363:
826:. Catalan histories have tended to represent Olivares as deliberately provoking the rebellion of 1640, in order that he could crush it and thereby unify Spain, although this is considered doubtful by most historians. Instead, it appears most likely that in the face of the increased French threat and the need to raise men, money and arms to defend the Peninsula, Olivares sent his army of 9,000 men into Catalonia expecting relatively limited resistance. Chaos ensued in the form of a major revolt; Portugal followed suit later in the year in the face of Olivares' attempts to convince its nobility to serve in the war in Catalonia, with Lisbon offering Philip's throne to the
269:
581:
355:
839:
69:
521:, and its potential impact on the world around him. Naturally, he incorporated that interest into political expression: he promoted Philip as "The Planet King" — the Sun, traditionally the fourth planet, was a fitting emblem for the fourth Philip of Spain — taking for his own symbol the sunflower. Whilst displaying huge confidence in his own capabilities and judgment, he also felt considerable 'doubt and uneasiness' over his position as chief minister to the king.
632:– ending the Twelve Years Truce and attacking Dutch fleets and applying trading embargoes. This policy would ultimately fail over the next thirty years; to some the Spanish recommencement of the war has appeared 'surprising', whilst it can also be explained as a misreading of internal Dutch politics. Whilst the strategy itself was a failure, Olivares' tactics – his attempt to combine military and economic warfare – have since been praised as a 'shrewd policy'.
811:
1932:
639:, Olivares would pursue a 'Netherlands first' strategy, focusing his resources and attention on delivering success in the Netherlands first, with the hope of dealing with the other challenges facing the Spanish across Europe once this key Spanish possession had been secured. For the first fifteen years of the war, this strategy proved largely successful. Spain made considerable early advances against the Dutch, finally
791:' concept, put forward in 1624. This would have involved the different elements of Philip's territories raising fixed quotas of soldiers in line with their size and population. Despite being portrayed by Olivares as a purely military plan, it reflected Olivares' desire for a more closely unified Spain – although not, it is generally argued, a completely unified kingdom.
881:, causing huge family tensions within the upper echelons of Castilian society. The King himself noted that it might be necessary to sacrifice Olivares' life in order to divert unpopularity from the royal house. The end was near, but the King parted with him reluctantly in January 1643, and only under the pressure of a court intrigue headed by
764:
861:, the huge cost of which appeared to fly in the face of the wider austerity measures Olivares had championed in the 1630s. 1641 had seen a disastrous bout of inflation, causing economic chaos. More generally the Spanish people held his favourite responsible for the numerous misfortunes of the country in the 1640s.
425:
self-dramatisation', others, more positively, have outlined a 'determined, perceptive and ambitious' personality. Olivares' enemies saw in him a desire to acquire excessive wealth and power. He disliked sports and light-hearted entertainment, but was a good horseman, albeit hampered by his weight in later life.
