1231:
589:
601:
1296:
79:
1394:
236:
38:
181:
820:
1281:
In fact, there is no unified Béarnais dialect, as the language differs considerably throughout the province. Many of the differences in pronunciation can be divided into east, west, and south (the mountainous regions). For example, an 'a' at the end of words is pronounced "ah" in the west, "o" in the
1717:
Stephan
Koppelberg, El lèxic hereditari caracteristic de l'occità i del gascó i la seva relació amb el del català (conclusions d'un analisi estadística), Actes del vuitè Col·loqui Internacional de Llengua i Literatura Catalana, Volume 1 (1988). Antoni M. Badia Margarit & Michel Camprubi ed. (in
788:
and
Spanish. Most people in the region are trilingual in all three languages, causing some influence from Spanish and Catalan. Both these influences tend to differentiate it more and more from the dialects of Gascon spoken in France. Most linguists now consider Aranese a distinct dialect of Occitan
950:, etc.). Basque gradually eroded across Gascony in the High Middle Ages (Basques from the Val d'Aran cited still circa 1000), with vulgar Latin and Basque interacting and mingling, but eventually with the former replacing the latter north of the east and middle Pyrenees and developing into Gascon.
1242:
A poll conducted in Béarn in 1982 indicated that 51% of the population could speak Gascon, 70% understood it, and 85% expressed a favourable opinion regarding the protection of the language. However, use of the language has declined dramatically over recent years as a result of the
1102:, the official language when Béarn was an independent state, does not correspond to a unified language: the three forms of Gascon are spoken in Béarn (in the south, Pyrenean Gascon, in the center and in the east, Eastern Gascon; to the north-west, Western Gascon).
822:
826:
825:
821:
827:
824:
1273:
that the population uses concurrently the term "Béarnais" to designate its Gascon forms. This is because of the political past of Béarn, which was independent and then part of a sovereign state (the shrinking
1863:
927:
Although some linguists deny the plausibility of the Basque substrate theory, it is widely assumed that Basque, the "Circumpyrenean" language (as put by Basque linguist
Alfonso Irigoyen and defended by
1014:) system of Gascon, a system that is more colloquial than characteristic of normative written Gascon and governs the use of certain preverbal particles (including the sometimes emphatic affirmative
1849:
Classification of X. Ravier according to the "Linguistic Atlas of
Gascony". Covered in particular by D. Sumien, “Classificacion dei dialèctes occitans”, “Linguistica occitana”, 7, September 2009,
893:'party/feast', this sound was weakened to aspirated and then, in some areas, lost altogether; according to the substrate theory, this is due to the Basque dialects' lack of an equivalent
4052:
1758:
1415:", the phrase being reproduced under this statue in the Lourdes grotto in Mistralian/Febusian spelling), confirming the proclamation of this Catholic dogma four years earlier.
823:
1282:
east, and "œ" in the south. Because of Béarn's specific political past, Béarnais has been distinguished from Gascon since the 16th century, not for linguistic reasons.
981:, where Gascon was spoken up to the early 18th century and often used in formal documents until the 16th century, with evidence of its continued occurrence in
932:, 1982), is the underlying language spreading around the Pyrenees onto the banks of the Garonne River, maybe as far east as the Mediterranean in Roman times (
4045:
858:
rather than dialects of a single language. Gascon, in particular, is distinct enough linguistically to have been described as a language in its own right.
841:
4038:
889:
A typically Gascon feature that may arise from this substrate is the change from "f" to "h". Where a word originally began with in Latin, such as
882:, which is the same root that gives us 'Basque', implies that the speakers identified themselves at some point as Basque. There is a proven Basque
199:
1366:
on medieval times, shared similar and singular features are noticeable between Gascon and other Latin languages on the other side of the border:
1835:
4012:
2123:
611:
1753:
886:
in the development of Gascon. This explains some of the major differences that exist between Gascon and other
Occitan dialects.
1893:
2574:
846:
While many scholars accept that
Occitan may constitute a single language, some authors reject this opinion and even the name
143:
2506:
1836:
The Gascon énonciatif system: Past, present, and future. A study of language contact, change, endangerment, and maintenance
1261:
The usual term for Gascon is "patois", a word designating in France a non-official and usually devaluated dialect (such as
115:
2309:
2304:
2248:
2136:
1258:
By April 2011, the
Endangered Languages Project estimated that there were only 250,000 native speakers of the language.
