819:
1380:. However, the presence of Gandhāra among the list of Achaemenid provinces in Darius's
1000:
236:
8593:
8477:. Trans. by Samuel Beal. London. 1911. Reprint: Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi. 1973.
7475:
7445:
6155:
6135:
5693:
5642:
5622:
5601:
5580:
5130:
5093:
4911:
4781:
4720:
4700:
4679:
4398:
4377:
4236:
2749:
and that most of the monasteries were deserted and left in ruins. It is also noted by
2646:
1840:
His empire survived him in a fragmented manner until the last independent Greek king,
576:, the region attained its height from the 1st century to the 5th century CE under the
11563:
11345:
11341:
11299:
11288:
11266:
11234:
11220:
10905:
10247:
10197:
9875:
9504:
9494:
9479:
9449:
9402:
9314:
8801:
8679:
8601:
8553:
8545:
8509:
8485:
8407:
8399:
8349:
8322:
8290:
8135:
8089:
8062:
8031:
7992:
7953:
7922:
7895:
7868:
7790:
7753:
7716:
7664:
7637:
7351:
7324:
7297:
7272:
7234:
7207:
7118:
7030:
6992:
6965:
6937:
6909:
6875:
6835:
6805:
6775:
6744:
6714:
6684:
6654:
6624:
6594:
6557:
6514:
6471:
6428:
6386:
6344:
6302:
6265:
6238:
6211:
6181:
6083:
6047:
5996:
5966:
5887:
5856:
5826:
5720:
5668:
5555:
5370:
5353:
5254:
5072:
5046:
4932:
4561:
4527:
4424:
4296:
4292:
4217:
4190:
4163:
4136:
4099:
3597:
3522:
3437:
3197:
3185:
3053:
3039:
3017:
2813:. The Hindu Shahis are believed to belong to the Uḍi/Oḍi tribe, namely the people of
2682:
2490:
1673:
1669:
1542:
1508:
1423:
1384:
confirms that his empire had inherited this region from Cyrus. It is unknown whether
1360:
1104:
896:
618:
549:
503:
8753:
5977:
Another important member of the Apraca lineage was the general (stratega) Aspavarman
3505:) which resulted compatible with the outcrops located in the mountains northwest of
3385:
3257:
2493:
flourished and Buddha was represented in human form. Under the Kushans new Buddhist
2219:, whilst a numismatic hoard had found coins of Sasan together with smaller coins of
987:
course, even though earlier research considered it to be expanded to the Valleys of
11230:
11215:
11211:
11164:
11160:
11120:
11086:
11082:
10901:
10332:
10322:
10267:
10147:
10127:
9885:
9795:
8898:
8838:
8675:
The flame and the lotus: Indian and Southeast Asian art from the Kronos collections
8391:
6665:
This king invaded Anxi(Parthia) and took Gaofu(Kabul) and destroyed Puda and Jibin.
5731:...3/4 of a mile to the north of this place there was a great stupa built by Ashoka
5192:
4507:
3205:
3154:
3123:
3065:
2876:
2875:. Jayapala then gained control and was brought into conflict with the newly formed
2674:
2389:
2365:
2220:
2146:
1852:
invasion of Bactria and relocated to Gandhara, pushing the Indo-Greeks east of the
1764:
1718:
1654:
1590:, formed an alliance with Alexander, motivated by a longstanding animosity towards
1516:
1401:
1377:
1285:
1262:
1024:
837:
825:
791:
736:
621:
though Gandhara eventually succumbed as a tributary to the Achaemenids. During the
557:
523:
35:
8780:
8542:
Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes, 1st to 2nd centuries CE
4586:
4321:
History Of Ancient And Early Medieval India From The Stone Age To The 12th Century
4291:. Melbourne: Monash University Press. pp. 1–18, map visible online page 2 of
3512:
The artistic traditions of Gandhara art can be divided into the following phases:
3368:
2863:. Bhimadeva, the next most notable ruler, is most significant for vanquishing the
2789:
2414:
According to the Xiyu Zhuan, the inhabitants residing in the upper reaches of the
1683:
era, Gandhara held a pivotal position as a core territory within the empire, with
1641:, as chronicled in Sanskrit literature. The primary stronghold among the Asvakas,
1567:
and Astakanoi whom he describes as 'Indian' and occupying the two great cities of
1426:
never conquered India and had only approached its borders after battling with the
11468:
11349:
11307:
11303:
11270:
11242:
11238:
11184:
11090:
11022:
10984:
10790:
10222:
10207:
10137:
10112:
10102:
10077:
10072:
10067:
10032:
10017:
9992:
9982:
9960:
9925:
9920:
9900:
9880:
9865:
9835:
9820:
9585:
9580:
9570:
9335:
9329:
8787:
8760:
8284:
8025:
7947:
7345:
7024:
6931:
5248:
5247:
Errington, Elizabeth; Trust, Ancient India and Iran; Museum, Fitzwilliam (1992).
5066:
4652:
4287:
Di Castro, Angelo Andrea; Hope, Colin A. (2005). "The Barbarisation of Bactria".
4130:
4054:
3459:
3316:
3162:
3127:
3107:
2832:
2576:
2489:
of China. Buddhist art spread from Gandhara to other parts of Asia. In Gandhara,
2423:
2419:
2408:
2341:
2228:
2166:
1920:
1795:
1618:
1552:
1349:
1315:
1008:
772:
682:
610:
515:
421:
10405:
7051:
6113:
6020:
5928:
5907:
5378:
the intercourse between the offices of the Satraps and of the native authorities
4841:
Olivieri, Luca M., Roberto Micheli, Massimo Vidale, and Muhammad Zahir, (2019).
3060:, Gāndhārī spread into adjoining regions of South and Central Asia. It used the
2461:
became the capital of the great empire stretching from Central Asia to Northern
899:. In later historical contexts, Greater Gandhara encompassed the territories of
530:, though the cultural influence of Greater Gandhara extended westwards into the
11204:
11077:
10974:
10575:
10460:
10445:
10327:
10297:
10232:
10217:
10167:
10117:
10052:
10042:
9987:
9970:
9950:
9940:
9935:
9895:
9775:
9755:
9750:
9745:
9600:
9590:
9548:
9416:
9356:
9309:
9279:
9269:
9153:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8919:
8873:
8868:
8853:
7158:
3905:
3516:
3433:
3400:
3359:
which flourished in the Gandhāra region. However, it is likely that the longer
3245:
3241:
2987:
2872:
2864:
2844:
2820:
The history of the Hindu Shahis begins in 843 CE with Kallar deposing the last
2716:
2712:
2694:
2653:
2627:
2498:
2324:
2288:
2072:
2060:
2029:
1974:
1938:
1833:(reigned 155–130 BCE) drove the Greco-Bactrians out of Gandhara and beyond the
1397:
1341:
1314:
and achieved victories over neighbouring kingdoms such as that of the realm of
1239:
1183:
went to learn the three Vedas and the eighteen branches of knowledge, with the
1131:
992:
808:
670:
666:
581:
262:
10624:
8534:"Annotated Translation of the Chapter on the Western Regions according to the
8411:
7372:
868:, Gandhara's territorial extent at a certain period encompassed the region of
11552:
11534:
11521:
11353:
11156:
11116:
11017:
11000:
10953:
10938:
10924:
10897:
10893:
10853:
10838:
10827:
10779:
10440:
10302:
10242:
10237:
10192:
10182:
10037:
10012:
9997:
9930:
9830:
9810:
9805:
9800:
9765:
9459:
9341:
9289:
9244:
9015:
9010:
8965:
8878:
8403:
8353:
7996:
7122:
6561:
6518:
6475:
6432:
6390:
6348:
6306:
6087:
4023:
3935:
3846:
3475:
3308:
3189:
3057:
2991:
2848:
2840:
2770:
2686:
2580:
2208:
1962:
1928:
1873:
1787:
1730:
1692:
1680:
1532:
1385:
1319:
1303:
1244:
1029:
924:
877:
748:
744:
678:
646:
614:
602:
577:
301:
7107:"From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush"
7069:"From the Sasanians to the Huns New Numismatic Evidence from the Hindu Kush"
5794:..with whom Antiochus the Great renewed an ancestral relationship in 206 BCE
3307:
were brought from the Gandhāra region to China as early as 147 CE, when the
3196:". Nowadays, it must be entirely extinct and the region is now dominated by
11072:
10945:
10845:
10715:
10653:
10618:
10600:
10592:
10536:
10476:
10430:
10374:
10272:
10227:
10097:
10082:
10002:
9890:
9870:
9850:
9760:
9229:
9224:
9133:
9123:
9108:
9070:
8960:
7583:
7567:
7551:
7535:
7519:
7503:
7420:
He gave thousands of villages in Vijayeahvara to the Brahmanas of Gandhara.
4573:
4132:
The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate
4104:
3980:
3879:
3455:
3412:
3193:
2810:
2794:
2478:
2397:
2235:
2185:
2122:
1853:
1772:
1744:
1722:
1634:
1599:
1595:
1576:
1500:
1452:
1409:
1335:
1170:
988:
873:
865:
861:
690:
674:
645:, resisted. Following the Macedonian downfall, Gandhara became part of the
598:
573:
250:
8131:
The Making of Early Kashmir: Intercultural Networks and Identity Formation
7415:
Rajatarangini of Kalhana - English - Jogesh Chunder Dutt Volumes 1 & 2
6532:
her seven villages as pin-money, and had issue one son, himself, Phraotes.
5947:
The Grandeur of Gandhara, Rafi-us Samad, Algora Publishing, 2011, p.64-67
5883:
Greco-Buddhist Relations in the Hellenistic Far East: Sources and Contexts
5399:
city, Peukalaitis, which is also of great size and not far from the Indus.
2173:
proper, and there is no evidence that all the kings who assumed the title
1302:
During the 6th century BCE, Gandhara was governed under the reign of King
1230:, Uddālaka Āruṇi himself favourably referred to Gāndhārī education to the
907:
which had splintered from Gandhara proper and also extended into parts of
757:
496:
11493:
The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century
11261:
11254:
11137:
11111:
10919:
10889:
10550:
9733:
9324:
9304:
9239:
9234:
9182:
9169:
9085:
8995:
8893:
8888:
8883:
4080:
3952:
3892:
3748:
3720:
3613:
3479:
3408:
3382:
3289:
3281:
3260:
3237:
3075:
2821:
2806:
2685:), suggesting a period of peaceful coexistence between the two entities.
2603:
2486:
2415:
2377:
2320:
2284:
2247:
2204:
2196:
2138:
2096:
2092:
2068:
2046:
2033:
2017:
1942:
1934:
1900:
1814:
1791:
1607:
1572:
1560:
1556:
1460:
1416:
1405:
1373:
1108:
1069:
1053:
916:
912:
853:
849:
845:
784:
724:
686:
662:
642:
586:
519:
511:
479:
258:
193:
189:
8727:
8706:
7709:"https://books.google.com/books?id=x0NuAAAAMAAJ&q=lahnda+shauraseni"
7130:
7106:
7084:
7068:
6569:
6545:
6526:
6502:
6483:
6459:
6440:
6416:
6398:
6374:
6356:
6332:
6314:
6290:
6095:
6071:
5006:
4990:
3378:
1775:, Western Gandhara, the location of which remains undiscovered to date.
11323:
11133:
10257:
9977:
9785:
9648:
9605:
9412:
9158:
9080:
8975:
8970:
7746:"https://testpoint.pk/mcqs/26648/language-of-Gandhara-civilization-was"
5393:
Ancient India As Described By Megasthenes And Arrian by Mccrindle, J. W
5175:
Ancient India As Described By Megasthenes And Arrian by Mccrindle, J. W
4059:
3528:
3463:
3429:
3353:
2867:
in Ghazni and Kabul in response to their conquests, his grand-daughter
2836:
2829:
2758:
2738:, became extinct around this period. When Xuanzang visited Gandhara in
2727:
2703:
The Alchons undertook the mass destruction of Buddhist monasteries and
2607:
2393:
2255:
2212:
2191:, as described on numismatic evidence identifying him as the nephew of
2052:
2042:
2021:
2013:
1994:
1834:
1830:
1427:
1356:, Pukkusāti might have acted as a bulwark against the expansion of the
984:
928:
606:
391:
9554:
8572:"Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 19– Imperial Gazetteer of India"
8395:
8361:
8337:
8271:
Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations.
8258:
Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations.
8004:
7980:
5020:
2008:, designating the title "Stratega," denoting a position equivalent to
1274:
11066:
10162:
9689:
9533:
9519:
9454:
9214:
9065:
9040:
5753:
southern half of the country passed under the domination of Samprati.
4600:
3883:
3506:
3404:
3373:
3330:
3166:
3115:
3061:
2999:
2856:
2762:
2678:
2631:
2615:
2568:
2544:
2215:
is known through numismatic evidence to have overstruck the coins of
2192:
2119:
2100:
2080:
2056:
1946:
1857:
1845:
1841:
1779:
1768:
1756:
1736:
1630:
1622:
1564:
1512:
1504:
1488:
1484:
1472:
1345:
976:
Gandhara's first recorded culture was the Grave Culture that emerged
535:
154:
9730:
8374:
5275:
5205:
4820:
4799:
4718:
4698:
4677:
2957:
2896:
2368:
of the Kushan tribe emerged victorious by destroying the other four
2103:, describing the joint rule by the Aprachas and the Indo-parthians.
1949:
and then further by Indravasu's grandson Indravarma II in c. 50 CE.
1844:, disappeared around 10 CE. Around 125 BCE, the Greco-Bactrian king
1617:'s military campaign progressed to Arigaum, situated in present-day
814:
728:
638:
11144:
11027:
10885:
10711:
10703:
10657:
10455:
10450:
10420:
10252:
10142:
10092:
9915:
9840:
9790:
9595:
9565:
9440:
8951:
6101:
This shows that the Aspavarman was a patron of the Buddhist Samgha.
4213:
A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation
4014:
4001:
3988:
3975:
3961:
3939:
3931:
3926:
3913:
3909:
3900:
3887:
3616:
3293:
3276:
As per Pali sources, Buddhism first reached Gandhara following the
3234:
3177:
3165:, still spoken some years ago in a few villages in the vicinity of
3091:
2966:
2962:
2814:
2746:
2731:
2723:
2690:
2635:
2599:
2572:
2548:
2510:
2506:
2470:
2466:
2454:
2304:
2296:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2243:
2224:
2158:
2150:
2116:
2088:
2037:
2009:
1924:
1912:
1799:
1726:
1702:
1688:
1468:
1434:, but they never entered their armies into the region of Gandhara.
1393:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1326:
in width, approximately 500 to 800 miles wide, with his capital at
1307:
1289:
1155:
1151:
1119:
1115:
904:
889:
803:
702:
658:
561:
543:
507:
475:
403:
373:
254:
240:
122:
7949:
Gates of Peristan: History, Religion and Society in the Hindu Kush
7343:
5419:
The ruler of Taxila wanted to satisfy his own grudge against Porus
5372:
Kharoshthi Inscriptions Except Those Of Asoka Vol.ii Part I (1929)
4965:
4963:
2745:, he reported that Buddhism had drastically declined in favour of
2246:
in 46 AD, that during this time the Gandharans living between the
2137:
was ruled by the Gondopharid dynasty, named after its first ruler
1771:
script and commissioned the construction of a monumental stupa in
856:. The prominent urban centres within this geographical scope were
11225:
11151:
11052:
11033:
10881:
10754:
10707:
10669:
10662:
10435:
10277:
10172:
10062:
10022:
9625:
9610:
9575:
9509:
9209:
9204:
9128:
9118:
9113:
9075:
9060:
8468:
Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang.
