The Buddha - Knowledge

5688: 3662: 5449: 5531: 2840: 5413: 4283: 5632: 2896: 6013: 5437: 6964:, p. 29): "From the fourth jhana he gained bodhi. It is not at all clear what gaining bodhi means. We are accustomed to the translation 'enlightenment' for bodhi, but this is misleading for two reasons. First, it can be confused with the use of the word to describe the development in European thought and culture in the eighteenth century, and second, it suggests that light is being shed on something, whereas there is no hint of the meaning 'light' in the root budh- which underlies the word bodhi. The root means 'to wake up, to be awake, to be awakened', and a buddha is someone who has been awakened. Besides the ordinary sense of being awakened by something, e.g. a noise, it can also mean 'awakened to something'. The desire to get the idea of 'awakened' in English translations of buddha explains the rather peculiar Victorian quasi-poetical translation 'the wake' which we sometimes find." 5932: 4460: 3864: 3673: 14406:, a heterodox (sometimes translated as "atheistic") philosophy, many modern Hindus nevertheless wish to include Gotama as part of the Hindu traditions. Gandhi, for example, insisted that the Buddha was a Hindu, a claim that many Hindus today affirm. The traditional belief that the Buddha was the ninth avatar of the god Vishnu, one of the cosmic deities of Hinduism, is often cied in support of this view. Many Hindus who claim the Buddha as one of their own, however, fail to recognize the ambivalence of this tradition. ... The adoption of Buddha as an incarnation of Vishnu seems to have commenced at roughly the same time Hinduism gained in ascendancy in India and Buddhism began to decline. Thus, the Hindu inclusion of the Buddha in this traditional list of Vishnu's ten avatars may in fact represent a part of Hindu efforts to eviscerate Buddhist power and appeal. 5473: 5461: 3657:

leadership", such a person would have to make arrangements about the Order. The Tathagata does not think in such terms. Why should the Tathagata make arrangements for the Order? I am now old, worn out...I have reached the term of life, I am turning eighty years of age. Just as an old cart is made to go by being held together with straps, so the Tathagata's body is kept going by being bandaged up...Therefore, Ananda, you should live as islands unto yourselves, being your own refuge, seeking no other refuge; with the Dhamma as an island, with the Dhamma as your refuge, seeking no other refuge... Those monks who in my time or afterwards live thus, seeking an island and a refuge in themselves and in the Dhamma and nowhere else, these zealous ones are truly my monks and will overcome the darkness (of rebirth).

5519: 6025: 5425: 6077: 3515: 5884: 5989: 6037: 4718: 5900: 5057: 6001: 5961: 4298: 5660: 5719: 5648: 5672: 1566: 2397: 3604: 57: 2168: 5916: 5707: 5977: 4876:, the key duties of a Cakkavatti are: "establish guard, ward, and protection according to Dhamma for your own household, your troops, your nobles, and vassals, for Brahmins and householders, town and country folk, ascetics and Brahmins, for beasts and birds. let no crime prevail in your kingdom, and to those who are in need, give property." The sutta explains the injunction to give to the needy by telling how a line of wheel-turning monarchs falls because they fail to give to the needy, and thus the kingdom falls into infighting as poverty increases, which then leads to stealing and violence. 7159:, p. 42) chapter"Buddha (Skt; Pali)": "This is not a personal name but an epithet of those who have achieved enlightenment (*bodhi), the goal of the Buddhist religious life. Buddha comes from the *Sanskrit root 'budh', meaning to awaken, and the Buddhas are those who have awakened to the true nature of things as taught in the *Four Noble Truths. ... It is generally believed that there can never be more than one Buddha in any particular era, and the 'historical Buddha' of the present era was *Siddhartha Gautama. Numerous ahistorical Buddhas make an appearance in Mahayana literature." 6968:

derived from budh, yet entails no sense of 'awakening'. Further, when we look at the ordinary use of verbs based on budh in the Pali suttas, we can see that these verbs mean 'to know, to understand, to recognize'. My paper cites several passages where rendering the verb as 'awakens' would stretch the English word beyond its ordinary limits. In those contexts, 'knows', 'understands', 'recognizes', or 'realizes' would fit much better. The verbs derived from budh that do mean 'awaken' are generally preceded by a prefix, but they are not used to refer to the Buddha's attainment of bodhi." (

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is (3) gladness, conditioned by gladness, there is (4) joy, conditioned by joy, there is (5) tranquillity, conditioned by tranquillity, there is (6) happiness, conditioned by happiness, there is (7) concentration, conditioned by concentration, there is (8) knowledge and vision of what truly is, conditioned by knowledge and vision of what truly is, there is (9) disenchantment, conditioned by disenchantment, there is (10) dispassion, conditioned by dispassion, there is (11) freedom, conditioned by freedom, there is (12) knowledge that the defilements are destroyed."