634:
2409:
2299:
2524:
851:
916:, ). Another phonological effect resulting from the Basque substrate may have been Gascon's reluctance to pronounce a
122:
3363:
2013:
1994:
1791:
1737:
1656:
1343:
510:
297:
279:
217:
162:
65:
1932:
1325:
1096:. It has been superseded by a sociolect of French that retains most of the lexical features of this former variety.
261:
3423:
2711:
2316:
2116:
2037:
1428:
1317:
624:
96:
51:
17:
129:
3511:
3412:
2071:
2049:
1975:
1321:
246:
100:
3382:
3319:
2997:
999:
from the 12th to the early 14th centuries, but the variant spoken and used in written records is mainly the
563:
111:
3446:
2849:
917:
894:
3887:
3325:
2294:
2223:
2058:
2097:
Lo gascon lèu e plan ("Gascon quick and well"), an instruction set for learning the language (in French)
4061:
3608:
3180:
2615:
2173:
2109:
413:
969:, acting as adstrate. The other one has taken place since the 11th century over the coastal fringe of
3195:
3107:
2716:
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2272:
2201:
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2151:
1634:
1357:
743:
403:
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2404:
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1306:
989:
and the establishment of ethnic boroughs in several towns based on the privileges bestowed on the
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257:
89:
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2620:
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1850:
1230:
771:
4192:
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4018:
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3417:
3395:
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2699:
2462:
1412:
813:
720:
3682:
2650:
136:
4223:
4125:
4120:
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3358:
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3117:
2916:
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2796:
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1398:
809:
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4030:
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3165:
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8:
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57:
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1577:
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253:
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2426:
2414:
2333:
2321:
2238:
2213:
2207:
2132:
2101:
2009:
1990:
1971:
1787:
1733:
1620:
1378:
708:
575:
393:
4090:
3757:
2726:
2704:
1649:
1627:
630:
4289:
4245:
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4166:
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4143:
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3638:
3625:
3619:
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2346:
2243:
1881:
Gascon et français chez les Israélites d’Aquitaine. Documents et inventaire lexical
1662:
1266:
1000:
794:
785:
781:
724:
660:
418:
378:
331:
4239:
3643:
3593:
1864:
Diglossia among French
Sephardim as a motivation for the genesis of ‘Judeo-Gascon’
978:
4212:
4186:
4173:
4153:
3952:
3938:
3819:
3721:
3711:
3655:
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3494:
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3244:
3173:
3155:
3129:
3102:
3032:
2989:
2901:
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2834:
2721:
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2635:
2357:
2289:
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2091:
2053:
2041:
1937:
1897:
1762:
1582:
1382:
1363:
1072:
1054:
986:
962:
929:
867:
703:
482:
365:
4263:
2955:
1808:
568:
4257:
4003:
3910:
3905:
3826:
3668:
3400:
2960:
2906:
2876:
2768:
2452:
2380:
2326:
1911:
1682:
1262:
1248:
939:
763:
3049:
1090:
of Gascon with special phonetic and lexical features, which linguistics named
4278:
3945:
3848:
3836:
3568:
3276:
2933:
2871:
2367:
775:
767:
1699:
Chambon, Jean-Pierre; Greub, Yan (2002). "Note sur l'âge du (proto)gascon".
4251:
3727:
3587:
3027:
2982:
1092:
953:
However, modern Basque has had lexical influence from Gascon in words like
1666:
1238:: French, Basque, and Gascon Occitan ("Mayretat", "Sindicat d'initiatibe")
538:
533:
3789:
3782:
3519:
3085:
2076:
974:
798:
3054:
588:
3097:
3067:
3059:
3015:
3010:
2660:
2419:
1252:
1019:
947:
797:
and
Spanish in all of Catalonia (before, this status was valid for the
3863:
3701:
3043:
2338:
2063:
2034:
1780:
Jimeno
Aranguren, Roldan (2004). Lopez-Mugartza Iriarte, J.C. (ed.).
1371:
1087:
991:
913:
790:
548:
526:
478:
3489:
2046:
1616:
1295:
600:
264:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
78:
3648:
3484:
3300:
2748:
2596:
1587:
1079:
970:
934:
694:
642:
3853:
1393:
1270:
1086:
and other cities, spoke until the beginning of the 20th century a
731:
3472:
3337:
3075:
2499:
2484:
1402:
1235:
1083:
897:
866:
The language spoken in Gascony before Roman rule was part of the
759:
712:
638:
356:
3674:
3020:
2943:
2923:
2655:
982:
716:
608:
500:
342:
2029:
1689:, 2e éd. Tubingen, Max Niemeyer, & Pau, Marrimpouey jeune.
