1564:
330:' had been the result of gaslighting by staffers of the retirement home, who knew the woman had suffered from paranoid psychosis 15 years prior. The research paper, "Gaslighting: A Marital Syndrome", includes clinical observations of the impact on wives after their reactions were mislabeled by their husbands and male therapists. Other experts have noted values and techniques of therapists can be harmful as well as helpful to clients (or indirectly to other people in a client's life).
99:
148:, it portrays a seemingly genteel husband using lies and manipulation to isolate his heiress wife and persuade her that she is mentally unwell so that he can steal from her. The term "gaslighting" itself is neither in the screenplay nor mentioned in either the films or the play in any context. One of the husband's tricks is to secretly dim and brighten the indoor gas-powered lighting, while he insists his wife is imagining it.
346:' for some suicide in some of the worst situations." Dorpat also cautions clinicians about the unintentional abuse of patients when using interrogation and other methods of covert control in Psychotherapy and Analysis, as these methods can subtly coerce patients rather than respect and genuinely help them.
471:
To say gaslighting was started by... any extant group is not simply wrong, it also misses an important point. Gaslighting comes directly from blending modern communications, marketing, and advertising techniques with long-standing methods of propaganda. They were simply waiting to be discovered by
439:
The word "gaslighting" is often used incorrectly to refer to conflicts and disagreements. According to Robin Stern, PhD, co-founder of the Yale Center for
Emotional Intelligence, "Gaslighting is often used in an accusatory way when somebody may just be insistent on something, or somebody may be
341:
attitudes and methods on the part of clinicians, and "treating patients as active collaborators and equal partners". He writes, "Therapists may contribute to the victim's distress through mislabeling the reactions.... The gaslighting behaviors of the spouse provide a recipe for the so-called
260:
The term gaslighting is more often used to refer to a pattern of behavior over a long duration, not a one-off instance of persuasion, but the method(s) of persuasion is the defining trait of gaslighting behavior. Over time, the listening partner may exhibit symptoms often associated with
2725:
349:
This increased global awareness of the dangers of gaslighting has not been met with enthusiasm by all psychologists, some of whom have issued warnings that overuse of the term could weaken its meaning and minimize the serious health effects of such abuse.
963:
The verb 'to gaslight,' voted by the
American Dialect Society in 2016 as the word most useful/likely to succeed, and defined as "to psychologically manipulate a person into questioning their own sanity," derives from MGM's 1944 movie, directed by George
452:"Medical gaslighting" is an informal term that refers to patients having their real symptoms dismissed or downplayed by medical professionals, leading to incorrect diagnoses. Women and racial minorities are more likely to be affected by the phenomenon.
2316:
358:
Gaslighting is a way to control the moment, stop conflict, ease anxiety, and feel in control. However, it often deflects responsibility and tears down the other person. Some may gaslight their partners by denying events, including personal violence.
2447:
Carol Anne
Constabile-Heming & Valentina Glajar & Alison Lewis (2021). "Citizen informants, glitches in the system, and the limits of collaboration: Eastern experiences in the cold war era". In Andreas Marklund & Laura Skouvig (ed.).
2717:
379:. Studies have shown that gaslighting is more prevalent in couples where one or both partners have maladaptive personality traits (such as traits associated with short-term mental illness like depression), substance-induced illness (e.g.,
630:
had a months-long storyline about retaliation and Gabi's systematic efforts to have her best friend
Abigail committed into a mental health care facility. In the end, Gabi gleefully confessed to Abigail what she had done to her and why.
233:
to describe a dynamic that can occur in personal relationships (romantic or parental) and in workplace relationships. Gaslighting involves two parties: the "gaslighter", who persistently puts forth a false narrative in order to
596:
aired a two-year long storyline about Helen who was subjected to slow-burning coercive control by her bullying, manipulative husband, Rob. The show shocked listeners, sparking a national discussion about domestic abuse.
503:, which were designed to paralyze the ability of hostile-negative (politically incorrect or rebellious) people to operate without unjustifiably imprisoning them, which would have resulted in international condemnation.
443:
Some mental health experts have expressed concern that the broader use of the term is diluting its usefulness and may make it more difficult to identify the specific type of abuse described in the original definition.
