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tunnel and not returning. Morgan was roused in the middle of the night after one of the members of the rescue team who had seen a demonstration of his device sent a messenger to convince him to come and to bring as many of his Safety Hoods as he could. He, as well as his brother Frank, arrived on the scene still wearing their pajamas and bringing four Smoke Hoods with them. Most of the rescuers on the scene were initially skeptical of his device, so he and his brother went into the tunnel along with two other volunteers, and succeeded in pulling out two men from the previous rescue attempts. He emerged carrying a victim on his back, and his brother followed just behind with another. Others joined in after his team succeeded, and rescued several more. His device was also used to retrieve the bodies of the rescuers that did not survive. Morgan personally made four trips into the tunnel during the rescue, and his health was affected for years afterward from the fumes he encountered there. Cleveland newspapers and city officials initially ignored Morgan's act of heroism as the first to rush into the tunnel for the rescue and the key role he played as the provider of the equipment that made the rescue possible, and it took years for the city to recognize his contributions. The mayor of that time Harry L. Davis failed to put
Garrett Morgan's name on the list of recommended heroes. City officials requested the
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Department, who said that the device was much cheaper and simpler than the oxygen mask used during that time. Following the demonstration, Chief
Stickle recommended the purchase of several smoke hoods for the fire department. Mr. Mason continued to make numerous demonstrations in Ravenna, Youngstown, Canton, and other neighboring cities in Ohio where the device was proclaimed a success. The purchase of Morgan's Smoke Hood was not limited within the boundaries of fire departments in northeastern Ohio. Many large cities throughout the United States had Morgan's Smoke Hood in their fire departments, hospitals, asylums, and ammonia factories, and were using them satisfactorily. His safety hood device was simple and effective, whereas the other devices in use at the time were generally difficult to put on, excessively complex, unreliable, or ineffective. It was patented and awarded a gold medal two years later by the
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to higher positions while leaving a layer of more breathable air below, by using an air intake tube that dangled near the floor. The hood used a series of tubes to draw clean air of the lowest level the tubes could extend to. Smoke, being hotter than the air around it, rises, and by drawing air from the ground, the Safety Hood provided the user with a way to perform emergency respiration. He filed for a patent on the device in 1912, and founded a company called the
National Safety Device Company in 1914 to market it. He was able to sell his invention around the country, sometimes using the tactic of hiring a white actor who would take credit rather than revealing himself as its inventor. For demonstrations of the device, he sometimes adopted the disguise of "Big Chief Mason," a purported full-blooded Indian from the
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events occurring. Morgan designed a manually-operated traffic signal with moving arms featuring "stop" and "go" signs, which could be situated on a post at traffic intersections. The arms could also be raised halfway to indicate caution moving forward. A traffic attendant would crank the post to operate the signal and all lanes could be stopped by showing "stop" if needed. A patent for Morgan's traffic signal was issued in 1923 and he later sold the rights to
General Electric for $ 40,000.