1049:
Gascon is divided into three varieties or dialect sub-groups:
965:
came about through language contact in bordering areas of the
784:, a southern Gascon variety, is spoken in Catalonia alongside
2938:
2911:
874:); the fact that the word 'Gascon' comes from the Latin root
473:
388:
346:
1783:
Vascuence y Romance: Ebro-Garona, Un Espacio de Comunicación
850:: instead, they argue that the latter is a cover term for a
4060:
755:
738:) in southwestern France (in parts of the following French
678:
2066:
789:
and Gascon. Since the 2006 adoption of the new statute of
727:, although some authors consider it a different language.
641:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1406:
1356:
Probably as a consequence of the linguistic continuum of
904:
or . A similar change took place in Spanish. Thus, Latin
669:
666:
318:
1779:
961:. One way for the introduction of Gascon influence into
1786:. Pamplona: Gobierno de Navarra / Nafarroako Gobernua.
1269:), regardless of the concerned region. It is mainly in
1057:
and North-Gascon (bazadais, high-landese and bordelese)
942:
as the name of each nymph taking care of the Roman spa
2131:
2047:
Cap'òc : Unitat d'Animacion Pedagogica en Occitan
2003:
1247:
taking place during the last centuries, as Gascon is
681:
675:
672:
607:
Gascon is classified as Definitely Endangered by the
2823:
2081:
2004:
Birabent, Jean-Pierre; Salles-Loustau, Jean (1989).
1041:) has also been attributed to the Basque substrate.
842:
Debates concerning Occitan linguistic classification
663:
190:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
103:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
920:at the beginning of words, resolved by means of a
1984:
1381:and French) one of the Romance influences on the
1194:Plural formation: the young men – the young women
985:in the 1870s. A minor focus of influence was the
4276:
2072:IBG site opposing Gascon and Béarnais to Occitan
1732:. Reno: Center for Basque Studies. pp. xi.
1285:
1985:Leclercq, Jean-Marc; Javaloyès, Sèrgi (2004).
1806:
4046:
2117:
1894:"No Ethnologue report for language code: gsc"
804:It was also one of the mother tongues of the
2077:IRC chat room devoted to the Gascon language
1970:(in French). Denguin: Imprimerie des Gaves.
1698:
1251:any longer (outside of schools, such as the
1071:Pyrenean or southern Gascon, which includes
835:
4013:languages with more than 5 million speakers
2035:Teaching of Occitan and Basque in Aquitania
1324:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
66:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4053:
4039:
3596:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)
2124:
2110:
2059:Gascon Lanas (Institut d'Estudis Occitans)
1965:
1687:Le Gascon. Études de philologie pyrénéenne
599:
587:
27:Occitan dialect spoken in France and Spain
1829:
1827:
1344:Learn how and when to remove this message
298:Learn how and when to remove this message
280:Learn how and when to remove this message
218:Learn how and when to remove this message
202:, without removing the technical details.
163:Learn how and when to remove this message
1811:. IMPRENTA DE LA DIPUTACION DE GUIPUZCOA
1727:
1677:
1675:
1392:
1229:
1225:
818:
612:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
4062:Occitano-Romance languages and dialects
1598:
1249:rarely transmitted to young generations
1204:Eths / los gojats – eras / las gojatas
730:Gascon is mostly spoken in Gascony and
711:variety spoken mainly in the region of
635:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
4277:
1843:
1824:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1198:Les jeunes hommes – les jeunes filles
912:() (or, in some parts of southwestern
693:
4034:
2105:
1933:"Endangered languages: the full list"
1672:
1165:Negation: He wasn't listening to him
1060:Eastern or interior Gascon, known as
702:
455:
330:
200:make it understandable to non-experts
1370:and far-western Catalan (Catalan of
1322:adding citations to reliable sources
1289:
1078:The Jews of Gascony, who resided in
831:A Gascon speaker recorded in France.
229:
174:
101:adding citations to reliable sources
72:
31:
1768:
1765:, Ediciones Mágina. Barcelona, 2002
1617:"639 Identifier Documentation: gsc"
1405:, 25 March 1858) in Gascon saying:
1044:
861:
24:
4017:Languages between parentheses are
1408:Que soy era Immaculada Councepciou
1362:and the French influence over the
25:
4301:
3897:(unknown further classification)
2023:
1018:, the occasionally mitigating or
957:("glass"), which is also seen in
47:This article has multiple issues.
