142:. It is largely characterised by rejection of the concept of the human being as a rational actor always seeking to maximize material self-interest that underlies classical economic thinking. Where Western economic systems were (and are) based on what he called the "multiplication of wants," Gandhi felt that this was both unsustainable and devastating to the human spirit. His model, by contrast, aimed at the fulfillment of needs – including the need for meaning and community. As a school of economics the resulting model contained elements of
315:, and his vision of India meant an India without an underlying government. He once said that "the ideally nonviolent state would be an ordered anarchy." While political systems are largely hierarchical, with each layer of authority from the individual to the central government have increasing levels of authority over the layer below, Gandhi believed that society should be the exact opposite, where nothing is done without the consent of anyone, down to the individual. His idea was that true
27:
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saw democracy as more than a system of government; it meant promoting both individuality and the self-discipline of the community. Democracy was a moral system that distributed power and assisted the development of every social class, especially the lowest. It meant settling disputes in a nonviolent manner; it required freedom of thought and expression. For Gandhi, democracy was a way of life.
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few. This goes with a technology which is labour-using rather than labour-saving. Gandhian economy increases employment opportunities; it should not be labour displacing. Gandhi had no absolute opposition to machinery; he welcomed it where it avoids drudgery and reduces tedium. He used to cite the example of Singer sewing machine as an instance of desirable technology. He also emphasised
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finding his own courage, he was enabled also to point out the way of 'Satyagraha' and 'ahimsa' to the whole of India. Gandhi's writings expressed four meanings of freedom: as India's national independence; as individual political freedom; as group freedom from poverty; and as the capacity for personal self-rule.
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Rudolph argues that after a false start in trying to emulate the
English in an attempt to overcome his timidity, Gandhi discovered the inner courage he was seeking by helping his countrymen in South Africa. The new courage consisted of observing the traditional Bengali way of "self-suffering" and, in
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was the first, writing a number of relevant books in the 1930s and 1940s. He and Mira Behan argued against large-scale dam-and-irrigation projects, saying that small projects were more efficacious, that organic manure was better and less dangerous than man-made chemicals, and that forests should be
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An independent India did not mean merely transferring the established
British administrative structure into Indian hands. He warned, "you would make India English. And when it becomes English, it will be called not Hindustan but Englishtan. This is not the Swaraj I want." Tewari argues that Gandhi
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The third principle of
Gandhian economic thought, known as trusteeship principle, is that while an individual or group of individuals is free not only to make a decent living through an economic enterprise but also to accumulate, their surplus wealth above what is necessary to meet basic needs and
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The second principle of
Gandhian economic thought is small scale and locally oriented production, using local resources and meeting local needs, so that employment opportunities are made available everywhere, promoting the ideal of Sarvodaya – the welfare of all, in contrast with the welfare of a
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This would be achieved over time with nonviolent conflict mediation, as power is divested from layers of hierarchical authorities, ultimately to the individual, which would come to embody the ethic of nonviolence. Rather than a system where rights are enforced by a higher authority, people are
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included small farms and houses constructed by the inhabitants themselves. All inhabitants were expected to help in any task necessary, promoting the values of equality. Gandhi also espoused the notion of "trusteeship," which centred on denying material pursuits and coveting of wealth, with
235:) against the mill owners and landlords supported by the British government in an effort to end oppressive taxation and other policies that forced the farmers and workers into poverty and defend their economic rights. A major part of this rebellion was a commitment from the farmers to end
355:', where the former merely states the material and physical standard of food, cloth and housing. A higher standard of life, on the other hand could be attained only if, along with material advancement, there was a serious attempt to imbibe cultural and spiritual values and qualities.
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self-governed by mutual responsibilities. On returning from South Africa, when Gandhi received a letter asking for his participation in writing a world charter for human rights, he responded saying, "in my experience, it is far more important to have a charter for human duties."
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Gandhian economics do not draw a distinction between economics and ethics. Economics that hurts the moral well-being of an individual or a nation is immoral, and therefore sinful. The value of an industry should be gauged less by the dividends it pays to
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managed with the goal of water conservation rather than revenue maximization. The Raj and the Nehru governments paid them little attention. Guha calls
Kumarappa, "The Green Gandhian," portraying him as the founder of modern environmentalism in India.
367:
investment, should be held as a trust for the welfare of all, particularly of the poorest and most deprived. The three principles mentioned above, when followed, are expected to minimise economic and social inequality, and achieve
Sarvodaya.