8197:
8195:
6550:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
6507:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
6464:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
6421:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
6379:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
6337:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
6295:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
4063:
3971:
3967:
3922:
3692:
3502:
3356:
3169:
in eastern Afghanistan, by descendants of migrants expelled from
3139:
3045:
2852:
2778:
2774:
2766:
2754:
2750:
2458:
2431:
2373:
2353:
2349:
2337:
2300:
2263:
2170:
2076:
2064:
1908:
1638:
1520:
1480:
1311:
1258:
1190:
1139:
1128:
1081:
1065:
1045:
996:
908:
869:
780:
714:
677:, retained governance during this period until the ascent of the
626:
319:
10343:
7985:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London
4950:
4948:
3230:
3204:. Among the modern day Indo-Aryan languages still spoken today,
2372:
tribes and consolidating his reign as king. Kujula then invaded
2299:
states that his father received an education facilitated by the
2141:. For most of their history, the leading Gondopharid kings held
11188:
10759:
10674:
10606:
10532:
10425:
10395:
10317:
10212:
9965:
9815:
9770:
9658:
9653:
9615:
9537:
9103:
9095:
4960:
4019:
4010:
4006:
3984:
3948:
3944:
3918:
3896:
3862:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3285:
3201:
3174:
3147:
3135:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3087:
3071:
2880:
2798:
2708:
2704:
2611:
2502:
2482:
2435:
2404:
2369:
2361:
2308:
2292:
2259:
2251:
2223:
It has also been discovered that Sasan overstruck the coins of
2142:
2111:
2005:
1916:
1861:
1849:
1783:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1714:
1684:
1650:
1626:
1587:
1583:
1548:
1483:. Herodotus states that during the battle they were led by the
1441:
1389:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1235:
1231:
1174:
1143:
1096:
885:
857:
841:
654:
630:
527:
170:
138:
8252:
8250:
8192:
6319:
Taxila was about the size of Ninovoh, walled like a Greek city
6157:
Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas)
6137:
Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas)
5695:
Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas)
5644:
Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas)
5624:
Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas)
5603:
Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas)
5582:
Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas)
4869:"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia"
4783:
Comprehensive History Of India Vol.2 (mauryas And Satavahanas)
2839:. He is additionally noteworthy for coming into conflict with
10465:
10312:
10007:
9514:
9489:
9424:
8693:
Rehman, Abdur (2009). "A Note on the Etymology of Gandhāra".
6991:, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Section 4,
5068:
History of ancient India: on the basis of Buddhist literature
4945:
4375:
4249:
Eggermont, Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan 1975
4075:
3997:
3957:
3815:
3297:
3264:
3170:
3111:
2868:
2860:
2825:
2809:
ruled Gandhara until 843 CE when they were overthrown by the
2619:
2610:
from the Kidarites. Coins of the Alchons rulers Khingila and
2474:
2462:
2427:
2400:
2381:
2271:
2216:
2200:
2188:
2154:
2024:
is additionally noteworthy for receiving the above-mentioned
1986:
1978:
1591:
1456:
1177:
had become an important centre of knowledge where the men of
932:
920:
900:
872:. The Eastern border of Gandhara has been proposed to be the
740:
597:, characterized by a distinctive burial practice. During the
565:
531:
355:
223:
219:
208:
204:
98:
Location of Gandhara in South Asia (Afghanistan and Pakistan)
8722:(1/4). Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente: 584–586.
4881:
Macdonell, Arthur Anthony; Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1912).
4560:. Vol. 1. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 219.
4554:
Macdonell, Arthur Anthony; Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1995).
2793:
Horseman on a coin of Spalapati, i.e. the "War-lord" of the
2295:, a ruler esteemed greater than Phraotes' father. Moreover,
1253:("great realms") of Iron Age South Asia. It was the home of
235:
Approximate geographical region of Gandhara centered on the
10719:
10560:
10390:
9640:
9543:
8793:
8651:. Reprint: Mushiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi. 1973.
8429:
8247:
7310:
4912:"Rigveda 1.126:7, English translation by Ralph TH Griffith"
4237:
Neelis, Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks 2010
3325:, as well as rare, early Mahāyāna sūtras on topics such as
2084:
1990:
1881:
1061:
1060:, the Gandhārīs are mentioned alongside the Mūjavants, the
1044:
The first mention of the Gandhārīs is attested once in the
617:
governed the region and was most notable for defeating the
491:
276:
1555:, the area corresponding to Gandhara situated between the
1363:
into Gandhara. This hypothesis posits that the army which
755:
One proposed origin of the name is from the Sanskrit word
2606:
ruler, emerged and took control of the routes across the
2303:
upon request to the king and married the daughter of the
1222:
claims that his son Śvetaketu also studied there. In the
1173:, the situation had changed, and the Gāndhārī capital of
685:. However, the region experienced a resurgence under the
637:, while the Western Gandharan tribes, exemplified by the
6930:
Gupta, Parmeshwari Lal; Kulashreshtha, Sarojini (1994).
4924:
3446:
Lid with seated male figure, Gandhara. (1st–2nd century)
8484:. London, 1875. Reprint: Sang-e-Meel Publications 1999
4727:
One Jataka story even includes Kasmira within Gandhara.
4289:
Cultural Interaction in Afghanistan c 300 BCE to 300 CE
2165:
dynasty, but they probably belonged to wider groups of
560:, acted as the lingua franca of the region and through
7476:"The Problem of Platform Extensions at Kafirkot North"
7146:
5320:"LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book VII: Chapters 57‑137"
5292:"LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book VII: Chapters 57‑137"
4821:
Wannaporn Rienjang and Peter Stewart (15 March 2019).
4800:
Wannaporn Rienjang and Peter Stewart (15 March 2019).
2501:
at Peshawar. This tower was reported by Chinese monks
2016:
who was a general during the reign of the Apracharaja
1245:
1224:
1200:
1191:
1184:
1178:
1132:
1120:
1070:
1054:
1046:
8027:
History of Northern Areas of Pakistan: Upto 2000 A.D.
7946:
Cacopardo, Alberto M.; Cacopardo, Augusto S. (2001).
7864:
History of Northern Areas of Pakistan: Upto 2000 A.D.
7337:
6231:
Rienjang, Wannaporn; Stewart, Peter (14 March 2018).
5785:
3667:
The Great Departure from the Palace (2nd–3rd century)
2847:, resulting in his victory and the latter's death in
1687:
serving as the provincial capital of the North West.
1479:
and were described as clothed similar to that of the
8749:
Gandharan Connections Project (Cambridge, 2016–2021)
8156:"The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalogue"
7446:"New Light on the Khingal, Turk and the Hindu Sahis"
7344:
Ann Heirman; Stephan Peter Bumbacher (11 May 2007).
5588:
and crafts of the time, including the military arts.
5246:
5064:
4995:
Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute
4487:
Taken as Gandhavat the name is explained as meaning
4155:
4074:
is a Buddhist pacifist organization in the Japanese
2438:
and the inhabitants riding on elephants in warfare.
2231:, this line of coinage dating between 40 and 78 CE.
2177:, which means "Holder of Glory", were even related.
1268:
1216:
was among the famous students of Takṣaśila, and the
1095:), while the region is mentioned in the Zoroastrian
11486:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
6543:
6500:
6457:
6414:
6372:
6330:
6288:
4491:or "scent-action" from the word gandha which means
3392:which were made in Gandhāra during the Kushan era.
2777:of South Asia and imported Gandharan Brahmins into
2045:was the son of Visnuvarma, an Aprachraja preceding
1344:that Pukkusāti would have been contemporary to the
11559:States and territories disestablished in the 1000s
8203:Indian Buddhism: A Survey With Biographical Notes.
7945:
7377:. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office. p. 267.
6929:
6867:
6725:occupied Gandhara around 60 CE and Taxila by 78 CE
6261:On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World
6207:On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World
6177:On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World
4261:"UW Press: Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhara"
3208:shows the closest linguistic affinity possible to
3086:, a Middle Indo-Aryan language of northern India,
1941:. This epigraphic source further articulates that
1217:
1207:
1160:
673:though a regional Gandharan kingdom, known as the
8375:Carlo Rosa; Thomas Theye; Simona Pannuzi (2019).
4480:"On Yuan Chwang's travels in India, 629–645 A.D."
4376:Rajkamal Publications Limited, New Delhi (1943).
3875:Major cities of ancient Gandhara are as follows:
3707:Scene of the life of the Buddha (2nd–3rd century)
1691:, a prominent figure in the establishment of the
1499:satrapy, established 518 BCE with its capital at
1052:as a tribe that has sheep with good wool. In the
538:range. The region was a central location for the
11550:
8790:- National Fund for Cultural Heritage (Pakistan)
8649:On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India (A.D. 629–645)
5253:. Ancient India and Iran Trust. pp. 57–59.
4904:
4360:"3 alexander and his successors in central asia"
4339:"3 alexander and his successors in central asia"
3631:Wine-drinking and music, Hadda (1st–2nd century)
2465:with Gandhara being in the midst of it. Emperor
1739:reign witnessed a rebellion among the locals of
540:spread of Buddhism to Central Asia and East Asia
8771:University of Washington's Gandharan manuscript
8286:Gandharan Buddhism: Archaeology, Art, and Texts
6230:
3485:Siddhārtha shown as a bejeweled prince (before
3068:, and it died out about in the 4th century CE.
935:was often considered synonymous with Gandhara.
931:. However during the 5th and 6th centuries CE,
915:. Oddiyana was situated in the vicinity of the
506:civilization centred in present-day north-west
27:Ancient Indo-Aryan civilization of Sapta Sindhu
8736:The Rediscovery and Reception of Gandharan Art
8734:Rienjang, Wannaporn, and Peter Stewart (eds),
8671:
8590:. Reprint: Dover Publications, New York. 1965.
8570:
8229:"Gandharan Sculptural Style: The Buddha Image"
8102:
8055:Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (26 July 2007).
7981:"The Dialectical Position of the Niya Prakrit"
7370:
7323:. Harvard University Press. pp. 241–242.
7049:
5806:
5528:"alexander and his successors in central asia"
5511:"alexander and his successors in central asia"
5494:"alexander and his successors in central asia"
5473:"alexander and his successors in central asia"
5453:"alexander and his successors in central asia"
5432:"alexander and his successors in central asia"
5412:"alexander and his successors in central asia"
5128:
5091:
5026:
4895:
4880:
4553:
4477:
4293:Hestia, a Tabula Iliaca and Poseidon's trident
2457:) reached new heights. Purushapura along with
1602:. Omphis, in a gesture of goodwill, presented
1496:
1080:, after which it is named, is attested in the
1011:ancestry, sometime between 1900 and 1500 BCE.
764:
739:, Gandhara was known as Jiāntuóluó, kɨɐndala,
706:
625:, the region was split into two factions with
10492:
10359:
9716:
9383:
8809:
8216:Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations.
8187:Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations.
7316:
7199:
7022:
6901:
4918:
4719:University Of Pittsburg Press U.s.a. (1961).
4699:University Of Pittsburg Press U.s.a. (1961).
4678:University Of Pittsburg Press U.s.a. (1961).
4286:
3643:Maya's white elephant dream (2nd–3rd century)
3153:Linguistic evidence links some groups of the
2961:Many stupas, such as the Shingerdar stupa in
1594:, who governed the region encompassed by the
1310:accounts, he had forged diplomatic ties with
718:
514:. The core of the region of Gandhara was the
10506:
8738:(Archaeopress, 2022) ISBN 978-1-80327-233-7.
8678:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
8613:
6902:Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Litvinsky, B. A. (1996).
6861:
5767:"Studies In Indian History And Civilization"
5745:"Studies In Indian History And Civilization"
4969:
4954:
4900:. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 4.
3474:flourished and achieved its peak during the
2719:was also vandalized during their invasions.
1911:. Renowned for their significant support of
593:The history of Gandhara originates with the
11467:
9685:Taxation districts of the Achaemenid Empire
8054:
7374:The Hunas In India Vol-lviii (1967) Ac 4776
7026:The Political History of the Hūṇas in India
6546:"The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana"
6503:"The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana"
6460:"The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana"
6417:"The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana"
6375:"The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana"
6333:"The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana"
6291:"The Indian Travels of Apollonius of Tyana"
5554:. Cambridge University Press. p. 152.
5042:Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations
4519:
4437:
4347:wanted to satisfy his grudge against Porus.
4049:is an action RPG released in Japan in 1987.
3090:evolved from one of the key vernaculars of
2965:, are scattered throughout the region near
2925:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2270:kingdom as containing the old territory of
1837:, becoming king shortly after his victory.
1786:, the northwestern region seceded from the
1158:sources instead claim that he had achieved
10499:
10485:
10366:
10352:
9723:
9709:
9390:
9376:
8816:
8802:
7921:. Language Science Press. pp. 13–14.
7867:Sang-e-Meel Publications. pp. 64–67.
6257:
6203:
6173:
6076:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
5886:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 134–135.
5712:
5032:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4668:, Encyclopaedia Iranica, 15 December 2004.
3865:'s relics, above a Gandhara fortified city
3248:Bodhisattva. 2nd–3rd century CE, Gandhāra.
2722:Mihirakula in particular is remembered by
2469:was a great patron of the Buddhist faith;
2036:, which he subsequently re-dedicated as a
1526:
1118:and his son Svarajit are mentioned in the
601:Gandhara gained recognition as one of the
8716:Wladimir Zwalf, Review by: Anna Filigenzi
8713:
8654:
8636:(Thesis). Australian National University.
8567:, Oxford University Press, Karachi, 1983.
8521:
8502:Eggermont, Pierre Herman Leonard (1975),
8498:, Oxford University Press, Karachi, 1958.
8390:(1). Firenze University Press: Abstract.
7914:
7206:. Harvard University Press. p. 241.
7143:Iaroslav Lebedynsky, "Les Nomades", p172.
6489:the Indus, and seized upon the government
5713:Cunningham, Alexander (6 December 2022).
5548:Tarn, William Woodthorpe (24 June 2010).
4599:
4396:
3778:Hellenistic scene, Gandhara (1st century)
3691:The Buddha preaching at the Deer Park in
3655:The birth of Siddhārtha (2nd–3rd century)
2945:Learn how and when to remove this message
2797:. The headgear has been interpreted as a
2411:before installing a general as a satrap.
1645:, characterized as strongly fortified by
1621:, marking the initial encounter with the
1563:was inhabited by two tribes noted as the
943:
534:in Afghanistan, and northwards up to the
11481:
8342:The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs
8282:
8276:
7656:
7291:
7260:
5667:. Harvard University Press. p. 67.
5273:
5203:
5058:
4867:Narasimhan, Vagheesh M., et al. (2019).
4135:. Oxford University Press. p. 138.
3441:
3346:Some scholars believe that the Mahāyāna
3251:
3229:
2956:
2859:, a change from the previous capital of
2788:
2784:
2614:were found at the Buddhist monastery of
2336:
2319:
2110:
2106:
1956:
1952:
1813:
1664:
1436:
1284:
1028:
957:
8844:Achaemenid invasion of the Indus Valley
8317:
8315:
8313:
8088:. Oxford University Press. p. 79.
8081:
7473:
7056:. Chowkhamba Prakashan. pp. 52–55.
6069:
5065:Khoinaijam Rita Devi (1 January 2007).
4988:
4975:
4722:Cultural History Of Kapisa And Gandhara
4702:Cultural History Of Kapisa And Gandhara
4681:Cultural History Of Kapisa And Gandhara
4625:(in Greek). Translated by A. D. Godley.