1401:, the Virgin Mary spoke to her (
1294:
659:
234:
179:
77:
36:
1925:
1904:
1886:
1873:
1856:
1800:
1053:Western Gascon, which includes
88:needs additional citations for
55:or discuss these issues on the
4021:of the language on their left.
3891:(Western Romance-based pidgin)
1746:
1721:
1711:
1692:
1609:
1397:According to the testimony of
1377:Gascon is also (with Spanish,
793:, Aranese is co-official with
13:
1:
2006:Memento grammatical du gascon
1959:
1833:Marcus, Nicole Elise (2010).
1658:IANA language subtag registry
1407:
1286:Influences on other languages
1219:Los gojats – las dònas/gojas
1029:, and the even more emphatic
1701:Revue de Linguistique Romane
1122:Commingeois and Couseranais
7:
3888:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
1966:Darrigrand, Robert (1985).
1883:. Paris: Classiques Garnier
1868:Journal of Jewish Languages
1809:"LOS GASCONES EN GUIPÚZCOA"
1561:
1388:
1210:Eths gojats – eras gojatas
719:. It is often considered a
260:the claims made and adding
10:
4306:
3590:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish)
2616:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
2410:Central−Southern Calabrian
1728:Allières, Jacques (2016).
1128:Bazadais and High-Landese
839:
537:retired and subsumed into
4232:
4136:
4113:
4068:
3995:
3979:
3930:
3879:
3803:
3607:
3580:
3529:
3381:
3267:
3213:
3194:
3145:
2812:
2565:
2556:
2517:
2397:
2282:
2271:
2182:
2144:
2085:, Gascon language journal
1216:Los gojats – las gojatas
1213:Los gojats – las gojatas
1201:Los gojats – las gojatas
1136:Affirmation: He is going
870:dialectal continuum (see
836:Linguistic classification
621:
598:
586:
574:
562:
546:
539:
524:
519:
491:
469:Official language in
467:
462:
450:
362:
352:
338:
326:
317:
312:
2898:North American dialects
2405:Extreme Southern Italian
1968:Comment écrire le gascon
1840:eScholarship Publishing.
1761:13 February 2012 at the
1603:
1189:Ne l'escotava pas/briga
1174:Non / ne l’escotava pas
812:and his younger brother
2317:Central−Northern Latian
2052:6 February 2007 at the
2040:5 February 2007 at the
2030:Museum of local culture
1807:Múgica Zufiría (1923).
1265:) or language (such as
1207:Es gojats – es gojates
1116:Béarnese and Bigourdan
967:Northern Basque Country
2621:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
2090:9 January 2016 at the
2008:(in French). Reclams.
1989:(in French). Assimil.
1870:5/1, 2017, p. 104-119.
1416:
1239:
832:
623:This article contains
319:
4224:Southern Languedocien
4126:Southern Languedocien
4069:Arverno-Mediterranean
3108:Poitevin–Saintongeais
1951:Definitely endangered
1879:Nahon, Peter (2018).
1413:Immaculate Conception
1396:
1278:) from 1347 to 1620.
1233:
1226:Usage of the language
1168:Il ne l’écoutait pas
840:Further information:
830:
810:Richard the Lionheart
2917:St. Marys Bay French
2441:Neapolitan–Calabrese
1900:on 4 September 2012.
1862:Peter Nahon (2017).
1599:Notes and references
1531:petit/pichon/pichòt
1399:Bernadette Soubirous
1318:improve this section
1186:(Ne) l’escotèva pas
744:Pyrénées-Atlantiques
707:) is the vernacular
593:Gascon speaking area
97:improve this article
3269:Galician–Portuguese
2295:Central Marchigiano
1573:Languages of France
1568:Occitan conjugation
1234:Trilingual sign in
1180:Non l’escotava cap
1037:, and the "polite"
959:Galician-Portuguese
872:Aquitanian language
695:[ɡasˈku(ŋ)]
493:Recognised minority
332:[ɡasˈku(ŋ)]
3683:Catalan Ribagorçan
3530:Pyrenean–Mozarabic
2802:Judaeo-Piedmontese
2712:Bustocco–Legnanese
2507:Northern Calabrian
2067:Per Noste edicions
1987:Le Gascon de poche
1755:Abecedario andaluz
1593:Aragonese language
1417:
1276:Kingdom of Navarre
1240:
1183:Ne l’escotava pas
1171:Ne l’escotèva pas
1025:, the exclamatory
997:Kingdom of Navarre
833:
506:Nouvelle-Aquitaine
245:possibly contains
4272:
4271:
4220:
4202:
4195:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4137:Aquitano-Pyrenean
4129:
4106:
4094:
4028:
4027:
4004:extinct languages
3926:
3925:
3603:
3602:
3562:Navarro-Aragonese
3447:Peruvian Ribereño
3372:Judaeo-Portuguese
3287:Galician–Asturian
3190:
3189:
3181:Old Gallo-Romance
3135:Wisconsin Walloon
2552:
2551:
2525:Dalmatian Romance
2133:Romance languages
1752:A. R. Almodóvar:
1621:SIL International
1559:
1558:
1379:Navarro-Aragonese
1354:
1353:
1346:
1223:
1222:
900:, causing Gascon
828:
649:
648:
631:rendering support
627:phonetic symbols.