2298:
2643:
311:-owning husband was an alcoholic in order to leave him and take control of the pub, and a retirement home manager who gave laxatives to a resident before referring her to a psychiatric hospital for slight
691:, a praised atheistic Russian work originally self-published in 1995 that came out in English in 2022, proposes politically motivated gaslighting as the origin of the foundational Christian belief in the
683:
In 2022, Merriam-Webster named "gaslighting" as its Word of the Year due to the vast increase in channels and technologies used to mislead and the word becoming common for the perception of deception.
2602:
606:, Rachel has severe depression and alcoholism. The storyline evolves around Rachel's blackouts as her husband consistently tells her that she has done terrible things that she did not actually do.
2395:
322:
In 1977, at a time when published literature on gaslighting was still sparse, Lund and
Gardiner published a case report on an elderly woman who was repeatedly involuntarily committed for alleged
2700:
1945:
1720:
Basseches, Michael (April 1997). "A developmental perspective on psychotherapy process, psychotherapists' expertise, and 'meaning-making conflict' within therapeutic relationships: part II".
307:, motivated by a desire to get rid of relatives or obtain financial gain: a wife attempting to frame her husband as violent so she could elope with her lover, another wife alleging that her
2758:
886:
1274:
2786:
2552:.... So it's really a certain kind of mind fucking, or messing with somebody's head by.... Becker: That's sort of the rich old tradition of gaslighting which we were invoking.
1351:
476:
The term has been used to describe the behavior of politicians and media personalities on both the left and the right sides of the political spectrum. Some examples include:
985:
326:, by staffers of her retirement home, but whose symptoms always disappeared shortly after admittance without any treatment. After investigation, it was discovered that her '
2274:
430:
Those being gaslighted must learn that they do not need others to validate their reality, and they need to gain self-reliance and confidence in defining their own reality.
1141:
644:, aired 24 episodes about the lies being told by politicians in the news. The segments were named "Keeping Them Honest: We'll Leave The Gaslight on for You, Part __".
2343:
1039:
1911:
1872:
2675:
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1994:
2569:
1500:
183:
or to justify commitment of the gaslighted person to a psychiatric institution". Largely an obscure or esoteric term until gaining popularity in the mid-2010s –
2504:
1070:
2592:
252:
one partner is consistently negating the other's perception, insisting that they are wrong, or telling them that their emotional reaction is irrational or
1111:
2954:
1243:
2385:
245:
Gaslighting is different from genuine relationship disagreement, which is both common and important in relationships. Gaslighting is distinct in that:
2817:
2692:
1937:
950:
614:
70:, defined as manipulating someone into questioning their own perception of reality. The expression, which derives from the title of the 1944 film
2368:
577:) explain that the lyrics were inspired by a term they heard in New York City, "gaslighting", which they believed was derived from the 1944 film
1833:
90:" frequently improperly used to describe ordinary disagreements, rather than those situations that align with the word's historical definition.
281:
The word gaslighting is occasionally used in clinical literature, but is considered a colloquialism by the
American Psychological Association.
2750:
2203:
242:. Gaslighting is typically effective only when there is an unequal power dynamic or when the gaslighted has shown respect to the gaslighter.
2847:
1438:
876:
1178:
1266:
2782:
1606:
1343:
2535:
977:
485:
916:
2947:
2548:
Sakamoto: What does the title of the first track, 'Gaslighting Abbie,' mean? Fagen: ..the term 'to gaslight' comes from the film
846:
2423:
2266:
513:
161:
2241:
1905:
1866:
1773:
1689:
1387:
1305:
1134:
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1205:
467:, the authors contend that the prevalence of gaslighting in American politics began with the age of modern communications:
187:
only used it nine times in the following 20 years – it has seeped into the
English lexicon and is now used more generally.
144:– and it is this film which has since become the primary reference point for the term. Set among London's elite during the
1344:"I've counseled hundreds of victims of gaslighting. Here's how to spot if you're being gaslighted. Gaslighting, explained"
1011:
3201:
548:
and nurse Carla
Peterson of gaslighting him after all three try to convince him that an incident he saw did not happen.
273:. Gaslighting is distinct from genuine relationship conflict in that one party manipulates the perceptions of the other.