752:
Each part had different taxation, privileges and military arrangements; in practice, the level of taxation in many of the more peripheral provinces was less than in
Castile, but the privileged position of the Castilian nobility at all senior levels of royal appointment was a contentious issue for the
684:
Nonetheless, French victory was far from certain in the 1630s; Olivares' invasion plan in 1635 involved four different armies and two navies, being described as 'the most ambitious military conception of early modern Europe.' Although
Spanish forces were within 16 miles of Paris at the height of
919:
The Count-Duke became, and for long remained, in the opinion of his countrymen, the accepted model of a grasping and incapable favorite, although this commonly held opinion about his personality has changed. His personal reputation has traditionally been portrayed unfavorably, especially compared
783:
Like many contemporaries, Olivares was 'haunted' by Spain's potential decline, and saw part of the solution at least in a reform of the
Spanish state. Olivares saw Catalan and the other provinces as paying less to the crown than they should, and did not really understand why the inhabitants should
573:; in particular, Olivares saw the rebellious Dutch as a key enemy. Although Olivares made much of religion as a facet of Spain's foreign policy, in practice he often overruled that principle. It has also been argued that Olivares' dislike of flamboyant spending may have influenced his views of the
559:
he received from his doctors at key moments in his career. Olivares wrote extensively, although there are differences of opinion amongst modern scholars on his work: some find them 'forceful, incisive and persuasive', others consider them 'inflated and tortuous prose', wandering down 'interminable
915:
He endeavoured to satisfy his passion for work, partly by sharing in the municipal government of the town and the regulation of its commons, woods and pastures. He died, increasingly consumed by madness, in 1645. The
Olivares library was not preserved as he had instructed after his death, and his
568:
For twenty-two years
Olivares directed Spain's foreign policy. It was a period of constant war, and finally of disaster abroad and of rebellion at home. Olivares' foreign policy was based around his assessment that Philip IV was surrounded by jealous rivals across Europe, who wished to attack his
524:
Olivares was well known for his passion for work. Olivares would rise early, go to confession, wake Philip IV and discuss the day's events with him, before then working throughout the rest of the day, often until 11 o'clock at night. Initially, Olivares would meet with the King three times a day,
850:
Olivares' fall from power occurred for several reasons. The revolts in
Catalonia and Portugal proved the immediate factor, placing the stability of Spain itself in doubt, but other factors played a part. Olivares increasingly suffered from mental illness in his later years, and was no longer as
806:
of 1628 was captured by the Dutch, and Spain's ability to borrow and transfer money across Europe declined sharply. Faced by the Dutch capture of Brazil, Olivares turned to
Portugal in 1637, attempting to raise taxes to pay for a mission to reclaim the Portuguese colony. The result was a minor
794:
Olivares' 'Union of Arms' plan failed in the face of opposition from the provinces, in particular
Catalonia, leading him to offer his resignation to the King in 1626 – it was not accepted. The subsequent years were challenging financially for Spain. In 1627, Olivares attempted to deal with the
424:
Olivares' personality and appearance have attracted much comment, especially by 17th-century writers, who were generally critical of them. He possessed a strikingly 'big, heavy body and florid face'. Contemporaries described an 'extravagant, out-size personality with a gift for endless
400:
When Philip IV ascended the throne in 1621, at the age of sixteen, he showed his confidence in
Olivares by ordering that all papers requiring the royal signature should first be sent to the count-duke; despite this, Olivares, then aged 34, had no real experience of administration.
544:, tasked to implement his policies. He placed tight controls on the use of special royal favours to circumvent tight spending controls. The result was a very particular combination of centralised power in the form of Olivares, and loose government executed by small committees.
908:, and it is not impossible that Olivares might have ended in the prisons of the Holy Office, or on the scaffold, if he had not died beforehand of natural causes. His rivals felt that Loeches remained too close to the court, and he was moved onto his sister's palace at
876:
Olivares' nephew and favoured successor, along with
Olivares' daughter and young baby had all died in 1626, and in the absence of other children he chose to legitimate his bastard son, Don Enrique Felipez de Guzman in 1641. In doing so he had effectively disinherited
623:
had brought Spain closer and closer to recommencing hostilities as a means of improving Spain's negotiating position with the Dutch. Olivares' new influence was central to the decision to finally abandon the armistice in favour of renewed military action using the
784:
object to a fairer distribution of taxes. He was confident in the intellectual argument for a better defended, better ordered Spain, and never seems to have shown serious doubt that his plans would succeed, or understood the growing hatred against his rule.
753:
less favoured provinces. This loose system had successfully resisted reform and higher taxation before, resulting in Spain having had historically, up until the 1640s at least, less than the usual number of fiscal revolts for an early modern European state.
420:
by King Philip IV of Spain. He begged the King to allow him to preserve his inherited title in combination with the new honour — according to a practice almost unique in Spanish history. Accordingly, he was commonly spoken of as the count-duke.