308:
307:
300:
290:
289:
282:
247:original research
228:
227:
220:
173:
172:
165:
147:
70:
16:(Redirected from
4297:
4246:Judaeo-Provençal
4210:
4198:
4191:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4123:
4100:
4088:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4032:
4031:
3549:Judaeo-Aragonese
3538:Andalusi Romance
3391:Amazonic Spanish
3228:Western Asturian
3211:
3210:
3150:Franco-Provençal
2821:
2820:
2717:Comasco–Lecchese
2575:Emilian–Romagnol
2563:
2562:
2363:Regional Italian
2353:Italo-Australian
2280:
2279:
2202:Megleno-Romanian
2126:
2119:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2019:
2000:
1981:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1896:. Archived from
1890:
1884:
1877:
1871:
1860:
1854:
1847:
1841:
1831:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1777:
1766:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1696:
1690:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1613:
1578:Béarnese dialect
1419:
1418:
1410:
1349:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1298:
1290:
1177:Non la escotaua
1157:(Qu’) i va/vai.
1125:Interior Gascon
1105:
1104:
1045:Gascon varieties
919:
896:
862:Basque substrate
829:
736:Béarnese dialect
706:
704:[ɡaskɔ̃]
701:
697:
692:
688:
687:
684:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
658:
615:
603:
591:
582:
558:
541:
536:
529:
495:language in
414:Occitano-Romance
368:
334:
322:
310:
309:
303:
296:
285:
278:
274:
271:
265:
262:inline citations
238:
237:
230:
223:
216:
212:
209:
203:
183:
182:
175:
168:
161:
157:
154:
148:
146:
112:"Gascon dialect"
105:
81:
73:
62:
40:
39:
32:
21:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4233:Other varieties
4228:
4187:Western Catalan
4154:Eastern Catalan
4132:
4114:Central Occitan
4109:
4105:and Waldensian)
4064:
4059:
4029:
4024:
3991:
3975:
3953:Pannonian Latin
3939:African Romance
3922:
3875:
3806:
3799:
3737:Judeo-Provençal
3610:
3599:
3576:
3525:
3435:Chilean Chilote
3377:
3263:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3186:
3174:Moselle Romance
3141:
2990:Missouri French
2951:Franco-Ontarian
2826:
2815:
2808:
2548:
2513:
2490:Southern Latian
2393:
2358:Maltese Italian
2290:Central Italian
2274:
2267:
2262:Common Romanian
2178:
2162:Italo-Dalmatian
2140:
2130:
2092:Wayback Machine
2054:Wayback Machine
2042:Wayback Machine
2026:
2016:
1997:
1978:
1962:
1957:
1944:
1942:
1941:. 15 April 2011
1938:TheGuardian.com
1931:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1874:
1861:
1857:
1848:
1844:
1832:
1825:
1821:Site in Spanish
1814:
1812:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1778:
1769:
1763:Wayback Machine
1751:
1747:
1740:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1712:
1697:
1693:
1683:Rohlfs, Gerhard
1680:
1673:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1637:. 22 April 2018
1633:
1632:
1628:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1583:Landese dialect
1564:
1391:
1383:Basque language
1359:western Romania
1350:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1315:
1299:
1288:
1228:
1195:
1073:Aranese dialect
1055:Landese dialect
1047:
987:Way of St James
973:extending from
930:Koldo Mitxelena
864:
844:
838:
819:
748:Hautes-Pyrénées
699:
690:
662:
656:
655:
629:Without proper
617:
616:
606:
594:
580:
554:
532:
525:
515:
496:
494:
470:
463:Official status
446:
404:Western Romance
384:Latino-Faliscan
369:
366:Language family
364:
345:
304:
293:
292:
291:
286:
275:
269:
266:
251:
239:
235:
224:
213:
207:
204:
196:help improve it
193:
184:
180:
169:
158:
152:
149:
106:
104:
94:
82:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
18:Gascon language
15:
12:
11:
5:
4303:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4285:Gascon dialect
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4258:Judaeo-Catalan
4255:
4249:
4243:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4151:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4095:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4058:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4035:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4015:
4006:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3892:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3811:
3809:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3704:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3677:
3672:
3669:Judaeo-Catalan
3665:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3636:
3628:
3615:
3613:
3605:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3591:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3558:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3541:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3424:Latin American
3420:
3415:
3403:
3401:Judaeo-Spanish
3398:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3328:
3323:
3316:
3304:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3219:
3217:
3208:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3052:
3047:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2896:
2891:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2818:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2794:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2571:
2569:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2544:Judaeo-Italian
2541:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2286:
2284:
2277:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2204:
2199:
2197:Istro-Romanian
2194:
2188:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2145:Major branches
2142:
2141:
2137:classification
2129:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2061:
2056:
2044:
2032:
2025:
2024:External links
2022:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2001:
1995:
1982:
1976:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1924:
1903:
1885:
1872:
1855:
1842:
1823:
1799:
1792:
1767:
1745:
1738:
1720:
1710:
1691:
1671:
1648:
1626:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:minjar/manjar
1497:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1390:
1387:
1352:
1351:
1302:
1300:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1058:
1046:
1043:
940:Joan Coromines
908:gives Spanish
863:
860:
837:
834:
778:of Catalonia.
764:Lot-et-Garonne
647:
646:
633:, you may see
619:
618:
605:
604:
596:
595:
592:
584:
583:
578:
572:
571:
566:
560:
559:
552:
544:
543:
530:
522:
521:
520:Language codes
517:
516:
514:
513:
508:
499:
497:
492:
489:
488:
487:
486:
471:
468:
465:
464:
460:
459:
452:
448:
447:
445:
444:
443:
442:
441:
440:
439:
438:
437:
436:
435:
434:
433:
432:
431:
430:
429:
428:
427:
426:
372:
370:
363:
360:
359:
354:
350:
349:
340:
339:Native to
336:
335:
328:
324:
323:
315:
314:
306:
305:
288:
287:
242:
240:
233:
226:
225:
187:
185:
178:
171:
170:
85:
83:
76:
71:
45:
44:
42:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4302:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4241:
4240:Old Provençal
4238:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4193:North-Western
4190:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4127:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4104:
4099:
4098:Vivaro-Alpine
4096:
4092:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4056:
4051:
4049:
4044:
4042:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3988:
3987:Proto-Romance
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:Reconstructed
3978:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3946:British Latin
3943:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3802:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3765:Vivaro-Alpine
3763:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3606:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3571:
3570:
3569:Old Navarrese
3566:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3419:
3418:Equatoguinean
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3199:
3193:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3056:
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2172:
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2157:Italo-Western
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1303:This section
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1003:of Toulouse.