4182:
3679:The end of asceticism (2nd–3rd century)
3600:, supporting a Buddhist monument, Hadda
2274:. Following an exchange with the king,
1281:Achaemenid invasion of the Indus Valley
30:For the historical kingdom proper, see
14:
11551:
11490:
11056:Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism
8692:
8629:
8030:Sang-e-Meel Publications. p. 65.
8019:
8017:
7978:
7974:
7972:
7915:Liljegren, Henrik (26 February 2016).
7887:
7657:Mesthrie, Rajend (14 September 2018).
7603:
7599:
7597:
7595:
7443:
7431:
7178:
7176:
7100:
7098:
7096:
7094:
6984:
6957:
6874:. Abhinav Publications. pp. 82–.
6848:
6153:
6133:
6039:
5988:
5958:
5879:
5848:
5818:
5716:Archeological Survey of India: Vol. II
5691:
5660:
5640:
5620:
5599:
5578:
5045:, Infobase Publishing, pp. 209–,
5038:
4931:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 130–.
4779:
4658:
4649:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
4216:. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab.
4209:
4128:
3544:Standing Bodhisattva (1st–2nd century)
3450:Gandhāra is noted for the distinctive
3200:brought in by later migrants, such as
3020:and the Archaeology Department at the
1856:. The last known Indo-Greek ruler was
1539:Indian campaign of Alexander the Great
1322:'s kingdom was described as being 100
1198:went north to study. According to the
820:, meaning "beyond the Hindu Kush") in
11574:Ancient empires and kingdoms of India
11458:
11253:
11070:
10999:
10972:
10923:
10918:
10480:
10347:
9731:Tribes and kingdoms mentioned in the
9704:
9371:
8797:
8560:. CreateSpace, North Charleston, S.C.
8418:from the original on 15 February 2020
8335:
8108:
8082:Salomon, Richard (10 December 1998).
7891:Himalayan Languages: Past and Present
7706:
7630:Rhie, Marylin Martin (15 July 2019).
7285:
7267:. Rutgers University Press. pp.
7254:
7182:
7104:
7066:
6868:Rai Govind Chandra (1 January 1979).
5799:
5719:. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 90.
5389:
5368:
5267:
5197:
5171:
4416:
4314:
4312:
4040:
3735:A sculpture from Hadda, (3rd century)
2388:seceded Gandhara to the Kushans with
2376:and annexed the upper reaches of the
1872:was the Greek transliteration of the
1809:
1798:. This engagement is corroborated by
8644:, The Guidebook Co., Hong Kong, 1989
8338:"Stucco Sculpture from Central Asia"
8310:
8127:
8023:
7860:
7629:
7585:The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis
7569:The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis
7560:
7553:The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis
7537:The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis
7528:
7521:The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis
7512:
7505:The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis
7496:
6856:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
6797:
6767:
6736:
6706:
6676:
6646:
6616:
6586:
6544:De Beauvoir Priaulx, Osmond (1860).
6501:De Beauvoir Priaulx, Osmond (1860).
6458:De Beauvoir Priaulx, Osmond (1860).
6415:De Beauvoir Priaulx, Osmond (1860).
6373:De Beauvoir Priaulx, Osmond (1860).
6331:De Beauvoir Priaulx, Osmond (1860).
6289:De Beauvoir Priaulx, Osmond (1860).
5547:
4459:
4203:
4186:Bamiyan: Challenge to World Heritage
4149:
3763:Hellenistic decorative scrolls from
3271:
2923:adding citations to reliable sources
2890:
2481:and the Far East across Bactria and
2000:Some Aprachas are documented on the
8925:Hellenistic influence on Indian art
8586:Legge, James. Trans. and ed. 1886.
8014:
7969:
7707:Kudva, Venkataraya Narayan (1972).
7604:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica.
7592:
7576:
7411:
7320:Political Violence in Ancient India
7220:
7203:Political Violence in Ancient India
7173:
7091:
7029:. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.
6258:Srinivasan, Doris (30 April 2007).
6204:Srinivasan, Doris (30 April 2007).
6174:Srinivasan, Doris (30 April 2007).
5812:
5764:
5742:
4280:
4176:
3525:; 1st century BCE to 1st century CE
3519:; 2nd century BCE to 1st century CE
2129:) constructed by the Indo-Parthians
1965:showing Scythian soldiers dancing.
1848:, son of Eucratides, fled from the
1763:. During this time, Ashoka erected
1660:
24:
8930:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
8665:
8565:An Illustrated History of Pakistan
8134:. Taylor and Francis. p. 82.
7850:. George Cardona and Dhanesh Jain.
7226:
6827:
6040:Neelis, Jason (19 November 2010).
5989:Neelis, Jason (19 November 2010).
5959:Neelis, Jason (19 November 2010).
5849:Neelis, Jason (19 November 2010).
5819:Neelis, Jason (19 November 2010).
5661:Lahiri, Nayanjot (5 August 2015).
5240:
5113:"Part 2 - Story of King Pukkusāti"
4423:. Algora Publishing. p. 138.
4390:
4309:
3531:; 1st century CE to 4th century CE
3322:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
3222:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
3064:script, which is derived from the
2352:after having been defeated by the
2315:
25:
11625:
10373:
8742:
7894:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 35.
5129:Chattopadhyaya, Sudhakar (1974).
5092:Chattopadhyaya, Sudhakar (1974).
4925:Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1997).
4896:Chattopadhyaya, Sudhakar (1978).
4883:Vedic Index of Names and Subjects
4557:Vedic Index of Names and Subjects
4379:Chandragupta Maurya And His Times
4029:
3751:and Chandeka, Hadda (5th century)
2851:and was the first Shahi noted by
1477:Second Persian invasion of Greece
1471:, Gandharan troops were noted by
1269:Pukkusāti and Achaemenid Gandhāra
1014:
147:
11584:Archaeological sites in Pakistan
11439:
11430:
11421:
11412:
11403:
11394:
11385:
11376:
11366:References and sources for table
9672:
9300:Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara
8659:. New York: Infobase Publishing.
8544:. 2015. John E. Hill. Volume I,
8434:
8368:
8329:
8263:
8221:
8208:
8179:
8166:
8148:
8121:
8115:Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
8075:
8048:
7939:
7908:
7881:
7854:
7840:
7826:
7812:
7775:
7738:
7700:
7650:
7623:
7544:
7467:
7437:
7405:
7384:
7364:
7193:
7137:
7060:
7043:
7016:
6978:
6950:
6936:. D.K. Printworld. p. 122.
6922:
6895:
6821:
6791:
6761:
6730:
6700:
6670:
6640:
6610:
6580:
6537:
6494:
6451:
6408:
6237:. Archaeopress. pp. 16–17.
5680:ministers came and oppressed us'
4928:A History of Sanskrit Literature
4885:. John Murray. pp. 218–219.
4856:Encyclopedia of Archaeology 2008
4760:"The geography of Gandharan art"
3854:
3834:
3822:
3807:
3795:
3783:
3771:
3756:
3740:
3728:
3712:
3700:
3684:
3672:
3660:
3648:
3636:
3624:
3605:
3589:
3573:
3561:
3549:
3537:
3487:Siddhārtha renounces palace life
3292:who originated from the city of
2895:
2660:
2645:
2536:
2518:
2445:and monasteries of this period.
1802:, who records an instance where
1794:, maintained relations with the
1695:, played a key role by adopting
564:, the language spread as far as
162:
146:
130:
115:
114:
107:
82:
81:
73:
34:. For the kingdom in Epics, see
9347:Silver Reliquary of Indravarman
8766:The Buddhist Manuscript project
6366:
6324:
6282:
6277:have underground rooms as well.
6251:
6224:
6197:
6167:
6154:Sastri, K. a Nilakanta (1957).
6147:
6134:Sastri, K. a Nilakanta (1957).
6127:
6106:
6063:
6033:
6013:
5982:
5952:
5941:
5921:
5900:
5873:
5842:
5779:
5758:
5736:
5706:
5692:Sastri, K. a Nilakanta (1957).
5685:
5654:
5641:Sastri, K. a Nilakanta (1957).
5634:
5621:Sastri, K. a Nilakanta (1957).
5614:
5600:Sastri, K. a Nilakanta (1957).
5593:
5579:Sastri, K. a Nilakanta (1957).
5572:
5551:The Greeks in Bactria and India
5541:
5520:
5503:
5486:
5465:
5445:
5424:
5404:
5383:
5362:
5352:Algora Publishing, 2011, p. 32
5340:
5312:
5284:
5214:
5185:
5165:
5143:
5122:
5105:
5085:
4889:
4874:
4861:
4848:
4835:
4814:
4793:
4780:Sastri, K. a Nilakanta (1957).
4773:
4752:
4732:
4712:
4692:
4671:
4593:
4579:
4547:
4540:City, south central Afghanistan
4513:
4471:
4410:
4369:
4352:
4331:
3870:
3458:, which shows the influence of
3407:wrote that in this region, 500
3329:, and meditation on the Buddha
3118:, primarily spoken in parts of
2871:was also the last ruler of the
2773:how Mihirakula oppressed local
2356:and forced to retreat from the
1985:. The first Indo-Scythian king
1894:
1257:, the princess and her brother
1212:, the famous Vedic philosopher
613:. In the 6th century BCE, King
584:, ushering the period known as
11599:Historical regions of Pakistan
8695:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
8630:Rehman, Abdur (January 1976).
7412:Kalhana, Jogesh Chunder Dutt.
7392:"Modi_History of the Huns.pdf"
5880:Kubica, Olga (14 April 2023).
5789:The Cambridge History of India
4666:INDIA ii. Historical Geography
4266:
4254:
4210:Hansen, Mogens Herman (2000).
4129:Bryant, Edwin Francis (2002).
4122:
4066:, serving as their 7th single.
3964:appears in the Chinese sources
2886:
2677:" from Gandhara, features two
2593:
1721:king Parvataka to conquer the
923:corresponded to the region of
546:pilgrims visiting the region.
163:
131:
13:
1:
9265:Aramaic Inscription of Taxila
7350:. Leiden: BRILL. p. 60.
4397:Trautmann, Thomas R. (1971).
4115:
4058:" is a 1978 song by Japanese
3568:Buddha head (4th–6th century)
3078:, the ancient capital of the
2739:
2584:
2552:
2526:
2328:standing Buddha from Gandhara
1445:
1352:and according to the scholar
1293:
1085:
1034:
977:
967:
522:extending as far east as the
437:
382:
364:
346:
328:
310:
292:
58:
11609:Locations in Hindu mythology
11495:, Cambridge University Press
11463:, Cambridge University Press
11193:Decline of Buddhism in India
10630:Northern Black Polished Ware
8823:
8574:. Digital South Asia Library
8174:India in Early Central Asia.
7888:Saxena, Anju (12 May 2011).
7474:Meister, Michael W. (2005).
5792:. CUP Archive. p. 512.
5071:. Akansha Publishing House.
4400:Kautilya And The Arthasastra
4036:list of people from Gandhara
3719:The death of the Buddha, or
3403:teachings in the northwest.
3120:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
2626:" from Gandhara, now in the
2579:or beginning of the rule of
2562:
2342:Casket of Kanishka the Great
1105:seventh most beautiful place
1005:Inner Asia Mountain Corridor
831:
696:
605:, or 'great realms', within
7:
11579:Ancient history of Pakistan
11461:An Introduction to Hinduism
8657:A Brief History of Pakistan
8442:"Gandhara:Buddha no Seisen"
8323:"Buddhism and Buddhist Art"
8172:Mukherjee, Bratindra Nath.
7189:. CUP Archive. p. 791.
5965:. BRILL. pp. 118–119.
4088:
3790:A stone plate (1st century)
3377:. There are also images of
3349:Longer Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra
3267:. 3rd century CE, Gandhāra.
3215:
3033:
3007:Archaeologist John Marshall
2485:, where his empire met the
2180:During the dominion of the
1404:did the region between the
1246:
1225:
1218:
1208:
1201:
1192:
1185:
1179:
1161:
1133:
1121:
1071:
1055:
1047:
758:
623:Wars of Alexander the Great
580:which had their capital at
497:
239:, in present-day northwest
10:
11630:
11589:Buddhist sites in Pakistan
11484:Hinduism. Past and present
11354:Chera Perumals of Makkotai
11312:Chera Perumals of Makkotai
10704:Rise of Shramana movements
8776:Coins of Gandhara janapada
8459:
8289:. UBC Press. p. 241.
8061:. Routledge. p. 991.
8024:Dani, Ahmad Hasan (2001).
7861:Dani, Ahmad Hasan (2001).
7848:Languages of Ancient India
7294:Handbuch der Orientalistik
7292:Behrendt, Kurt A. (2004).
7183:Ghosh, Amalananda (1965).
5222:"US Department of Defense"
5027:Macdonell & Keith 1912
4898:Reflections on the Tantras
4033:
3423:
3219:
3052:" dialect, usually called
3044:Gandhara's language was a
3037:
3028:
2757:of Gandhara accepted from
2380:before further conquering
2262:as being the same size as
2127:UNESCO World Heritage Site
1743:to which according to the
1536:
1530:
1511:rule of Gandhara that the
1507:). It was also during the
1475:to have taken part in the
1459:, during the reign of the
1367:claimed Cyrus had lost in
1278:
1272:
1018:
947:
938:
864:. According to a specific
653:receiving an education in
29:
11491:Samuel, Geoffrey (2010),
11363:
11260:
11239:Pandyan kingdom (revival)
11224:
11203:
11178:
11150:
11110:
11105:
11046:
10932:
10867:
10825:
10804:
10788:
10777:
10770:
10753:
10737:
10723:
10694:
10687:
10633:
10615:
10612:Painted Grey Ware culture
10597:
10589:
10573:
10549:
10546:
10541:
10528:
10523:
10514:
10381:
9741:
9681:
9670:
9435:
9257:
9167:
9094:
8950:
8943:
8935:Art of Gandhara by museum
8907:
8831:
8655:Wynbrandt, James (2009).
8647:Watters, Thomas. 1904–5.
7264:The Empire of the Steppes
6834:. Grafikol. p. 180.
5132:The Achaemenids And India
5095:The Achaemenids And India
4047:Gandhara:Buddha no Seisen
3802:"Laughing boy" from Hadda
3556:Buddha head (2nd century)
3212:, a dialect of Gāndhārī.
3074:, historically spoken in
2556: 2nd–3rd century CE
2169:tribes who lived east of
1782:, following the death of
876:based on arachaeological
852:also extending along the
828:in the same inscription.
787:, and later Vedic texts.
765:
707:
471:
467:
463:
459:
446:
431:
427:
417:
413:
409:
397:
379:
361:
343:
325:
307:
289:
285:
275:
268:
246:
102:
68:
57:
49:
40:Gandhara (disambiguation)
11604:Kingdoms in the Ramayana
11459:Flood, Gavin D. (1996),
11048:"Golden Age of Hinduism"
11013:Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom
10929:Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty
10690:Persian-Greek influences
10508:Middle kingdoms of India
8849:Greek conquests in India
8615:Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra
8058:The Indo-Aryan Languages
7820:The Indo Aryan Languages
7588:. 1976. p. 128-130.
7540:. 1976. p. 110-111.
7508:. 1976. pp. 96–101.
7111:The Numismatic Chronicle
7073:The Numismatic Chronicle
6933:Kuṣāṇa Coins and History
6804:. Beijing Book Co. Inc.
6774:. Beijing Book Co. Inc.
6743:. Beijing Book Co. Inc.
6713:. Beijing Book Co. Inc.
6683:. Beijing Book Co. Inc.
6653:. Beijing Book Co. Inc.
6623:. Beijing Book Co. Inc.
6593:. Beijing Book Co. Inc.
6070:Khettry, Sarita (2014).