673:, which started to pitch France against the Habsburgs in northern Italy and would ultimately result in the French invasion of Spain, has been much criticised. By 1634, France seeing the Spanish successes in Germany and the defeat of her
681:, a significant move that effectively forced a French declaration of war. By this stage in the war, Olivares' advice to the King was that this conflict with France would be for all or nothing – Spain would win or fall by the result.
480:
to the King, came to power with a desire to commit the monarchy to a 'crusade of reform', with his early recommendations being extremely radical. The heart of the problem, Olivares felt, was Spain's moral and spiritual decline.
688:
By 1639, Olivares was attempting to convince the King to compromise with the French but without success; he considered making a separate peace with the Dutch, which would have freed up resources for the war on France, but the
433:, in 1623. For himself he formed a vast collection of state papers, ancient and contemporary, which he endeavoured to protect from destruction by entailing them as an heirloom. He also formed a splendid aviary for the
381:, from one of Spain's oldest noble families, was the Spanish ambassador. His mother died young, and his father brought him up under a strict parental regime. He returned to Spain in 1599, and became student rector at
428:
Olivares did not share the King's taste for personally acquiring art and literature, although he may have helped assemble the King's own collection, and it was he who brought to Philip's attention the young artist
1886:
864:
Olivares did not let go of power readily. He attempted to use art and theatre in the 1630s to shore up his waning popularity amongst the elite but without success, although he was able to overcome the attempts of
555:. He became increasingly impatient with those who disagreed with him, flying into rages, and refusing to listen to advice proffered by his own advisers. His behaviour may also have been exacerbated by the
498:, 'purity of blood', and worried about Castilians' disinclination for manual work. For Olivares, the concept of Spain was centred on the monarchy and Philip IV as a person; unlike his French contemporary
397:, a key foreign policy advisor to Phillip III, who himself had already established a significant influence over the young prince. Olivares in turn rapidly became the young prince's most trusted advisor.
756:
By the 1620s and '30s, however, the ability of the Spanish monarchy to extract resources from Castile was at breaking point, as illustrated by Olivares' early failure to reform the
866:
246:
1947:
709:
Olivares approached the problem of domestic policy through the prism of foreign affairs. Spain in the early 17th century was a collection of possessions – the kingdoms of
650:
successes across northern Europe, Olivares was crucial to the creation of a fresh Spanish army in northern Italy, and the projection of that force under the leadership of
529:
austerity" himself, Olivares was skillful in using the formal and elaborate protocol of the court as a way of controlling the ambitions of Philip's enemies and rivals.
268:
685:
their success that year, Olivares' plan had severely overstretched Spanish resources and ultimately failed, leaving Spain to face a massive counter-attack in 1637.
943:
2013:
404:
Olivares told his uncle de Zúñiga, who was to die the following year, that he was now the dominant force at court; he had become what is known in Spain as a
453:
412:, something more than a prime minister, the favourite and alter ego of the king. His compound title is explained by the fact that he inherited the title of
693:
and the Portuguese opposition to any peace involving relinquishing their colony made this impossible. The destruction of the Spanish Atlantic fleet at the
514:
510:
449:
445:
74:
489:
701:
failed. By 1640, Olivares' foreign policy was creaking badly under pressure from an increasingly powerful France, with money increasingly tight.
677:, began raising the political stakes, taking provocative military action on a small scale. In 1635, Spain responded by intervening against the
802:
With the Genoese debt now removed, Olivares hoped to turn to indigenous bankers for renewed funds. In practice, the plan was a disaster. The
540:, smaller governmental committees, to increase the speed of decision making. By the 1630s, these were increasingly packed with Olivares' own
251:
870:
1998:
1952:
378:
240:
855:– committees – packed with his own men, irritated many. Olivares was also largely blamed by contemporaries for the new royal palace of
437:, which lent him comfort after the death of his daughter but which opened the door for his enemies to nickname the entire Retiro the
2102:
322:
to January 1643, he over-exerted Spain in foreign affairs and unsuccessfully attempted domestic reform. His policy of committing
488:, undoing the alleged decline that had occurred under the King's father, Philip III, and in particular his royal favourite, the
2107:
2062:
456:. It is possible that other portraits by Velázquez commissioned by the King were destroyed after Olivares' fall — in a copy of
1792:
1778:
651:
851:
effective an administrator as he had once been. He had also increasingly alienated the other Castilian nobility. His use of
2112:
882:
556:
505:
Olivares was inclined to see domestic policy as a tool in support of foreign policy – a common view amongst contemporary
484:
De Zúñiga and Olivares had both presented Philip IV with the concept of restoring the kingdoms to their condition under
666:
2097:
605:
460:, his figure was painted over — though a few minor portraits made in the conde-duque's last years of power remain.
