Gaud Saraswat Brahmin

2246:(page 97, 98) In the process of Brahminisation, other upper castes across the country, tried to imitate the Brahmins and followed similar norms in the matters of marriage, divorce or treatment of widows. In Maharashtra, for instance, the family norms among the Saraswats and CKPs were similar to those of the Brahmins. Marathas although politically powerful and economically well to do, were on the lower rung of the caste echelon. They had different ritual norms which were marginally lenient as compared to the Brahmins. In contrast, the women from the lower castes enjoyed a little more freedom in these matters. Widow remarriage was an accepted practice in many lower castes...For the purpose of analysis, we have grouped these 56 castes into the following basic categories (1) Brahmin, Saraswat, and CKP (2) Maratha, and (3) other castes (page99) Table 8 reveals that women from the upper castes i.e. Brahmin, Saraswat, and CKP together form the largest group(46%) among the women admitted...The data also reveals some significant differences in the marital status of Brahmin, CKP and Saraswat women on one hand and Maratha and other caste women on the other...These statistical differences acquire a special meaning when we look at them in the context of our earlier statement that oppression of widows and the restrictions on married women were far more severe for the women from Brahmin, CKP and Saraswat castes than for women from Maratha and other castes. 1764:

somewhat deficient edition of disparate texts (Levitt 1977; Figueiredo 1963)-the earliest ones of which date to the fifth and the latest to the thirteenth centuries (Levitt 1973: 82, 87)-that tell the mythological story of the people of the Konkan and Goa (Cunha 1877; Gaitonde 1972). An especially relevant example is the story of the migration of the Saraswat branch of the Panca Gauda Brahmans of North India to Goa. The mythical hero of this story is Parashurama, the sixth avatar of Vishnu, who, enraged by a misdeed of King Kartavirya, perpetrates a massacre among the Kshatriya. The hero then begs the sea-god Varuna for land or, according to another version, claims the land of Konkan and Malabar himself from the ocean by blows of his magical axe, in order to bestow it to Brahmans in expiation for his cruel deed (Walker 1983: 2:190; Doshi and Shirodkar 1983: 54). More precisely, the Sahyadri Khanda accounts for sixty-six Gaud Saraswat Brahman families who Parashurama had brought from Trihotra, the modern Tirhut in western Bengal, to settle in Goan villages.....Facilitated by its enormous size and amorphous structure, the Sahyadri Khanda, however, has become the subject of contested interpretations. Modern scholars have questioned the "myth of the northern descent" of the Gaud Saraswat Brahman, arguing that their origins instead come from local priests who, at some point in history, gained Brahmanhood (Kosambi 1962] 1992: 166).

2180:, pp. 32: The consequences of the British policy of education that has been guided by the needs of the administration became evident by the middle of the nineteenth century. A class of adminstrators, clerks, journalists and writers - a professional class, which was the backbone of the middle class -emerged. The caste compositionof the emergent intelligentsia is clearly indicative of the fact that with the British policy of education, upper castes such as saraswats(shenvis) and prabhus could consolidate their hold over the scarce opportunities. A non-brahman Ryot had, in 1823 commented that the power of Brahman had doubled since they lost the country(Ballhachet 1957:153). Before the downfall of the Peshwa rule, in 1815, there was only one school started by missionaries for orphans in Bombay. Between 1827 and 1848, several schools of the Elphistone institution had started and 152 students had completed matriculation. Of these 152 students, 71 were prabhus, 28 parsis, 16 brahmanas, 12 saraswats and 25 belonged to lower castes. 1821:, pp. 40–41: Among all the castes, the Brahmin caste was the only one, which had, because of its social and religious privileges, access to higher education and learning available in Sanskrit language, as well as lower education in clerical work, account-keeping and the vernacular religious poetry in the 16th and 17th century Maharashtra. Next to the Brahmins came the Saraswats and the Kayastha Prabhus. These two communities had the tradition of giving the children education at home but only in clerical work account keeping and vernacular literature. As a result the saraswats or prabhus were proficient in account keeping and other clerical jobs. Except the Brahmins, the Saraswats and the Kayasthas, all other castes and communities in 17th century Maharashtra received very little education, which was the sole priviledge of the higher castes 1977:, p. 41: Bambardekar (1939: 111) cites two documents dated 1863 ad and 1694 ad where the brahmins are listed separately from the Seṇavīs. He argues that the Seṇavīs appropriated the term Gauḍa-Sārasvata only in the late 19th century. He also cites a letter from a Ṥeṇavī scholar (p. 297): "You are certainly right when you say that the term Saraswata is a term of modern origin. Being myself a so-called Saraswata, I may tell you that this term was invented only the other day to suit the conservative mentality of some of my community people." It may be noted that British administrative documents from the early 19th century Maharashtra always list brahmins and Shenavis as two separate castes, cf. Parulekar (1945; 1951: 26 ff. 490:, "Chitpavan and Karhade brahmins are "new creations of base-origins" and not a part of "established Gaud or Dravid groups". After Parashuram created the Chitpawans from fishermen who had assembled around some funeral pyre in Konkan, their later actions displeased him. As if to rectify his mistake, Parashuram brought ten sages from North India, specifically, Trihotra (Trihut, Bihar) and set them up in Goa for performing ancestral rites, fire sacrifice and dinner offerings. The fourth chapter of Sahyadrikhanda describes the Gotras of these Brahmins and praises them as "best brahmins, honored by the kings, good-looking, with righteous behavior, and expert in all rites". 1600: 1598: 1733:

get some important groups like the Trihotras into this listing. As will be noted later, the Gauḍa Sārasvatas, according to the Sahyādrikhaṇḍa, are migrants from Trihotra. The Maitrāyaṇas are also a relative late migrant group in Maharashtra, probably from Gujarat, and the text looks kindly upon them in including them among the five Gauḍas, some of whom later migrated to the southern region. This indicates the process of changing definitions of these terms at various times and localities to suit various purposes.

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indicate the solidarity of the GSB in contrast with other brahmana groups of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala. In the late 19th century the GSB spokesmen wrote books and articles, gave public speeches, cited documentary evidence in the native Indian as well as English court of law to prove that they belonged to the Northern stock of brahmanas. In this, their claim was in line with their efforts to be recognized as brahmanas, a right which was challenged by the

2166:

hostels included the Jain hostel (founded 1901), the Victoria Maratha hostel (1901), the Veerashaiva or Lingayat hostel (1907), the Mahomedan hostel (1906), the Namdev Shimpi hostel, the Daivadnaya Brahman or Sonar hostel (1921), the Saraswat hostel, the Kayastha Prabhu hostel, the Miss Clark Hostel for Untouchables ( founded in 1908 under non-Brahman leadership due to the lack of educated Untouchables), and the Arya Kshatriya or Jingar hostel (1920)

479: 2006:

right when you say that the term Saraswata is a term of modern origin. Being myself a so-called Saraswata, I may tell you that this term was invented only the other day to suit the conservative mentality of some of my community people." It may be noted that British administrative documents from the early 19th century Maharashtra always list brahmins and Shenavis as two separate castes, cf. Parulekar (1945; 1951: 26 ff.)

1491:

this time. They are the Gauda Sarasvata Brahmins and the Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus of Konkan. The Gauda Sarasvata Brahmins and the Kayastha Prabhus are naturally often referred to as 'Aryas' which is corrupted to 'Aiyyas' in the inscriptions. The local Brahmins were referred to as 'Bhats', and the imported northerners as Aryas...

1910:, pp. 40:The present article deals with Shivaji's achievement of moulding the caste-ridden Maratha society of the 17th century into a well-knit unit, with reference to 'the actual political role of different Maratha castes and communities of Hindu religion, high and low, in the foundation of Swarajya under his able lead 2128:

them as such. It depends on who is speaking. Goud Saraswat Brahmins would not consider Sonar as valuable Brahmins, because the latter eat fish. The local Keralan Namboodri Brahmins would not recognize either the Goud Sarawat or the Sonar as Brahmins since they travelled through the sea, which is considered polluting.