1002:
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979:San Sebastian
976:
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815:
814:John Lackland
811:
807:
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800:
796:
792:
787:
783:
779:
777:
774:) and in the
773:
769:
768:Haute-Garonne
765:
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409:Gallo-Romance
407:
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399:Italo-Western
397:
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374:Indo-European
371:
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327:Pronunciation
325:
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316:
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259:
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243:This article
241:
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188:This article
186:
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167:
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145:
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114: –
113:
109:
108:Find sources:
102:
98:
92:
91:
86:This article
84:
80:
75:
74:
69:
67:
60:
59:
54:
53:
48:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
4264:Catalan Caló
4252:Judeo-Gascon
4207:
4121:Languedocien
4008:
3999:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3886:
3788:
3781:
3743:Languedocien
3735:
3728:Judeo-Gascon
3726:
3706:
3667:
3618:
3588:Barranquenho
3567:
3560:
3536:
3518:
3460:
3422:
3405:
3396:Extremaduran
3370:
3344:
3330:
3318:
3306:
3299:
3256:
3215:Asturleonese
3179:
3172:
3130:West Walloon
3118:Saintongeais
3066:
3042:
3038:Anglo-Norman
2996:
2929:Newfoundland
2889:Jersey Legal
2881:
2789:
2754:Southwestern
2737:Vallassinese
2626:Gallo-Picene
2567:Gallo-Italic
2529:
2445:
2440:
2379:
2345:
2260:
2206:
2082:
2005:
1986:
1967:
1950:
1943:. Retrieved
1936:
1927:
1915:. Retrieved
1906:
1898:the original
1888:
1880:
1875:
1867:
1858:
1845:
1834:
1813:. Retrieved
1802:
1784:
1781:
1754:
1748:
1729:
1723:
1713:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1686:
1657:
1651:
1639:. Retrieved
1629:
1611:
1425:Translation
1376:
1358:
1355:
1340:
1331:
1316:Please help
1304:
1280:
1260:
1257:
1245:Francization
1241:
1098:
1093:Judeo-Gascon
1091:
1077:
1061:
1048:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1005:
990:
954:
952:
943:
933:
926:
909:
905:
901:
890:
888:
879:
875:
865:
855:
854:of distinct
847:
845:
803:
780:
740:départements
739:
729:
651:
650:
622:
547:
454:
423:
294:
276:
267:
244:
214:
205:
189:
159:
150:
140:
133:
126:
119:
107:
95:Please help
90:verification
87:
63:
56:
50:
49:Please help
46:
29:
4211:(including
4124:(excepting
4101:(including
4089:(including
3964:Campidanese
3790:Old Catalan
3783:Old Occitan
3520:Old Spanish
3454:Rioplatense
3258:Old Leonese
3086:Cotentinais