612:, during 1618–20, surrounding the Dutch provinces that had rebelled against Spanish rule some forty years before.
207:
2067:
659:
362:
670:
658:
into Germany, where the 'almost miraculous appearance' of the army defeated the Protestant alliance at the
1972:(Madrid, 1889); and Don F Silvela's introduction, much less favourable to Olivares, to his edition of the
768:
417:
299:
2092:
2082:
674:
525:
although this declined over time until he met with him only once a day. Whilst living a private life of "
338:(1618–1648). In addition, his attempts to centralise power and increase wartime taxation led to revolts
823:
734:
343:
600:
Olivares' first key decision came in 1621. Under Philip III, Spain had successfully intervened in the
730:
444:
Velázquez painted at least three portraits of his friend and original patron, producing the baroque
366:
A relatively youthful Olivares in 1624, three years into his time in power, dressed in robes of the
1924:
Rebels and Rulers, 1500–1660. Volume II: Provincial rebellion: Revolutionary civil wars, 1560–1660.
619:
had successfully held since April 1609, but in his role as foreign policy advisor, Olivares' uncle
869:, whose family was a traditional enemy of the Counts of Olivares, to remove him from power in the
2087:
842:
Olivares, 1635; tired, swollen and markedly aged at 48, 14 years since his previous portrait, by
698:
620:
394:
385:. By background, he was both a man of letters and well trained in arms. During the reign of King
127:
803:
616:
502:, Olivares did not elaborate a concept of the 'state' as separate from the person of the king.
319:
878:
697:
was another major blow, leaving a cash-strapped Spain unable to build a replacement force. An
139:
640:
585:
898:, which was perhaps written by an agent but was undeniably inspired by the fallen minister.
2077:
2072:
938:
636:
601:
589:
382:
335:
331:
799:
bankers – who had proved uncooperative in recent years – by declaring a state bankruptcy.
8:
905:
738:
726:
722:
694:
678:
533:
386:
2028:
760:
food tax in Castile, and with war continuing across Europe, new options were necessary.
1848:
The Limits of Royal Authority: Resistance and Authority in Seventeenth Century Castile.
921:
873:. By the following year, his situation was weakening as the Catalan revolt dragged on.
857:
499:
494:
485:
434:
390:
367:
311:
115:
51:
916:
collection of private and state papers was largely destroyed in an 18th-century fire.
593:
430:
371:
79:
2005:
1788:
1774:
827:
796:
718:
476:
470:
413:
295:
20:
1989:
933:
763:
710:
629:
625:
580:
191:
745:
etc. – all loosely joined through the institution of the Castile monarchy and the
1894:
Stradling, R. A. 'Olivaries and the origins of the Franco-Spanish war, 1627–1635.
1887:
The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age
819:
776:
772:
714:
570:
552:
339:
662:. The scene had been set, Olivares believed, for a renewed attack on the Dutch.
746:
742:
647:
574:
548:
327:
323:
195:
1766:, Issues 28–30. London: Seeley and Co. Limited and New York: The Macmillan Co.
547:
Over time, Olivares began to suffer under his tremendous workload, developing
354:
19:"Count-Duke of Olivares" redirects here. For other holders of this title, see
2056:
1943:
1938:
1881:
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541:
1956:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 84–85.