255:-paiki. From early twentieth century there have been many initiatives by the different sub-castes to form a unified Saraswat caste but according to Frank O'Conlon (writing in 1974) these attempts failed. These initiatives however, did spur foundation of educational and commercial instituitions which have endured. 2005:

14 Bambardekar (1939: 111) cites two documents dated 1863 ad and 1694 ad where the brahmins are listed separately from the Seṇavīs. He argues that the Seṇavīs appropriated the term Gauḍa-Sārasvata only in the late 19th century. He also cites a letter from a Ṥeṇavī scholar (p. 297): "You are certainly

1895:

The most important of the Konkani caste communities were : ( 1 ) The Saraswat Brahmins such as Shenvis , Sastikars , Bardeshkars , Bhalvalikars , Rajpurkars and Pednekars. ...They are , therefore , called Trikarmi Brahmins as distinguished from Shatkarmi Brahmins who performed all the six duties

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coconut growers. The Gaud Saraswat Brahmin – which Marine Carrin and Lidia Guzy describe as a "Konkani speaking community of traders already established along the coast" now became the major rice exporters. The Bunts controlled the land while the GSB controlled the rice trade in the markets. Thus in

1490:

There was a craze in the southern and eastern countries for the importation of the supposed pure Aryan Brahmins and Kshatriyas from the indo-gangetic valley in the north. The silhara kings of Konkan also seem to have invited both brahmins and kshatriyas from the north for settling in the south about

2165:

Typical of his style was sponsorship of student hostels for almost all non-Brahman communities, in which the Maharaja provided encouragement, sometimes a gift of land and grants where these were necessary, but would appeal to the rich men of the respective caste communities for basic support. These

1864:

Shivaji had met Gagabhatt a decade before his coronation in Rajapur to solve the issue related to shenavis regarding their ritual rights.( page-480)15 well learned pandit from Benaras gave vedict in favour of shenavis declaring them as Brahmins.(Same page)The decision at this assembly in April 1664

1806:

An important and relatively little-known example of a sort of 'merchant republic' form, in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries can be found at Basrur, on the Kanara coast south of Goa. The dominant trading community here were Saraswats , a caste of open status , which at times claimed Brahminhood

1763:

Only a few archival sources are available today that give detailed evidence about the pre-Portuguese history of the Goan people and their village and religious culture. One resource is the Sahyadri Khanda of the Skanda Purana, or "Book of the Western Mountains," an apparently recently organized and

1732:

In comparison with the previous verse, this verse is flawed in some significant ways and looks like an interpolation. The double reference to Kānyakubja and Kanoji which are one and the same is an indication of the sloppiness of the author of this interpolation. I suspect that the author wanted to

957:

after the portuguese rulers had destroyed the Math (monastery) of the Community.The community wanted to continue the math in Kashi with a Saraswat Sanyasi as the head. Previously in Goa, the Math head had always been a sanyasi from other brahmin communities. In order for a Saraswat sanyasi to head

701:

and Sanskrit scholar to participate in a Brahmin only debate in the British era as he was a GSB and not a Brahmin. This caused GSB caste activists to claim the Brahmin status by using markers such as "gotra", "kuldeva", village, "allegiance to a lineage of spiritual descent" or "guru parampara" of

2127:

Nowadays when members of the caste group define themselves as a part of a particular caste, it also indicates their place in the hierarchical idealized order of varna. Thus, Goud Saraswat Brahmins and Sonar (Daivadnya Brahmins) would call themselves Brahmins, although not everybody would consider

1935:

The Deśasthas, Citpāvans and Karhāḍes were united in their rejection of the brahminhood for the Sārasvatas, and Wagle himself provides evidence of this animosity. See Wagle 1970b: 318–319 for court cases filed by different brahmins against the Sārasvatas in 1788 ad, 1850 ad and 1864 ad. Also see

1556:

There supposedly was inter-marriage between women of other castes and the Gaud Saraswat BrahminsThe Gaud Saraswat of all classes or sub – castes except the Kaushalthalis eat fish occasionally (at dinners for friends only), onion, vegetables, roots . Their main food is rice (congi or pej), gruel,

524:

Deshpande considers this as a "sloppy interpolation" to get Trihotra in the list of Brahmin migrations as the Gaud Saraswats group has migrated from Trihotra in northern India as per the text. There is a reference to Kānyakubja in this verse and Kanoji in the previous although they are the same.

2227:

The main Maharashtrian Brahman jatis (sub-castes), the Chitpavans, Deshasthas and Karhadas, and also intermediate castes such as the Saraswats and Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus, all contributed families to this expatriate elite, although different jatis predominated in different regions and at

609:

M.R. Kantak, while discussing the contributions of castes during Shivaji's rule in the 17th century, says that their education made the Saraswats and Prabhus proficient in account keeping as well as clerical posts in the administration as against the Brahmins who studied Sanskrit for religious

578:

M.R. Kantak says that in 16th(1500s), Brahmins were the only caste that had access to higher education and learning in Sanskrit. Saraswats and Prabhus, who came next to the Brahmins, also educated their children and home, but only in accounting and vernacular literature. Apart from these three

498:

The claim of the Gauḍa Sārasvata brahmanas (= GSB), whether real or imagined, of a north Indian origin is not an obscure historical problem; it is a relevant problem which has been of constant interest to the GSB. Many GSB leaders in the 1870s and 1880s have referred to this northern origin to

493:

The Gauḍa Sārasvat Brahmins from southern India, whose claim to Brahminhood was often not accepted by the surrounding Dravid Brahmins, could use this text from Sahyadrikhanda to address the conflict. Wagle makes no judgement on the validity of the claim of Northern origin and writes:

641:'s history, also rejects the Brahmin claim of the Shenvi GSB as well as their "gauda-ness". He argues that the Seṇavīs adopted the term Gauḍa-Sārasvata in the latter part of the nineteenth century. According to Bambardekar, the (Shenvi)GSBs have falsified the Kannada word 533:

Bambardekar, a scholar on Konkan History, does not accept the Gauda or Brahmin claim of the Gauda Saraswats. According to Bambardekar, the Pancha Dravid Brahmins are the original Gauda Brahmins and he cites a verse from the Skanda Puran to prove his assertion.

1557:

curries and vegetable.The Shakti worshippers of female force in nature eat mutton and fowl and drink liquor after worship . The teachings of Madhavacharya of Udipi who visited Goa in the twelfth century caused the first division among the Konkani Brahmins.

708:, while describing the non-Brahman movement in western India, says that Shahu, the ruler of Kolhapur, who encouraged non-Brahmins, sponsored hostels for almost all non-Brahmin communities. Omvedt ways that one of these was the Saraswat hostel. 515:

In addition, as per some modern scholars like Hewitt, the Sahyadrikhanda is considered corrupted by many modifications and interpolations to the original. As an example, Madhav Deshpande cites the 4th verse from chapter-I which when translated

1585:

In Cochin , merchant communities like the GSB had their own quarter in the city , and considerable autonomy - indeed they were included in the exterritorial rights exercised by the Dutch when they dominated Cochin's trade( Malekandathil 2001

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and overall Brahmin community. The Hindu scripture Sahayadhri Khanda provided support for the Brahmanical genealogy of the GSB. However, Sanskrit scholar Madhav Deshpande, Indologist and Sanskrit Scholar Stephan Hillyer Levitt and historian

2400::Next comes the old Mysore areas, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, parts of Maharashtra proper, Tulunad (South Kanara) and U.P. barring the Karnatak area and Tamil Nadu, the largest community of Madhvas is to be found among the Gaud Saraswats. 593:, a Benares based Deshastha Brahmin pandit, to resolve the issue regarding the Shenavis' ritual status when they met before his coronation. Fifteen pandits in Benares proclaimed that the Shenavis were Brahmins. This proclamation includes 309:

The GSB ancestors identified themselves as of the Saraswat section of the northern Gaud division, in contrast to their Maharashtra and Karnataka Brahman neighbours of the southern division. Many Saraswats left Goa after the invasion of

2432:

Prior to the 15th century there was no conflict between the followers of Vaishnavism and Shaivism in Goa . However after the spread of Dvaita philosophy in Goa the Saraswat community was divided into Vaishnavites (Madhvas) and Smartas

722:

and the GSB were both considered lower in ritual status in the varna system as compared to the Brahmins of Maharashtra although they had a high secular status. This ambiguous position caused the Prabhus and the GSBs to support

1523:... Principalmente, na segunda metade do século XVI, em várias ocasiões, os hindus goeses emigraram, em massa, por motivo religioso, para as terras do Idalcão, para o Canará e ainda para o território de Samorim. ... 579:

communities (Brahmins, Saraswats and Kayasthas), other communities did not receive much education as during those times only higher castes received education. Kantak does not consider the Saraswats in the Brahmin category.