7062:, p. 817) "Siddhārtha": "Siddhārtha. (P. Siddhattha; T. Don grub; C. Xidaduo; J. Shiddatta/Shittatta; K. Siltalta ). In Sanskrit, "He Who Achieves His Goal", the personal name of GAUTAMA Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI. In some accounts of the life of the Buddha, after his royal birth as the son of King ŚUDDHODANA, the BODHISATTVA was given this name and is referred to by that name during his life as a prince and his practice of asceticism. ... After his achievement of buddhahood, Siddhārtha is instead known as Gautama, Śākyamuni, or simply the TATHĀGATA." 3772: 2261:, over the course of many lives, Gautama is said to have developed supramundane abilities including: a painless birth conceived without intercourse; no need for sleep, food, medicine, or bathing, although engaging in such "in conformity with the world"; omniscience, and the ability to "suppress karma". As noted by Andrew Skilton, the Buddha was often described as being superhuman, including descriptions of him having the 32 major and 80 minor marks of a "great man", and the idea that the Buddha could live for as long as an aeon if he wished (see DN 16). 5235: 2363: 1555: 5829: 3308: 9355: 5751: 5585: 18580: 2859: 10709: 5551: 13688: 13528: 5620: 10228: 5605: 3577:'s schism. Early sources speak of how the Buddha's cousin, Devadatta, attempted to take over leadership of the order and then left the sangha with several Buddhist monks and formed a rival sect. This sect is said to have been supported by King Ajatashatru. The Pali texts depict Devadatta as plotting to kill the Buddha, but these plans all fail. They depict the Buddha as sending his two chief disciples (Sariputta and Moggallana) to this schismatic community in order to convince the monks who left with Devadatta to return. 7987:"thus, from the not giving of property to the needy, poverty became rife, from the growth of poverty, the taking of what was not given increased, from the increase of theft, the use of weapons increased, from the increased use of weapons, the taking of life increased — and from the increase in the taking of life, people's life-span decreased, their beauty decreased, and a result of this decrease of life-span and beauty, the children of those whose life-span had been eighty-thousand years lived for only forty thousand." 10276: 2874: 3300: 1965: 5857: 5497: 3725:, where Ānanda had a resting place prepared in a grove of Sala trees. After announcing to the sangha at large that he would soon be passing away to final Nirvana, the Buddha ordained one last novice into the order personally. His name was Subhadda. He then repeated his final instructions to the sangha, which was that the Dhamma and Vinaya was to be their teacher after his death. Then he asked if anyone had any doubts about the teaching, but nobody did. The Buddha's final words are reported to have been: "All 5767: 2379: 2709: 6049: 4991: 13927:. p. 26: "This also implied the denial of the Shruti provided with characteristics which grant it the status of a substance. All this carried with itself also the negation of the authority of all the sacred texts of Brahmanism. Buddhism does not acknowledge to them any value as ultimate criterion of truth, as depository of the norms which regulate man's conduct as a member of society and in his relations with the Gods. Buddhism ignores the Shruti, the very foundation of Brahmanism." 5806: 5735: 6958:, p. entry "Bodhi (awakening"): "The Sanskrit and Pāli word bodhi derives from the Indic root budh (to awaken, to know) Those who are attentive to the more literal meaning of the Indic original tend to translate bodhi into English as 'awakening', and this is to be recommended. However, it has long been conventional to translate it as 'enlightenment', despite the risks of multiple misrepresentation attendant upon the use of so heavily freighted an English word." 4559: 332: 21547: 5485: 21558: 18887: 1900:'s coronation and died 218 years before the coronation, thus a lifespan of about 80 years. According to these chronicles, Asoka was crowned in 326 BCE, which gives Buddha's lifespan as 624 – 544 BCE, and are the accepted dates in Sri Lanka and South-East Asia. Alternatively, most scholars who also accept the long chronology but date Asoka's coronation around 268 BCE (based on Greek evidence) put the Buddha's lifespan later at 566 – 486 BCE. 18956: 18943: 6061: 3277:, a local guild master, and his friends and family, who were some of the first laypersons to be converted and to enter the Buddhist community. The conversion of three brothers named Kassapa followed, who brought with them five hundred converts who had previously been "matted hair ascetics", and whose spiritual practice was related to fire sacrifices. According to the Theravāda Vinaya, the Buddha then stopped at the Gayasisa hill near 21846: 16658: 7862:, "from the oldest extant texts a common kernel can be drawn out". According to Warder, c.q. his publisher: "This kernel of doctrine is presumably common Buddhism of the period before the great schisms of the fourth and third centuries BCE. It may be substantially the Buddhism of the Buddha himself, although this cannot be proved: at any rate it is a Buddhism presupposed by the schools as existing about a hundred years after the 2654: 913: 2144: 18933: 6630:, pp. 38–39 He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928." Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a 21836: 3476: 7666:

by the six senses is (6) sense-contact, conditioned by sense-contact is (7) feeling, conditioned by feeling is (8) craving, conditioned by craving is (9) grasping, conditioned by grasping is (10) becoming, conditioned by becoming is (11) birth, conditioned by birth is (12) old-age and death-grief, lamentation, pain, sorrow, and despair come into being. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering."

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legendary elements. In the 19th century, some scholars simply omitted these from their accounts of the life, so that "the image projected was of a Buddha who was a rational, socratic teacher—a great person perhaps, but a more or less ordinary human being". More recent scholars tend to see such demythologisers as remythologisers, "creating a Buddha that appealed to them, by eliding one that did not".

5100:. Many Hindus claim that Buddha was Hindu and cite a belief that the Buddha is the ninth avatar of Vishnu in support. The adoption of the Buddha as an incarnation began at approximately the same time as Hinduism began to predominate and Buddhism to decline in India, the co-option into a list of avatars seen to be an aspect of Hindu efforts to decisively weaken Buddhist power and appeal in India. 4079:. The six sense bases are eye and sight, ear and sound, nose and odour, tongue and taste, body and touch, and mind and thoughts. Together they create the input from which we create our world or reality, "the all". This process takes place through the five skandhas, "aggregates", "groups", "heaps", five groups of physical and mental processes, namely form (or material image, impression) ( 3126: 7192:: (a title for) Siddhārtha Gautama, or Śākyamuni, a spiritual teacher from South Asia on whose teachings Buddhism is based, and who is believed to have been born in what is now Nepal and flourished in what is now Bihar, north-eastern India, during the 5th cent. b.c. Also: (a title given to) any Buddhist teacher regarded as having attained full awakening or enlightenment." 4162:

to appropriation (the identification of certain elements as 'I' and 'mine'). This leads in turn to the formation of attachments, in the form of desire and aversion, and the strengthening of ignorance concerning the true nature of sentient existence. These ensure future rebirth, and thus future instances of old age, disease and death, in a potentially unending cycle.

2088:, were historical figures and they most probably taught Buddha two different forms of meditative techniques. Thus, Buddha was just one of the many śramaṇa philosophers of that time. In an era where holiness of person was judged by their level of asceticism, Buddha was a reformist within the śramaṇa movement, rather than a reactionary against Vedic Brahminism. 5412: 3494:, Buddha's step-mother, is initially turned down by the Buddha after requesting ordination for her and some other women. Mahāprajāpatī and her followers then shave their hair, don robes and begin following the Buddha on his travels. The Buddha is eventually convinced by Ānanda to grant ordination to Mahāprajāpatī on her acceptance of 4242:... a complex flow of physical and mental phenomena, but peel away these phenomena and look behind them and one just does not find a constant self that one can call one's own. My sense of self is both logically and emotionally just a label that I impose on these physical and mental phenomena in consequence of their connectedness. 15167: 7476:("Half (of the Holy Life)") Thanissaro Bhikkhu (ytansl.), Sutta Central: "Admirable friendship, admirable companionship, admirable camaraderie is actually the whole of the holy life. When a monk has admirable people as friends, companions, & comrades, he can be expected to develop & pursue the noble eightfold path." 5003:) man. Digha Nikaya 2 also describes how king Ajatashatru is unable to tell which of the monks is the Buddha when approaching the sangha and must ask his minister to point him out. Likewise, in MN 140, a mendicant who sees himself as a follower of the Buddha meets the Buddha in person but is unable to recognize him. 6553:, p. 63): "In the most famous of these images in the Sarnath museum, the Buddha sits cross-legged, his limbs in the perfect proportions prescribed by the iconometry of the day, his hands in a teaching pose, his eyes downcast, half-shut in meditation, his head backed by a beautifully ornamented circular nimbus." 6654:, p. 20): "He belonged to the Sakya clan dwelling on the edge of the Himalayas, his actual birthplace being a few kilometres north of the present-day Northern Indian border, in Nepal. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was 7363:, p. 20: "He belonged to the Sakya clan dwelling on the edge of the Himalayas, his actual birthplace being a few kilometres north of the present-day Northern Indian border, in Nepal. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was 18589: 4913:(DN 31). This sutta outlines how a layperson behaves towards six basic social relationships: "parents and children, teacher and pupils, husband and wife, friend and friend, employer and workers, lay follower and religious guides". This Pali text also has parallels in Chinese and in Sanskrit fragments. 7938:

Vetter: "However, if we look at the last, and in my opinion the most important, component of this list , we are still dealing with what according to me is the real content of the middle way, dhyana-meditation, at least the stages two to four, which are said to be free of contemplation and reflection.

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Exemplary studies are the study on descriptions of "liberating insight" by Lambert Schmithausen, the overview of early Buddhism by Tilmann Vetter, the philological work on the four truths by K.R. Norman, the textual studies by Richard Gombrich, and the research on early meditation methods by Johannes

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According to Alexander Berzin, "Buddhism developed as a shramana school that accepted rebirth under the force of karma, while rejecting the existence of the type of soul that other schools asserted. In addition, the Buddha accepted as parts of the path to liberation the use of logic and reasoning, as

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8.54) the Buddha teaches two types of happiness. First, there is the happiness visible in this very life. The Buddha states that four things lead to this happiness: "The accomplishment of persistent effort, the accomplishment of protection, good friendship, and balanced living." Similarly, in several

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According to Anālayo, the only argument common to all the versions that Ananda uses to convince the Buddha is that women have the same ability to reach all stages of awakening. Anālayo also notes that some modern scholars have questioned the authenticity of the eight gurudharmas in their present form

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prevailed. According to Thapar, the Buddha's teachings were "also a response to the historical changes of the time, among which were the emergence of the state and the growth of urban centres". While the Buddhist mendicants renounced society, they lived close to the villages and cities, depending for

2006:

The Buddha's tribe of origin, the Shakyas, seems to have had non-Vedic religious practices which persist in Buddhism, such as the veneration of trees and sacred groves, and the worship of tree spirits (yakkhas) and serpent beings (nagas). They also seem to have built burial mounds called stupas. Tree

7969:"These three things, monks, are conducted in secret, not openly. What three? Affairs with women, the mantras of the brahmins, and wrong view. But these three things, monks, shine openly, not in secret. What three? The moon, the sun, and the Dhamma and Discipline proclaimed by the Tathagata." AN 3.129 7757:

As Gethin notes: "A significant ancient variation on the formula of dependent arising, having detailed the standard sequence of conditions leading to the arising of this whole mass of suffering, thus goes on to state that: Conditioned by (1) suffering, there is (2) faith, conditioned by faith, there

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Bikkhu Bodhi objects to this shift: "The classical Pali text on grammar, Saddanīti, assigns to this root the meanings of 'knowing (or understanding)', 'blossoming', and 'waking up', in that order of importance. The Pali-Sanskrit noun buddhi, which designates the intellect or faculty of cognition, is

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given the existence of a fully functioning assemblage of psycho-physical elements (the parts that make up a sentient being), ignorance concerning the three characteristics of sentient existence—suffering, impermanence and non-self—will lead, in the course of normal interactions with the environment,

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The Buddha says that the Sangha will prosper as long as they "hold regular and frequent assemblies, meet in harmony, do not change the rules of training, honour their superiors who were ordained before them, do not fall prey to worldly desires, remain devoted to forest hermitages, and preserve their

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rainy season when ascetics of all religions rarely travelled. One reason was that it was more difficult to do so without causing harm to flora and animal life. The health of the ascetics might have been a concern as well. At this time of year, the sangha would retreat to monasteries, public parks or

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The legendary biographies depict Gautama's departure from his palace as follows. Shortly after seeing the four sights, Gautama woke up at night and saw his female servants lying in unattractive, corpse-like poses, which shocked him. Therefore, he discovered what he would later understand more deeply

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204. These texts report that what led to Gautama's renunciation was the thought that his life was subject to old age, disease and death and that there might be something better. The early texts also depict the Buddha's explanation for becoming a sramana as follows: "The household life, this place of