264:, where its inhabitants would seek to produce their own food, clothing and means of living, while promoting a lifestyle of self-sufficiency, personal and spiritual development and working for wider social development. The
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Contrary to many Indian socialists and communists, Gandhi was averse to all notions of class warfare and concepts of class-based revolution, which he saw as causes of social violence and disharmony. Gandhi's concept of
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and oppressive social practices against women while launching a co-operative effort to promote education, health care and self-sufficiency by producing their own clothes and food.
347:. Accordingly, increasing consumer appetite is likened to animal appetite which goes the end of earth in search of their satisfaction. Thus a distinction is to be made between '
170:
Gandhi's thinking on what we would consider socia-secular issues (he himself saw little distinction between the sacred and its expression in the social world) was influenced by
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but also the source of mass unemployment and poverty, as
European industrial goods had left many millions of India's workers, craftsmen and women without a livelihood.
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was centred on the preservation of human dignity rather than material development. Some of Gandhi's closest supporters and admirers included industrialists such as
293:, who adopted several of Gandhi's progressive ideas in managing labour relations while also personally participating in Gandhi's ashrams and socio-political work.
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than by its effect on the bodies, souls, and spirits of the people employed in it. In essence, supreme consideration is to be given to man rather than to money.
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clothing and Indian-made goods, Gandhi sought to incorporate peaceful civil resistance as a means of promoting national self-sufficiency. Gandhi led farmers of
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549:. 27 September March 1948. "Like Marx, Gandhi hated the state and wished to eliminate it, and he told me he considered himself 'a philosophical anarchist.'"
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The first basic principle of Gandhi’s economic thought is a special emphasis on ‘plain living’ which helps in cutting down your wants and being
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in favor of socio-economic harmony. Gandhi's economic ideas also aim to promote spiritual development and harmony with a rejection of
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practitioners acting as "trustees" of other individuals and the community in their management of economic resources and property.
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in a country means that every person rules his or herself and that there is no state which enforces laws upon the people.
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Jesudasan, Ignatius. A Gandhian theology of liberation. Gujarat
Sahitya Prakash: Ananda India, 1987, pp. 236–237
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Tewari, S. M. (1971). "The
Concept of Democracy in the Political Thought of Mahatma Gandhi".
200:. Gandhi sought to target European-made clothing and other products as not only a symbol of
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Gandhi, Mohandas
Karamchand; Tolstoy, Leo (September 1987). B. Srinivasa Murthy (ed.).
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Susanne Hoeber, Rudolph (1963). "The New Courage: An Essay on Gandhi's Psychology".
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Several of Gandhi's followers developed a theory of environmentalism.
178:. Throughout his life, Gandhi sought to develop ways to fight India's
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683:"Gandhi's civilizational alternative and dealing with climate change"
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429:. Library of Indian economics (1st ed.). Bombay, India: Vora.
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Abhay Ghiara's "Pink House" Gandhian Economics in action blog
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Beyond Western Economics: Remembering Other Economic Culture
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Inclusive Economics: Gandhian Method and Contemporary Policy
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Gandhian political economy: principles, practice and policy
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Ethics for our times : essays in gandhian perspective
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Gandhian Trusteeship as an "Instrument of Human Dignity"
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Anthropologist Among the Marxists: And Other Essays
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51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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728:(2 ed.). : Oup India. 2014. pp. 45–54.
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465:Industrial civilization & Gandhian economics
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242:Gandhi and his followers also founded numerous
815:. Navajivan Publishing House. ASIN B0006CDLA8.
571:Social and political thought of Mahatma Gandhi
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158:. The term "Gandhian economics" was coined by
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690:Journal of Social & Economic Development
196:were centred on the principles of economic
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794:Khadi: Gandhi's Mega Symbol of Subversion
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111:Learn how and when to remove this message
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861:. Deep and Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd.
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2160:Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre, Matale
1212:The Story of My Experiments with Truth
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604:Mahatma Gandhi and Leo Tolstoy letters
2395:Marxian critique of political economy
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909:
859:Gandhian economics: a humane approach
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635:Paul Gillen; Devleena Ghosh (2007).
425:Kumarappa, Joseph Cornelius (1951).
296:
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
2155:Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park
767:. Orient Blackswan. pp. 81–6.