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favoured the Shenvi Brahmins and Deshastha Brahmins. After Mahadji's death, his widows favoured the Shenvis to the Deshastha. Balloba Pagnis and Lakhwa Dada held high posts - Pagnis was a minister and Dada was a Viceroy.

613:

During the census of 1846 carried out by the british colonial authorities in Bombay presidency, the ongoing feud between the Chitpavans and the Shenvis led to the latter being classified separately from the "Brahmans".

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says that "modern scholars have questioned the myth of the northern descent". According to modern scholars, arguing that their origins instead come from local priests who, at some point in history, gained Brahmanhood".

789:. Among Gaud Saraswat Brahmins the Madhvas are Vaishnavites, while the Smarthas are considered as Shivites and Shaktites. According to author A B de Bragnanca Pereira says, "The main deities worshipped by Shaivite are 605:

who do not have the full rights of a Brahmin. A late 20th century study showed that Konkani communities - Shenvis, Sastikars, Bardeshkars, Bhalvalikars, Rajpurkars and Pednekars currently have trikarmi status only.

1963:( iii) The birth centenary of the late Rao Bahadur V. A. Bambardekar, a well-known research-scholar of Konkan's history, was celebrated at Bombay on November 24. Vice – Chancellor Shri T. K. Tope presided 653:

scholar Madhav M. Deshpande cites R.V.Parulekar and states that " British administrative documents from the early nineteenth century Maharashtra always list brahmins and Shenvis as two separate castes".

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the math, a petition was made to the Kashi pandits.The pandits with Dadam Bhatta as their chief issued their judgement in 1630 granting the saraswats, a brahmin status which allowed them to set up the

737:

According to sociologist Dabir, ritually higher non-Brahmin castes in Maharashtra, the Saraswats and CKP, have tried to follow Brahmin customs in the treatment of women. She calls this process as

2887: 2802:

Hock, Hans (1999) "Through a Glass Darkly: Modern "Racial" Interpretations vs. Textual and General Prehistoric Evidence on Arya and Dasa/Dasyu in Vedic Indo-Aryan Society." in

2880: 980:

Although the quote uses the word 'saraswat', the context of the paper shows that he refers to Gaud Saraswat only and the source referred by the source for the cases is

397:, financiers, tax-farmers in the intra-Asian trade, and diplomatic agents". Many sources of government income in Goa, Konkan and elsewhere, including taxes on cloth and 649:

and challenges their Brahmin status itself. Bambardekar cites a document from 1694 AD and another from 1863 AD in which the Brahmins and Shenvis are separately listed.

1919:

Guha S. The Politics of Identity and Enumeration in India c. 1600–1990. Comparative Studies in Society and History. 2003;45(1):148-167. doi:10.1017/S0010417503000070

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Tucker R. Hindu Traditionalism and Nationalist Ideologies in Nineteenth-Century Maharashtra. Modern Asian Studies. 1976;10(3):321-348. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00013007

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literature also. Saraswats and Shenavis were acquainted with Portuguese and English languages, and therefore could act as interpreters during Shivaji's time.

227:

According to Ghurye, five hundred years ago Saraswats were mainly confined to the area around Goa.In the last three hundred years, they migrated south towards

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is part of the Kanara coast from Goa to Kerala. In the sixteenth century, the increase and export of rice production here was brought about by the GSB, the

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for the verdict. However, there was a debate in Shivaji's court in 1664, which reached the consensus that they were not "full-fledged Brahmins" but only

1258:

Among the trading communities , the Gowda Saraswat brahmins and Gujarati vanias played a major role . Mormugao emerged as a rendezvous of trade in Goa .

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Sociologist Ramesh Bairy says that "Saraswat claim to Brahminhood is still strongly under dispute, particularly in the coastal districts of Karnataka".

141:, per Puranic accounts. Upon moving out of Goa during Portuguese occupation, their claims of Brahminhood were rejected both to the north of Goa, by the 2561: 715:

also considers the Saraswats(Shenvis) as different from Brahmins while discussing matriculation from Elphistone after the fall of the Peshwa rule.

1113: 1775:

Axelrod, P., & Fuerch, M. A. (1998). Portuguese Orientalism and the Making of the Village Communities of Goa. Ethnohistory, 45(3), 439–476.

2664:

M.R. Kantak (1978). "The Political Role of Different Hindu Castes and Communities in Maharashtra in the Foundation of the Shivaji's Swarajya".

1642:

Conlon, F.F., 1974. Caste by Association: The Gauḍa Sārasvata Brāhmaṇa Unification Movement. The Journal of Asian Studies, 33(3), pp.351-365.

1505:

The Background of Maratha Renaissance in the 17th Century: Historical Survey of the Social, Religious and Political Movements of the Marathas

273:(twelfth century CE), the Saraswats are mentioned as one of the five Pancha Gauda Brahmin communities residing to the north of the Vindhyas. 1403:

Conlon, F. F. (1974). Caste by Association: The Gauḍa Sārasvata Brāhmaṇa Unification Movement. The Journal of Asian Studies, 33(3), 351-365.

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Gaud Saraswats of Goa during the long Portuguese rule have had their Brahmin claim challenged by the locally smaller brahmin communities of

2535: 897: 386:, the GSB were merchants by occupation and not priests who served in temples. The priestly as well as clerical function was performed by 2783: 1453:(Volume 5 of Xavier Centre of Historical Research Porvorim: XCHR studies series ed.). Concept Publishing Company. pp. 53–56. 1276:. Jacob R. de Souza Adoni Printers and Publishers for the Mae de Deus Church (Saligao) Centenary Celebrations Committee. p. 31. 1374: 633:

were united in their rejection of the brahminhood for the Gauḍa Saraswats, and Wagle himself provides evidence of this animosity.

337:

Historian Farias states that the Gaud Saraswats supposedly intermarried with women from other castes after their arrival in Goa.

184:

There are many interpretations on how the Gaud Saraswat Brahmins received the name "Gaud" and the information about it is scant.

571:. They claimed Brahminhood sometimes but were more associated with trading activity and referred to as "chatins" from the word 17: 2269: 2158: 1799: 1690: 1388: 1358: 1328: 1298: 1213: 1183: 1153: 682:, the Gaud Saraswat Brahmin claim to be Brahmins but this view is not necessarily supported by other communities such as the 675:

that describes Saraswats to be corrupted and recently interpolated by Saraswats themselves in order to improve their status.

520:

The Trihotras, the Āgnivaiśyas, the Kānyakubjas, the Kanojis, and the Maitrāyaṇas, these five are said to be the five Gauḍas.

971:

a scholar cited for paper on the History and Social Organization of the Gauḍa Sārasvata Brāhmanas of the West Coast of India

2489:

Gowd Saraswat Brahmins are often tagged as fish-eating brahmins. However, a sizeable section of them are pure vegetarians.

393:

During the Portuguese rule and later, they were again one of the main trading communities. They also served as "village –

3251: 482:

Parshurama with Saraswat Brahmin settlers, commanding Varuna to make the seas recede in order to create the Konkan Region

353:

states that "many Indians, particularly the banyas, the Gowda Saraswat Brahmins began to move to different parts of this

1830:

O’Hanlon, R. (2013). Performance in a world of paper: Puranic histories and social communication in early modern India.

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to the neighbouring regions and during the period of religious persecution of the Portuguese also Saraswats migrated to

2865: 1857: 2502: 2819: 2810:

Shaffer, Jim G. (1995). "Cultural tradition and Palaeoethnicity in South Asian Archaeology". In George Erdosy (ed.).

2793: 2769: 2697: 2626: 2605: 2512: 2029: 1756: 1663: 1627: 1578: 1549: 1458: 1428: 1243: 1051: 2384:

The Gauda Saraswats are the Madhva Vaishnavite Saraswat Brahmins, while the Saraswats have continued to be Smarthas.

1807:

but more usually was identified with mercantile activity ( the Portuguese usually term them chatins , from chetti )

1569:

Harald_Tambs-Lyche (2008). "Indian Ocean Trade and the Merchant Castes: India's West Coast". In Helena basu (ed.).

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were imported. According to Borges, Pereira and Stubbe, of the trading communities, the Gaud Saraswat Brahmins and

284: 2276:

Saraswat claim to Brahminhood is still strongly under dispute, particularly in the coastal districts of Karnataka.