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to issue medals to several of the men involved in the rescue but excluded Morgan from their request. He believed that the omission was racially motivated. Morgan's suspicions were confirmed by Victor M. Sincere of the Bailey
Company in his statement to the Citizens Award Committee. "Your deed should
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Morgan conducted experiments with a liquid that gave sewing machine needles a high polish that prevented the needle from burning fabric as it sewed. In 1905, Morgan accidentally discovered that the liquid could also straighten hair. After he discovered this, he wiped the liquid on a piece of pony fur
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Around 1910, his interest in repairing other people's inventions waned, and he became interested in developing some of his own. He received his first patent in 1912. In 1913, he incorporated hair care products into his growing list of patents and launched the G. A. Morgan Hair
Refining Company, which
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Garrett Morgan invented a "safety hood smoke protection device" after seeing firefighters struggling to withstand the suffocating smoke they encountered in the line of duty. His device used a moist sponge to filter out smoke and cool the air. It took advantage of the way smoke and fumes tend to rise
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Following the success of his company, Morgan became a well-known citizen in
Cleveland and achieved financial success leading to his purchasing of a new automobile. In 1922, he witnessed an accident between a horse-drawn carriage and a car which sparked inspiration to prevent the likelihood of future
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In the
Cleveland, Ohio, area, the Garrett A. Morgan Cleveland School of Science and the Garrett A. Morgan Water Treatment Plant are named in his honor. In 2023 the Cleveland Fire Department's new fire boat was named in his honor. In Chicago, an elementary school is named in his honor. An elementary
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tried to correct for the omission by presenting him with a diamond-studded gold medal. After the heroic rescue Morgan's company received more order requests from fire departments all over the country. However, the national news contained photographs of him, and officials a number of southern cities
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and by 1943 was functionally blind. He had poor health the rest of his life, but continued to work on his inventions. One of his last was a self-extinguishing cigarette, which used a small plastic pellet filled with water placed just before the filter. He died on July 27, 1963, at age 86 and was
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A successful demonstration was also presented in
Cleveland, Ohio. A representative of the company, Mr. Mason, entered a poisonous building with Morgan's hood on his head and remained in that environment for twenty minutes. The test was satisfactory according to Chief Stickle of the Cleveland Fire
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In 1907, Morgan opened a sewing machine shop. One year later, more conscious of his heritage, he helped start the
Cleveland Association of Colored Men in 1908. One year later, he and his wife Mary Anne, opened Morgan's Cut Rate Ladies Clothing Store. The shop made coats, suits, dresses, and other
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His invention became known nationally when he led a rescue that saved several men's lives after the July 24, 1916, Waterworks Tunnel explosion in Cleveland, Ohio. Before Morgan arrived, two previous rescue attempts had failed. The attempted rescuers had become victims themselves by entering the
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for a Cincinnati landowner. Like many African American children growing up at the turn of the century, he had to quit school at a young age to work full-time. Morgan hired a tutor and continued his studies while working in Cincinnati. In 1895, he moved to Cleveland, where he began repairing
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He married Madge Nelson in 1896, only to divorce in 1898. In 1908, he and Czech-immigrant Mary Hasek were married. Together, they had three children: John Pierpont, Garrett Augustus Jr., and Cosmo Hamlin Morgan. Garrett died in Cleveland in 1963, where he was buried in
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for a clothing manufacturer. This experience sparked Morgan's interest in how things worked, and he built a reputation for fixing them. His first invention, made during this period, was a belt fastener for sewing machines. Morgan also invented a
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canceled their existing orders when they discovered he was black. Morgan said in his diary, "I had but a little schooling, but I am a graduate from the school of hard knocks and cruel treatment. I have personally saved nine lives."
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Morgan would also design a traffic signal in 1923 after witnessing a horrible crash at an intersection. His manually-operated design included moving arms featuring signals for "go" and "stop". He eventually sold the rights to
218:. The invention earned him the first prize at the Second International Exposition of Safety and Sanitation in New York City." In 1916, Morgan rescued workers trapped in a water intake tunnel 50 ft (15 m) beneath
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serve to help break down the shafts of prejudice with which you struggle. And is sure to be the beacon of light for those that follow you in the battles of life." Later, in 1917, a group of citizens of
172:. Garrett Morgan was the seventh of eleven children. Morgan only received a sixth grade education at Branch Elementary School in Claysville, Kentucky, then moved in search of work at the age of 14 to
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326:, and manure inside an enclosed tent. Disguised as "Big Chief Mason," he would enter the tent full of black smoke, and would remain there for 20 minutes before emerging unharmed.
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to market it. Morgan received great success and added other products including "hair-growing" cream, black hair oil dye, and a curved-tooth comb for hair straightening in 1910.
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cloth and it stood straight. He also observed that the liquid worked on his neighbor's dog and his own hair. He made the liquid into a refining cream and launched the
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1595:"Black History Month – Profiles in perseverance. You may not know their names. But these courageous Black Americans changed history"
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In 1931, seeing that the city was neither properly addressing the needs of its African American citizens, he ran for a seat on the
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The History of the Most Worshipful Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Ohio F&AM 1971–2011: The Fabric of Freemasonry
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He also developed later models that incorporated an airbag that could hold about 15 minutes of fresh air.