5039:Higham, Charles (2014),
4989:Prakash, Buddha (1951).
3829:Marine deities, Gandhara
1977:were descended from the
1907:to the era of the early
1579:in modern day Peshawar.
747:, Gandhara was known as
727:, Gandhara was known as
570:Gandhāran Buddhist texts
399:• 964 – 1001
161:
145:
129:
113:
80:
11482:Michaels, Axel (2004),
11180:Late-Classical Hinduism
10384:(c. 600 BCE–c. 300 BCE)
9352:Hephthalite silver bowl
8786:19 January 2020 at the
8672:Lerner, Martin (1984).
8336:Siple, Ella S. (1931).
8283:Behrendt, Kurt (2011).
8128:Wani, Muhammad (2023).
7371:Thakur Upender (1967).
7261:Grousset, Rene (1970).
7154:"British Museum notice"
7105:ALRAM, MICHAEL (2014).
7067:Alram, Michael (2014).
7050:Upendra Thakur (1967).
6908:. UNESCO. p. 122.
5664:Ashoka in Ancient India
5029:, p. 218-219, 432.
4830:definition of Gandhara.
4664:Perfrancesco Callieri,
4523:Placenames of the World
4478:Thomas Watters (1904).
4417:Samad, Rafi U. (2011).
4263:. Retrieved April 2018.
2652:The silver bowl in the
2525:Head of a bodhisattva,
2407:and further conquering
1993:hegemony by conquering
1967:Cleveland Museum of Art
1804:Antiochus III the Great
1729:, as documented in the
1527:Macedonian era Gandhāra
1519:, was born through the
1292:tomb, Gandāra soldier,
815:
572:. Famed for its unique
10566:Middle Gangetic Plain
9295:Saptarishi Tila statue
8859:Greco-Bactrian kingdom
8623:University of Calcutta
8594:Neelis, Jason (2010),
8508:, Peeters Publishers,
8109:Lopez, Donald (2014).
7952:. IsIAO. p. 253.
7636:. BRILL. p. 327.
7444:Rahman, Abdul (2002).
7347:The Spread of Buddhism
7317:Upinder Singh (2017).
7227:Le, Huu Phuoc (2010).
7200:Upinder Singh (2017).
7023:Atreyi Biswas (1971).
6964:. BRILL. p. 162.
6958:Neelis, Jason (2010).
6858:, 1909, pp. 1056–1061.
6828:Le, Huu Phuoc (2010).
6264:. BRILL. p. 107.
6210:. BRILL. p. 115.
6180:. BRILL. p. 106.
6046:. BRILL. p. 119.
5995:. BRILL. p. 119.
5855:. BRILL. p. 119.
5825:. BRILL. p. 118.
5701:province of Gandhara..
5274:Bopearachchi, Osmund.
5204:Bopearachchi, Osmund.
4276:, Encyclopædia Iranica
4110:History of Afghanistan
3814:Bodhisattva seated in
3447:
3419:
3344:
3278:Third Buddhist council
3268:
3249:
3022:University of Peshawar
2970:
2802:
2358:Central Asian steppes.
2348:The Kushans conquered
2345:
2344:, with Buddhist motifs
2334:
2242:upon their visit with
2130:
1970:
1826:
1705:accounts suggest that
1676:
1515:script, the script of
1464:
1449: 500/490–485 BCE
1299:
1041:
973:
964:Gandhara grave culture
950:Gandhara grave culture
944:Gandhāra grave culture
719:
701:Gandhara was known in
609:playing a role in the
595:Gandhara grave culture
574:Gandharan style of art
38:. For other uses, see
11095:Western Ganga Dynasty
10962: 1st century BCE
10950:Early Pandyan kingdom
10915: 2nd century BCE
10875:(ca. 200 BC - 300 CE)
10869:Preclassical Hinduism
10850:Early Pandyan kingdom
10822: 3rd century BCE
10767: 4th century BCE
10734: 5th century BCE
10644: 6th century BCE
10569:Lower Gangetic Plain
10557:Upper Gangetic Plain
10382:Great Indian Kingdoms
9631:Hellespontine Phrygia
8781:Gandhara Civilization
8384:Restauro Archeologico
7230:Buddhist Architecture
6985:Bakker, Hans (2017),
6831:Buddhist Architecture
5324:penelope.uchicago.edu
5296:penelope.uchicago.edu
5115:. 11 September 2019.
4483:Royal Asiatic Society
3489:) is a common motif.
3445:
3335:
3255:
3233:
3220:Further information:
3180:in the 19th century.
3132:Gandhara Civilization
3080:Gandhara Civilization
2960:
2792:
2785:Turk and Hindu Shahis
2530: 4th century CE
2340:
2332:Tokyo National Museum
2323:
2135:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
2114:
2107:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
1960:
1953:Indo-Scythian Kingdom
1817:
1767:in the region in the
1668:
1647:Quintus Curtius Rufus
1440:
1288:
1032:
961:
603:sixteen Mahajanapadas
11614:Prehistoric Pakistan
11569:Achaemenid satrapies
11445:Michaels (2004) p.41
11436:Michaels (2004) p.40
11418:Michaels (2004) p.39
11400:Michaels (2004) p.39
11337:Kamboja-Pala dynasty
10969: 1st century CE
8759:19 July 2013 at the
8532:Hill, John E. 2003.
8473:Beal, Samuel. 1911.
8466:Beal, Samuel. 1884.
7572:. 1976. p. 113.
7556:. 1976. p. 107.
7524:. 1976. p. 110.
6871:Indo-Greek Jewellery
6798:余太山著 (1 July 2021).
6768:余太山著 (1 July 2021).
6737:余太山著 (1 July 2021).
6707:余太山著 (1 July 2021).
6677:余太山著 (1 July 2021).
6647:余太山著 (1 July 2021).
6617:余太山著 (1 July 2021).
6587:余太山著 (1 July 2021).
6026:. pp. 204–205.
5396:. pp. 179–180.
5369:Konow, Sien (1929).
4520:Adrian Room (1997).
4183:Warikoo, K. (2004).
4162:. Psychology Press.
3482:in the 5th century.
3466:influences from the
3363:owes greatly to the
3284:during the reign of
2996:Alexander Cunningham
2919:improve this section
1829:The Indo-Greek king
1765:numerous rock edicts
1709:encountered a young
1637:, engaging with the
1467:During the reign of
1382:Behistun Inscription
1134:Uttarādhyayana-sūtra
1107:on earth created by
954:Indo-Aryan migration
806:, was translated as
800:Behistun inscription
11535:33.7560°N 72.8291°E
11531: /
11296:Rashtrakuta dynasty
10748:Shaishunaga dynasty
10698:Second Urbanisation
10543:Indo-Gangetic Plain
8754:Livius.org: Gandara
8482:Kashmir and Kashgar
8235:on 18 December 2014
7979:Burrow, T. (1936).
7918:A grammar of Palula
7834:A Grammar of Hindko
7606:"GĀNDHĀRĪ LANGUAGE"
5210:. pp. 300–301.
5153:. www.palikanon.com
4858:, Elsevier, p. 740.
4251:, pp. 175–177.
4095:History of Pakistan
3182:Georg Morgenstierne
3159:Kohistani languages
3157:with Gandhari. The
3130:, especially where
2602:, the most notable
2547:under the guise of
2330:(1st–2nd century),
2240:Apollonius of Tyana
2199:, was succeeded by
2006:Sirkap, near Taxila
1937:, according to the
1818:The founder of the
1711:Chandragupta Maurya
1707:Alexander the Great
1697:Chandragupta Maurya
1615:Alexander the Great
1604:Alexander the great
1571:located around the
1432:Alexander the Great
1334:as stated in early
882:Alexander the Great
798:, mentioned in the
651:Chandragupta Maurya
635:Alexander the Great
554:Indo-Aryan language
433:• Established
338:Chandragupta Maurya
11427:Hiltebeitel (2002)
11409:Hiltebeitel (2002)
11107:Hephthalite Empire
10943:(300 BCE – 200 CE)
10934:Satavahana dynasty
10920:Indo-Greek Kingdom
10843:(300 BCE – 200 CE)
10834:Satavahana dynasty
10807:Spread of Buddhism
10529:Northwestern India
9645:Samaritan Province
9320:Treasure of Begram
9285:Buddhas of Bamiyan
9275:Kanishka reliquary
8915:Greco-Buddhist art
8864:Indo-Greek kingdom
8522:Herodotus (1920).
8201:Nakamura, Hajime.
8111:"Kashmir-Gandhāra"
7053:The Hūṇas in India
7005:on 11 January 2020
5807:Imperial Gazetteer
4972:, p. 146-147.
4684:. pp. 12–13.
4587:"Gandara – Livius"
4159:A History of India
4041:In popular culture
3765:Hadda, Afghanistan
3448:
3426:Greco-Buddhist art
3280:which was held in
3269:
3250:
3226:Gandharan Buddhism
3098:which is known as
3084:Shauraseni Prakrit
2971:
2803:
2769:also noted in his
2736:Greco-Buddhist art
2451:Kanishka the Great
2346:
2335:
2131:
2012:, such as that of
1971:
1905:Indo-Greek Kingdom
1827:
1820:Indo-Greek Kingdom
1810:Indo-Greek Kingdom
1677:
1465:
1422:, states that the
1300:
1226:Chāndogya Upaniṣad
1202:Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa
1186:Kauśītaki Brāhmaṇa
1114:The Gāndhārī king
1042:
1021:Gandhāra (kingdom)
974:
794:form of the name,
542:with many Chinese
450:Battle of Peshawar
32:Gandhāra (kingdom)
11514:
11513:
11509:
11508:
11505:
11504:
11346:Eastern Chalukyas
11342:Kalyani Chalukyas
11300:Eastern Chalukyas
11289:Gurjara-Pratihara
11282: 9th century
11267:Eastern Chalukyas
11250: 8th century
11235:Eastern Chalukyas
11221:Mlechchha dynasty
11200: 7th century
11182:(ca. CE 650-1100)
11129: 6th century
11102: 5th century
11062: 4th century
11008: 3rd century
10996: 2nd century
10906:Mahayana Buddhism
10873:"Hindu Synthesis"
10740:Persian conquests
10625:Shramanic culture
10561:Ganga-Yamuna doab
10474:
10473:
10341:
10340:
9698:
9697:
9403:Achaemenid Empire
9401:Provinces of the
9365:
9364:
9315:Rukhuna reliquary
9253:
9252:
9188:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
9139:Lalchak monastery
8642:Pakistan Handbook
8607:978-90-04-18159-5
8515:978-90-6186-037-2
8494:Caroe, Sir Olaf,
8396:10.13128/RA-25095
8095:978-0-19-535666-3
8068:978-1-135-79710-2
8037:978-969-35-1231-1
7959:978-88-6323-149-6
7928:978-3-946234-31-9
7901:978-3-11-089887-3
7874:978-969-35-1231-1
7822:. Colin P Masica.
7798:External link in
7761:External link in
7724:External link in
7686:External link in
7670:978-0-429-78579-5
7643:978-90-04-39186-4
7610:iranicaonline.org
7357:978-90-474-2006-4
7296:. Leiden: BRILL.
6998:978-90-6984-715-3
6881:978-81-7017-088-4
6811:978-7-100-19365-8
6781:978-7-100-19365-8
6750:978-7-100-19365-8
6720:978-7-100-19365-8
6690:978-7-100-19365-8
6660:978-7-100-19365-8
6630:978-7-100-19365-8
6600:978-7-100-19365-8
6271:978-90-474-2049-1
6244:978-1-78491-855-2
6217:978-90-474-2049-1
6187:978-90-474-2049-1
6053:978-90-04-18159-5
6002:978-90-04-18159-5
5972:978-90-04-18159-5
5893:978-1-000-86852-4
5862:978-90-04-18159-5
5832:978-90-04-18159-5
5765:Prakesh, Buddha.
5743:Prakesh, Buddha.
5726:978-3-368-13568-3
5674:978-0-674-91525-1
5561:978-1-108-00941-6
5499:. pp. 74–75.
5390:Mccrindle, J. W.
5172:Mccrindle, J. W.
5078:978-81-8370-086-3
5052:978-1-4381-0996-1
4970:Raychaudhuri 1953
4955:Raychaudhuri 1953
4938:978-81-208-0095-3
4445:Old Persian p.164
4430:978-0-87586-860-8
4365:. pp. 74–77.
4274:GĀNDHĀRĪ LANGUAGE
4223:978-87-7876-177-4
4196:978-81-86505-66-3
4169:978-0-415-32919-4
4142:978-0-19-565361-8
4100:History of Punjab
3723:(2nd–3rd century)
3695:(2nd–3rd century)
3523:Indo-Scythian art
3438:Indo-Scythian art
3397:Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa
3272:Mahāyāna Buddhism
3256:Bronze statue of
3198:Iranian languages
3186:Peshawar district
3144:Middle Indo Aryan
3050:Middle Indo-Aryan
3040:Gandhari language
3018:Ahmed Hassan Dani
2955:
2954:
2947:
2683:skull deformation
2491:Mahayana Buddhism
1778:According to the
1582:The sovereign of
1543:Macedonian Empire
1509:Achaemenid Empire
1361:Achaemenid Empire
1240:valley of Kaśmīra
1162:paccekabuddhayāna
888:stretched to the
779:mentioned in the
619:Kingdom of Avanti
502:) was an ancient
485:
484:
16:(Redirected from
11621:
11546:
11545:
11543:
11542:
11541:
11540:33.7560; 72.8291
11536:
11532:
11529:
11528:
11527:
11524:
11496:
11487:
11478:
11469:Hiltebeitel, Alf
11464:
11446:
11443:
11437:
11434:
11428:
11425:
11419:
11416:
11410:
11407:
11401:
11398:
11392:
11389:
11383:
11380:
11231:Badami Chalukyas
11226:Adivasi (tribes)
11216:Empire of Harsha
11212:Vakataka dynasty
11165:Kalabhra dynasty
11161:Badami Chalukyas
11152:Adivasi (tribes)
11121:Kalabhra dynasty
11087:Kalabhra dynasty
11083:Andhra Ikshvakus
11050:(ca. CE 320-650)
11034:Adivasi (tribes)
10902:Smarta Tradition
10755:Adivasi (tribes)
10670:Adivasi (tribes)
10526:cultural period
10521:
10520:
10517:
10516:
10501:
10494:
10487:
10478:
10477:
10368:
10361:
10354:
10345:
10344:
9725:
9718:
9711:
9702:
9701:
9693:
9676:
9392:
9385:
9378:
9369:
9368:
8948:
8947:
8899:Ghaznavid Empire
8839:Gandhara kingdom
8818:
8811:
8804:
8795:
8794:
8731:
8710:
8689:
8660:
8637:
8626:
8610:
8583:
8581:
8579:
8529:
8518:
8453:
8452:
8450:
8448:
8438:
8432:
8427:
8425:
8423:
8381:
8372:
8366:
8365:
8348:(342): 140–145.
8333:
8327:
8326:
8319:
8308:
8307:
8305:
8303:
8280:
8274:
8267:
8261:
8254:
8245:
8244:
8242:
8240:
8231:. Archived from
8225:
8219:
8214:Williams, Paul.
8212:
8206:
8199:
8190:
8185:Williams, Paul.
8183:
8177:
8170:
8164:
8163:
8160:www.acmuller.net
8152:
8146:
8145:
8125:
8119:
8118:
8106:
8100:
8099:
8079:
8073:
8072:
8052:
8046:
8045:
8021:
8012:
8011:
7991:(2/3): 419–435.