3246: 2372:. Karnataka (India), Director of Print, Stationery and Publications at the Government Press. 1973. p. 110. 1483: 886: 1617: 3070: 2646:

Madhav Deshpande (2010). "Pañca Gauḍa and Pañca Drāviḍa: Contested borders of a traditional classification".

1271: 390:. This remains the case even in modern times although other castes have entered the trading occupations now. 303: 1999:

Deshpande, M.M. (2010). "Pañca Gauḍa and Pañca Drāviḍa: Contested borders of a traditional classification".

1929:

Deshpande, M.M. (2010). "Pañca Gauḍa and Pañca Drāviḍa: Contested borders of a traditional classification".

1726:

Deshpande, M.M. (2010). "Pañca Gauḍa and Pañca Drāviḍa: Contested borders of a traditional classification".

1711:

Deshpande, M.M. (2010). "Pañca Gauḍa and Pañca Drāviḍa: Contested borders of a traditional classification".

467:, Karnataka found that the Gaud Saraswat Brahmins owned most of the grocery and general merchandise stores. 3256: 428:

became the major meeting place for the traders. British and Portuguese interests clashed during this time.

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were considered to be non-Brahmin by the Pune Brahmin Shastris of late 1800s and therefore did not allow,

1378: 401:, were controlled by them. Some engaged with Tobacco trade with Brazil in the early eighteenth century. 287:. The inscriptions found in Goa bear testimony to the arrival of Brahmin families in the Konkan region. 2960: 1518: 928: 243:

and further north.He identifies seven sub-castes among the Saraswats, namely Bardeshkar, Bhalawalikar,

2965: 933: 923: 244: 2829:

Conlon, Frank F. (1974). "Caste by Association: The Gauda Sarasvata Brahmana Unification Movement".

2750: 1015: 219:

Historically, Jana Tschurenev states that the Shenvis were a community that claimed to be Brahmins.

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preceptors (swamis). The movement was active from the late 19th century to the early 20th century.

2655:

Jason Fernandes (2018). "Bridging the Centuries: A Brief Biography of Wamanrao Varde Valaulikar".

1043:

The Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century

363:

notes that trading communities such as the GSB, when dominating the merchants of Cochin, received

797:, and Saptakoteshwar, while the Vaishnavites deities are Nagesh, Ramnath, Mahalakshmi, Mahalasa, 567:

says that in the 15th and 16th century Saraswats did business with the Portuguese at the port of

734:

also considers them as coming after the Brahmin community of Maharashtra in the jati hierarchy.

2932: 2578:

Goud Saraswat Brahmin (GSB) community, a caste of fish-eating Brahmins from India's west coast.

1074:

Urban India: Society, Space, and Image: Papers Presented at a Symposium Held at Duke University

982:

The History and Social Organization of the Gauḍa Sārasvata Brāhmanas of the West Coast of India

757:

Gaud Saraswat Brahmins have both Madhvas and Smarthas among them. The Gaud Saraswats following

724: 650: 99: 2395:. Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press. 1972. pp. 18–22. 2382:. Director of Print., Stationery and Publications at the Government Press. 1973. p. 111. 2357: 2259: 2151:

Cultural Revolt in a Colonial Society: The Non Brahman Movement in Western India, 1873 to 1930

2019: 1789: 1418: 1348: 1318: 1173: 1143: 1041: 3173: 2779: 2759: 2737: 1746: 1680: 1233: 1203: 782: 408:, the trade in Goa changed focus from luxury items to essential items only. Coconut, salt, 8: 3215: 3153: 3137: 2450:. Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press. 1970. p. 8. 1451:

Trade and Finance in Portuguese India: A Study of the Portuguese Country Trade, 1770–1840

564: 364: 295: 2895: 3017: 2854: 2846: 2673: 2218: 360: 350: 236: 3163: 3033: 2858: 2815: 2789: 2765: 2693: 2622: 2601: 2508: 2265: 2154: 2085: 2025: 1954: 1853: 1795: 1752: 1686: 1659: 1623: 1574: 1545: 1479: 1454: 1424: 1384: 1354: 1324: 1294: 1249: 1239: 1231: 1209: 1179: 1149: 1047: 908: 668: 626: 622: 554: 550: 432: 387: 1682:

The Great Universe of Kota: Stress, Change, and Mental Disorder in an Indian Village

993:

The debate was by the learned Brahmins was on the issue of Brahmin widow remarriage

857:

among them. Historian Kranti K Farias states that "Their main food is rice – called

455:

recruited Saraswats to fill their administrative positions. R.C.Chaurasia says that

357:

space to conduct trade, where they eventually set up nucleus for Indian diasporas".

27:

Hindu Brahmin community in India and a part of the larger Saraswat Brahmin community

2952: 2838: 2116: 2075: 1095:"Navarathri celebrations in Kerala: Kerala celebrates Navarathri in 9 diverse ways" 918: 698: 663: 405: 374: 354: 323: 130: 123: 95: 71: 294:

kings seem to have invited supposedly pure Aryan Brahmins and Kshatriyas from the

3194: 3168: 3106: 2991: 2927: 2636: 2616: 2595: 2465: 2445: 2425: 2390: 2377: 2367: 2337: 2105:"Caste and ethnicity in South India: A case study of the Konkani people in Kochi" 1948: 1653: 1604: 1539: 1288: 1083: 1072: 774: 738: 630: 575:

by the Portuguese. They were a "caste of open status" according to Subrahmanyam.

558: 464: 444: 281: 210: 3225: 3158: 913: 850: 786: 758: 719: 582:

The brahmin status of the Saraswats was affirmed by the Kashi pandits in 1630.

537: 487: 456: 436: 232: 1253: 209:

having the same meaning, that is an individual residing on the banks of river

187:

Authors Jose Patrocinio De Souza and Alfred D'Cruz interpreters that the word

3240: 2685: 2089: 806: 731: 712: 694: 655: 421: 315: 269: 3189: 3054: 3001: 2937: 2900: 2896: 2597:

Vaishnavism of the Gowd Saraswat Brahmins: And a Few Konkani Folklore Tales

2452:

Later under the influence of Madhvacharya many of them became Vaishnavites.

2121: 2104: 1958: 1597:

Fernandes, J.K., 2008. INDO-PORTUGUESE ART AND THE SPACE OF THE ISLAMICATE.

830: 822: 805:, Venkataramana, Kamaksha, Bhagwati and Damodar". Most of the GSB's in the 778: 770: 762: 659: 346: 173: 2472:

The majority of the Saraswats, including those in Goa, are now Vaishnavas.

1865:

is prefaced by praise or prashasti from Shahaji and Shivaji to Gaga Bhatt.

3116: 2080: 2063: 1414: 794: 705: 561:

as well as by the Goldsmith, Maratha, and other non-brahmin communities.

311: 154: 55: 2677: 1350:

Empire, Civil Society, and the Beginnings of Colonial Education in India

1232:

Charles J. Borges; Oscar Guilherme Pereira; Hannes Stubbe, eds. (2000).

2850: 2362:. Government of Karnataka, Karnataka Gazetteer Department. p. 189. 2222: 1088:. Language Division, Office of the Registrar General. pp. 145–150. 959: 854: 818: 766: 590: 216:

Scholars write that "Shenvi" and "Gaud Saraswat Brahmin" are synonyms.

122:

community of contested caste status and identity. They primarily speak

2206: 3121: 810: 802: 683: 594: 504: 500: 478: 409: 291: 277: 228: 158: 146: 142: 47: 2842: 2344:

Culture:The GSBs are Vaishnavites and are followers of Madhvacharya.

3199: 3086: 2427:

A Socio-cultural History of Goa from the Bhojas to the Vijayanagara

1412: 572: 425: 394: 248: 83: 2207:"The Movement of Elites in Western India under Early British Rule" 645:

meaning 'village chief' as being identical with the Sanskrit word

172:

and even as early as the 1400s they conducted commerce across the

3096: 2690:

Writing Caste/Writing Gender: Narrating Dalit Women's Testimonies

2342:. Language Division, Office of the Registrar General. p. 6. 1776: 838: 798: 598: 586: 508: 431:

In Maharashtra, Saraswats had served as administrators under the

413: 398: 378: 264: 197: 150: 1678: 1335:

Shenvi, or Gaud Saraswat Brahmins from coastal Karnataka and Goa

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Voices from the Periphery: Subalternity and Empowerment in India

3126: 3091: 2942: 2912: 2536:"Gowd Saraswat Cuisine, Where Fish Dishes Hold a Special Place" 2261:

Being Brahmin, Being Modern: Exploring the Lives of Caste Today

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such as the Adil Shahi. In the eighteenth century during the

319: 176:. In the Maratha empire, they also served as administrators. 169: 119: 1941: 1812: 2171: 2102: 2038: 1473: 874: 138: 1888: 1699: 1142:

Pius Malekandathil (5 July 2017). Vijaya Ramaswamy (ed.).