2667:
1968:
2940:
2565:
2169:
2110:
2018:"Missed diagnosis of stroke in the emergency department: a cross-sectional analysis of a large population-based sample"
998:
to understand gaslighting is to go to the source. George Cukor's
Gaslight. The term 'gaslighting' comes from the movie.
176:
1677:
Gaslighting, the Double Whammy, Interrogation, and Other
Methods of Covert Control in Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis
1464:
2500:
1106:
602:
2914:
2484:
1062:
811:
2743:
The Journalism Behind Journalism: Going Beyond the Basics to Train Effective Journalists in a Shifting Landscape
617:) to discredit the women he sexually preyed upon, the journalists investigating their stories, and the public.
335:
Gaslighting, the Double Whammy, Interrogation and Other Methods of Covert Control in Psychotherapy and Analysis
2075:"Gender bias in physicians' management of neck pain: a study of the answers in a Swedish national examination"
1235:
1101:
2468:
Totally Scripted: Idioms, Words, and Quotes From Hollywood to Broadway That Have Changed the English Language
1527:
3196:
2809:
2741:
Baleria, Gina (2021). "The Intrepid Journalist: Tapping into tenacity, doggedness & resourcefulness".
34:
2338:
1451:
Weinshel, in a series of unpublished papers, designates a conscious intent to brainwash as 'gaslighting.'
404:
942:
532:
235:
2446:
491:"Gaslighting" has been used to describe state implemented psychological harassment techniques used in
2963:
2718:"Ronan Farrow overcame spies and intimidation to break some of the biggest stories of the #MeToo era"
2360:
734:
372:
195:" to make someone question their "perception of reality" leading to "dependence on the perpetrator".
192:
129:
30:
2016:
Newman-Toker, David E.; Moy, Ernest; Valente, Ernest; Coffey, Rosanna; Hines, Anika L. (June 2014).
1563:
728:
2195:
1628:
Barlow, D. H. (January 2010). "Special section on negative effects from psychological treatments".
770:
537:
253:
199:
3043:
2839:
1202:
Dialogues of doubt: the psychology of self-doubt and emotional gaslighting in adult women and men
672:
uses the term as its title to describe the themes of deception and abuse of power underlying the
523:
415:, co-occurrence) and are prone to and adept at convincing others to doubt their own perceptions.
371:. They witness it, experience it themselves, or stumble upon it, and see that it works, both for
207:
80:
cites deception of one's memory, perception of reality, or mental stability. According to a 2022
640:
3206:
2134:"Delayed diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency is common: a cross-sectional study in 216 patients"
1746:
Basseches coined the term "theoretical abuse" as a parallel to "sexual abuse" in psychotherapy.
764:
740:
717:
687:
368:
300:
2668:"The memo from Harvey Weinstein's lawyer is a roadmap for how accused predators stay in power"
1765:
1410:
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758:
692:
343:
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400:
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140:
134:
115:
72:
1525:
Lund, C. A.; Gardiner, A .Q. (1977). "The Gaslight Phenomenon: An Institutional Variant".
8:
3150:
2630:
2303:
2073:
Hamberg, Katarina; Risberg, Gunilla; Johansson, Eva E.; Westman, Göran (September 2002).
1973:
1578:
881:
776:
82:
2886:
2527:
460:
Gaslighting is more likely to be effective when the gaslighter has a position of power.
3191:
3155:
3135:
3109:
3012:
2906:
2450:
Histories of Surveillance from Antiquity to the Digital Era: The Eyes and Ears of Power
2050:
2017:
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1598:
1552:
908:
660:
573:
316:
230:
167:
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one partner is consistently listening and considering the other partner's perspective;
3119:
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1647:
1602:
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1492:
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1430:
1380:"For Those Who Experience Gaslighting, the Widespread Misuse of the Word Is Damaging"
1311:
1301:
1209:
1031:
673:
626:
392:
266:
56:
This article is about human behavior. For illumination derived from burning gas, see
2910:
2593:"The Archers domestic abuse is classic 'gaslighting' – very real, little understood"
2480:
The Six Million Dollar Man. Season 2, Episode 5 'The Seven Million Dollar Man' URL:
2415:
2132:
Bleicken, Benjamin; Hahner, Stefanie; Ventz, Manfred; Quinkler, Marcus (June 2010).