909:
690:
655:
187:
171:
29:
1773:(revised and expanded edition). New Haven: Yale University Press. (2004)
843:
838:
68:
1750:
The Gods of Play: Baroque Festival Performances as Rhetorical Discourse.
282:
Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimentel, 1st Duke of Sanlúcar, 3rd Count of Olivares
1813:
The Revolt of the Catalans: A Study in the Decline of Spain, 1598–1640.
810:
518:
303:
92:
1834:
The Diversity of History: Essays in Honour of Sir Henry Butterfield.
818:
The final years of Olivares' rule were marked by major uprisings in
492:. Olivares was concerned that Spain was too attached to the idea of
389:, he was appointed to a post in the household of the heir apparent,
609:
536:
of Castilian government, during the 1620s Olivares began to create
407:
1937:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
889:
315:
286:
59:
33:
1820:
The Count-Duke of Olivares. The Statesman in an Age of Decline.
1771:
A Palace for a King: The Buen Retiro and the Court of Philip IV
526:
1799:
For the Common Good: Popular Politics in Barcelona, 1580–1640.
592:
that would ultimately result in Olivares' fall from power, by
1762:
Armstrong, Walter, edited by Philip Gilbert Hamerton (1896).
517:. Like many other contemporaries, he had a keen interest in
167:
867:
Gaspar Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán, 9th Duke of Medina Sidonia
1969:
Estudios del reinado de Felipe IV. of Don Antonio Canovas
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1757:
War and Society in Europe of the Old Regime, 1618–1789.
944:
Portrait of the Count-Duke of Olivares (disambiguation)
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which would help seal Olivares' fate as prime minister.
302:) (6 January 1587 – 22 July 1645), was a Spanish royal
2038:
1015:
814:
Union of Arms (Unión de Armas) envisaged by Olivares.
377:
Olivares was born in Rome in 1587, where his father,
1718:
892:, where he published an apology under the title of
1975:Cartas de Sor María de Ágreda y del rey Felipe IV.
1752:Albany: State University of New York Press. (1994)
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1691:
1504:
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1309:
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532:Determined to attempt to improve the bureaucratic
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75:Equestrian Portrait of the Count-Duke of Olivares
16:Spanish royal favourite of Philip IV and minister
2054:
1061:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
665:Olivares' strategy ultimately failed due to the
577:, known for its relatively open show of wealth.
318:on 10 April 1621, a day after the ending of the
1906:Anecdotes du Ministere du Comte-Duc d'Olivares.
1688:
1499:
1430:
1406:
1358:
1334:
1302:
1104:
40: and the second or maternal family name is
1764:The Portfolio: Monographs on Artistic Subjects
1667:
1547:
1460:
1418:
1346:
1209:
1125:
985:
964:
490:Francisco Gómez de Sandoval, 1st Duke of Lerma
1973:
1967:
1926:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (1992)
1850:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (1999)
1815:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (1984)
1056:
1040:
899:
893:
448:along with the standing portraits now at the
405:
1832:Elliott, J. H. and H. G. Koenisburger (ed).
924:, a trend which began in the 18th century.
551:and, later in life, clearly suffering from
458:Prince Baltasar Carlos in the Riding School
787:These plans took form first in Olivares' '
107:25 January 1622 – 23 January 1643
67:
1787:New Haven: Yale University Press. (1998)
1736:Parker, 1984 p. 245, noting Vallory 1722.
557:severe bloodletting and excessive purging
2044:
1942:
1841:Spain, 1469–1714: A Society of Conflict.
1836:London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. (1970)
1801:Ithaca: Cornell University Press. (2002)
1724:
1034:
888:He retired by the King's order first to
837:
809:
762:
579:
379:Enrique de Guzmán, 2nd Count of Olivares
361:
353:
2055:
1855:Seventeenth Century Europe, 1598–1700.
1808:in Elliot and Koenisburger (eds) 1970.
1769:Brown, Jonathan, and John H. Elliott.
463:
334:while Spain was also embroiled in the
223:
1783:Brown, Jonathan, and Carmen Garrido.