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The ancient Indians were generally unconcerned with chronologies, being more focused on philosophy. Buddhist texts reflect this tendency, providing a clearer picture of what Gautama may have taught than of the dates of the events in his life. These texts contain descriptions of the culture and daily

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of the western Ganges basin. According to Stein and Burton, "he gods of the brahmanical sacrificial cult were not rejected so much as ignored by Buddhists and their contemporaries." Jainism and Buddhism opposed the social stratification of Brahmanism, and their egalitarism prevailed in the cities of

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which contains a detailed account of the Buddha's final days. Hinüber proposes a composition date of no later than 350–320 BCE for this text, which would allow for a "true historical memory" of the events approximately 60 years prior if the Short Chronology for the Buddha's lifetime is accepted (but

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The name of his clan was Gautama (Pali: Gotama). His given name, "Siddhārtha" (the Sanskrit form; the Pali rendering is "Siddhattha"; in Tibetan it is "Don grub"; in Chinese "Xidaduo"; in Japanese "Shiddatta/Shittatta"; in Korean "Siltalta") means "He Who Achieves His Goal". The clan name of Gautama

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One common basic list of twelve elements in the Early Buddhist Texts goes as follows: "Conditioned by (1) ignorance are (2) formations, conditioned by formations is (3) consciousness, conditioned by consciousness is (4) mind-and-body, conditioned by mind-and-body are (5) the six senses, conditioned

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Minor Rock Edict Nb3: "These Dhamma texts – Extracts from the Discipline, the Noble Way of Life, the Fears to Come, the Poem on the Silent Sage, the Discourse on the Pure Life, Upatisa's Questions, and the Advice to Rahula which was spoken by the Buddha concerning false speech – these Dhamma texts,

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the Buddha outlines several principles that he promoted among the Vajjika tribal federation, which had a quasi-republican form of government. He taught them to "hold regular and frequent assemblies", live in harmony and maintain their traditions. The Buddha then goes on to promote a similar kind of

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In numerous early texts, this basic principle is expanded with a list of phenomena that are said to be conditionally dependent, as a result of later elaborations, including Vedic cosmogenies as the basis for the first four links. According to Boisvert, nidana 3-10 correlate with the five skandhas.

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Ananda, why does the Order of monks expect this of me? I have taught the Dhamma, making no distinction of "inner" and " outer": the Tathagata has no "teacher's fist" (in which certain truths are held back). If there is anyone who thinks: "I shall take charge of the Order", or "the Order is under my

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Anālayo notes that various passages indicate that the reason for the Buddha's hesitation to ordain women was the danger that the life of a wandering sramana posed for women that were not under the protection of their male family members, such as dangers of sexual assault and abduction. Due to this,

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Dhammika: "There is disagreement amongst scholars concerning which Pali suttas correspond to some of the text. Vinaya samukose: probably the Atthavasa Vagga, Anguttara Nikaya, 1:98–100. Aliya vasani: either the Ariyavasa Sutta, Anguttara Nikaya, V:29, or the Ariyavamsa Sutta, Anguttara Nikaya, II:

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The Ariyapariyesana Sutta says: "So, at a later time, while still young, a black-haired young man endowed with the blessings of youth in the first stage of life — and while my parents, unwilling, were crying with tears streaming down their faces — I shaved off my hair & beard, put on the ochre

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According to Anālayo, when they first appear in the Buddhist texts, these physical marks were initially held to be imperceptible to the ordinary person, and required special training to detect. Later though, they are depicted as being visible by regular people and as inspiring faith in the Buddha.

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Most historians in the early 20th century use the earlier dates of 563 – 483 BCE, differing from the long chronology based on Greek evidence by just three years. More recently, there are attempts to put his death midway between the long chronology's 480s BCE and the short chronology's 360s BCE, so

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However, the "short chronology", from Indian sources and their Chinese and Tibetan translations, place the Buddha's birth at 180 years before Asoka's coronation and death 100 years before the coronation, still about 80 years. Following the Greek sources of Asoka's coronation as 268 BCE, this dates

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The early texts depict the Buddha as giving a deflationary account of the importance of politics to human life. Politics is inevitable and is probably even necessary and helpful, but it is also a tremendous waste of time and effort, as well as being a prime temptation to allow ego to run rampant.

