109:
20:
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420:... Gandharva marriage, which is also part of the orthodox system ... Dushyanta. This king's Gandharva marriage with Cakuntala, which is well-known especially through Kalidasa's drama, is a celebrated example ... only for warrior nobility according likewise to Manu ... Narada states without hesitation that this kind of marriage belongs to all castes alike ... 'survival from the time of promiscuity'; might well be understood from an "inter-ethnic" standpoint ...
291:
326:
Gandharva form. The Patna High Court went further and held that the celebration of
Gandharva form of marriage must be attended with nuptial rites and ceremonies including Homa (invocation before the sacred fire) and Saptapadi (the taking of seven steps by the groom and the bride together) for its validity. This ruling was cited in a decision by the Supreme Court in the case of Bhaurao v. State of Maharashtra.
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159:, an ancient Hindu literature, the woman chooses her own husband in Gandharva marriage. They meet each other of their own accord, consent to live together, and their relationship is consummated in copulation born of passion. This form of marriage did not require consent of parents or anyone else. According to Vedic texts, this is one of earliest and common forms of marriage in Rig Vedic times.
342:' in India which usually means a couple choosing each other of their own accord but in most cases following it up with Hindu wedding rituals. It is also called Gandharva marriage (love marriage)even when the both parents agree to do as arranged marriage but it should be done in careful way in society with no deception if not which will result in Gandharva Dosha
388:... male counterparts of apsaras, gandharvas are known to love women; and women fall instantly for the charms of gandharva men ... awaken sexual passion in women ... In a gandharva marriage, a man and woman are so drawn to one another in mutual passion that they run off together without ceremony or consent of their families ...
306:
types to where the social pressures compelled the girl's family to seek arranged early marriages. Yet another theory is that the priestly caste of India, who officiated Brahma marriages and religious ceremonies, over time crafted rules that declared
Gandharva marriage for most Hindus as inappropriate and disapproved (
273:
goes on to state that
Gandharva marriage is only suited for males who are priests, warriors, serving in the military, administrators, nobility and rulers. Baudhayana claims that it is lawful for Vaishya and Shudra. However, he evidently thinks that maidens who make so free are not of much value after
305:
There is no consensus theory to explain why
Gandharva marriages have declined over the ages. One theory claims that as prosperity and wealth increased, parents sought greater control of the activities and social life of their children. Pandey claims Hindu ideology shifted from diversity of marriage
325:
In 1946, the Patna High Court in Kamani Devi v. Kameshwar Singh, ILR 25 Pat 58 = (AIR 1946 Pat 316) held that the relationship of husband and wife, created by
Gandharva marriage is binding. The husband, the court ruled, cannot escape his responsibility of financially caring for his wife married in
162:
In Rig vedic opinions and classical literature, the commonly described marriage type was
Gandharva, where the woman and the man had met each other in their ordinary village life, or in various other places such as regional festivals and fairs, begun to enjoy each other's company, and decided to be
329:
In a 1974 case, Justice
Mukherji noted, "Gandharva form of marriage should not be regarded as concubinage or quasi-marital union, more so in the context of the modern Society and in the background of the forward thinking of the present law givers. The possibility of legal validity of this form of
321:
In 1930, Justice Abdur Rahim held that the marriage in
Gandharva form was not valid in India. This ruling came from the Madras High Court, with the statement that amongst the Hindus, the Gandharva form of marriage was obsolete (as of 1930). This was appealed based on the fact that the case was in
266:
Gandharva marriage over time became controversial, disputed and debated. Majority of ancient scholars discouraged it on religious and moral grounds. One argument found in the classical literature is that
Gandharva marriage ignores the sacred rituals and vows the groom and bride must make to each
267:
other. Such a marriage, argued those ancient Vedic scholars, may or may not be lasting since it did not involve Agni. Over time, Gandharva marriages were either opposed or done with the use of Agni to ensure the longevity of the marriage through vows.
330:
marriage in the whole of India in near future even without being backed by custom, is too notorious to be ignored. In a sense, Gandharva form of marriage is trying to come back very fast (in India), pushing parental domination to the background."
169:
suggests that parents usually let the daughter freely select her lover and directly encouraged her in being forward in affairs of the heart. The mother of the girl thought of the time when the daughter's developed youth
452:
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174:, post-puberty), that she would win a husband for herself, it was a smooth and happy sort of affair with nothing scandalous and unnatural about it. The translated version of the
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295:
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Gupta, Giri Raj. "Gupta, G. R. (1976). Love, arranged marriage, and the Indian social structure. Journal of
Comparative Family Studies, 7(1), pages 75-85
704:
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In modern India, particularly in urban regions, Gandharva marriage is re-emerging. One term for couples choosing their own partners is '
282:; Narada claims the only methods of marriage that are wrong are those that are based on abduction, forced, violence, fraud or purchase.
676:... The validity of a Gandharva marriage between Kshatriyas appears to have been declared by the Bengal Sudder Court in 1817 ...
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was based on consensual acceptance between two people, with no rituals, witnesses or family participation. The marriage of
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No man any longer asks for the daughter, nor does a father give away his daughter, they (women) find the man for themselves
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Dushyanta & Shakuntala in the Hindu epic Mahabharata. The son that resulted from their Gandharva marriage was named
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However, to that extent 'love marriages' do not fulfill the criterion of Gandharva marriage but the English term
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together. This free choice and mutual attraction were generally approved by their kinsmen. A passage in the
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In 1817, Gandharva marriages in India were ruled legal for some social groups by the Bengal Saddar Court.