7976:
7967:
7966:
7943:
7937:
7936:
7912:
7906:
7905:
7885:
7879:
7878:
7858:
7852:
7851:
7844:
7838:
7837:
7830:
7824:
7823:
7816:
7810:
7809:
7803:
7802:
7796:
7794:
7786:
7785:. 10 March 2024.
7779:
7773:
7772:
7766:
7765:
7759:
7757:
7749:
7742:
7736:
7735:
7729:
7728:
7722:
7720:
7712:
7704:
7698:
7697:
7691:
7690:
7684:
7682:
7674:
7654:
7648:
7647:
7627:
7621:
7620:
7618:
7616:
7601:
7590:
7589:
7580:
7574:
7573:
7564:
7558:
7557:
7548:
7542:
7541:
7532:
7526:
7525:
7516:
7510:
7509:
7500:
7494:
7493:
7483:Ancient Pakistan
7480:
7471:
7465:
7464:
7453:Ancient Pakistan
7450:
7441:
7435:
7429:
7423:
7422:
7409:
7403:
7402:
7396:
7388:
7382:
7381:
7368:
7362:
7361:
7341:
7335:
7334:
7314:
7308:
7307:
7289:
7283:
7282:
7258:
7252:
7251:
7249:
7247:
7224:
7218:
7217:
7197:
7191:
7190:
7180:
7171:
7170:
7168:
7166:
7150:
7144:
7141:
7135:
7134:
7102:
7089:
7088:
7064:
7058:
7057:
7047:
7041:
7040:
7020:
7014:
7013:
7012:
7010:
7001:, archived from
6982:
6976:
6975:
6954:
6948:
6947:
6926:
6920:
6919:
6899:
6893:
6892:
6890:
6888:
6865:
6859:
6852:
6846:
6845:
6825:
6819:
6818:
6795:
6789:
6788:
6765:
6759:
6758:
6734:
6728:
6727:
6704:
6698:
6697:
6674:
6668:
6667:
6644:
6638:
6637:
6614:
6608:
6607:
6584:
6578:
6577:
6541:
6535:
6534:
6498:
6492:
6491:
6455:
6449:
6448:
6412:
6406:
6405:
6370:
6364:
6363:
6328:
6322:
6321:
6286:
6280:
6279:
6255:
6249:
6248:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6201:
6195:
6194:
6171:
6165:
6164:
6151:
6145:
6144:
6131:
6125:
6124:
6118:
6110:
6104:
6103:
6067:
6061:
6060:
6037:
6031:
6030:
6025:
6017:
6011:
6010:
5986:
5980:
5979:
5956:
5950:
5945:
5939:
5938:
5933:
5925:
5919:
5918:
5912:
5904:
5898:
5897:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5846:
5840:
5839:
5816:
5810:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5771:
5762:
5756:
5755:
5749:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5710:
5704:
5703:
5689:
5683:
5682:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5576:
5570:
5569:
5545:
5539:
5538:
5532:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5507:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5477:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5457:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5436:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5387:
5381:
5380:
5366:
5360:
5344:
5338:
5337:
5332:
5330:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5304:
5302:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5280:. pp. 308–.
5271:
5265:
5264:
5244:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5224:. Archived from
5218:
5212:
5211:
5201:
5195:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5036:
5030:
5024:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5013:
4986:
4973:
4967:
4958:
4957:, p. 59-62.
4952:
4943:
4942:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4878:
4872:
4865:
4859:
4852:
4846:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4764:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4675:
4669:
4662:
4656:
4650:
4638:
4626:
4614:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4551:
4545:
4544:At Google Books.
4543:
4517:
4511:
4508:Internet Archive
4505:
4475:
4469:
4463:
4457:
4455:Old Persian p.25
4452:Old Persian p.17
4448:Old Persian p.13
4441:
4435:
4434:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4343:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4316:
4307:
4306:
4284:
4278:
4270:
4264:
4258:
4252:
4246:
4240:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4126:
4024:Hazara, Pakistan
3858:
3843:Asian Art Museum
3838:
3826:
3811:
3799:
3787:
3775:
3760:
3744:
3732:
3716:
3704:
3688:
3676:
3664:
3652:
3640:
3628:
3609:
3593:
3577:
3565:
3553:
3541:
3390:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
3381:Buddha with the
3305:Pure Land sutras
3155:Dardic languages
3124:Pothohar Plateau
2950:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2930:
2899:
2891:
2877:Ghaznavid Empire
2828:was lost to the
2744:
2741:
2675:Hephthalite bowl
2667:Alchon horseman.
2664:
2649:
2624:Hephthalite bowl
2598:Around 430 King
2589:
2586:
2557:
2554:
2540:
2531:
2528:
2522:
2390:Kujula Kadphises
2366:Kujula Kadphises
2291:, in modern-day
2234:It was noted by
2221:Kujula Kadphises
2145:(in the present
2026:Silver Reliquary
2002:Silver Reliquary
1943:King Vijayamitra
1747:, he dispatched
1670:Major Rock Edict
1661:Mauryan Gandhāra
1655:Diodorus Siculus
1517:Gandhari prakrit
1451:) discovered in
1450:
1447:
1412:become annexed.
1402:Darius the Great
1298:
1295:
1263:Gandhara Kingdom
1249:
1228:
1221:
1211:
1204:
1195:
1188:
1182:
1164:
1136:
1124:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1074:
1058:
1050:
1039:
1036:
1025:Gandhara Kingdom
1007:, which carried
982:
979:
972:
969:
892:(Jhelum river).
840:in contemporary
818:
770:
769:
761:
743:, and Kipin. In
722:
712:
711:
683:Hunnic Invasions
558:Kharosthi script
524:Pothohar Plateau
500:
455:27 November 1001
442:
439:
387:
384:
369:
366:
351:
348:
333:
330:
315:
312:
297:
294:
166:
165:
150:
149:
134:
133:
118:
117:
111:
85:
84:
77:
63:
60:
47:
46:
36:Gandhara Kingdom
21:
11629:
11628:
11624:
11623:
11622:
11620:
11619:
11618:
11549:
11548:
11539:
11537:
11533:
11530:
11525:
11522:
11520:
11518:
11517:
11515:
11510:
11501:
11500:
11499:
11449:
11444:
11440:
11435:
11431:
11426:
11422:
11417:
11413:
11408:
11404:
11399:
11395:
11390:
11386:
11381:
11377:
11367:
11356:
11352:
11350:Medieval Cholas
11348:
11344:
11335:
11310:
11308:Medieval Cholas
11306:
11304:Pandyan kingdom
11302:
11298:
11273:
11271:Pandyan kingdom
11269:
11241:
11237:
11233:
11214:
11191:
11185:Advaita Vedanta
11183:
11167:
11163:
11159:
11136:
11123:
11119:
11093:
11091:Kadamba Dynasty
11089:
11085:
11076:
11055:
11051:
11023:Western Satraps
10985:Kuninda Kingdom
10977:
10956:
10952:
10948:
10944:
10942:
10936:
10927:
10904:
10876:
10856:
10852:
10848:
10844:
10842:
10836:
10773:Greek conquests
10706:
10702:
10628:
10622:
10610:
10604:
10558:
10530:
10525:
10510:
10505:
10475:
10470:
10446:Maccha (Matsya)
10396:Asmaka (Assaka)
10383:
10377:
10372:
10342:
10337:
9881:Haihaya kingdom
9821:Dakshina Kosala
9737:
9729:
9699:
9694:
9687:
9677:
9668:
9654:Skudra (Thrace)
9635:Greater Phrygia
9431:
9430:
9396:
9366:
9361:
9336:Brussels Buddha
9330:Standing Buddha
9249:
9193:Tapa-i Kafariha
9163:
9090:
8939:
8903:
8827:
8822:
8788:Wayback Machine
8761:Wayback Machine
8745:
8686:
8668:
8666:Further reading
8663:
8608:
8577:
8575:
8540:. 2nd Edition:
8516:
8462:
8457:
8456:
8446:
8444:
8440:
8439:
8435:
8421:
8419:
8379:
8373:
8369:
8334:
8330:
8321:
8320:
8311:
8301:
8299:
8297:
8281:
8277:
8269:Ray, Reginald.
8268:
8264:
8256:Ray, Reginald.
8255:
8248:
8238:
8236:
8227:
8226:
8222:
8213:
8209:
8200:
8193:
8184:
8180:
8171:
8167:
8154:
8153:
8149:
8142:
8126:
8122:
8107:
8103:
8096:
8080:
8076:
8069:
8053:
8049:
8038:
8022:
8015:
7977:
7970:
7960:
7944:
7940:
7929:
7913:
7909:
7902:
7886:
7882:
7875:
7859:
7855:
7846:
7845:
7841:
7836:. Elena Bashir.
7832:
7831:
7827:
7818:
7817:
7813:
7800:
7799:
7797:
7788:
7787:
7781:
7780:
7776:
7763:
7762:
7760:
7751:
7750:
7744:
7743:
7739:
7726:
7725:
7723:
7714:
7713:
7705:
7701:
7688:
7687:
7685:
7676:
7675:
7671:
7655:
7651:
7644:
7628:
7624:
7614:
7612:
7602:
7593:
7582:
7581:
7577:
7566:
7565:
7561:
7550:
7549:
7545:
7534:
7533:
7529:
7518:
7517:
7513:
7502:
7501:
7497:
7478:
7472:
7468:
7448:
7442:
7438:
7430:
7426:
7410:
7406:
7397:. p. 342.
7394:
7390:
7389:
7385:
7369:
7365:
7358:
7342:
7338:
7331:
7315:
7311:
7304:
7290:
7286:
7279:
7259:
7255:
7245:
7243:
7241:
7225:
7221:
7214:
7198:
7194:
7181:
7174:
7164:
7162:
7152:
7151:
7147:
7142:
7138:
7103:
7092:
7065:
7061:
7048:
7044:
7037:
7021:
7017:
7008:
7006:
6999:
6983:
6979:
6972:
6955:
6951:
6944:
6927:
6923:
6916:
6900:
6896:
6886:
6884:
6882:
6866:
6862:
6853:
6849:
6842:
6826:
6822:
6812:
6796:
6792:
6782:
6766:
6762:
6751:
6735:
6731:
6721:
6705:
6701:
6691:
6675:
6671:
6661:
6645:
6641:
6631:
6615:
6611:
6601:
6585:
6581:
6542:
6538:
6499:
6495:
6456:
6452:
6413:
6409:
6371:
6367:
6329:
6325:
6287:
6283:
6272:
6256:
6252:
6245:
6229:
6225:
6218:
6202:
6198:
6188:
6172:
6168:
6160:. p. 215.
6152:
6148:
6140:. p. 215.
6132:
6128:
6119:. p. 163.
6116:
6112:
6111:
6107:
6068:
6064:
6054:
6038:
6034:
6023:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6003:
5987:
5983:
5973:
5957:
5953:
5946:
5942:
5934:. p. 220.
5931:
5927:
5926:
5922:
5913:. p. 207.
5910:
5906:
5905:
5901:
5894:
5878:
5874:
5863:
5847:
5843:
5833:
5817:
5813:
5804:
5800:
5784:
5780:
5772:. p. 155.
5769:
5763:
5759:
5750:. p. 157.
5747:
5741:
5737:
5727:
5711:
5707:
5690:
5686:
5675:
5659:
5655:
5639:
5635:
5619:
5615:
5598:
5594:
5577:
5573:
5562:
5546:
5542:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5513:
5509:
5508:
5504:
5496:
5492:
5491:
5487:
5475:
5471:
5470:
5466:
5455:
5451:
5450:
5446:
5434:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5414:
5410:
5409:
5405:
5388:
5384:
5367:
5363:
5346:Rafi U. Samad,
5345:
5341:
5328:
5326:
5318:
5317:
5313:
5300:
5298:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5272:
5268:
5261:
5245:
5241:
5231:
5229:
5228:on 10 June 2020
5220:
5219:
5215:
5202:
5198:
5190:
5186:
5178:. p. 109.
5170:
5166:
5156:
5154:
5149:
5148:
5144:
5127:
5123:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5090:
5086:
5079:
5063:
5059:
5053:
5037:
5033:
5025:
5021:
5011:
5009:
4987:
4976:
4968:
4961:
4953:
4946:
4939:
4923:
4919:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4894:
4890:
4879:
4875:
4866:
4862:
4853:
4849:
4840:
4836:
4819:
4815:
4798:
4794:
4778:
4774:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4753:
4745:. p. 173.
4742:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4717:
4713:
4697:
4693:
4676:
4672:
4663:
4659:
4653:Perseus Project
4639:
4627:
4615:
4598:
4594:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4568:
4552:
4548:
4534:
4518:
4514:
4485:. p. 200.
4476:
4472:
4467:Book III, 89–95
4464:
4460:
4442:
4438:
4431:
4415:
4411:
4395:
4391:
4374:
4370:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4324:. p. 604.
4318:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4285:
4281:
4271:
4267:
4259:
4255:
4247:
4243:
4235:
4231:
4224:
4208:
4204:
4197:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4154:
4150:
4143:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4091:
4043:
4038:
4032:
4022:, somewhere in
3873:
3866:
3861:Sharing of the
3859:
3850:
3839:
3830:
3827:
3818:
3812:
3803:
3800:
3791:
3788:
3779:
3776:
3767:
3761:
3752:
3745:
3736:
3733:
3724:
3717:
3708:
3705:
3696:
3689:
3680:
3677:
3668:
3665:
3656:
3653:
3644:
3641:
3632:
3629:
3620:
3610:
3601:
3594:
3585:
3578:
3569:
3566:
3557:
3554:
3545:
3542:
3468:Gangetic Valley
3440:
3422:
3317:Mahāyāna sūtras
3274:
3263:. Fearlessness
3228:
3218:
3128:Hazara Division
3042:
3036:
3031:
2998:deciphered the
2951:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2916:
2900:
2889:
2833:Saffarid empire
2787:
2742:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2673:The so-called "
2670:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2618:, southeast of
2596:
2587:
2577:Chandragupta II
2565:
2558:
2555:
2543:The Buddha and
2541:
2532:
2529:
2523:
2420:Tianzhu (India)
2409:Tianzhu (India)
2396:succeeding the
2384:. In 78 CE the
2318:
2316:Kushan Gandhāra
2254:had coinage of
2229:Western Satraps
2109:
1955:
1897:
1884:" or "King")).