1983:, a sub-Himalayan ethnicity and clan of north-eastern region of the Indian subcontinent. The Shakya community was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the eastern Indian subcontinent in the 5th century BCE. The community, though describable as a small republic, was probably an 7910:

J.W. de Jong: "It would be hypocritical to assert that nothing can be said about the doctrine of earliest Buddhism the basic ideas of Buddhism found in the canonical writings could very well have been proclaimed by him , transmitted and developed by his disciples and, finally, codified in fixed

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is not the only cause for one's conditions, as the Buddha listed various physical and environmental causes alongside karma. The Buddha's teaching of karma differed to that of the Jains and Brahmins, in that on his view, karma is primarily mental intention (as opposed to mainly physical action or

1879:

There is less consensus on the veracity of many details contained in traditional biographies, as "Buddhist scholars have mostly given up trying to understand the historical person." The earliest versions of Buddhist biographical texts that we have already contain many supernatural, mythical, or

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Buddhist political theory denies that people have a moral duty to engage in politics except to a very minimal degree (pay the taxes, obey the laws, maybe vote in the elections), and it actively portrays engagement in politics and the pursuit of enlightenment as being conflicting paths in life.

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Other scholars of Buddhist studies have disagreed with the mostly positive view that the early Buddhist texts reflect the teachings of the historical Buddha, arguing that some teachings contained in the early texts are the authentic teachings of the Buddha, but not others. According to Tilmann

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In his later years, the Buddha's fame grew and he was invited to important royal events, such as the inauguration of the new council hall of the Shakyans (as seen in MN 53) and the inauguration of a new palace by Prince Bodhi (as depicted in MN 85). The early texts also speak of how during the

2080:, two of the foremost disciples of the Buddha, were formerly the foremost disciples of Sañjaya Belaṭṭhaputta, the sceptic. The Pāli canon frequently depicts Buddha engaging in debate with the adherents of rival schools of thought. There is philological evidence to suggest that the two masters, 5631: 4729:

According to Bronkhorst, "the bearers of tradition, the Brahmins, did not occupy a dominant position in the area in which the Buddha preached his message." Nevertheless, the Buddha was acquainted with Brahmanism, and in the early Buddhist Texts, the Buddha references Brahmanical devices. For

3636:, leading him to send a minister to ask the Buddha for advice. The Buddha responds by saying that the Vajjikas can be expected to prosper as long as they do seven things, and he then applies these seven principles to the Buddhist Sangha, showing that he is concerned about its future welfare. 3109:, the ruler of the desire realm, to prevent the Buddha's nirvana. He does so by sending his daughters to seduce the Buddha, by asserting his superiority and by assaulting him with armies of monsters. However the Buddha is unfazed and calls on the earth (or in some versions of the legend, the 3155:

convinced him, arguing that at least some "with little dust in their eyes" will understand it. The Buddha relented and agreed to teach. According to Anālayo, the Chinese parallel to MN 26, MĀ 204, does not contain this story, but this event does appear in other parallel texts, such as in an

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is more aptly rendered as "unsatisfactoriness" or "unease". It is the unsatisfactoriness and unease that comes with a life dictated by automatic responses and habituated selfishness, and the unsatifacories of expecting enduring happiness from things which are impermanent, unstable and thus

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Balarama, in Hindu mythology, the elder half brother of Krishna, with whom he shared many adventures. Sometimes Balarama is considered one of the 10 avatars (incarnations) of the god Vishnu, particularly among those members of Vaishnava sects who elevate Krishna to the rank of a principal

3218:, the Buddha then taught them the "first sermon", also known as the "Benares sermon", i.e. the teaching of "the noble eightfold path as the middle path aloof from the two extremes of sensual indulgence and self-mortification". The Pali text reports that after the first sermon, the ascetic 18571: 7407:, pp. 38–39 discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (...)" He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928." 3713:

and the precepts for monks and nuns. Modern scholars also disagree on this topic, arguing both for pig's flesh or some kind of plant or mushroom that pigs like to eat. Whatever the case, none of the sources which mention the last meal attribute the Buddha's sickness to the meal itself.