2908: 2722: 2463: 1901: 1847: 1227: 1225: 1205:

Transaction and Hierarchy: Elements for a Theory of Caste

826: 690: 51: 1571:

Journeys and Dwellings:Indian Ocean Themes in South Asia

1320:

Baba Padmanji: Vernacular Christianity in Colonial India

2659:. Centro de Estudos Sociais da Universidade de Coimbra. 1719: 1171: 2405: 2017: 1222: 2317: 2153:. Scientific Socialist Education Trust. p. 128. 2096: 1679:

G. Morris Carstairs; Ravi L. Kapur (1 January 1976).

1502: 1305:

Shenvi is a popular synonym for Gaud Saraswat Brahmin

470: 2731: 2305: 2293: 2281: 1891:

Goan Society in Transition: A Study in Social Change

877:

and liquor during the worship of the female divine.

1787: 1544:. Church History Association of India. p. 10. 1070: 2713: 2447:The Illustrated Weekly of India, Volume 91, Part 2 2194:. State University of New York(press. p. 14). 1672: 1568: 1519:"Boletim Do Instituto Vasco Da Gama No. 68 – 1952" 1270:Souza, Jose Patrocinio De; D'Cruz, Alfred (1973). 1201: 1141: 302:. These castes are the Gaud Saraswat Brahmins and 2666:Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute 1197: 1195: 126:and its various dialects as their mother tongue. 3238: 2645: 2189: 2064:"Reflections on the Sahyādrikhaṇḍa's Uttarārdha" 1986: 1974: 1876: 1781: 1685:. University of California Press. pp. 36–. 1622:. Cambridge university press. pp. 130–145. 1537: 1521:. Tipografia Rangel, Bastora. 1952. p. 74. 1167: 1165: 2809: 2654: 2470:. Samyukta Gowda Saraswata Sabha. p. 154. 2049: 1998: 1928: 1725: 1710: 1383:. Bombay: popular prakashan. pp. 194–195. 1346: 1316: 1269: 1145:Migrations in Medieval and Early Colonial India 1137: 1135: 1058:GAUD SARASWAT : a subdivision of Brahmins. 2355: 1744: 1340: 1290:The City in Action: Bombay Struggles for Power 1192: 1172:Marine Carrin; Lidia Guzy (29 November 2020). 1007: 2881: 2684: 2177: 1953:. P.E.N. All-India Centre. 1975. p. 18. 1794:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 108–. 1533: 1531: 1353:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 282–. 1162: 752: 2806:, ed. Bronkhorst & Deshpande, Ann Arbor. 2732:Ramachandra Shyama Nayak. "Saraswath Sudha". 2257: 2251: 2204: 2061: 1310: 1286: 1273:Saligao: Focus on a Picturesque Goan Village 1238:. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 63–. 1132: 2663: 2562:"Forward castes must think forward as well" 2430:. Institute Menezes Braganza. p. 108. 2239: 2233: 2148: 1922: 1907: 1818: 1280: 1046:. Cambridge University Press. p. 375. 898:List of festivals of Gaud Saraswat Brahmins 597:(praise) from both Shivaji and his father, 2888: 2874: 2785:The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture 2392:The Illustrated Weekly of India, Volume 93 2335: 2055: 1528: 1081: 1013: 276:References to Saraswat names are found in 2528: 2120: 2079: 1852:. Param Mitra Publications. p. 480. 1651: 1478:. Mangal Deep Publications. p. 204. 1235:Goa and Portugal: History and Development 1114:"GSB community concludes its celebration" 1039: 340: 2716:The origin and spread of Gauda Saraswats 2657:Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais, 115 1751:. Indiana University Press. p. 87. 1444: 1442: 1440: 1423:. Pearson Education India. p. 168. 1420:Caste in Life: Experiencing Inequalities 477: 424:played the major role in this trade and 2761:Kashmiri Pandits: Looking to the Future 2614: 2504:Kashmiri Pandits: Looking to the Future 2494: 2379:Karnataka State Gazetteer: South Kanara 2323: 1788:Sanjay Subrahmanyam (29 October 1998). 1658:. Atlantic Publishers. pp. 30–33. 1293:. Oxford University Press. p. 79. 637:Bambardekar, a prominent researcher on 14: 3239: 2828: 2778: 2593: 2424:Vithal Raghavendra Mitragotri (1999). 2411: 2311: 2287: 2192:Religious Controversy in British India 1936:Bambardekar 1939 and Conlon 1977: 39ff 1791:The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama 1615: 1373: 1092: 727:'s Hindu revival in the 19th century. 2869: 2634: 2299: 1562: 1448: 1437: 1178:. Taylor & Francis. p. 182. 962:with a saraswat sanyasi as their head 849:Gaud Saraswat Brahmins are primarily 528: 114:) (also Goud or Gawd), also known as 2757: 2725:History of the Dakshinatya Saraswats 2467:History of the Dakshinatya Saraswats 2244:. Rawat Publishers. pp. 97–99. 2109:Etnografia Polska LXIV, 2020, Z. 1–2 2103:ALINA KACZMAREK-SUBRAMANIAN (2020). 1541:The Christian Impact in South Kanara 1474:Raj Pruthi, Rameshwari Devi (2004). 1317:Deepra Dandekar (23 December 2020). 1202:Harald Tambs-Lyche (9 August 2017). 41:Regions with significant populations 2500: 1063: 833:and are mainly concentrated in the 345:After commercial activities in the 24: 2723:Venkataraya Narayan Kudva (1972). 2707: 2615:Pereira, A B de Bragnanca (2008), 2464:Venkataraya Narayan Kudva (1972). 2369:Karnataka State Gazetteer: Shimoga 2024:. Popular Prakashan. p. 195. 1848:Gajanan Bhaskar Mehendale (2012). 404:In the mid-nineteenth century, in 25: 3268: 2812:Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia 2804:Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia 2727:. Samyukta Gauda Saraswata Sabha. 2618:Ethnography of Goa, Daman and Diu 1573:. Orient BlackSwan. p. 142. 1093:George, Anjana (9 October 2016). 880: 718:In mid 19th century Bombay, the 662:consider GSB's as part of larger 222: 2258:Ramesh Bairy (11 January 2013). 1748:Hindu-Catholic Encounters in Goa 1619:The Marathas 1600–1818, Volume 2 544: 2638:The Scheduled Castes, Volume 21 2587: 2554: 2477: 2457: 2438: 2417: 2359:Karnataka State: Udupi District 2349: 2329: 2198: 2183: 2142: 2133: 2018:Govind Sadashiv Ghurye (1969). 2011: 1992: 1968: 1913: 1889:Bento Graciano D'Souza (1975). 1882: 1841: 1824: 1769: 1738: 1645: 1636: 1609: 1591: 1511: 1496: 1467: 1406: 1397: 1367: 1347:Jana Tschurenev (23 May 2019). 987: 974: 965: 951: 463:A sample study in the 1970s in 2600:. Asian Educational Services. 2487:. Deccan Herald. 16 May 2018. 1777:https://doi.org/10.2307/483320 1503:Narayan Keshav Behere (1946). 1263: 1077:. Duke University. p. 27. 1033: 887:List of Gaud Saraswat Brahmins 416:were exported, while rice and 304:Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus 13: 1: 3071:Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu 2921:Maratha and associated groups 2205:John Roberts (9 April 1971). 2068:Studia Orientalia Electronica 1476:Religions And Faiths In India 1014:Lola Nayar (1 October 2012). 939: 851:fish and other seafood eaters 2831:The Journal of Asian Studies 2264:. Routledge. pp. 193–. 1950:The Indian P.E.N., Volume 41 1148:. Routledge. pp. 271–. 1071:Richard Gabriel Fox (1970). 1000: 891: 671:consider the portion of the 179: 168:The GSBs were traditionally 7: 2961:Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmins 2788:. Oxford University Press. 2714:Suryanath U Kamath (1992). 