1556:
3140:
3073:
2890:
2145:
2086:
2045:
2029:
1809:
1729:
1639:
1590:
1536:
1476:
1422:
1298:
Gaslighting: Recognize Manipulative and Emotionally Abusive People – and Break Free
1023:
705:
610:
427:
Those who gaslight must attain greater emotional awareness and self-regulation, or;
388:
262:
1813:
1379:
3170:
2783:"'Days of Our Lives': Will Gabi Hernandez Face Any Consequences for Her Actions?"
2693:"Gaslighting and retaliating against survivors are systemic, bipartisan problems"
2488:
2191:
2149:
1675:
270:
188:
77:
2751:"Weinstein touts feminist bona fides, casts himself as victim, in new interview"
1797:
1796:
Miano, Paola; Bellomare, Martina; Genova, Vincenzo Giuseppe (2 September 2021).
1221:
3104:
3068:
2997:
2992:
2232:
State of Confusion: Political Manipulation and the Assault on the American Mind
2090:
1426:
465:
State of Confusion: Political Manipulation and the Assault on the American Mind
384:
338:
285:
180:
106:
1990:
1315:
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1982:
1821:
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677:
665:
541:
145:
110:
102:
67:
2932:
2133:
2074:
1699:
1213:
512:
One of the earliest uses of the term in television was in a 1952 episode of
480:
American journalists used the word "gaslighting" to describe the actions of
179:
in 2021, gaslighting "once referred to manipulation so extreme as to induce
3160:
3053:
3007:
2982:
2597:
2165:
2106:
2059:
1651:
1035:
555:
uses the phrase in "Fortysomething", an episode of the American television
492:
481:
423:
It can be difficult to extricate oneself from a gaslighting power dynamic:
376:
289:
172:
57:
2200:
CounsellingResource.com: Psychology, Therapy & Mental Health Resources
1540:
1496:
2033:
1548:
1434:
773:: Steve Jobs' particular ability to convince others of virtually anything
592:
581:. "It is about a certain kind of mind or messing with somebody's head".
296:
2870:
2481:
2196:"Gaslighting as a Manipulation Tactic: What It Is, Who Does It, and Why"
3089:
3058:
3017:
1733:
1594:
1097:
746:
723:
648:
588:
568:
545:
500:
380:
98:
2416:"From 'alternative facts' to rewriting history in Trump's White House"
2299:"What we talk about when we talk about Donald Trump and 'gaslighting'"
1938:"In accusing all creeps of gaslighting, we dishonour the real victims"
803:
3022:
2411:
1760:
When Men Batter Women: New Insights into Ending Abusive Relationships
1643:
669:
552:
323:
226:
124:
2386:"Some Experts Say Trump Team's Falsehoods Are Classic 'Gaslighting'"
1267:"What is gaslighting? And how do you know if it's happening to you?"
472:
those with sufficient ambition and psychological makeup to use them.
3048:
3038:
3002:
2390:
1577:
Gass PhD, Gertrude Zemon; Nichols EdD, William C. (18 March 1988).
978:"What is gaslighting? The 1944 film Gaslight is the best explainer"
327:
312:
239:
238:, and the "gaslighted", who struggles to maintain their individual
87:
2894:
1969:"Women are sharing their 'medical gaslighting' stories. Now what?"
1798:"Personality correlates of gaslighting behaviours in young adults"
651:
released a song titled "Gaslighter" about a manipulative husband.
567:
In a 2000 interview, the writers of the song "Gaslighting Abbie" (
495:
during the 1970s and 80s. The techniques were used as part of the
214:
as a runner-up in its list of the most popular new words of 2018.
3063:
2987:
2977:
752:
560:
132:, which provided the source material for the 1940 British film,
615:
Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse cases § Weinstein's response
556:
152:
2072:
929:
Etymology: from the title of George Cukor's 1944 film Gaslight
3165:
714:: acronym for "deny, attack, and reverse victim and offender"
711:
655:
496:
367:
Gaslighting is a learned trait. A gaslighter is a student of
2626:"'The Girl on the Train': Let's discuss that twisted ending"
2015:
198:
The term has received a number of notable recognitions. The
159:
was first used in the 1950s, particularly in the episode of
2131:
408:
396:
440:
trying to influence you. That's not what gaslighting is."