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248:in India (Gandhi had pioneered the
13:
935:
476:Romesh K. Diwan and Mark A. Lutz,
14:
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2059:International Day of Non-Violence
1956:National Salt Satyagraha Memorial
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18:Economic system of Mahatma Gandhi
2699:History of macroeconomic thought
2524:Neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis
1330:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
25:
2125:Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai
1642:Indian currency (Gandhi Series,
824:. S. Chand and Company Limited.
813:Relevance of Gandhian economics
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716:
674:
664:Indian Political Science Review
655:
628:
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162:, a close supporter of Gandhi.
36:needs additional citations for
1637:Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith
1198:Hind Swaraj (Indian Home Rule)
895:Gandhian economics is relevant
890:Review of "Gandhian economics"
833:. Sage Publications Pvt. Ltd.
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539:
534:Gandhi, Freedom, and Self-Rule
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2770:Eponymous economic ideologies
2689:Critique of political economy
1654:Indian 10 Rupee postage stamp
1030:Second Round Table Conference
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625:. Nilgiri Press, 2011. p. 49.
331:Gandhian economics and ethics
2597:Rational expectations theory
1064:Gujarat Vidyapith University
978:Indian independence movement
681:Nadkarni, M.V. (June 2015).
478:Essays in Gandhian economics
311:Gandhi was a self-described
184:Indian independence movement
7:
2760:Schools of economic thought
2694:History of economic thought
2241:Schools of economic thought
2170:Mohandas Gandhi High School
1752:Leela (great-granddaughter)
1551:Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
641:. UNSW Press. p. 130.
568:Bidyut Chakrabarty (2006).
400:
384:Notable Gandhian Economists
260:has been compared with the
130:based on the spiritual and
10:
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2614:New neoclassical synthesis
2602:Real business-cycle theory
1672:Karamchand Gandhi (father)
1393:Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram
606:. Long Beach Publications.
574:. Routledge. p. 138.
463:Jagannath Swaroop Mathur,
300:
186:. Gandhi's championing of
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822:Towards the Gandhian Plan
820:Narayan, Shriman (1978).
811:Narayan, Shriman (1970).
792:Gonsalves, Peter (2012).
702:10.1007/s40847-015-0006-3
638:Colonialism and Modernity
427:Gandhian economic thought
2185:Roads named after Gandhi
1501:Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri
983:Non-cooperation movement
848:Schroyer, Trent (2009).
761:Ramachndra Guha (2004).
412:
207:By championing homespun
174:and the American writer
134:principles expounded by
2724:Post-autistic economics
1813:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai
1747:Tushar (great-grandson)
1727:Gopalkrishna (grandson)
1627:Gandhi Peace Foundation
1466:Brij Krishna Chandiwala
857:Sharma, Rashmi (1997).
829:Pani, Narendar (2002).
313:philosophical anarchist
166:Gandhi's economic ideas
2462:Modern Monetary Theory
2175:National Gandhi Museum
2150:Mahatma Gandhi College
2135:Gandhi Temple, Bhatara
2069:Season for Nonviolence
1868:Maria Lacerda de Moura
1863:Martin Luther King Jr.
1242:Gandhi Heritage Portal
1074:India ashrams (Kochrab
988:Chauri Chaura incident
953:Indian Ambulance Corps
2546:Keynes–Marx synthesis
1732:Ramchandra (grandson)
1576:Rettamalai Srinivasan
1566:Anugrah Narayan Sinha
1336:The Masque of Anarchy
1120:Composite nationalism
1115:Practices and beliefs
1047:Natal Indian Congress
796:. SAGE Publications.