2339:Survey of Konkani in Kerala 1085:Survey of Konkani in Kerala 902: 585:Later in the 17th century, 349:increased after the 1400s, 157:, and to the south, by the 10: 3273: 3252:Brahmin communities of Goa 2966:Kudaldeshkar Gaud Brahmins 2641:. Oxford University Press. 1850:Shivaji His Life and Times 1040:Anil Seal (2 March 1968). 934:Kudaldeshkar Gaud Brahmins 929:Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmin 895: 884: 753:Classification and culture 747: 258: 133:who initially migrated to 3208: 3182: 3146: 3079: 3063: 3047: 3026: 3010: 2984: 2976:Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins 2951: 2920: 2190:Kenneth W. Jones (1992). 1538:Kranti K. Farias (1999). 1208:. Routledge. p. 89. 924:Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins 821:regions are followers of 773:, while the followers of 617:Madhav Deshpande writes: 285:copper plate inscriptions 195:may have been taken from 94: 89: 82: 77: 70: 65: 45: 40: 1616:Gordon, Stewart (2017). 1323:. Taylor & Francis. 944: 46:Primary populations in 2356:S. Anees Siraj (2012). 2021:Caste and Race in India 1896:assigned to their caste 1745:Alexander Henn (2014). 1655:History of the Marathas 1652:Chaurasia, R S (2004). 1603:8 February 2022 at the 1380:Caste and race in India 869:offer and then consume 844: 829:, the GSB's who follow 100:Roman Catholic Brahmins 2971:Gaud Saraswat Brahmins 2933:Gomantak Maratha Samaj 2745:Cite journal requires 2648:Studia Orientalia: 108 2594:Chavan, V. P. (1991). 2211:The Historical Journal 2122:10.23858/EP64.2020.009 2001:Studia Orientalia: 108 1931:Studia Orientalia: 108 1728:Studia Orientalia: 108 1713:Studia Orientalia: 108 725:Vishnubawa Brahmachari 651:University of Michigan 635: 589:(1630-1680) had asked 522: 513: 483: 367:granted by the Dutch. 341:Historical occupations 108:Gaud Saraswat Brahmins 18:Gaud Saraswat Brahmins 3247:Gaud Saraswat Brahmin 3174:Mangalorean Catholics 2814:. Walter de Gruyter. 2635:Singh, K. S. (1995). 2062:Levitt S. H. (2017). 1987:Madhav Deshpande 2010 1975:Madhav Deshpande 2010 1877:Madhav Deshpande 2010 1449:Pinto, Celsa (1994). 1287:Jim Masselos (2007). 619: 518: 496: 481: 90:Related ethnic groups 36:Gaud Saraswat Brahmin 2758:Kawl, M. K. (2001). 2240:Neela Dabir (2000). 2149:Gail Omvedt (1976). 2081:10.23993/store.65156 2050:Jason Fernandes 2018 471:Origin myth per the 365:exterritorial rights 3257:Brahmin communities 3216:Caste system in Goa 3154:Bombay East Indians 3138:Siddis of Karnataka 2501:Kaw, M. K. (2001). 2336:J. Rajathi (1976). 1082:J. Rajathi (1976). 853:but there are also 565:Sanjay Subrahmanyam 296:Indo-Gangetic plain 37: 3018:Chitpavan Brahmins 2938:Naik Maratha Samaj 2568:. 23 November 2014 2507:. APH Publishing. 2485:"A Konkani touch!" 2178:Sharmila Rege 2014 1832:Past & Present 1413:D. Shyam Babu and 1118:The Times of India 1099:The Times of India 684:Namboodri Brahmins 529:Scholars' opinions 484: 361:Harald Tambs-Lyche 351:Pius Malekandathil 237:Ratnagiri district 231:and north towards 35: 3234: 3233: 3164:Karwari Catholics 2271:978-1-136-19820-5 2242:women in distress 2160:978-0-88386-922-2 1801:978-0-521-64629-1 1692:978-0-520-03024-4 1415:Ravindra S. Khare 1390:978-81-7154-205-5 1360:978-1-108-49833-3 1330:978-1-00-033613-9 1300:978-0-19-567929-8 1215:978-1-351-39396-6 1185:978-1-00-036569-6 1155:978-1-351-55825-9 1016:"The Konkan Rail" 909:List of Saraswats 781:are followers of 765:are followers of 664:Saraswat Brahmins 603:trikarmi brahmins 433:Deccan Sultanates 388:Shivalli Brahmins 131:Saraswat Brahmins 129:They claim to be 105: 104: 96:Saraswat Brahmins 16:(Redirected from 3264: 3209:Related articles 2890: 2883: 2876: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2825: 2799: 2775: 2754: 2748: 2743: 2741: 2733: 2728: 2719: 2703: 2681: 2660: 2651: 2642: 2631: 2611: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2498: 2492: 2491: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2386: 2373: 2363: 2353: 2347: 2346: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2228:different times. 2202: 2196: 2195: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2146: 2140: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2124: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2083: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2036: 2035: 2015: 2009: 2008: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1926: 1920: 1917: 1911: 1908:M.R. Kantak 1978 1905: 1899: 1898: 1886: 1880: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1845: 1839: 1828: 1822: 1819:M.R. Kantak 1978 1816: 1810: 1809: 1785: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1766: 1742: 1736: 1735: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1708: 1697: 1696: 1676: 1670: 1669: 1649: 1643: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1613: 1607: 1595: 1589: 1588: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1535: 1526: 1525: 1515: 1509: 1508: 1500: 1494: 1493: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1446: 1435: 1434: 1410: 1404: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1344: 1338: 1337: 1314: 1308: 1307: 1284: 1278: 1277: 1267: 1261: 1260: 1229: 1220: 1219: 1199: 1190: 1189: 1169: 1160: 1159: 1139: 1130: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1120:. 28 August 2020 1109: 1107: 1105: 1089: 1078: 1067: 1061: 1060: 1037: 1031: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1011: 994: 991: 985: 978: 972: 969: 963: 955: 919:Saraswat cuisine 406:Portuguese India 324:Dakshina Kannada 251:, Sashtikar and 38: 34: 21: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3262: 3261: 3237: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3204: 3195:Konkani Muslims 3178: 3169:Koli Christians 3147:Roman Catholics 3142: 3107:Gauda and Kunbi 3075: 3059: 3043: 3022: 3006: 2980: 2947: 2916: 2894: 2843:10.2307/2052936 2822: 2796: 2772: 2746: 2744: 2735: 2734: 2710: 2708:Further reading 2700: 2629: 2608: 2590: 2585: 2584: 2571: 2569: 2566:Hindustan Times 2560: 2559: 2555: 2545: 2543: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2499: 2495: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2462: 2458: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2422: 2418: 2414:, p. 2122. 2410: 2406: 2389: 2387: 2376: 2374: 2366: 2364: 2354: 2350: 2334: 2330: 2322: 2318: 2310: 2306: 2298: 2294: 2286: 2282: 2272: 2256: 2252: 2238: 2234: 2203: 2199: 2188: 2184: 2176: 2172: 2161: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2101: 2097: 2060: 2056: 2048: 2039: 2032: 2016: 2012: 1997: 1993: 1985: 1981: 1973: 1969: 1947: 1946: 1942: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1906: 1902: 1887: 1883: 1875: 1871: 1860: 1846: 1842: 1829: 1825: 1817: 1813: 1802: 1786: 1782: 1774: 1770: 1759: 1743: 1739: 1724: 1720: 1709: 1700: 1693: 1677: 1673: 1666: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1630: 1614: 1610: 1605:Wayback Machine 1596: 1592: 1581: 1567: 1563: 1552: 1536: 1529: 1517: 1516: 1512: 1501: 1497: 1486: 1472: 1468: 1461: 1447: 1438: 1431: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1391: 1372: 1368: 1361: 1345: 1341: 1331: 1315: 1311: 1301: 1285: 1281: 1268: 1264: 1246: 1230: 1223: 1216: 1200: 1193: 1186: 1170: 1163: 1156: 1140: 1133: 1123: 1121: 1112: 1110: 1103: 1101: 1090: 1079: 1068: 1064: 1054: 1038: 1034: 1024: 1022: 1012: 1008: 1003: 998: 997: 992: 988: 984:(1970) by Wagle 979: 975: 970: 966: 956: 952: 947: 942: 905: 900: 894: 889: 883: 847: 775:Advaita Vedanta 755: 750: 547: 531: 511:, among others. 