2666:
Shendruk, Amanda; Ossola, Alexandra (11 September 2019).
635:
621:
585:
308:
122:
The origin of the term is the 1938 British thriller play
901:
138:. The film was then remade in 1944 in America – also as
536:
second-season episode, "The Seven Million Dollar Man",
217:
2079:
Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine
2236:. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, St. Martin's Press.
1795:
299:
of gaslighting with the goal of securing a person's
1749:
1576:
2229:
1757:
1463:Barton, Russell; Whitehead, J. A. (21 June 1969).
1415:Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
3183:
877:"How to recognize gaslighting and respond to it"
833:
831:
829:
676:which ultimately brought down the presidency of
1755:
1462:
276:
2665:
337:, Theo L. Dorpat recommends non-directive and
288:literature to describe a "conscious intent to
2962:
2948:
2810:"Behind the Song: Dixie Chicks, 'Gaslighter'"
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1236:"Gaslighting at Work—and What to Do About It"
826:
2138:The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
1900:. Cornell University Press. pp. 31–32.
1756:Jacobson, Neil S.; Gottman, John M. (1998).
1524:
870:
868:
866:
864:
284:Since the 1970s, the term has been used in
15:
2955:
2941:
1887:
1658:
1411:"Child Abuse and Deprivation: Soul Murder"
1373:
1371:
1369:
16:
2334:"The Reverse-Gaslighting of Donald Trump"
2267:"Donald Trump is 'gaslighting' all of us"
2049:
1848:
1719:
1341:
1169:
1167:
1165:
975:
861:
743:: labeling real experiences as delusional
609:In 2017, the phrase was used to describe
2525:
2519:
2465:
2223:
2221:
1931:
1929:
1861:. Random House Digital. pp. 94–95.
1408:
1402:
1264:
1092:
1090:
1088:
969:
940:
518:titled "Gracie Buying Boat for George".
171:, it was first used in a 1995 column by
97:
51:Misleading someone into doubting reality
24:This is an accepted version of this page
2740:
2331:
1377:
1366:
1199:
839:"Definition of gaslight (Entry 2 of 2)"
755:: favors moral idealism over pragmatism
749:: struggle for relationship superiority
14:
3184:
2690:
2678:from the original on 11 September 2019
2557:
2296:
1966:
1893:
1673:
1627:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1295:
1289:
1162:
1096:
1073:from the original on 15 September 2022
1009:
810:. American Psychological Association.
731:: desperate to hold onto relationships
521:The word is used in a 1962 episode of
2936:
2850:from the original on 28 November 2022
2820:from the original on 12 December 2022
2807:
2761:from the original on 16 December 2019
2646:from the original on 19 November 2020
2590:
2584:
2507:from the original on 28 November 2022
2482:https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0702124/
2461:
2459:
2410:
2361:"Donald Trump Is Gaslighting America"
2227:
2218:
2190:
1935:
1926:
1854:
1520:
1518:
1503:from the original on 28 February 2023
1390:from the original on 2 September 2021
1354:from the original on 26 December 2018
1342:Stern PhD, Robin (19 December 2018).
1277:from the original on 31 December 2021
1246:from the original on 14 December 2021
1181:from the original on 20 December 2019
1085:
1063:"How Gaslighting Manipulates Reality"
1042:from the original on 17 November 2022
1003:
976:Wilkinson, Alissa (21 January 2017).
943:"Why 'Gaslight' Hasn't Lost Its Glow"
874:
798:
796:
794:
527:titled "What Happened to Thursday?".
507:
295:Barton and Whitehead described three
113:in the 1944 American film version of
2868:
2728:from the original on 10 October 2019
2623:
2617:
2538:from the original on 5 December 2021
2398:from the original on 29 January 2021
2358:
2332:Dominus, Susan (27 September 2016).
2319:from the original on 22 October 2020
1897:Damaged identities, narrative repair
1609:from the original on 15 October 2021
1570:
1378:Holland, Brenna (2 September 2021).
1206:Harvard Graduate School of Education
988:from the original on 23 January 2017
919:from the original on 19 October 2021
206:the "most useful" new word of 2016.