1866:"Su Theodamasa"
1812:
1796:Seleucid Greeks
1663:
1545:
1535:
1529:
1448:
1350:Cyrus the Great
1340:It is noted by
1306:. According to
1296:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1219:Setaketu Jātaka
1209:Uddālaka Jātaka
1189:recording that
1150:, and Bhīma of
1146:, Karakaṇḍu of
1093: 1200 BCE
1092:
1088:
1037:
1027:
1019:Main articles:
1017:
981: 1200 BCE
980:
971: 1200 BCE
970:
966:, Swat Valley,
962:Cremation urn,
956:
948:Main articles:
946:
941:
927:, south of the
884:the kingdom of
834:
816:Para-upari-sena
773:Gandhari people
699:
633:, allying with
611:Kurukshetra War
556:written in the
510:and north-east
478:
452:
441: 1200 BCE
440:
434:
400:
388:
385:
370:
367:
352:
349:
334:
331:
316:
313:
298:
295:
261:
257:
253:
234:
233:
232:
231:
230:
229:
228:
227:
222:
214:
213:
212:
207:
199:
198:
197:
192:
184:
183:
182:
175:
174:
173:
167:
159:
158:
157:
151:
143:
142:
141:
135:
127:
126:
125:
119:
97:
96:
95:
94:
93:
92:
91:
90:
86:
78:
62: 1200 BCE
61:
53:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11627:
11617:
11616:
11611:
11606:
11601:
11596:
11591:
11586:
11581:
11576:
11571:
11566:
11561:
11512:
11511:
11507:
11506:
11503:
11502:
11498:
11497:
11488:
11479:
11465:
11455:
11448:
11447:
11438:
11429:
11420:
11411:
11402:
11393:
11384:
11374:
11368:
11365:
11364:
11361:
11360:
11339:
11330:
11328:
11326:
11321:
11315:
11314:
11293:
11291:
11286:
11284:
11278:
11277:
11264:
11259:
11257:
11252:
11246:
11245:
11228:
11223:
11218:
11209:
11207:
11205:Indo-Sassanids
11202:
11196:
11195:
11177:
11169:
11168:
11154:
11149:
11147:
11142:
11140:
11131:
11125:
11124:
11114:
11109:
11104:
11098:
11097:
11080:
11078:Varman dynasty
11069:
11064:
11058:
11057:
11045:
11037:
11036:
11031:
11025:
11020:
11015:
11010:
11004:
11003:
10998:
10992:
10991:
10989:
10987:
10982:
10979:Indo-Parthians
10975:Indo-Scythians
10971:
10965:
10964:
10958:
10957:
10931:
10922:
10917:
10911:
10910:
10908:
10866:
10858:
10857:
10831:
10824:
10818:
10817:
10815:
10810:
10803:
10795:
10794:
10791:HISTORICAL AGE
10786:
10785:
10783:
10776:
10769:
10763:
10762:
10757:
10752:
10750:
10745:
10743:
10736:
10730:
10729:
10722:
10693:
10686:
10678:
10677:
10672:
10667:
10665:
10660:
10651:
10646:
10640:
10639:
10632:
10614:
10596:
10588:
10580:
10579:
10571:
10570:
10567:
10564:
10554:
10553:
10551:Southern India
10548:
10547:Central India
10545:
10540:
10527:
10515:
10512:
10511:
10504:
10503:
10496:
10489:
10481:
10472:
10471:
10469:
10468:
10463:
10458:
10453:
10448:
10443:
10438:
10433:
10428:
10423:
10418:
10413:
10408:
10403:
10398:
10393:
10387:
10385:
10379:
10378:
10371:
10370:
10363:
10356:
10348:
10339:
10338:
10336:
10335:
10330:
10325:
10320:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10290:
10285:
10280:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10235:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10215:
10210:
10205:
10200:
10195:
10190:
10185:
10180:
10175:
10170:
10165:
10160:
10155:
10150:
10145:
10140:
10135:
10130:
10125:
10123:Parama Kamboja
10120:
10115:
10110:
10105:
10100:
10095:
10090:
10085:
10080:
10075:
10070:
10065:
10060:
10055:
10050:
10045:
10040:
10035:
10030:
10025:
10020:
10015:
10010:
10005:
10000:
9995:
9990:
9985:
9980:
9975:
9974:
9973:
9963:
9958:
9953:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9903:
9898:
9893:
9888:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9868:
9863:
9858:
9853:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9833:
9828:
9823:
9818:
9813:
9808:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9758:
9753:
9748:
9742:
9739:
9738:
9728:
9727:
9720:
9713:
9705:
9696:
9695:
9688:(according to
9682:
9679:
9678:
9671:
9669:
9667:
9666:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9646:
9643:
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9462:
9457:
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9447:
9444:
9436:
9433:
9432:
9429:
9428:
9417:Naqsh-e Rustam
9405:
9398:
9395:
9394:
9387:
9380:
9372:
9363:
9362:
9360:
9359:
9357:Gardez Ganesha
9354:
9349:
9344:
9339:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9317:
9312:
9310:Shinkot casket
9307:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9282:
9280:Stone palettes
9277:
9272:
9270:Bimaran Casket
9267:
9261:
9259:
9255:
9254:
9251:
9250:
9248:
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9023:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9006:Sikri Yusufzai
9003:
8998:
8993:
8991:Loriyan Tangai
8988:
8986:Kanishka stupa
8983:
8981:Shaji-ki-Dheri
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8957:
8955:
8945:
8941:
8940:
8938:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8920:Greco-Buddhism
8917:
8911:
8909:
8905:
8904:
8902:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8874:Indo-Parthians
8871:
8869:Indo-Scythians
8866:
8861:
8856:
8854:Mauryan Empire
8851:
8846:
8841:
8835:
8833:
8829:
8828:
8821:
8820:
8813:
8806:
8798:
8792:
8791:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8763:
8751:
8744:
8743:External links
8741:
8740:
8739:
8732:
8711:
8690:
8684:
8667:
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8652:
8645:
8640:Shaw, Isobel.
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8550:978-1500696702
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7418:. p. 21.
7404:
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5809:, p. 149)
5798:
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5735:
5725:
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5698:. p. 22.
5684:
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5633:
5613:
5592:
5571:
5560:
5540:
5533:. p. 75.
5519:
5502:
5485:
5478:. p. 74.
5464:
5458:. p. 73.
5444:
5437:. p. 72.
5423:
5417:. p. 72.
5403:
5382:
5375:. p. 18.
5361:
5339:
5311:
5283:
5266:
5259:
5239:
5213:
5196:
5184:
5164:
5142:
5135:. p. 22.
5121:
5104:
5098:. p. 22.
5084:
5077:
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5051:
5031:
5019:
5001:(1): 198–233.
4974:
4959:
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4903:
4888:
4873:
4860:
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4792:
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4751:
4731:
4725:. p. 12.
4711:
4705:. p. 12.
4691:
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4578:
4566:
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4532:
4512:
4470:
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4436:
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4409:
4403:. p. 12.
4389:
4382:. p. 16.
4368:
4351:
4344:. p. 72.
4330:
4308:
4302:978-1876924393
4301:
4279:
4265:
4253:
4241:
4239:, p. 232.
4229:
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4034:Main article:
4031:
4030:Notable people
4028:
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3596:The Greek god
3595:
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3570:
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3560:
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3555:
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3526:
3520:
3517:Indo-Greek art
3452:Gandhāra style
3434:Indo-Greek art
3421:
3418:
3401:Prajñāpāramitā
3386:Avalokiteśvara
3361:Sukhāvatīvyūha
3273:
3270:
3258:Avalokiteśvara
3246:Avalokiteśvara
3242:Gautama Buddha
3217:
3214:
3066:Aramaic script
3038:Main article:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
2988:Charles Masson
2953:
2952:
2903:
2901:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2873:Lohara dynasty
2865:Samanid Empire
2845:Utpala dynasty
2786:
2783:
2717:Mankiala stupa
2713:Kanishka stupa
2695:British Museum
2693:, 460–479 CE.
2672:
2671:
2666:
2659:
2658:
2654:British Museum
2651:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2628:British Museum
2595:
2592:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2542:
2535:
2533:
2524:
2517:
2499:Kanishka stupa
2386:Indo-Parthians
2325:Greco-Buddhist
2317:
2314:
2289:Hydaspes River
2182:Indo-Parthians
2108:
2105:
2073:Indo-Parthians
2004:discovered at
1975:Indo-Scythians
1954:
1951:
1939:Shinkot casket
1927:in modern-day
1896:
1893:
1811:
1808:
1693:Mauryan Empire
1662:
1659:
1531:Main article:
1528:
1525:
1354:Buddha Prakash
1342:R. C. Majumdar
1330:in modern day
1297: 470 BCE
1273:Main article:
1270:
1267:
1214:Uddālaka Āruṇi
1078:Gandhara tribe
1038: 500 BCE
1016:
1015:Vedic Gandhāra
1013:
945:
942:
940:
937:
833:
830:
809:Paruparaesanna
705:as Gandhāraḥ (
698:
695:
671:Indo-Parthians
667:Indo-Scythians
647:Mauryan Empire
629:, the king of
483:
482:
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460:
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453:
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418:Historical era
415:
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394:
389:
380:
377:
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371:
362:
359:
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344:
341:
340:
335:
332: 321 BCE
326:
323:
322:
317:
314: 330 BCE
308:
305:
304:
299:
296: 550 BCE
290:
287:
286:
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282:
279:
273:
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270:
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265:
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237:Peshawar Basin
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11157:Vishnukundina
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11018:Kushan Empire
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10375:Mahajanapadas
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9559:
9556:
9553:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9542:
9539:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9445:
9442:
9438:
9437:
9434:
9427:inscriptions)
9426:
9422:
9418:
9414:
9410:
9406:
9404:
9400:
9399:
9393:
9388:
9386:
9381:
9379:
9374:
9373:
9370:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9342:Bajaur casket
9340:
9338:
9337:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9290:Buner reliefs
9288:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9262:
9260:
9256:
9246:
9245:Tepe Maranjan
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
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9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9011:Butkara Stupa
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8966:Sahr-i-Bahlol
8964:
8962:
8959:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8949:
8946:
8942:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
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8916:
8913:
8912:
8910:
8906:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8879:Kushan Empire
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
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8812:
8807:
8805:
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8779:
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8769:
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8750:
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8733:
8729:
8725:
8721:
8717:
8712:
8708:
8704:
8700:
8696:
8691:
8687:
8685:0-87099-374-7
8681:
8677:
8676:
8670:
8669:
8658:
8653:
8650:
8646:
8643:
8639:
8635:
8634:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8616:
8612:
8609:
8603:
8599:
8598:
8592:
8589:
8585:
8573:
8569:
8566:
8562:
8559:
8555:
8552:; Volume II,
8551:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8537:
8531:
8527:
8526:
8520:
8517:
8511:
8507:
8506:
8500:
8497:
8493:
8491:
8490:969-35-0738-X
8487:
8483:
8480:Bellew, H.W.
8479:
8476:
8472:
8469:
8465:
8464:
8443:
8437:
8431:
8417:
8413:
8409:
8405:
8401:
8397:
8393:
8389:
8385:
8378:
8371:
8363:
8359:
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8351:
8347:
8343:
8339:
8332:
8324:
8318:
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8314:
8298:
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8259:
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8251:
8234:
8230:
8224:
8217:
8211:
8204:
8198:
8196:
8188:
8182:
8175:
8169:
8161:
8157:
8151:
8143:
8141:9781000836554
8137:
8133:
8132:
8124:
8116:
8112:
8105:
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8091:
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8078:
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7807:
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7770:
7755:
7747:
7741:
7733:
7718:
7710:
7703:
7695:
7680:
7672:
7666:
7663:. Routledge.
7662:
7661:
7653:
7645:
7639:
7635:
7634:
7626:
7611:
7607:
7600:
7598:
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7359:
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7348:
7340:
7332:
7330:9780674981287
7326:
7322:
7321:
7313:
7305:
7303:9789004135956
7299:
7295:
7288:
7280:
7278:0-8135-1304-9
7274:
7270:
7266:
7265:
7257:
7242:
7240:9780984404308
7236:
7232:
7231:
7223:
7215:
7213:9780674981287
7209:
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7055:
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7046:
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7036:9780883863015
7032:
7028:
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7000:
6994:
6990:
6989:
6981:
6973:
6971:9789004181595
6967:
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6945:
6943:9788124600177
6939:
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6915:9789231032110
6911:
6907:
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6877:
6873:
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6841:9780984404308
6837:
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5732:
5728:
5722:
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5709:
5702:
5697:
5696:
5688:
5681:
5676:
5670:
5666:
5665:
5657:
5650:
5647:. p. 4.
5646:
5645:
5637:
5630:
5627:. p. 3.
5626:
5625:
5617:
5610:
5606:. p. 2.
5605:
5604:
5596:
5589:
5585:. p. 2.
5584:
5583:
5575:
5568:
5563:
5557:
5553:
5552:
5544:
5537:
5529:
5523:
5512:
5506:
5495:
5489:
5482:
5474:
5468:
5461:
5454:
5448:
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5433:
5427:
5420:
5413:
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5400:
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5365:
5359:
5355:
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5350:
5343:
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5325:
5321:
5315:
5308:
5297:
5293:
5287:
5279:
5278:
5270:
5262:
5260:9780951839911
5256:
5252:
5251:
5243:
5227:
5223:
5217:
5209:
5208:
5200:
5194:
5188:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5168:
5152:
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5139:
5134:
5133:
5125:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5101:
5097:
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5088:
5080:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5061:
5054:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5035:
5028:
5023:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4971:
4966:
4964:
4956:
4951:
4949:
4940:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4921:
4913:
4907:
4899:
4892:
4884:
4877:
4870:
4864:
4857:
4851:
4844:
4838:
4831:
4827:. p. 7.
4826:
4825:
4817:
4810:
4806:. p. 8.
4805:
4804:
4796:
4789:
4786:. p. 1.
4785:
4784:
4776:
4769:
4765:. p. 6.
4761:
4755:
4748:
4741:
4735:
4728:
4724:
4723:
4715:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4695:
4688:
4683:
4682:
4674:
4667:
4661:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4588:
4582:
4575:
4569:
4567:9788120813328
4563:
4559:
4558:
4550:
4542:
4541:
4535:
4533:9780786418145
4529:
4526:. McFarland.
4525:
4524:
4516:
4509:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4446:
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4413:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4393:
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4340:
4334:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4315:
4313:
4304:
4298:
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4290:
4283:
4277:
4275:
4269:
4262:
4257:
4250:
4245:
4238:
4233:
4225:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4206:
4198:
4192:
4189:. Third Eye.
4188:
4187:
4179:
4171:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4152:
4144:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4125:
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4108:
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4098:
4096:
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4061:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4048:
4045:
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4025:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3950:
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3941:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3907:
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3902:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3864:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3847:San Francisco
3844:
3837:
3832:
3825:
3820:
3817:
3810:
3805:
3798:
3793:
3786:
3781:
3774:
3769:
3766:
3759:
3754:
3750:
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3731:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3710:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3682:
3675:
3670:
3663:
3658:
3651:
3646:
3639:
3634:
3627:
3622:
3619:(2nd century)
3618:
3615:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3571:
3564:
3559:
3552:
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3540:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3472:Gandhāran art
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3369:Lokottaravāda
3366:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3343:
3341:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3227:
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3213:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
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3187:
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3164:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3116:Hazara Hindko
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3058:Kushan Empire
3055:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2992:James Prinsep
2989:
2983:
2981:
2980:Udabhandapura
2977:
2976:Rajatarangini
2968:
2964:
2959:
2949:
2946:
2938:
2935:February 2021
2928:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2904:This section
2902:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2841:Samkaravarman
2838:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2817:in Gandhara.
2816:
2812:
2808:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2771:Rajatarangini
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743: 630 CE
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2687:Swat District
2684:
2680:
2676:
2663:
2655:
2648:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2588: 500 CE
2582:
2581:Kumaragupta I
2578:
2574:
2570:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2534:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2447:Gandharan art
2444:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2406:
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2399:
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2257:
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2098:
2094:
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2086:
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2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2061:Indo-Scythian
2058:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:Indo-Scythian
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1997:territories.