476: 343: 261: 235:in present day 225: 182: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3270: 3260: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3228: 3226:Konkani people 3223: 3218: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3159:Goan Catholics 3156: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3140: 3135: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3073: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3057: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3041: 3036: 3030: 3028: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3020: 3014: 3012: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2957: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2917: 2893: 2892: 2885: 2878: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2837:(3): 351–365. 2826: 2820: 2807: 2800: 2794: 2776: 2770: 2755: 2747:|journal= 2729: 2720: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2704: 2698: 2682: 2661: 2652: 2643: 2632: 2627: 2621:, Penguin UK, 2612: 2606: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2553: 2542:. 16 June 2017 2527: 2513: 2493: 2476: 2456: 2437: 2416: 2404: 2348: 2328: 2316: 2304: 2302:, p. 185. 2292: 2280: 2270: 2250: 2232: 2197: 2182: 2170: 2159: 2141: 2132: 2095: 2054: 2037: 2030: 2010: 1991: 1979: 1967: 1940: 1921: 1912: 1900: 1893:. p. 61. 1881: 1869: 1859:978-9380875170 1858: 1840: 1823: 1811: 1800: 1780: 1768: 1757: 1737: 1718: 1698: 1691: 1671: 1664: 1644: 1635: 1628: 1608: 1590: 1579: 1561: 1550: 1527: 1510: 1495: 1484: 1466: 1459: 1436: 1429: 1417:, ed. (2011). 1405: 1396: 1389: 1375:Ghurye, Govind 1366: 1359: 1339: 1329: 1309: 1299: 1279: 1262: 1244: 1221: 1214: 1191: 1184: 1161: 1154: 1131: 1062: 1052: 1032: 1005: 1004: 1002: 999: 996: 995: 986: 973: 964: 949: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 937: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 914:Canara Konkani 911: 904: 901: 896:Main article: 893: 890: 885:Main article: 882: 881:Notable people 879: 846: 843: 787:Chitrapur Math 759:Dvaita Vedanta 754: 751: 749: 746: 739:Brahminisation 720:Pathare Prabhu 673:Sahyādrikhaṇḍa 546: 543: 538:Alexander Henn 530: 527: 488:Sahyadrikhanda 475: 473:Sahyadrikhanda 469: 457:Mahadji Shinde 437:Maratha empire 422:Gujarati Vania 342: 339: 260: 257: 224: 223:Classification 221: 181: 178: 103: 102: 92: 91: 87: 86: 80: 79: 75: 74: 68: 67: 63: 62: 43: 42: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3269: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3056: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2901:social groups 2898: 2897:Ethnic groups 2891: 2886: 2884: 2879: 2877: 2872: 2871: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2821:3-11-014447-6 2817: 2813: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2795:0-19-513777-9 2791: 2787: 2786: 2781: 2780:Bryant, Edwin 2777: 2773: 2771:9788176482363 2767: 2763: 2762: 2756: 2752: 2739: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2711: 2701: 2699:9789383074679 2695: 2691: 2687: 2686:Sharmila Rege 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2640: 2639: 2633: 2630: 2628:9789351182085 2624: 2620: 2619: 2613: 2609: 2607:9788120606456 2603: 2599: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2579: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2541: 2537: 2531: 2516: 2514:9788176482363 2510: 2506: 2505: 2497: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2460: 2453: 2449: 2448: 2441: 2434: 2429: 2428: 2420: 2413: 2408: 2401: 2399: 2394: 2393: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2371: 2370: 2361: 2360: 2352: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2332: 2326:, p. 59. 2325: 2320: 2314:, p. 23. 2313: 2308: 2301: 2296: 2290:, p. 22. 2289: 2284: 2277: 2273: 2267: 2263: 2262: 2254: 2247: 2243: 2236: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2217:(2): 241–62. 2216: 2212: 2208: 2201: 2193: 2186: 2179: 2174: 2167: 2162: 2156: 2152: 2145: 2136: 2129: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2099: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2058: 2051: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2033: 2031:9788171542055 2027: 2023: 2022: 2014: 2007: 2002: 1995: 1989:, p. 55. 1988: 1983: 1976: 1971: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1944: 1937: 1932: 1925: 1916: 1909: 1904: 1897: 1892: 1885: 1879:, p. 41. 1878: 1873: 1866: 1861: 1855: 1851: 1844: 1837: 1833: 1827: 1820: 1815: 1808: 1803: 1797: 1793: 1792: 1784: 1778: 1772: 1765: 1760: 1758:9780253013002 1754: 1750: 1749: 1741: 1734: 1729: 1722: 1714: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1694: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1675: 1667: 1665:9788126903948 1661: 1657: 1656: 1648: 1639: 1631: 1629:9780521033169 1625: 1621: 1620: 1612: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1594: 1587: 1582: 1580:9788125031413 1576: 1572: 1565: 1558: 1553: 1551:9788175251267 1547: 1543: 1542: 1534: 1532: 1524: 1520: 1514: 1507:. p. 81. 1506: 1499: 1492: 1487: 1481: 1477: 1470: 1462: 1460:9788170225072 1456: 1452: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1432: 1430:9788131754399 1426: 1422: 1421: 1416: 1409: 1400: 1392: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1376: 1370: 1362: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1343: 1336: 1332: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1313: 1306: 1302: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1283: 1275: 1274: 1266: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1245:9788170228677 1241: 1237: 1236: 1228: 1226: 1217: 1211: 1207: 1206: 1198: 1196: 1187: 1181: 1177: 1176: 1168: 1166: 1157: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1138: 1136: 1119: 1115: 1100: 1096: 1087: 1086: 1076: 1075: 1066: 1059: 1055: 1053:9780521062749 1049: 1045: 1044: 1036: 1021: 1020:Outlook India 1017: 1010: 1006: 990: 983: 977: 968: 961: 954: 950: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 906: 899: 888: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 842: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 807:Malabar Coast 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 745: 742: 740: 735: 733: 728: 726: 721: 716: 714: 713:Sharmila Rege 709: 707: 703: 700: 697:, an eminent 696: 695:RG Bhandarkar 692: 689:The GSB from 687: 685: 681: 676: 674: 670: 665: 661: 657: 656:Irawati Karve 652: 648: 644: 640: 634: 632: 628: 624: 618: 615: 611: 607: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 