704:
699:attempt to bring Poland into the war
346:, which brought about his downfall.
1785:Velazquez: The Technique of Genius.
563:
13:
1961:
1822:Yale University: New Haven. (1986)
833:
604:in combination with the forces of
588:, an early Spanish success in the
468:The royal favourite, who also was
14:
2124:
1981:
1843:Harlow: Pearson Education. (2005)
646:In 1634, against the backdrop of
643:in 1624, albeit at huge expense.
1930:
606:Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
349:
267:
1730:
1709:
1700:
1679:
1658:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1595:
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1568:
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1538:
1529:
1520:
1511:
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1325:
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1266:
1257:
1248:
1239:
1230:
1221:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1116:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1068:
775:, a Spanish failure during the
219:
2103:University of Salamanca alumni
1829:Cambridge: Canto Press. (1991)
1006:
997:
976:
955:
725:, the autonomous provinces of
669:into the war. His handling of
641:retaking the key city of Breda
569:position as a champion of the
358:Arms of the House of Olivares.
1:
2108:17th-century Spanish nobility
2063:Government ministers of Spain
1871:London: Pelican Books. (1985)
949:
671:War of the Mantuan Succession
1862:Europe in Crisis, 1598–1648.
920:to his French contemporary,
393:, by his maternal uncle Don
32:, the first or paternal
7:
2113:Court of Philip IV of Spain
1806:The Statecraft of Olivares.
1263:Elliott, 1986, pp. 177–178.
927:
660:Battle of Nördlingen (1634)
314:and minister. Appointed as
10:
2129:
1948:Olivares, Gaspar de Guzman
1742:
1281:Parker, 1984, pp. 232–233.
691:Dutch occupation of Brazil
652:Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand
241:Enrique de Guzmán y Ribera
56:The Count-Duke of Olivares
27:
18:
2026:
2020:
2010:
2003:
1995:
1988:
1898:English Historical Review
1857:London: Macmillan. (1990)
871:Andalusian revolt in 1641
769:Battle of Montjuïc (1641)
635:For the remainder of the
418:Duke of Sanlúcar la Mayor
275:
263:
247:María Pimentel de Fonseca
233:
201:
177:
154:
149:
145:
133:
121:
111:
100:
90:
86:
66:
49:
2098:Spanish royal favourites
2014:Enrique Felipe de Guzmán
330:led to a renewal of the
208:Inés de Zúñiga y Velasco
1953:Encyclopædia Britannica
1919:London: Methuen. (1981)
1904:de Vallory, Guillaime.
1891:London: Fontana. (1991)
1864:London: Fontana. (1984)
1827:Richelieu and Olivares.
1759:London: Fontana. (1988)
1526:Stradling, 1986, p. 90.
879:another nephew and heir
294:(taken by joining both
2068:Spanish Baroque people
1974:
1968:
1917:The Thirty Years' War.
1170:Elliott, 1986, p. 676.
1152:Brown, 2004, p. 59-60.
900:
894:
847:
815:
804:Spanish treasure fleet
780:
597:
406:
374:
359:
307:
292:Count-Duke of Olivares
1978:(Madrid, 1885–1886).
1876:The Thirty Years War.
1748:Aercke, Kristiaan P.
1715:Elliot, 1970, p. 119.
1706:Elliot, 1985, p. 529.
1697:Elliot, 1984, p. 528.
1646:Elliot, 1984, p. 202.
1628:Parker, 1984, p. 251.
1601:Elliot, 1984, p. 207.
1592:Parker, 1984, p. 250.
1583:Parker, 1984, p. 248.
1565:Parker, 1984, p. 256.
1544:Parker, 1984, p. 255.
1535:Parker, 1984, p. 252.
1487:Parker, 1984, p. 244.
1448:Parker, 2004, p. 219.
1427:Parker, 1985, p. 264.
1415:Parker, 1984, p. 169.
1394:Elliot, 1970, p. 128.
1385:Elliot, 1970, p. 127.