3050:Guernésiais
2973:Frenchville
2966:New England
2845:Bourbonnais
2797:Piedmontese
2791:Old Lombard
2683:Bergamasque
2607:Sammarinese
1730:The Basques
1641:11 February
1411:("I am the
1253:Calandretas
1062:parlar clar
975:Hondarribia
922:prothetical
856:lengas d'òc
799:Aran Valley
637:instead of
4279:Categories
4011:indicates
3969:Logudorese
3502:Philippine
3468:Andalusian
3462:Peninsular
3352:Estremenho
3308:Portuguese
3235:Cantabrian
3068:Law French
3060:Sercquiais
2894:Meridional
2855:Champenois
2850:Burgundian
2661:Tabarchino
2651:Monégasque
2590:Parmigiano
2447:Neapolitan
2420:Manduriano
2387:Florentine
2254:Wallachian
2224:Bukovinian
1977:2868660061
1960:References
1707:: 473–495.
1334:April 2021
1154:Que i va.
1151:Que i va.
1145:Que i va.
1142:Qu' i va.
1131:Bordelese
1020:dubitative
1012:enunciatiu
1010:(Occitan:
1008:énonciatif
948:Roussillon
924:vowel.
776:Val d'Aran
270:April 2023
254:improve it
208:April 2023
153:April 2021
123:newspapers
52:improve it
4200:Valencian
4160:Algherese
4103:Mentonasc
4086:Provençal
4076:Auvergnat
4019:varieties
4002:indicate
3959:Sardinian
3916:Triestine
3864:Sursilvan
3775:Mentonasc
3753:Provençal
3702:Auvergnat
3688:Valencian
3644:Mallorcan
3634:Algherese
3609:Occitano-
3556:Navarrese
3544:Aragonese
3480:Castilian
3383:Castilian
3359:Uruguayan
3332:Brazilian
3295:Minderico
3289:/Eonavian
3252:Mirandese
3166:Valdôtain
3152:/Arpitan
3093:Orléanais
3044:Auregnais
3028:Mayennais
2978:Louisiana
2860:Ardennais
2840:Berrichon
2646:Intemelio
2602:Forlivese
2585:Bolognese
2531:Dalmatian
2495:Tarantino
2458:Benevento
2415:Salentino
2375:Sassarese
2339:Gallurese
2322:Romanesco
2275:Dalmatian
2239:Moldavian
2234:Maramureș
2192:Aromanian
2064:Per Noste
1667:Q57271947
1552:dia/jorn
1372:La Franja
1368:Aragonese
1305:does not
1088:sociolect
938:cited by
914:Andalusia
884:substrate
791:Catalonia
657:English:
581:oc-gascon
549:Glottolog
527:ISO 639-3
511:Occitania
479:Catalonia
456:see below
258:verifying
58:talk page
4217:Béarnese
4181:Northern
4167:Balearic
4149:dialects
4081:Limousin
3895:Venetian
3869:Vallader
3859:Surmiran
3832:Cadorino
3815:Friulian
3748:Limousin
3717:Béarnese
3679:Western
3661:Northern
3649:Menorcan
3639:Balearic
3630:Eastern
3626:dialects
3485:Castrapo
3442:Peruvian
3413:dialects
3346:European
3314:dialects
3301:Portugis
3282:Galician
3223:Asturian
3161:Savoyard
3113:Poitevin
3081:Cauchois
3055:Jèrriais
2902:Canadian
2781:Varesino
2776:Ticinese
2764:Novarese
2759:Cremunés
2749:Ossolano
2744:Milanese
2732:Lecchese
2700:Brianzöö
2631:Ligurian
2597:Romagnol
2478:Arianese
2473:Irpinian
2468:Cilentan
2432:Pantesco
2427:Sicilian
2398:Southern
2334:Corsican
2310:Macerata
2305:Fabriano
2244:Oltenian
2214:dialects
2174:Southern
2088:Archived
2050:Archived
2038:Archived
1912:"Gascon"
1815:12 April
1759:Archived
1718:Catalan)
1685:. 1970.