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Gombrich: "The six senses, and thence, via 'contact' and 'feeling', to thirst". It is quite plausible, however, that someone failed to notice that once the first four links became part of the chain, its negative version meant that in order to abolish ignorance one first had to abolish

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The Buddha saw the belief in a self as arising from our grasping at and identifying with the various changing phenomena, as well as from ignorance about how things really are. Furthermore, the Buddha held that we experience suffering because we hold on to erroneous self views. As

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Legendary biographies also tell the story of how Gautama left his palace to see the outside world for the first time and how he was shocked by his encounter with human suffering. These depict Gautama's father as shielding him from religious teachings and from knowledge of human

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republican style of government among the Buddhist Sangha, where all monks had equal rights to attend open meetings and there would be no single leader, since The Buddha also chose not to appoint one. Some scholars have argued that this fact signals that the Buddha preferred a

7079:, p. 741) "Śākyamuni": "Śākyamuni. (P. Sakkamuni; ... one of the most common epithets of GAUTAMA Buddha, especially in the MAHĀYĀNA traditions, where the name ŚĀKYAMUNI is used to distinguish the historical buddha from the myriad other buddhas who appear in the SŪTRAs." 4193:, without an independent or permanent self. The Buddha instead held that all things in the world of our experience are transient and that there is no unchanging part to a person. According to Richard Gombrich, the Buddha's position is simply that "everything is process". 3687:. Falling violently ill, Buddha instructed his attendant Ānanda to convince Cunda that the meal eaten at his place had nothing to do with his death and that his meal would be a source of the greatest merit as it provided the last meal for a Buddha. Bhikkhu Mettanando and 6012: 5530: 7561:

Scholars have noted inconsistencies in the presentations of the Buddha's enlightenment, and the Buddhist path to liberation, in the oldest sutras. These inconsistencies show that the Buddhist teachings evolved, either during the lifetime of the Buddha, or thereafter.

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was held shortly after the Buddha's death to collect, recite and memorize the teachings. Mahākassapa was chosen by the sangha to be the chairman of the council. However, the historicity of the traditional accounts of the first council is disputed by modern scholars.

2915:

Majjhima Nikaya 4 mentions that Gautama lived in "remote jungle thickets" during his years of spiritual striving and had to overcome the fear that he felt while living in the forests. The Nikaya-texts narrate that the ascetic Gautama practised under two teachers of

2512:

The early Buddhist texts contain very little information about the birth and youth of Gotama Buddha. Later biographies developed a dramatic narrative about the life of the young Gotama as a prince and his existential troubles. They depict his father Śuddhodana as a

3069:

As reported by various texts from the Pali Canon, the Buddha sat for seven days under the bodhi tree "feeling the bliss of deliverance". The Pali texts also report that he continued to meditate and contemplated various aspects of the Dharma while living by the

4693:) were supposed to give up all possessions and to own just a begging bowl and three robes. As part of the Buddha's monastic discipline, they were also supposed to rely on the wider lay community for the basic necessities (mainly food, clothing, and lodging). 4644:

has written that "there is no evidence to suggest that it was formulated by anyone other than the Buddha and his immediate followers." According to Alexander Wynne, "the internal evidence of the early Buddhist literature proves its historical authenticity."

4059:

ritual acts). The Buddha is reported to have said "By karma I mean intention." Richard Gombrich summarizes the Buddha's view of karma as follows: "all thoughts, words, and deeds derive their moral value, positive or negative, from the intention behind them".

1465:

also contains numerous other titles and epithets for the Buddha, including: All-seeing, All-transcending sage, Bull among men, The Caravan leader, Dispeller of darkness, The Eye, Foremost of charioteers, Foremost of those who can cross, King of the Dharma

3591:

At around the same time of Devadatta's schism, there was also war between Ajatashatru's Kingdom of Magadha, and Kosala, led by an elderly king Pasenadi. Ajatashatru seems to have been victorious, a turn of events the Buddha is reported to have regretted.

1908:

circa 410 BCE. At a symposium on this question held in 1988, the majority of those who presented gave dates within 20 years either side of 400 BCE for the Buddha's death. These alternative chronologies, however, have not been accepted by all historians.

6559:, pp. 66–67): "The seated Buddha, B(b) 181 showing Buddha cross-legged in the attitude of preaching, is one of the most exquisite creations of Gupta art. The halo is carved with a pair of celestial figures and conventionalized floral scroll-work." 2951:). With him, he achieved high levels of meditative consciousness (called "The Sphere of Neither Perception nor Non-Perception") and was again asked to join his teacher. But, once more, he was not satisfied for the same reasons as before, and moved on. 5448: 7006:, p. 316), "Gautama": "Gautama. (P.) Gotama; The family name of the historical Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI Buddha. ... In Pāli literature, he is more commonly referred to as Gotama Buddha; in Mahāyāna texts, Śākyamuni Buddha is more common." 2963:

and most of its parallels agree that after taking asceticism to its extremes, Gautama realized that this had not helped him attain nirvana, and that he needed to regain strength to pursue his goal. One popular story tells of how he accepted milk and