2566:"A cultural history of gaslighting"
2526:Sakamoto, John (29 February 2000).
2493:
2440:
2383:
2297:Gibson, Caitlin (27 January 2017).
1997:from the original on 12 August 2022
1322:
1258:
1132:
1126:
953:from the original on 22 August 2019
362:
218:In self-help and amateur psychology
76:, became popular in the mid-2010s.
48:
2789:from the original on 14 April 2021
2703:from the original on 23 April 2021
2605:from the original on 14 April 2021
2563:
2456:
2371:from the original on 19 April 2021
2346:from the original on 14 April 2021
2277:from the original on 19 April 2021
2264:
2258:
2206:from the original on 13 March 2024
2184:
2172:from the original on 17 March 2023
2113:from the original on 17 March 2023
1914:from the original on 13 March 2024
1875:from the original on 13 March 2024
1836:from the original on 13 March 2024
1789:
1713:
1621:
1515:
1441:from the original on 19 April 2023
1228:
1175:"Word of the Year 2018: Shortlist"
1114:from the original on 1 August 2019
934:
889:from the original on 24 April 2022
791:
177:American Psychological Association
49:
3223:
2917:from the original on 22 July 2023
2715:
2426:from the original on 26 July 2018
2359:Duca, Lauren (10 December 2016).
1579:"Gaslighting: A marital syndrome"
1147:from the original on 3 March 2021
1107:The Chronicle of Higher Education
1060:
2808:Crone, Madeline (6 March 2020).
2572:from the original on 18 May 2020
1967:Vargas, Theresa (2 April 2022).
1948:from the original on 6 July 2019
1562:
1265:DiGiulio, Sarah (13 July 2018).
849:from the original on 9 July 2021
814:from the original on 9 July 2021
411:), or combination of the above (
86:report, it had become a "trendy
2869:Mina, Mikhail (20 April 1998).
2862:
2832:
2801:
2775:
2691:Lawsin, Emily (21 March 2021).
2658:
2624:Yahr, Emily (10 October 2016).
2474:
2384:Fox, Maggie (25 January 2017).
2289:
2125:
2066:
2009:
1960:
1894:Nelson, Hilde L. (March 2001).
1855:Stout, Martha (14 March 2006).
1764:. Simon and Schuster. pp.
1456:
1193:
875:Haupt, Angela (15 April 2022).
767:: unintended treatment problems
613:'s extraordinary measures (see
499:(the state security service's)
418:
1936:Ellen, Barbara (6 July 2019).
1054:
941:Hoberman, J (21 August 2019).
804:"APA Dictionary of Psychology"
779:: defense for feeling inferior
737:: exploiting for personal gain
455:
447:
434:
353:
13:
1:
1814:10.1080/13552600.2020.1850893
1528:British Journal of Psychiatry
1481:10.1016/S0140-6736(69)92133-3
1409:Shengold, Leonard L. (1979).
1028:10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30024-5
784:
761:: political propaganda tactic
647:In 2020, country music group
584:During the period 2014–2016,
486:2016 US presidential election
2150:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181db6b7a
1802:Journal of Sexual Aggression
1722:Journal of Adult Development
1674:Dorpat, Theodore L. (1996).
1200:Portnow, Kathryn E. (1996).
1157:most useful word of the year
1140:. American Dialect Society.
720:: to limit relationship harm
638:'s nightly news commentary,
277:In psychiatry and psychology
93:
7:
3129:Related manipulation topics
2591:Watts, Jay (5 April 2016).
2501:"'Frasier': Fortysomething"
2339:The New York Times Magazine
2022:Diagnosis (Berlin, Germany)
1177:. Oxford University Press.
1102:"How Old Is 'Gaslighting'?"
698:
405:neurodevelopmental disorder
10:
3228:
3202:Psychological manipulation
2091:10.1089/152460902760360595
1465:"The gas-light phenomenon"
1427:10.1177/000306517902700302
1296:Sarkis, Stephanie (2018).
1012:"Gaslight and gaslighting"
533:The Six Million Dollar Man
488:and his term as president.