1367:Parker, 1984, p. 234.
1355:Parker, 1984, p. 235.
1343:Elliot, 1984, p. 196.
1290:Elliot, 1984, p. 194.
1272:Elliot, 1970, p. 121.
1245:Elliot, 1970, p. 132.
1236:Elliot, 1970, p. 134.
1227:Parker, 1984, p. 164.
1218:Parker, 1984, p. 233.
1206:Elliot, 1970, p. 129.
1197:Elliot, 1970, p. 126.
1179:Armstrong, pp. 63–64.
1122:Elliot, 1984, p. 195.
1101:Elliot, 1970, p. 122.
1092:Elliot, 1986, p. 293.
1065:Elliot, 1984, p. 193.
1012:Parker, 1984, p. 165.
994:Parker, 1984, p. 232.
904:was denounced to the
841:
813:
807:Portuguese uprising.
766:
583:
365:
357:
1797:Corteguera, Luis R.
1637:Elliot, 1984, p. ix.
1574:Parker, 1984, p. 61.
1299:Elliot, 1991, p. 47.
1134:Elliot, 1991, p. 19.
982:Elliot, 1991, p. 21.
795:problem of Philip's
602:Electoral Palatinate
383:Salamanca University
96:of the King of Spain
1878:London: NEL. (1971)
1676:Polisensky, p. 224.
1556:Polisensky, p. 223.
1496:Corteguera, p. 143.
1469:Polisensky, p. 222.
1188:Corteguera, p. 134.
1143:Brown, 1998, p. 42.
973:Elliot, 1991, p. 8.
695:Battle of the Downs
534:Polysynodial System
464:Style of government
446:equestrian portrait
320:Twelve Years' Truce
2093:Philip IV of Spain
2083:Counts of Olivares
1874:Polisensky, J. V.
1867:Parker, Geoffrey.
1860:Parker, Geoffrey.
1113:Wedgewood, p. 145.
961:Elliot 1986, p. 7.
922:Cardinal Richelieu
848:
816:
781:
621:Baltasar de Zúñiga
598:
586:re-taking of Breda
549:sleeping disorders
500:Cardinal Richelieu
495:limpieza de sangre
441:, or the hencoop.
435:Buen Retiro Palace
416:, but was created
395:Baltasar de Zúñiga
375:
368:Order of Calatrava
360:
300:subsequent dukedom
128:Baltasar de Zúñiga
52:The Most Excellent
2035:
2034:
2011:Succeeded by
2006:Count of Olivares
1999:Enrique de Guzmán
1915:Wedgewood, C. V.
1869:The Dutch Revolt.
1793:978-0-300-07293-8
1779:978-0-300-10185-0
1322:Munck, pp. 52–53.
1161:Armstrong, p. 31.
939:Thirty Years' War
828:House of Braganza
705:Domestic policies
637:Eighty Years' War
590:Eighty Years' War
515:Jeronimo Zeballos
511:Sancho de Moncada
477:Caballerizo mayor
471:Sumiller de Corps
414:Count of Olivares
336:Thirty Years' War
332:Eighty Years' War
279:
278:
21:House of Olivares
2120:
2048:
2042:
2029:Duke of Sanlúcar
2021:Preceded by
1996:Preceded by
1990:Spanish nobility
1986:
1985:
1977:
1971:
1957:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1922:Zagorin, Perez.
1755:Anderson, M. S.
1737:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1665:
1664:Aerckes, p. 141.
1662:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1620:
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1557:
1554:
1545:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1517:Anderson, p. 37.
1515:
1509:
1506:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1458:
1457:Anderson, p. 42.
1455:
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1437:
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1004:
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995:
992:
983:
980:
974:
971:
962:
959:
934:History of Spain
903:
897:
679:Elector of Trier
630:economic warfare
626:Army of Flanders
564:Foreign policies
411:
289:
271:
255:
227:
225:
221:
192:Crown of Castile
184:
164:
162:
150:Personal details
136:
124:
105:
71:
47:
46:
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2119:
2118:
2117:
2053:
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2051:
2043:
2039:
2024:
2016:
2001:
1984:
1964:
1962:Further reading
1946:, ed. (1911). "
1931:
1929:
1908:Paris. (1722) (
1853:Munck, Thomas.