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1963:Buner reliefs
1959:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
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1859:
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1836:
1832:
1824:
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1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1788:Maurya Empire
1785:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1731:Mudrarakshasa
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1672:of Ashoka in
1671:
1667:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
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1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1547:According to
1544:
1540:
1534:
1533:Paropamisadae
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1413:
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1407:
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1387:
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1379:
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1362:
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1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1187:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1169:By the later
1167:
1165:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
965:
960:
955:
951:
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
878:Gandharan art
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
829:
827:
823:
819:
817:
811:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
768:
762:
760:
753:
752:
750:
749:Paropamisadae
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
721:
716:
710:
704:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:Kushan Empire
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
590:
588:
583:
579:
578:Kushan Empire
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
499:
493:
489:
481:
477:
474:
472:Today part of
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
451:
445:
436:
430:
426:
423:
420:
416:
412:
408:
405:
402:
396:
393:
390:
386: 514 CE
378:
375:
372:
368: 127 CE
360:
357:
354:
342:
339:
336:
324:
321:
318:
306:
303:
302:Pushkarasarin
300:
288:
284:
280:
278:
274:
271:
267:
264:
263:Udabhandapura
260:
256:
252:
249:
245:
242:
238:
226:
225:
221:
211:
210:
206:
196:
195:
191:
181:
172:
156:
140:
124:
110:
101:
76:
67:
56:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
11594:Ancient Asia
11516:
11492:
11483:
11473:
11460:
11451:
11450:
11441:
11432:
11423:
11414:
11405:
11396:
11387:
11378:
11370:
11369:
11333:Pala dynasty
11319:10th century
11318:
11281:
11249:
11199:
11179:
11173:
11172:
11128:
11101:
11073:Gupta Empire
11071:
11061:
11047:
11041:
11040:
11007:
10995:
10973:
10968:
10961:
10946:Early Cholas
10937:
10914:
10872:
10868:
10862:
10861:
10846:Early Cholas
10837:
10826:
10821:
10812:
10805:
10799:
10798:
10789:
10780:Nanda empire
10778:
10766:
10733:
10724:
10695:
10688:
10682:
10681:
10648:
10643:
10634:
10619:Vedic Period
10616:
10601:Vedic Period
10598:
10593:Vedic Period
10590:
10584:
10583:
10574:
10537:Sapta Sindhu
10524:Timeline and
10293:Uttara Madra
10158:Pratyagratha
10153:Pragjyotisha
9871:Gopa Rashtra
9855:
9732:
9423: /
9419: /
9415: /
9411: /
9334:
9230:Sphola Stupa
9225:Khair Khaneh
9134:Kunala Stupa
9124:Mohra Muradu
9109:Dharmarajika
9071:Pushkalavati
9051:Saidu Sharif
8961:Takht-i-Bahi
8894:Hindu Shahis
8824:
8735:
8719:
8715:
8698:
8694:
8674:
8656:
8648:
8641:
8632:
8618:
8596:
8587:
8576:. Retrieved
8564:
8563:Hussain, J.
8541:
8535:
8524:
8504:
8495:
8481:
8474:
8467:
8445:. Retrieved
8436:
8420:. Retrieved
8387:
8383:
8370:
8345:
8341:
8331:
8300:. Retrieved
8285:
8278:
8273:1999. p. 426
8270:
8265:
8260:1999. p. 410
8257:
8237:. Retrieved
8233:the original
8223:
8218:2008. p. 239
8215:
8210:
8205:1999. p. 205
8202:
8186:
8181:
8173:
8168:
8159:
8150:
8130:
8123:
8114:
8104:
8084:
8077:
8057:
8050:
8041:
8026:
8008:
7988:
7984:
7963:
7948:
7941:
7932:
7917:
7910:
7890:
7883:
7863:
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7847:
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7833:
7828:
7819:
7814:
7801:|title=
7777:
7764:|title=
7740:
7727:|title=
7702:
7689:|title=
7659:
7652:
7632:
7625:
7613:. Retrieved
7609:
7584:
7578:
7568:
7562:
7552:
7546:
7536:
7530:
7520:
7514:
7504:
7498:
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7486:
7482:
7469:
7460:
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7452:
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7419:
7414:
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7386:
7378:
7373:
7366:
7346:
7339:
7319:
7312:
7293:
7287:
7263:
7256:
7244:. Retrieved
7233:. Grafikol.
7229:
7222:
7202:
7195:
7185:
7163:. Retrieved
7157:
7148:
7139:
7114:
7110:
7076:
7072:
7062:
7052:
7045:
7025:
7018:
7007:, retrieved
7003:the original
6987:
6980:
6960:
6952:
6932:
6924:
6904:
6897:
6885:. Retrieved
6870:
6863:
6855:
6850:
6830:
6823:
6815:
6800:
6793:
6785:
6770:
6763:
6754:
6739:
6732:
6724:
6709:
6702:
6694:
6679:
6672:
6664:
6649:
6642:
6634:
6619:
6612:
6604:
6589:
6582:
6573:
6553:
6549:
6539:
6530:
6510:
6506:
6496:
6487:
6467:
6463:
6453:
6446:territories.
6444:
6424:
6420:
6410:
6402:
6382:
6378:
6368:
6360:
6340:
6336:
6326:
6318:
6298:
6294:
6284:
6275:
6260:
6253:
6233:
6226:
6206:
6199:
6191:
6176:
6169:
6161:
6156:
6149:
6141:
6136:
6129:
6120:
6108:
6099:
6079:
6075:
6065:
6057:
6042:
6035:
6027:
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5984:
5976:
5961:
5954:
5943:
5935:
5923:
5914:
5902:
5882:
5875:
5868:Vasavadatta.
5866:
5851:
5844:
5836:
5821:
5814:
5801:
5793:
5788:
5781:
5773:
5760:
5751:
5738:
5730:
5715:
5708:
5699:
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5687:
5678:
5663:
5656:
5648:
5643:
5636:
5628:
5623:
5616:
5607:
5602:
5595:
5586:
5581:
5574:
5565:
5550:
5543:
5534:
5522:
5505:
5488:
5479:
5467:
5459:
5447:
5438:
5426:
5418:
5406:
5397:
5392:
5385:
5376:
5371:
5364:
5348:
5342:
5334:
5327:. Retrieved
5323:
5314:
5306:
5299:. Retrieved
5295:
5286:
5276:
5269:
5249:
5242:
5230:. Retrieved
5226:the original
5216:
5206:
5199:
5187:
5179:
5174:
5167:
5155:. Retrieved
5145:
5136:
5131:
5124:
5116:
5107:
5099:
5094:
5087:
5067:
5060:
5041:
5034:
5022:
5010:. Retrieved
4998:
4994:
4927:
4920:
4906:
4897:
4891:
4882:
4876:
4863:
4855:
4850:
4837:
4828:
4823:
4816:
4807:
4802:
4795:
4787:
4782:
4775:
4768:conclusions.
4766:
4754:
4746:
4734:
4726:
4721:
4714:
4706:
4701:
4694:
4685:
4680:
4673:
4660:
4645:
4633:
4621:
4609:
4595:
4581:
4574:Google Books
4556:
4549:
4539:
4537:
4522:
4515:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4489:hsiang-hsing
4488:
4486:
4473:
4461:
4439:
4419:
4412:
4404:
4399:
4392:
4383:
4378:
4371:
4354:
4345:
4333:
4325:
4320:
4288:
4282:
4273:
4268:
4256:
4244:
4232:
4212:
4205:
4185:
4178:
4158:
4151:
4131:
4124:
4105:Apracharajas
4079:
4069:
4053:
4046:
3981:Attock Khurd
3874:
3871:Major cities
3511:
3484:
3456:Buddhist art
3451:
3449:
3413:Edward Conze
3409:bodhisattvas
3396:
3394:
3383:bodhisattvas
3372:
3365:Mahāsāṃghika
3360:
3347:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3320:
3319:such as the
3302:
3275:
3209:
3152:
3070:
3056:. Under the
3043:
3015:
3010:
3005:
2984:
2975:
2972:
2941:
2932:
2917:Please help
2905:
2819:
2811:Hindu Shahis
2804:
2721:
2702:
2597:
2566:
2494:
2479:Central Asia
2473:spread from
2442:
2440:
2413:
2347:
2236:Philostratus
2233:
2179:
2174:
2149:province of
2132:
2123:Takht-i-Bahi
2051:
1999:
1989:established
1972:
1932:
1898:
1895:Apracharajas
1889:
1886:
1877:
1876:royal title
1869:
1865:
1854:Jhelum River
1839:
1828:
1777:
1773:Pushkalavati
1745:Ashokavadana
1735:
1723:Nanda Empire
1701:
1678:
1635:Dir District
1613:In 327 BCE,
1612:
1600:Jhelum River
1581:
1577:Pushkalavati
1546:
1501:Pushkalavati
1493:
1466:
1453:Pushkalavati
1414:
1410:Jhelum River
1339:
1301:
1261:the king of
1247:Mahājanapada
1243:
1171:Vedic period
1168:
1113:
1100:
1077:
1043:
975:
894:
874:Jhelum River
862:Pushkalavati
835:
813:
807:
795:
789:
756:
754:
751:
700:
691:Hindu Shahis
675:Apracharajas
599:Vedic period
592:
585:
548:
532:Kabul valley
520:Swat valleys
495:
487:
486:
350: 46 CE
218:
203:
188:
179:
44:
11538: /
11477:, Routledge
11358:Rashtrakuta
11262:Pala Empire
11255:Kabul Shahi
11138:Kabul Shahi
11112:Alchon Huns
10890:Mahabharata
10813:Pre-history
10726:Pre-history
10636:Pre-history
10288:Uttara Kuru
10028:Maha Chinas
9826:Dakshinatya
9734:Mahabharata
9325:Wardak Vase
9305:Kabul hoard
9240:Tepe Narenj
9235:Tapa Sardar
9220:Fondukistan
9183:Tapa Shotor
9170:Afghanistan
9086:Sikri stupa
9026:Shingardara
8996:Jamal Garhi
8944:Archaeology
8889:Turk Shahis
8884:Alchon Huns
8701:: 143–146.
8496:The Pathans
8422:15 February
8189:2008. p. 30
8176:1996. p. 15
7432:Rehman 1976
7117:: 274–275.
6887:13 December
5916:Indravasu..
5609:(Chanakya).
5481:themselves.
5151:"Pukkusāti"
4081:Shaman King
3953:Afghanistan
3893:Takshashila
3880:Puṣkalavati
3749:Bodhisattva
3721:parinirvana
3614:Bodhisattva
3480:Alchon Huns
3460:Hellenistic
3290:Majjhantika
3282:Pataliputra
3261:Bodhisattva
3238:Bodhisattva
3076:Purushapura
3016:After 1947
2887:Rediscovery
2807:Turk Shahis
2594:Alchon Huns
2416:Kabul River
2398:Apracharaja
2378:Kabul River
2285:Indus River
2248:Kabul River
2205:Abdagases I
2197:Gondophares
2186:Apracharaja
2175:Gondophares
2139:Gondophares
2097:Abdagases I
2093:Gondophares
2069:Gondophares
2053:Indravarmas
2047:Vijayamitra
2034:Kharahostes
2018:Vijayamitra
1961:One of the
1935:Menander II
1903:within the
1901:Menander II
1860:, from the
1823:Demetrius I
1792:Subhagasena
1679:During the
1573:Swat valley
1561:Indus River
1557:Kabul River
1461:Achaemenids
1424:Achaemenids
1417:Megasthenes
1406:Indus River
1392:, although
1374:Cambyses II
1180:Madhya-desa
1109:Ahura Mazda
1089: 1500
1056:Atharvaveda
917:Swat valley
913:Tarim Basin
854:Kabul River
850:Khyber Pass
846:Swat valley
802:of Emperor
785:Atharvaveda
725:Old Persian
687:Turk Shahis
663:Indo-Greeks
643:Swat valley
641:around the
587:Pax Kushana
512:Afghanistan
480:Afghanistan
259:Takshashila
251:Puṣkalavati
11553:Categories
11526:72°49′45″E
11523:33°45′22″N
11371:References
11324:Ghaznavids
11134:Nezak Huns
10258:Tamraparni
10203:Saurashtra
10133:Parvartaka
9978:Kishkindha
9956:Kimpurusha
9649:Sattagydia
9606:Massagetae
9557:(Gandhara)
9485:Cappadocia
9439:Akaufaka (
9413:Persepolis
9159:Bhir Mound
9081:Hashtnagar
9031:Ali Masjid
9021:Aziz Dheri
8976:Aziz Dheri
8971:Baho Dheri
8536:Hou Hanshu
8412:8349098991
8239:7 February
6008:assistance
5358:0875868592
5329:27 January
5301:27 January
4538:Kandahar.
4465:Herodotus
4116:References
3906:Puruṣapura
3816:meditation
3580:Buddha in
3529:Kushan art
3462:and local
3430:Kushan art
3424:See also:
3354:Mahīśāsaka
3146:to modern
2837:Zabulistan
2830:Persianate
2822:Turk Shahi
2763:Agraharams
2759:Mihirakula
2728:Mihirakula
2608:Hindu Kush
2571:conquered
2487:Han Empire
2394:Vima Takto
2256:Orichalcum
2213:Vima Takto
2043:Indravarma
2022:Indravarma
2014:Indravarma
1995:Indo-Greek
1835:Hindu Kush
1831:Menander I
1737:Bindusaras
1703:Plutarch's
1537:See also:
1523:alphabet.
1428:Massagetae
1279:See also:
1142:, Nimi of
1091: – c.
1072:Madhyadeśa
985:Swat River
929:Hindu Kush
848:, and the
822:Babylonian
607:South Asia
582:Puruṣapura
504:Indo-Aryan
392:Mihirakula
269:Government
255:Puruṣapura
11275:Kalachuri
11067:Kidarites
10308:Vatadhana
10248:Surparaka
10198:Saraswata
10163:Prasthala
9876:Hara Huna
9690:Herodotus
9683:See also
9621:Phoenicia
9534:Eber-Nari
9529:2nd Egypt
9525:1st Egypt
9520:Drangiana
9500:Chorasmia
9475:Babylonia
9455:Arachosia
9258:Artifacts
9215:Mes Aynak
9066:Charsadda
9041:Ahin Posh
9001:Yusufzai
8600:, BRILL,
8525:Histories
8404:1724-9686
8354:0951-0788
8302:16 August
7997:1356-1898
7679:cite book
7489:: 41–48.
7459:: 37–42.
7123:0078-2696
6756:constant.
6562:0035-869X
6519:0035-869X
6476:0035-869X
6433:0035-869X
6391:0035-869X
6349:0035-869X
6307:0035-869X
6088:2249-1937
5232:7 October
5193:CNG Coins
4646:Histories
4634:Histories
4629:"3.102.1"
4622:Histories
4610:Histories
4605:"3.102.1"
4601:Herodotus
3884:Charsadda
3507:Islamabad
3405:Tāranātha
3374:Mahāvastu
3313:Lokakṣema
3303:Mahāyāna
3167:Jalalabad
3062:Kharosthi
3000:Kharosthi
2906:does not
2857:Udabhanda
2761:gifts of
2616:Mes Aynak
2569:Kidarites
2563:Kidarites
2545:Vajrapani
2305:Hydaspian
2193:Aspavarma
2120:monastery
2101:Aspavarma
2081:Aspavarma
2057:Aspavarma
2028:from the
1947:Indravasu
1858:Theodamas
1846:Heliocles
1842:Strato II
1780:Taranatha
1769:Kharosthi
1757:Bindusara
1631:Aspasians
1623:Aspasians
1565:Assakenoi
1513:Kharosthi
1505:Charsadda
1489:Artyphius
1485:Achamenid
1481:Bactrians
1473:Herodotus
1386:Pukkusāti
1346:Achamenid
1320:Pukkusāti
1304:Pukkusāti
1175:Takṣaśila
1101:Vaēkərəta
832:Geography
720:Vaēkərəta
713:) and in
697:Etymology
615:Pukkusāti
568:based on
536:Karakoram
422:Antiquity
155:Charsadda
11564:Gandhara
11471:(2002),
11145:Maitraka
11030:kingdom
11028:Kamarupa
10886:Ramayana
10712:Buddhism
10658:Panchala
10649:Gandhara
10609:culture)
10576:IRON AGE
10456:Surasena
10451:Panchala
10411:Gandhara
10333:Yaudheya
10323:Vidarbha
10268:Trigarta
10253:Surasena
10148:Pishacha
10128:Parasika
10108:Panchala
10093:Nishadas
10058:Mekhalas
10048:Manipura
9906:Kalakuta
9886:Himalaya
9856:Gandhāra
9846:Dasherka
9841:Dasharna
9596:Margiana
9566:Hyrcania
9561:Gedrosia
9495:Carmania
9441:Quhistan
9409:Behistun
9200:Shotorak
9168:Eastern
9154:Mankiala
9144:Badalpur
8952:Peshawar
8825:Gandhara
8784:Archived
8757:Archived
8728:29757475
8707:24049432
8617:(1953).