193:psychological manipulation
55:
3128:
3082:
3031:
2970:
2964:Manipulation (psychology)
1680:. Northvale, New Jersey:
913:Oxford English Dictionary
2528:"The Steely Dan Q&A"
771:Reality distortion field
708:: using trust to defraud
515:The Burns and Allen Show
403:(e.g., BPD, NPD, etc.),
200:American Dialect Society
162:The Burns and Allen Show
31:latest accepted revision
3044:Character assassination
2844:www.merriam-webster.com
2840:"Word of the Year 2022"
2466:Chetwynd, Josh (2017).
1858:The Sociopath Next Door
1240:Harvard Business Review
1135:"2016 Word of the Year"
551:In 1994, the character
208:Oxford University Press
2228:Welch, Bryant (2008).
1583:Contemp Family Therapy
1204:(EdD). Cambridge, MA:
1016:The Lancet. Psychiatry
1010:Thomas, Laura (2018).
741:Martha Mitchell effect
688:The Gospel of Afranius
524:Car 54, Where Are You?
474:
301:involuntary commitment
119:
3146:Internet manipulation
3032:Negative manipulation
2971:Positive manipulation
2532:The Steely Dan Reader
2487:13 March 2024 at the
1631:American Psychologist
1541:10.1192/bjp.131.5.533
693:resurrection of Jesus
603:The Girl on the Train
501:decomposition methods
469:
101:
2785:. 17 November 2018.
2034:10.1515/dx-2013-0038
765:Psychotherapy issues
641:Anderson Cooper 360°
401:personality disorder
305:psychiatric hospital
3197:Psychological abuse
3151:Market manipulation
2887:1998Natur.392..884M
2814:American Songwriter
2755:The Times of Israel
2631:The Washington Post
2304:The Washington Post
2194:(8 November 2011).
1977:. Washington, D.C.
1974:The Washington Post
1475:(7608): 1258–1260.
1100:(12 January 2017).
1067:Scientific American
882:The Washington Post
777:Superiority complex
729:Insecure attachment
175:. According to the
21:Page version status
3156:Media manipulation
3136:Crowd manipulation
3110:Influence-for-hire
3083:Other manipulation
3013:Predatory marriage
1734:10.1007/BF02510083
1595:10.1007/BF00922429
947:The New York Times
574:Two Against Nature
508:In popular culture
333:In his 1996 book,
231:amateur psychology
225:is a term used in
185:The New York Times
168:The New York Times
120:
27:
3179:
3178:
3120:Spin (propaganda)
3100:Good cop, bad cop
2697:michigandaily.com
2243:978-0-312-37306-1
1907:978-0-8014-8740-8
1868:978-0-7679-1582-3
1775:978-0-684-81447-6
1691:978-1-56821-828-1
1307:978-0-7382-8466-8
1300:. Da Capo Press.
674:Watergate Scandal
627:Days of Our Lives
600:In the 2016 film
463:In the 2008 book
393:anxiety disorders
344:nervous breakdown
263:anxiety disorders
39:26 September 2024
18:
3219:
3141:Confidence trick
3074:Social rejection
2957:
2950:
2943:
2934:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2746:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2588:
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2581:
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2555:
2554:
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2543:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2497:
2491:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2414:(25 July 2018).
2407:
2405:
2403:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2235:
2225:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2053:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1763:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1671:
1656:
1655:
1644:10.1037/a0015643
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1522:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1460:
1454:
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1448:
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1406:
1400:
1399:
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1375:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1339:
1320:
1319:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1171:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1146:
1139:
1133:Metcalf, Allan.
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1094:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1061:Sweet, Paige L.
1058:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1007:
1001:
1000:
995:
993:
973:
967:
966:
960:
958:
938:
932:
931:
926:
924:
905:
899:
898:
896:
894:
872:
859:
858:
856:
854:
835:
824:
823:
821:
819:
800:
706:Confidence trick
611:Harvey Weinstein
389:bipolar disorder
363:Learned behavior
130:Patrick Hamilton
3227:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3171:Undue influence
3124:
3078:
3027:
2966:
2961:
2931:
2930:
2920:
2918:
2871:"In Retrospect"
2867:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2764:
2762:
2749:
2731:
2729:
2722:Washington Post
2706:
2704:
2681:
2679:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2606:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2562:
2558:
2541:
2539:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2489:Wayback Machine
2479:
2475:
2464:
2457:
2445:
2441:
2429:
2427:
2401:
2399:
2374:
2372:
2349:
2347:
2322:
2320:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2265:Ghitis, Frida.