1825:Elliott, J. H.
1818:Elliott, J. H.
1811:Elliott, J. H.
1804:Elliott, J. H.
1745:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1689:
1685:Aercke, p. 145.
1684:
1680:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:Zagorin, p. 35.
1654:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:Zagorin, p. 34.
1609:
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1439:Schama, p. 251.
1438:
1431:
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1414:
1407:
1403:Schama, p. 259.
1402:
1398:
1393:
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1384:
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1376:Elliot, p. 293.
1375:
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1289:
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1254:Aercke, p. 140.
1253:
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1087:
1083:Zagorin, p. 33.
1082:
1078:
1073:
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1064:
1057:
1052:
1041:
1033:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:Aercke, p. 141.
1002:
998:
993:
986:
981:
977:
972:
965:
960:
956:
952:
930:
836:
834:Fall from power
773:Pandolfo Reschi
737:as well as the
707:
667:entry of France
594:Diego Velázquez
571:Catholic Church
566:
466:
431:Diego Velázquez
372:Diego Velázquez
352:
290:, known as the
285:
259:
249:
229:
217:
213:
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186:
182:
166:
160:
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122:
106:
101:
82:
80:Diego Velázquez
62:
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24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2126:
2116:
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2110:
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2088:Dukes of Spain
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2080:
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2049:
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2033:
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2025:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1983:
1982:External links
1980:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1944:Chisholm, Hugh
1927:
1920:
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2047:, p. 85.
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2045:Chisholm 1911
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2019:
2015:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1994:
1991:
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1911:
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1619:Munck, p. 55.
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1508:Munck, p. 49.
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183:(1645-07-22)
181:22 July 1645
172:Papal States
140:Luis de Haro
135:Succeeded by
102:
91:
73:
41:
37:
30:Spanish name
25:
2078:1645 deaths
2073:1587 births
906:Inquisition
901:El Nicandro
895:El Nicandro
858:Buen Retiro
739:Netherlands
608:, a fellow
507:arbitristas
344:in Portugal
250: [
123:Preceded by
2057:Categories
1900:ci (1986).
950:References
654:along the
509:, such as
387:Philip III
306:(Spanish:
161:1587-01-06
1910:in French
844:Velázquez
820:Catalonia
735:Andalusia
731:Catalonia
617:armistice
519:astrology
486:Philip II
454:São Paulo
450:Hermitage
439:Gallinero
312:Philip IV
304:favourite
264:Signature
116:Philip IV
103:In office
1966:See the
928:See also
824:Portugal
758:millones
727:Valencia
723:Portugal
610:Habsburg
542:placemen
256:(mother)
243:(father)
42:Pimentel
28:In this
1941::
1743:Sources
890:Loeches
797:Genoese
711:Castile
648:Swedish
527:Spartan
328:Holland
316:Grandee
234:Parents
228:
216:
212:
112:Monarch
34:surname
1935:
1791:
1777:
853:juntas
747:person
719:Naples
715:Aragon
538:juntas
408:valido
391:Philip
308:valido
222:
202:Spouse
93:Valido
38:Guzmán
771:, by
324:Spain
310:) of
254:]
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218:(
214:
196:Spain
1789:ISBN
1775:ISBN
910:Toro
822:and
767:The
733:and
628:and
584:The
513:and
474:and
452:and
342:and
298:and
224:1607
188:Toro
178:Died
168:Rome
155:Born
1950:".
1896:in
721:,
615:An
370:by
78:by
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2059::
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1432:^
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1127:^
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912:.
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830:.
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284:,
252:es
220:m.
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1912:)
1889:.
1727:.
846:.
596:.
163:)
159:(
44:.
23:.
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