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765:. A joint effort by Case Western University and the Western Reserve Historical Society. February 23, 2005
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587:"Overcoming Discrimination by Consumers during the Age of Segregation: The Example of Garrett Morgan"
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646:"Black Inventor Garrett Morgan Saved Countless Lives with Gas Mask and Improved Traffic Lights"
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In 1908, he co-founded the Cleveland Association of Colored Men, which later merged with the
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in Canada. He would demonstrate the device by building a noxious fire fueled by tar, sulfur,
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Later designs would include an airbag containing about 15 minutes' worth of fresh air.
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design in 1914, also known as a 'breathing device'. That same year, he launched the
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1395:. Columbus, Ohio: Most Worshipful Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Ohio. p. 157.
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Note: This source for the tunnel fire makes no mention of Morgan by name, save
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927:"Garrett Morgan, African-American Inventor of the Traffic Light and Gas Mask"
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Morgan's invention of the safety hood was featured on the television show
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sold hair care products, including his patented hair straightening cream,
816:"Morgan, Garrett A., Sr. · Notable Kentucky African Americans Database"
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Sisson, Mary (2008). "Garrett Morgan". In Cavendish, Marshall (ed.).
913:, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, Case Western Reserve University.
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Brewer, Mary Jane; Clevel, Special to; .com (February 12, 2020).
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Inventing a safety hood protective device and a traffic signal
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The Unstoppable Garrett Morgan: Inventor, Entrepreneur, Hero
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100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia
955:"Garrett Morgan - Inventions, Traffic Light & Gas Mask"
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The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History—Waterworks Disasters
1338:. Vol. LX. Lawrence, Kansas. July 25, 1916. p. 1
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
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Inventing modern America: from the microwave to the mouse
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Inventing Modern America: from the microwave to the mouse
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396:. Morgan served as its treasurer. He was a member of the
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Inventor of the Week: Garrett A. Morgan: The Safety Hood
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Gates, Henry Louis; Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks (2004).
1023:. Vol. 4. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 1101–1107.
1242:"Curator speaks about Medina's Little Wiz Fire Museum"
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school bearing his name opened in the fall of 2016 in
1472:"Chicago Names School for Inventor Garrett A. Morgan"
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Morgan spent most of his teenage years working as a
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Who Made America? Pioneers: Garrett Augustus Morgan
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1448:. Cleveland OH: Case Western Reserve University.
1420:. New York: Lee & Low Books, Inc. p. 9.
1368:. Case Western Reserve University. Archived from
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568:"US Patent: US1113675A 'Breathing device' (1914)"
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132:(March 4, 1877 – July 27, 1963) was an American
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547:"US Patent: US1475024A 'Traffic signal' (1923)"
313:Newspaper photograph of Morgan's rescue in 1916
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468:At the Emancipation Centennial Celebration in
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1566:"Inventions that Shook the World: The 1910s"
402:historically black colleges and universities
1278:. New York: Time-Life Books. 1991. p.
720:Notable Kentucky African Americans Database
356:International Association of Fire Engineers
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1521:. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books.
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1303:Morgan, Garrett A. (October 13, 1914),
1111:Engineering and Technology History Wiki
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1366:The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History
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1212:Morgan, Garrett A. (March 24, 1914),
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1131:"Hero of Crib Explosion Dies at 86".
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69:Claysville, Harrison County, Kentucky
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27:American inventor and entrepreneur
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1542:. Alpha Phi Alpha. Archived from
1446:Encyclopedia of Cleveland History
857:from the original on May 18, 2015
696:from the original on May 27, 2015
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686:"Biography of Garrett A. Morgan"
508:Morgan is an honorary member of
482:Prince George's County, Maryland
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1362:"The Cleveland Call & Post"
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1327:"22 Men Killed Under Lake Fire"
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498:100 Greatest African Americans
216:National Safety Device Company
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1648:Businesspeople from Cleveland
1330:(On-Line Google News Archive)
763:The Encyclopedia of Cleveland
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407:Morgan, in 1920, founded the
343:Carnegie Hero Fund Commission
320:Walpole Island Indian Reserve
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1540:"Prominent Members of Alpha"
1517:Asante, Molefi Kete (2002),
1143:. July 29, 1963. p. 34.