2263:
2259:
2244:
2226:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2071:
2067:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1934:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1908:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1869:
1853:
1849:
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1837:
1794:
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1780:
1778:
1776:
1754:
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1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1692:
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1659:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1523:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1461:
1457:
1444:
1442:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1376:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1340:
1323:
1308:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1198:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1163:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1095:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1043:
1008:
1004:
991:
989:
974:
970:
956:
954:
939:
935:
922:
920:
907:
906:
902:
892:
890:
873:
862:
852:
850:
843:Merriam Webster
837:
836:
827:
817:
815:
802:
801:
792:
787:
782:
718:Deception/lying
701:
510:
458:
450:
437:
421:
373:self-regulation
369:social learning
365:
356:
279:
271:low self-esteem
220:
191:defines it as "
189:Merriam-Webster
96:
83:Washington Post
78:Merriam-Webster
61:
52:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
3225:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3105:Indoctrination
3102:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3069:Smear campaign
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2998:Disinformation
2995:
2993:Child grooming
2990:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2960:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2937:
2929:
2928:
2861:
2831:
2800:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2747:
2738:
2713:
2657:
2616:
2583:
2564:Haider, Arwa.
2556:
2518:
2492:
2473:
2470:. Lyons Press.
2455:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2408:
2381:
2356:
2288:
2257:
2242:
2217:
2183:
2144:(6): 525–531.
2124:
2085:(7): 653–666.
2065:
2028:(2): 155–166.
2008:
1959:
1925:
1906:
1886:
1867:
1847:
1808:(3): 285–298.
1788:
1774:
1748:
1712:
1690:
1657:
1620:
1569:
1514:
1455:
1401:
1365:
1321:
1306:
1288:
1257:
1227:
1192:
1161:
1125:
1084:
1053:
1022:(2): 117–118.
1002:
968:
933:
900:
860:
825:
789:
788:
786:
783:
781:
780:
774:
768:
762:
759:Political spin
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
726:
721:
715:
709:
702:
700:
697:
624:'s soap opera
509:
506:
505:
504:
489:
457:
454:
449:
446:
436:
433:
432:
431:
428:
420:
417:
385:mood disorders
364:
361:
355:
352:
286:psychoanalytic
278:
275:
258:
257:
250:
219:
216:
181:mental illness
107:Ingrid Bergman
95:
92:
50:
28:
22:
19:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3224:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3207:Psychotherapy
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3115:Interrogation
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2946:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2895:10.1038/31855
2892:
2888:
2884:
2881:(6679): 884.
2880:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2716:Farhi, Paul.
2714:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2688:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2620:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2587:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2551:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2477:
2469:
2462:
2460:
2451:
2443:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2292:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2224:
2222:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2192:Simon, George
2187:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1963:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1930:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1851:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1728:(2): 85–106.
1727:
1723:
1716:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1683:
1682:Jason Aronson
1679:
1678:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1565:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1535:(5): 533–34.
1534:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1519:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1158:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
999:
987:
983:
979:
972:
965:
952:
948:
944:
937:
930:
918:
914:
910:
904:
888:
884:
883:
878:
871:
869:
867:
865:
848:
844:
840:
834:
832:
830:
813:
809:
805:
799:
797:
795:
790:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
703:
696:
694:
690:
689:
684:
681:
679:
678:Richard Nixon
675:
671:
667:
666:Julia Roberts
663:
662:
657:
654:In 2022, the
652:
650:
645:
643:
642:
637:
632:
629:
628:
623:
618:
616:
612:
607:
605:
604:
598:
595:
594:
590:
587:
586:BBC Radio 4's
582:
580:
576:
575:
570:
565:
563:
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
543:
542:Oscar Goldman
539:
535:
534:
528:
526:
525:
519:
517:
516:
502:
498:
494:
490:
487:
483:
479:
478:
477:
473:
468:
466:
461:
453:
445:
441:
429:
426:
425:
424:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
360:
351:
347:
345:
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
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