8578:22 April
8447:21 March
8416:Archived
7791:cite web
7754:cite web
7717:cite web
7462:dynasty.
7246:24 March
7131:44710198
7085:44710198
6570:25581224
6527:25581224
6484:25581224
6441:25581224
6399:25581224
6357:25581224
6315:25581224
6096:44158359
5536:defence.
5007:41784590
4641:"4.44.2"
4617:"4.44.2"
4603:(1920).
4385:Jatakas.
4089:See also
4071:Gandhara
4055:Gandhara
4015:Pakistan
4002:Pakistan
3989:Pakistan
3976:Pakistan
3962:Pakistan
3940:Pakistan
3932:Oddiyana
3927:Pakistan
3914:Pakistan
3910:Peshawer
3901:Pakistan
3888:Pakistan
3617:Maitreya
3582:acanthus
3379:Amitābha
3331:Akṣobhya
3294:Varanasi
3235:Maitreya
3216:Religion
3178:Pashtuns
3092:Sanskrit
3054:Gāndhārī
3034:Language
2967:Peshawar
2963:Ghalegay
2815:Oddiyana
2775:Brahmins
2755:Brahmins
2747:Shaivism
2732:Xuanzang
2724:Buddhist
2691:Pakistan
2679:Kidarite
2636:Khingila
2632:Kidarite
2600:Khingila
2573:Peshawar
2549:Herakles
2511:Xuanzang
2507:Song Yun
2471:Buddhism
2467:Kanishka
2455:Peshawar
2301:Brahmins
2297:Phraotes
2280:Phraotes
2276:Phraotes
2268:Phraotes
2244:Phraotes
2225:Nahapana
2159:Peshawar
2151:Pakistan
2117:Buddhist
2115:Ancient
2095:nephew,
2089:Buddhism
2038:Buddhist
2032:monarch
2010:Senapati
1925:Oddiyana
1913:Buddhism
1800:Polybius
1727:Kambojas
1719:Trigarta
1689:Chanakya
1674:Mansehra
1559:and the
1497:Gandhara
1487:general
1469:Xerxes I
1415:However
1408:and the
1394:Buddhist
1378:Darius I
1369:Gedrosia
1365:Nearchus
1308:Buddhist
1290:Xerxes I
1255:Gandhari
1206:and the
1193:brāhmaṇa
1156:Buddhist
1152:Vidarbha
1122:Brāhmaṇa
1116:Nagnajit
1066:Māgadhīs
1064:and the
1001:Peshawar
919:, while
911:and the
905:Oddiyana
897:Gandhari
890:Hydaspes
838:Pothohar
804:Darius I
733:𐎥𐎭𐎠𐎼
703:Sanskrit
659:Chanakya
562:Buddhism
550:Gāndhārī
544:Buddhist
516:Peshawar
508:Pakistan
498:Gandhāra
488:Gandhara
476:Pakistan
404:Jayapala
374:Kanishka
241:Pakistan
180:GANDHARA
123:Peshawar
89:Gandhara
52:Gandhara
50:Gandhāra
18:Gandhāra
11452:Sources
11243:Pallava
11174:Culture
11053:Puranas
11042:Culture
10882:Puranas
10863:Culture
10800:Culture
10716:Ājīvika
10708:Jainism
10683:Culture
10663:Magadha
10585:Culture
10436:Magadha
10421:Kamboja
10278:Tushara
10263:Tangana
10223:Sinhala
10208:Sauvira
10188:Salveya
10173:Pulinda
10143:Paurava
10138:Parvata
10103:Pallava
10088:Niharas
10078:Nasikya
10073:Mushika
10068:Mudgala
10063:Mleccha
10033:Mahisha
10023:Magadha
10018:Madraka
9993:Kuninda
9983:Konkana
9971:Kingdom
9961:Kinnara
9926:Karusha
9921:Karnata
9916:Kamboja
9911:Kalinga
9901:Kasmira
9866:Gomanta
9851:Dwaraka
9836:Dasarna
9796:Bhārata
9791:Bahlika
9626:Phrygia
9611:Parthia
9576:Hindush
9555:Gandāra
9551:(Nubia)
9510:Colchis
9505:Cilicia
9480:Bactria
9470:Assyria
9465:Armenia
9446:Amyrgoi
9210:Bimaran
9205:Paitava
9149:Bhallar
9129:Jandial
9119:Kalawan
9114:Jaulian
9076:Ranigat
9061:Barikot
9056:Chakpat
9016:Bhamala
8908:Culture
8832:History
8460:Sources
7615:20 July
7165:2 April
7079:: 274.
5567:West...
5157:26 July
5012:12 June
4991:"Poros"
4651:At the
4506:At the
4501:perfume
4078:series
4064:Godiego
3972:Chhachh
3968:Chukhsa
3923:Sialkot
3693:Sarnath
3584:capital
3503:granite
3357:bhikṣus
3340:samādhi
3327:samādhi
3206:Torwali
3173:by the
3140:Prakrit
3108:Chacchi
3100:Pishori
3046:Prakrit
3029:Culture
2927:removed
2912:sources
2853:Kalhana
2843:of the
2779:Kashmir
2767:Kalhana
2751:Kalhana
2459:Mathura
2432:Parthia
2424:Tianzhu
2374:Parthia
2354:Xiongnu
2350:Bactria
2264:Nineveh
2227:of the
2171:Parthia
2163:Arsacid
2077:Avadana
2071:of the
2065:Azes II
1983:Mathura
1909:Kushans
1713:in the
1681:Mauryan
1643:Massaga
1639:Asvakas
1619:Nawagai
1569:Massaga
1521:Aramaic
1358:Persian
1336:Jatakas
1324:Yojanas
1312:Magadha
1275:Gandāra
1259:Shakuni
1232:Vaideha
1148:Kaliṅga
1140:Pāñcāla
1082:Rigveda
1062:Āṅgeyas
1048:Ṛigveda
997:Chitral
939:History
909:Bactria
870:Kashmir
826:Elamite
796:Gandara
792:Persian
781:Rigveda
759:gandhaḥ
737:Chinese
715:Avestan
709:गन्धारः
627:Taxiles
448:•
381:•
363:•
345:•
327:•
320:Taxiles
309:•
291:•
247:Capital
11391:Samuel
11382:Samuel
11189:Tantra
10954:Cheras
10854:Cheras
10760:Assaka
10675:Assaka
10607:Srauta
10533:Punjab
10426:Kosala
10401:Avanti
10328:Yavana
10318:Videha
10298:Utkala
10233:Sonita
10218:Sindhu
10213:Shakya
10168:Pundra
10118:Parada
10113:Pandya
10053:Matsya
10043:Malava
10038:Malla
9988:Kosala
9966:Kirata
9951:Kikata
9941:Kerala
9936:Kekeya
9896:Kanchi
9816:Chinas
9781:Avanti
9776:Asmaka
9771:Assaka
9756:Anarta
9751:Andhra
9746:Abhira
9659:Sogdia
9616:Persis
9538:Levant
9450:Arabia
9104:Sirkap
9096:Taxila
9036:Sphola
8726:
8705:
8682:
8604:
8556:
8548:
8512:
8488:
8410:
8402:
8362:864875
8360:
8352:
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8092:
8065:
8034:
8005:608051
8003:
7995:
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7925:
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7667:
7640:
7400:India.
7354:
7327:
7300:
7275:
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7210:
7186:Taxila
7129:
7121:
7083:
7033:
6995:
6968:
6940:
6912:
6878:
6838:
6808:
6778:
6747:
6717:
6687:
6657:
6627:
6597:
6568:
6560:
6556:: 81.
6525:
6517:
6513:: 81.
6482:
6474:
6470:: 81.
6439:
6431:
6427:: 78.
6397:
6389:
6385:: 76.
6355:
6347:
6343:: 77.
6313:
6305:
6301:: 76.
6268:
6241:
6214:
6184:
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6086:
6082:: 44.
6050:
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5969:
5890:
5859:
5829:
5723:
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5558:
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5005:
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4687:Indus.
4564:
4530:
4427:
4299:
4220:
4193:
4166:
4139:
4020:Aornos
4011:Apraca
4007:Bajaur
3985:Attock
3949:Bagram
3945:Kapisi
3919:Sagala
3897:Taxila
3863:Buddha
3499:schist
3495:Apollo
3491:Stucco
3476:Kushan
3470:. The
3464:Indian
3436:, and
3309:Kushan
3286:Ashoka
3244:, and
3202:Pashto
3175:Afridi
3163:Tirahi
3148:Hindko
3136:Hindko
3104:Kohati
3096:Hindko
3088:Hindko
3072:Hindko
3011:stupas
2994:, and
2881:Lahore
2849:Hazara
2799:turban
2795:Shahis
2709:Taxila
2705:stupas
2612:Mehama
2604:Alchon
2509:, and
2503:Faxian
2495:stupas
2483:Sogdia
2443:stupas
2436:Yuezhi
2430:, and
2405:Taxila
2370:Yuezhi
2362:Yuezhi
2309:Taxila
2293:Punjab
2260:Taxila
2252:Taxila
2211:ruler
2209:Kushan
2207:. The
2167:Iranic
2147:Punjab
2143:Taxila
2099:, and
2083:and a
2063:ruler
1921:Bajaur
1917:Taxila
1878:"Shau"
1874:Kushan
1862:Bajaur
1850:Yuezhi
1784:Ashoka
1761:Taxila
1753:Ashoka
1749:Ashoka
1741:Taxila
1715:Punjab
1685:Taxila
1651:Asvaka
1627:Arrian
1596:Chenab
1588:Omphis
1584:Taxila
1553:Indica
1549:Arrian
1444:coin (
1442:Athens
1420:Indica
1398:Buddha
1390:satrap
1332:Punjab
1328:Taxila
1316:Avanti
1236:Janaka
1144:Videha
1103:, the
1097:Avesta
1009:Steppe
999:, and
925:Kapisa
886:Taxila
866:Jataka
858:Taxila
844:, the
842:Punjab
783:, the
775:are a
729:Gadāra
669:, and
657:under
655:Taxila
639:Aśvaka
631:Taxila
528:Punjab
281:
171:Mardan
139:Taxila
10878:Epics
10617:Late
10599:Late
10591:Late
10461:Vajji
10441:Malla
10416:Kashi
10406:Chedi
10313:Vatsa
10303:Vanga
10243:Suhma
10238:Sudra
10193:Salwa
10183:Salva
10013:Madra
10008:Lanka
9998:Kunti
9946:Khasa
9931:Kashi
9861:Garga
9831:Danda
9811:Chola
9806:Chera
9801:Chedi
9766:Anupa
9664:Yehud
9601:Media
9586:Lydia
9581:Libya
9571:Ionia
9515:Dahae
9490:Caria
9425:Daeva
9178:Hadda
8954:basin
8724:JSTOR
8703:JSTOR
8380:(pdf)
8358:JSTOR
8001:JSTOR
7479:(PDF)
7449:(PDF)
7395:(PDF)
7269:69–71
7127:JSTOR
7081:JSTOR
7009:1 May
6566:JSTOR
6523:JSTOR
6480:JSTOR
6437:JSTOR
6395:JSTOR
6353:JSTOR
6311:JSTOR
6117:(PDF)
6092:JSTOR
6024:(PDF)
5932:(PDF)
5911:(PDF)
5770:(PDF)
5748:(PDF)
5531:(PDF)
5514:(PDF)
5497:(PDF)
5476:(PDF)
5456:(PDF)
5440:them.
5435:(PDF)
5415:(PDF)
5003:JSTOR
4763:(PDF)
4743:(PDF)
4572:From
4497:small
4493:scent
4363:(PDF)
4342:(PDF)
4076:manga
4062:band
3998:Swabi
3958:Jibin
3598:Atlas
3311:monk
3298:India
3265:mudrā
3188:into
3171:Tirah
3112:Ghebi
2869:Didda
2861:Kabul
2826:Kabul
2753:that
2620:Kabul
2475:India
2463:India
2428:Jibin
2401:Sases
2382:Jibin
2272:Porus
2217:Sasan
2201:Sasan
2189:Sasan
2155:Kabul
1987:Maues
1979:Sakas
1929:Swat.
1608:Indus
1592:Porus
1457:Indus
1348:king
1234:king
993:Kunar
933:Jibin
921:Jibin
901:Jibin
777:tribe
767:गन्धः
745:Greek
741:Jìbīn
723:. In
649:with
566:China
552:, an
356:Sases
224:river
220:Indus
209:river
205:Indus
194:river
190:Kabul
64:–1001
10720:Yoga
10654:Kuru
10431:Kuru
10391:Anga
10283:Ursa
10273:Tulu
10228:Sivi
10178:Saka
10098:Odra
10083:Nepa
10003:Kuru
9891:Huna
9761:Anga
9641:Saka
9591:Maka
9549:Kush
9544:Elam
9460:Aria
9421:Susa
9046:Swat
8680:ISBN
8602:ISBN
8580:2015
8554:ISBN
8546:ISBN
8510:ISBN
8486:ISBN
8449:2023
8430:DOAJ
8424:2020
8408:OCLC
8400:ISSN
8350:ISSN
8304:2019
8291:ISBN
8241:2016
8136:ISBN
8090:ISBN
8063:ISBN
8032:ISBN
7993:ISSN
7954:ISBN
7923:ISBN
7896:ISBN
7869:ISBN
7806:help
7769:help
7732:help
7694:help
7665:ISBN
7638:ISBN
7617:2021
7352:ISBN
7325:ISBN
7298:ISBN
7273:ISBN
7248:2017
7235:ISBN
7208:ISBN
7167:2023
7119:ISSN
7031:ISBN
7011:2021
6993:ISBN
6966:ISBN
6938:ISBN
6910:ISBN
6889:2012
6876:ISBN
6836:ISBN
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6776:ISBN
6745:ISBN
6715:ISBN
6685:ISBN
6655:ISBN
6625:ISBN
6595:ISBN
6558:ISSN
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6472:ISSN
6429:ISSN
6387:ISSN
6345:ISSN
6303:ISSN
6266:ISBN
6239:ISBN
6212:ISBN
6182:ISBN
6084:ISSN
6048:ISBN
5997:ISBN
5967:ISBN
5888:ISBN
5857:ISBN
5827:ISBN
5721:ISBN
5669:ISBN
5556:ISBN
5354:ISBN
5331:2024
5303:2024
5255:ISBN
5234:2018
5159:2020
5073:ISBN
5047:ISBN
5014:2022
4933:ISBN
4562:ISBN
4528:ISBN
4425:ISBN
4297:ISBN
4218:ISBN
4191:ISBN
4164:ISBN
4137:ISBN
4060:rock
3994:Hund
3936:Swat
3747:The
3612:The
3501:and
3395:The
3388:and
3224:and
3210:Niya
3192:and
3190:Swat
3048:or "
2910:any
2908:cite
2805:The
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2360:The
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2067:and
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1991:Saka
1973:The
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1882:Shah
1870:"Su"
1598:and
1575:and
1541:and
1376:and
1129:Jain
1023:and
952:and
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860:and
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717:as '
689:and
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492:IAST
277:Raja
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