547:The Message of Gandhi
256:). The concept of an
2734:World-systems theory
2714:Mainstream economics
2654:Technocracy movement
2634:Saltwater/freshwater
1596:Kishorlal Mashruwala
1385:Gandhi's translation
1010:Dharasana Satyagraha
968:Champaran Satyagraha
532:Anthony Parel, ed.,
237:caste discrimination
60:"Gandhian economics"
45:improve this article
2719:Heterodox economics
2447:Capability approach
2323:American (National)
2305:School of Salamanca
2140:Kaba Gandhi No Delo
1848:Lal Bahadur Shastri
1818:Govind Vallabh Pant
1722:Rajmohan (grandson)
1717:Ela (granddaughter)
1612:Artistic depictions
1471:Sudhakar Chaturvedi
1368:Henry Stephens Salt
1353:Sermon on the Mount
1282:Henry David Thoreau
1259:A Letter to a Hindu
1069:Harijan Sevak Sangh
202:British colonialism
176:Henry David Thoreau
2355:English historical
1793:C. Rajagopalachari
1788:Brajkishore Prasad
1783:Abdul Ghaffar Khan
1742:Kanu (grandnephew)
1645:Gandhi New Series,
1632:Gandhi Peace Prize
1622:Gandhi Peace Award
1516:Abdul Ghaffar Khan
1511:Hermann Kallenbach
1486:Dada Dharmadhikari
1363:Shrimad Rajchandra
1295:Civil disobedience
1287:Civil Disobedience
963:Bardoli Satyagraha
407:Gandhian socialism
349:Standard of Living
279:Ghanshyamdas Birla
229:civil disobedience
124:Gandhian economics
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2746:
2709:Political economy
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2582:Neo-Schumpeterian
2390:Marxist economics
2370:German historical
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1986:Parliament Square
1918:Vallabhbhai Patel
1707:Samaldas (nephew)
1702:Maganlal (cousin)
1571:Sri Krishna Sinha
1536:Vallabhbhai Patel
1521:Acharya Kripalani
1496:Shiv Prasad Gupta
1451:Shankarlal Banker
1414:Vaishnava Jana To
1232:Seven Social Sins
1025:Gandhi–Irwin Pact
1015:Vaikom Satyagraha
868:978-81-7100-986-2
840:978-0-7619-9580-7
803:978-81-321-0735-4
735:978-0-19-945053-4
581:978-0-415-36096-8
361:dignity of labour
297:Swaraj, self-rule
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2195:Satyagraha House
2190:Sabarmati Ashram
2110:Gandhi Promenade
2036:Washington, D.C.
1991:Tavistock Square
1976:Pietermaritzburg
1933:
1932:
1838:Jawaharlal Nehru
1773:Aung San Suu Kyi
1591:Ravishankar Vyas
1556:Bibi Amtus Salam
1320:Parsee Rustomjee
1020:Aundh Experiment
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1853:Lanza del Vasto
1808:François Bayrou
1798:Eknath Easwaran
1768:14th Dalai Lama
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1712:Arun (grandson)
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742:on 7 May 2021
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56:Find sources:
50:
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40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
16:
2494:Evolutionary
2426:Contemporary
2405:Neoclassical
2350:Distributist
2295:Mercantilism
2282:Early modern
2145:Kirti Mandir
2064:Martyrs' Day
1971:Johannesburg
1913:Vinoba Bhave
1898:Ramjee Singh
1858:Maulana Azad
1833:James Lawson
1697:Devdas (son)
1692:Ramdas (son)
1648:Indian rupee
1586:Abbas Tyabji
1461:Vinoba Bhave
1377:
1334:
1328:
1286:
1274:
1225:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1197:
1190:
1182:Publications
1129:
993:Purna Swaraj
958:Tolstoy Farm
858:
852:. Routledge.
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830:
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744:. Retrieved
740:the original
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585:. Retrieved
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480:(1987) p. 25
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454:(2007) p. 17
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345:self-reliant
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338:shareholders
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67:
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43:Please help
38:verification
35:
15:
2649:Supply-side
2572:Neo-Marxian
2385:Marginalism
2315:Late modern
2300:Physiocrats
2165:Mani Bhavan
2047:Observances
1908:Sane Guruji
1828:James Bevel
1823:Ho Chi Minh
1491:Kanu Gandhi
1436:Swami Anand
1325:Leo Tolstoy
1315:John Ruskin
1269:nonviolence
1226:Young India
1167:Eleven vows
1135:trusteeship
944:Life events
172:John Ruskin
156:materialism
148:nationalism
2754:Categories
2629:Regulation
2555:Monetarism
2541:Circuitism
2489:Ecological
2457:Chartalism
2437:Behavioral
2380:Manchester
2375:Malthusian
2333:Birmingham
2290:Cameralism
2274:Modern era
2248:Pre-modern
2105:Bookstores
1903:Steve Biko
1778:Abhay Bang
1761:Influenced
1617:Gandhigiri
1456:Sarla Behn
1429:Associates
1373:Tirukkuṛaḷ
1251:Influences
1172:Gandhi cap
1152:Satyagraha
1108:Philosophy
1052:Quit India
1042:Poona Pact
1005:Salt March
785:References
696:: 90–103.
587:25 January
224:satyagraha
71:newspapers
2704:Economics
2639:Stockholm
2514:Keynesian
2479:Cracovian
2428:(20th and
2417:Socialist
2400:Mutualism
2343:Ricardian
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