1135:. July 28, 1963. p. AA6
270:Traffic light § History
7:
1643:People from Paris, Kentucky
909:September 20, 2016, at the
880:. Oxford University Press.
847:"Morgan, Garrett 1877-1963"
460:Grave of Garrett Morgan in
424:Morgan was a member of the
233:Later in life he developed
152:Morgan was born in 1877 in
130:Garrett Augustus Morgan Sr.
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1658:African-American inventors
1092:February 28, 2014, at the
722:. University of Kentucky.
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1504:January 29, 2016, at the
1499:Garrett Morgan Elementary
603:10.1017/S0007680512000372
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1183:Brown, David E. (2002).
1154:Brown, David E. (2002).
1096:, Black Inventor Museum.
1021:Inventors and Inventions
716:"Morgan, Garrett A., Sr"
148:Early life and education
1688:Alpha Phi Alpha members
1678:Inventors from Kentucky
931:www.clevelandpeople.com
591:Business History Review
522:Mysteries at the Museum
492:) also bears his name.
452:Awards and recognitions
414:Cleveland Call and Post
246:Products and inventions
55:Garrett Augustus Morgan
1416:DiCicco, Joan (2019).
1335:Lawrence Journal-World
878:African American Lives
845:Bianco, David (1992).
798:June 14, 2020, at the
585:Cook, Lisa D. (2012).
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433:Cleveland City Council
426:Prince Hall Freemasons
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299:Traffic signal design
287:Traffic signal design
1391:Gray, David (2012).
1191:. pp. 106–107.
1162:. pp. 106–107.
759:"Morgan, Garrett A."
388:Community leadership
1443:"Morgan Garrett A."
1107:"Garrett A. Morgan"
650:Scientific American
1683:Hunt–Morgan family
1546:on October 5, 2013
503:Molefi Kete Asante
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446:Lake View Cemetery
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251:Hair care products
240:Lake View Cemetery
1570:Discovery Channel
1441:Grabowski, John.
1427:978-1-62014-564-7
1402:978-0-615-63295-7
1306:Breathing device.
1215:Breathing device.
1198:978-0-262-26936-0
1187:. Cambridge, MA:
1169:978-0-262-26936-0
1158:. Cambridge, MA:
1139:"Death Notices".
1030:978-0-7614-7767-9
887:978-0-19-988286-1
382:Smoke hood design
370:Smoke hood design
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230:for $ 40,000.
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1560:
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1544:the original
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850:
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820:nkaa.uky.edu
819:
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690:OhioLink.edu
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111:Entrepreneur
82:(1963-07-27)
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1633:1963 deaths
1628:1877 births
1376:January 28,
158:Confederate
1622:Categories
1342:October 1,
529:References
525:(S08E05).
305:Smoke hood
268:See also:
212:smoke hood
104:Occupation
61:1877-03-04
1575:March 16,
1246:cleveland
1189:MIT Press
1160:MIT Press
965:March 30,
959:Biography
936:March 30,
611:2044-768X
478:Lexington
462:Cleveland
348:Cleveland
220:Lake Erie
1508:website.
1502:Archived
1456:July 19,
1450:Archived
1256:July 29,
1250:Archived
1220:archived
1090:Archived
907:Archived
855:Archived
796:Archived
724:Archived
694:Archived
655:June 25,
623:Archived
619:73554424
235:glaucoma
186:handyman
160:General
134:inventor
1550:May 27,
1484:May 27,
1312:May 23,
1226:May 23,
1116:May 27,
861:May 27,
730:May 27,
700:May 27,
629:June 5,
470:Chicago
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196:zigzag
180:Career
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71:, U.S.
805:.org.
615:S2CID
486:Metro
398:NAACP
1577:2013
1552:2015
1523:ISBN
1486:2015
1458:2020
1422:ISBN
1397:ISBN
1378:2015
1344:2013
1314:2016
1284:ISBN
1258:2020
1228:2016
1193:ISBN
1164:ISBN
1118:2015
1025:ISBN
967:2023
938:2023
882:ISBN
863:2015
827:2018
771:2013
732:2015
702:2015
657:2023
631:2020
607:ISSN
519:and
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51:Born
1599:CNN
1477:Jet
1060:MIT
803:PBS
599:doi
501:by
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