1663:Wikidata
1635:"Gascon"
1588:Vergonha
1562:See also
1478:òmi/òme
1389:Examples
1139:Il y va
1119:Aranese
1113:Landese
1100:Béarnais
1080:Bordeaux
1066:Béarnese
971:Gipuzkoa
880:vasconem
643:Help:IPA
556:gasc1240
451:Dialects
4290:Gascony
4213:Aranese
4174:Central
4144:Catalan
4000:Italics
3901:Chipilo
3844:Romansh
3807:Romance
3805:Rhaeto-
3770:Gardiol
3722:Landese
3712:Aranese
3697:Occitan
3656:Central
3620:Catalan
3611:Romance
3512:Creoles
3507:Saharan
3495:Murcian
3473:Llanito
3430:Chilean
3407:Spanish
3364:Creoles
3338:Mineiro
3320:African
3245:Riberan
3240:Leonese
3205:Iberian
3198:Romance
3125:Walloon
3098:Paydret
3076:Augeron
3016:Vosgien
3011:Gaumais
3006:Lorrain
2998:Creoles
2961:Muskrat
2907:Acadian
2835:Angevin
2825:Langues
2816:Romance
2722:Comasco
2695:Western
2688:Cremish
2678:Eastern
2673:Lombard
2641:Genoese
2636:Brigasc
2580:Emilian
2558:Western
2537:Istriot
2500:Vastese
2485:Molisan
2347:Italian
2283:Central
2229:Crișana
2184:Eastern
2167:Western
2152:Eastern
2083:A Vòste
1528:little
1445:heaven
1403:Lourdes
1326:removed
1311:sources
1267:Occitan
1236:Bayonne
1160:I vai.
1110:French
1084:Bayonne
1001:Occitan
995:by the
898:phoneme
848:Occitan
806:English
801:only).
795:Catalan
786:Catalan
782:Aranese
760:Gironde
725:Occitan
721:variety
713:Gascony
709:Romance
700:French:
691:Gascon:
639:Unicode
483:Aranese
419:Occitan
394:Romance
357:Gascony
252:Please
194:Please
137:scholar
4208:Gascon
4091:Niçard
3931:Others
3911:Talian
3906:Fiuman
3880:Others
3820:Fornes
3758:Niçard
3707:Gascon
3675:Patuet
3581:Others
3490:Castúo
3196:Ibero-
3156:Faetar
3103:Picard
3033:Norman
3021:Welche
2944:Magoua
2934:Quebec
2924:Brayon
2883:French
2865:Rémois
2814:Gallo-
2769:Pavese
2727:Laghée
2705:Canzés
2656:Royasc
2518:Others
2453:Barese
2381:Tuscan
2327:Sabino
2300:Ancona
2273:Italo-
2012:
1993:
1974:
1945:5 July
1917:5 July
1851:online
1790:
1736:
1665:
1542:nueit
1539:night
1510:béver
1507:drink
1489:hemna
1486:woman
1455:water
1438:tèrra
1435:Earth
1148:I va.
992:Francs
983:Pasaia
963:Basque
906:facere
868:Basque
852:family
808:kings
772:Ariège
770:, and
752:Landes
717:France
652:Gascon
614:(2010)
609:UNESCO
569:Gascon
501:France
424:Gascon
379:Italic
353:Region
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