632:
Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, Rajbali Pandey (1969), see Chapter VIII,
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Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, Rajbali Pandey (1969), see Chapter VIII,
505:
Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, Rajbali Pandey (1969), see Chapter VIII,
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Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments, Rajbali Pandey (1969), see Chapter VIII,
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The marriage of a desiring woman with a desiring man, without religious ceremonies, is the best marriage
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arrives at the closest co-relate wherein the parents', state's and religion's word is irrelevant.
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sometime between 100 BC and 400 AD, suggests Gandharva marriage belongs to everyone. Calling it
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Hidamba Devi Temple in Manali (India) - dedicated to the wife of Pandava Bheema, joined by
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100:. They are passionate lovers of women and arouse erotic and romantic passion in women.
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Sexual life in ancient India: a study in the comparative history of Indian culture
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Sexual life in ancient India: a study in the comparative history of Indian culture
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Sexual life in ancient India: a study in the comparative history of Indian culture
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Sexual life in ancient India: a study in the comparative history of Indian culture
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Gandharva marriage: couple exchange garlands under a tree. Illustration from
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The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, James G. Lochtefeld (2001),
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The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, James G. Lochtefeld (2001),
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to bring hither to this woman the suitor who shall be agreeable to thee.
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Ram Chandra Bhattacharjee vs Manju Bhattacharjee on 17 September, 1974
234:, one of two major epics of Hindus, Rishi Kanva, the foster father of
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court is proof that Gandharva weddings among Hindus is not obsolete.
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See Mahabharata, iv, 94.60, as translated by Rajbali Pandey (1969)
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Bring hither by thy shouts (Oh lord of wealth!) the suitor –
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was a historically celebrated example of this class of marriage.
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694:, AIR 1975 Cal 118, Judge N.C. Mukherji (Calcutta High Court)
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God of Desire: Tales of Kamadeva in Sanskrit Story Literature
124:, one of them being Gandharva marriage. The other seven are:
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As this comfortable cave (Oh Indra!) furnishing a safe abode
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Kamasutra Of Vatsayana - Richard F. Burton, Penguin Books;
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Makarand Paranjape, University of Saarland, Germany (2010)
242:.” Elsewhere in Mahabharata (iii:190.36), the epic says “
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Turn thou the attention of every agreeable suitor to her.
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May (Oh Agni!) a suitor after our own heart come to us;
754:"The complete guide to live-in relationships in India"
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Do thou ascend the full, inexhaustible ship of fortune
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705:"Love marriage and Indian Society, Zara (July 2013)"
604:, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1989, p. 90,
560:, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1989, p. 89,
238:, recommends Gandharva marriage with the statement “
274:all. Narada, yet another ancient scholar who wrote
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202:thus may this woman be a favourite of fortune,
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739:"One of USA's exports: Love, American style"
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194:promptly obtain happiness through a husband.
58:. This ancient marriage tradition from the
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527:, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1989,
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185:may he come to this maiden with fortune;
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56:eight classical types of Hindu marriage
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96:and the masculine counterparts of the
16:One of the eight hindu marriage styles
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752:Anand, Ankita (28 November 2014).
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178:(Strikaratâni, ii.36) passage is:
120:The Smritis of Hinduism recognize
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670:A treatise on Hindu law and usage
200:hath become pleasing to all life,
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450:Shakuntala: An Indian Love Story
187:May she be agreeable to suitors,
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741:. USA Today. 13 February 2006.
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369:Catherine Benton (June 2006),
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209:not at odds with her husband!
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23:Gandharva (right) beside an
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600:Johann Jakob Meyer (1971),
556:Johann Jakob Meyer (1971),
523:Johann Jakob Meyer (1971),
401:Johann Jakob Meyer (1971),
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667:John Dawson Mayne (1878),
314:Indian courts' perspective
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220:bend his mind towards her.
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122:eight types of marriage
673:, Higginbotham, 1878,
347:'live-in relationship'
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190:charming at festivals,
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961:Hindu wedding rituals
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951:Marriage in Hinduism
885:Balle Mallarada Puje
805:Marriage in Hinduism
375:, SUNY Press, 2006,
296:Sougandhika Parinaya
157:Apastamba Grhyasutra
640:, see pages 163-189
440:, see pages 102-103
60:Indian subcontinent
623:Nāradasmṛti xii.44
455:2016-03-04 at the
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54:: ) is one of the
46:: गान्धर्व विवाह,
40:Gandharva marriage
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956:Marriage in India
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611:978-81-208-0638-2
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334:Reemergence
298:written in
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232:Mahabharata
176:Atharvaveda
172:Pativedanam
166:Atharvaveda
966:Gandharvas
945:Categories
920:Saat phere
841:Prajapatya
763:2019-05-23
715:2013-08-03
476:, Page 427
353:References
236:Shakuntala
138:Prajapatya
89:Gandharvas
68:Shakuntala
925:Saptapadi
915:Parikrama
856:Paishacha
846:Gandharva
308:aprasasta
280:sadharana
260:Gandharva
92:are male
74:Etymology
64:Dushyanta
910:Nishekam
851:Rakshasa
453:Archived
262:marriage
150:Paisacha
84:Buddhism
80:Hinduism
44:Sanskrit
877:Rituals
813:Wedding
300:Kannada
286:Decline
146:Raksasa
114:Bharata
104:History
98:Apsaras
33:Vietnam
905:Mehndi
890:Harana
831:Brahma
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126:Brahma
25:Apsara
836:Daiva
826:Asura
821:Arsha
142:Asura
130:Daiva
651:ISBN
634:ISBN
606:ISBN
581:ISBN
562:ISBN
529:ISBN
507:ISBN
490:ISBN
470:ISBN
434:ISBN
409:ISBN
377:ISBN
271:Manu
148:and
134:Arya
82:and
66:and
29:Cham
310:).
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230:In
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