583: 580: 576: 574: 570: 566: 562: 560: 556: 552: 545:Varna dispute 542: 539: 535: 526: 521: 517: 512: 510: 506: 502: 495: 491: 489: 480: 474: 468: 466: 461: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 429: 427: 426:Mormugao city 423: 419: 415: 412:, fruits and 411: 407: 402: 400: 396: 391: 389: 385: 380: 376: 372: 368: 366: 362: 358: 356: 352: 348: 338: 335: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 316:Uttar Kannada 313: 307: 305: 301: 298:to settle in 297: 293: 288: 286: 283: 279: 274: 272: 271: 270:Rajatarangini 266: 256: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 220: 217: 214: 212: 208: 204: 200: 199: 194: 190: 185: 177: 175: 171: 166: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 127: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 101: 97: 93: 88: 85: 81: 76: 73: 69: 64: 61: 57: 53: 49: 44: 39: 30: 19: 3190:Goan Muslims 3055:Vaishya Vani 3011:Konkanasthas 3002:Bhatt Prabhu 2970: 2834: 2830: 2811: 2803: 2784: 2760: 2738:cite journal 2724: 2715: 2689: 2672:(1): 40–56. 2669: 2665: 2656: 2647: 2637: 2617: 2596: 2588:Bibliography 2577: 2570:. Retrieved 2565: 2556: 2544:. Retrieved 2539: 2530: 2518:. Retrieved 2503: 2496: 2488: 2479: 2471: 2466: 2459: 2451: 2446: 2440: 2433:(Shaivites). 2431: 2426: 2419: 2407: 2397: 2396: 2391: 2383: 2378: 2368: 2358: 2351: 2343: 2338: 2331: 2324:Pereira 2008 2319: 2307: 2295: 2283: 2275: 2260: 2253: 2245: 2241: 2235: 2226: 2214: 2210: 2200: 2191: 2185: 2173: 2164: 2150: 2144: 2135: 2126: 2112: 2108: 2098: 2071: 2067: 2057: 2020: 2013: 2004: 2000: 1994: 1982: 1970: 1962: 1949: 1943: 1934: 1930: 1924: 1915: 1903: 1894: 1890: 1884: 1872: 1863: 1849: 1843: 1838:(1), 87-126. 1835: 1831: 1826: 1814: 1805: 1790: 1783: 1771: 1762: 1747: 1740: 1731: 1727: 1721: 1712: 1681: 1674: 1654: 1647: 1638: 1618: 1611: 1593: 1584: 1570: 1564: 1555: 1540: 1522: 1513: 1504: 1498: 1489: 1475: 1469: 1450: 1419: 1408: 1399: 1379: 1369: 1349: 1342: 1334: 1319: 1312: 1304: 1289: 1282: 1272: 1265: 1257: 1234: 1204: 1174: 1144: 1122:. Retrieved 1117: 1102:. Retrieved 1098: 1084: 1073: 1065: 1057: 1042: 1035: 1023:. Retrieved 1019: 1009: 989: 981: 976: 967: 953: 862: 858: 848: 831:Madhvacharya 823:Madhvacharya 779:Adi Shankara 771:Gokarna Math 763:Madhvacharya 756: 743: 736: 732:John Roberts 729: 717: 711:Sociologist 710: 704: 688: 677: 672: 660:G. S. Ghurye 646: 642: 636: 620: 616: 612: 608: 602: 584: 581: 577: 563: 548: 536: 532: 523: 519: 514: 497: 492: 485: 472: 462: 430: 403: 392: 384:South Kanara 371:South Kanara 369: 359: 347:Indian Ocean 344: 336: 332:South Konkan 308: 289: 275: 268: 262: 247:, Lotlikar, 245:Kudaldeshkar 226: 218: 215: 206: 202: 196: 192: 188: 186: 183: 174:Indian Ocean 167: 161:Brahmins of 153:Brahmins of 128: 115: 111: 107: 106: 32:Ethnic group 29: 2412:Chavan 1991 2312:Chavan 1991 2288:Chavan 1991 2074:: 151–161. 1124:15 February 1104:15 February 855:vegetarians 795:Shantadurga 783:Kavale Math 706:Gail Omvedt 699:orientalist 312:Malik Kafur 280:as well as 155:Maharashtra 56:Maharashtra 3241:Categories 2692:. Zubaan. 2300:Singh 1995 1485:8175941693 1254:1014554637 960:Kashi math 940:References 819:Tamil Nadu 767:Kashi Math 730:Historian 591:Gaga Bhatt 447:rulers of 410:areca-nuts 278:Shilaharas 3122:Komarpant 3034:Daivadnya 3027:Daivadnya 2953:Saraswats 2859:161174511 2688:(2014) . 2540:NDTV Food 2090:2323-5209 1025:8 October 1001:Citations 892:Festivals 841:regions. 811:Karnataka 803:Narasimha 627:Chitpavan 623:Deshastha 595:Prashasti 555:Chitpavan 551:Deshastha 505:Deshastha 501:Chitpavan 439:era, the 395:Kulkarnis 292:Shilahara 229:Mangalore 211:Saraswati 180:Etymology 159:Nambudiri 147:Chitpavan 143:Deshastha 66:Languages 48:Karnataka 3200:Nawayath 3087:Bhandari 2985:Karhades 2911:and the 2782:(2001). 2678:42931051 2572:18 March 1715:: 42–43. 1601:Archived 1377:(1969). 903:See also 669:O'Hanlon 443:and the 355:maritime 249:Pednekar 207:Saraswat 84:Hinduism 78:Religion 3097:Dhangar 3064:Prabhus 3048:Vaishya 2992:Karhade 2928:Maratha 2851:2052936 2764:. APH. 2546:7 April 2520:7 April 2398:Page 22 2223:2637955 2115:: 177. 1959:1716992 867:Shaktas 839:Salcete 799:Lakshmi 791:Mangesh 748:Culture 631:Karhade 599:Shahaji 587:Shivaji 559:Karhade 509:Karhade 486:As per 414:poultry 399:tobacco 379:Billava 306:(CKP). 282:Kadamba 265:Kalhana 259:History 233:Rajapur 201:, with 198:Ghaggar 170:traders 151:Karhade 124:Konkani 116:Shenvis 72:Konkani 3134:(Mhar) 3127:Madval 3092:Chamar 3080:Others 2997:Padhye 2943:Kharvi 2915:region 2913:Konkan 2905:tribes 2857: 2849: 2818: 2792: 2768: 2696: 2676: 2625: 2604: 2511: 2268: 2221: 2157: 2088: 2028: 2003:: 41. 1957: 1933:: 45. 1856: 1798: 1755: 1730:: 31. 1689: 1662: 1626: 1577: 1548: 1482: 1457: 1427: 1387: 1357: 1327: 1297: 1252: 1242: 1212: 1182: 1152: 1050: 871:mutton 835:Bardez 815:Kerala 680:Kerala 639:Konkan 573:chetti 569:Basrur 453:Indore 449:Ujjain 445:Holkar 441:Shinde 418:timber 328:Kerala 300:Konkan 253:Shenvi 241:Alibag 163:Kerala 135:Konkan 118:are a 60:Kerala 3221:Goans 3183:Islam 3132:Mahar 3112:Gavli 3102:Gabit 3039:Shett 2855:S2CID 2847:JSTOR 2674:JSTOR 2219:JSTOR 945:Notes 859:congi 825:. In 647:gauḍa 643:gowḍa 375:Bunts 320:Udupi 189:Gauda 137:from 120:Hindu 3117:Koli 2903:and 2816:ISBN 2790:ISBN 2766:ISBN 2751:help 2694:ISBN 2623:ISBN 2602:ISBN 2574:2019 2548:2019 2522:2019 2509:ISBN 2266:ISBN 2155:ISBN 2086:ISSN 2026:ISBN 1955:OCLC 1854:ISBN 1796:ISBN 1753:ISBN 1687:ISBN 1660:ISBN 1624:ISBN 1575:ISBN 1546:ISBN 1480:ISBN 1455:ISBN 1425:ISBN 1385:ISBN 1355:ISBN 1325:ISBN 1295:ISBN 1250:OCLC 1240:ISBN 1210:ISBN 1180:ISBN 1150:ISBN 1126:2021 1106:2021 1048:ISBN 1027:2016 875:fowl 845:Diet 837:and 817:and 785:and 769:and 658:and 629:and 621:The 557:and 507:and 465:Kota 451:and 377:and 330:and 290:The 205:and 203:Goud 193:Goud 149:and 139:Gaud 58:and 2909:Goa 2907:of 2839:doi 2117:doi 2076:doi 1836:219 863:Pej 861:or 827:Goa 777:of 761:of 691:Goa 678:In 516:is: 267:'s 263:In 191:or 112:GSB 52:Goa 3243:: 2899:, 2853:. 2845:. 2835:33 2833:. 2742:: 2740:}} 2736:{{ 2670:38 2668:. 2576:. 2564:. 2538:. 2274:. 2225:. 2215:14 2213:. 2209:. 2163:. 2125:. 2113:64 2111:. 2107:. 2084:. 2070:. 2066:. 2040:^ 1961:. 1862:. 1834:, 1804:. 1761:. 1701:^ 1583:. 1554:. 1530:^ 1488:. 1439:^ 1333:. 1303:. 1256:. 1248:. 1224:^ 1194:^ 1164:^ 1134:^ 1116:. 1097:. 1056:. 1018:. 873:, 865:. 813:, 809:, 801:, 793:, 741:. 686:. 625:, 553:, 503:, 334:. 326:, 322:, 318:, 239:, 213:. 165:. 145:, 98:, 54:, 50:, 2889:e 2882:t 2875:v 2861:. 2841:: 2824:. 2798:. 2774:. 2753:) 2749:( 2718:. 2702:. 2680:. 2650:. 2610:. 2550:. 2524:. 2388:— 2375:— 2365:— 2119:: 2092:. 2078:: 2072:5 2052:. 2034:. 1695:. 1668:. 1632:. 1586:) 1463:. 1433:. 1393:. 1363:. 1218:. 1188:. 1158:. 1128:. 1111:— 1108:. 1091:— 1080:— 1069:— 1029:. 110:( 20:)

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Gaud Saraswat Brahmin

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