3204:, "site where the ashes of the ascetics fell") near Vārānasī, where he met the group of five ascetics and was able to convince them that he had indeed reached full awakening. According to MĀ 204 (but not MN 26), as well as the Theravāda Vinaya, an 7869:

Richard Gombrich: "I have the greatest difficulty in accepting that the main edifice is not the work of a single genius. By "the main edifice" I mean the collections of the main body of sermons, the four Nikāyas, and of the main body of monastic

7367:—a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. Some of the states of North India at that time were kingdoms and others republics, and the Sakyan republic was subject to the powerful king of neighbouring Kosala, which lay to the south". 6658:—a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. Some of the states of North India at that time were kingdoms and others republics, and the Sakyan republic was subject to the powerful king of neighbouring Kosala, which lay to the south". 5687: 2125:)". The Ganges basin was densely forested, and the population grew when new areas were deforestated and cultivated. The society of the middle Ganges basin lay on "the outer fringe of Aryan cultural influence", and differed significantly from the 3569:

The early texts also depict the elderly Buddha as suffering from back pain. Several texts depict him delegating teachings to his chief disciples since his body now needed more rest. However, the Buddha continued teaching well into his old age.

4141:

around the head, which was used as a common summary of Dependent Origination. It states: "Of those experiences that arise from a cause, The Tathāgata has said: 'this is their cause, And this is their cessation': This is what the Great Śramaṇa

14973:

Abrahams, Matthew (2021), "In Defense of "Enlightenment". "Awakening" has become the preferred English term for the Buddha's attainment. But has something gotten lost in translation? Ven. Bhikkhu Bodhi in conversation with Matthew Abrahams",

4998:

Early sources depict the Buddha's as similar to other Buddhist monks. Various discourses describe how he "cut off his hair and beard" when renouncing the world. Likewise, Digha Nikaya 3 has a Brahmin describe the Buddha as a shaved or bald

3554:

the new king spoke with different ascetic teachers and eventually took refuge in the Buddha. However, Jain sources also claim his allegiance, and it is likely he supported various religious groups, not just the Buddha's sangha exclusively.

2613:

Early texts suggest that Gautama was not familiar with the dominant religious teachings of his time until he left on his religious quest, which is said to have been motivated by existential concern for the human condition. According to the

6547:, pp. 70–71, chapter B (b) 181): "Image (ht 5′ 3″ up to the top of the halo; width at base 2′ 7″) of Gautama Buddha seated cross-legged, preaching the first sermon at Sarnath, on a thick cushion supported on a seat with moulded legs." 14135:

Martini, Giuliana (2013). "Bodhisattva Texts, Ideologies and Rituals in Khotan in the Fifth and Sixth Centuries", in Buddhism among the Iranian Peoples of Central Asia, M. De Chiara et al. (ed.), 11–67, Wien: Österreichische Akademie der

4656:

He posits that the Fourth Noble Truths, the Eightfold path and Dependent Origination, which are commonly seen as essential to Buddhism, are later formulations which form part of the explanatory framework of this "liberating insight".

7289:

27–28. Anagata bhayani: probably the Anagata Sutta, Anguttara Nikaya, III:100. Muni gatha: Muni Sutta, Sutta Nipata 207–21. Upatisa pasine: Sariputta Sutta, Sutta Nipata 955–75. Laghulavade: Rahulavada Sutta, Majjhima Nikaya, I:421."

3290:

At the end of the rainy season, when the Buddha's community had grown to around sixty awakened monks, he instructed them to wander on their own, teach and ordain people into the community, for the "welfare and benefit" of the world.

3506:

the gurudharma injunctions may have been a way to place "the newly founded order of nuns in a relationship to its male counterparts that resembles as much as possible the protection a laywoman could expect from her male relatives".

4635:

argues that since the content of the earliest texts "presents such originality, intelligence, grandeur and—most relevantly—coherence...it is hard to see it as a composite work." Thus he concludes they are "the work of one genius".

5271:, is based on the life of the Buddha. Josaphat was included in earlier editions of the Roman Martyrology (feast-day 27 November)—though not in the Roman Missal—and in the Eastern Orthodox Church liturgical calendar (26 August). 2975:

According to the 身毛喜豎經, his break with asceticism led his five companions to abandon him, since they believed that he had abandoned his search and become undisciplined. At this point, Gautama remembered a previous experience of

18190:——— (1979), "La composition et les étapes de la formation progressive du Mahaparinirvanasutra ancien" [The composition and the etapes of the progressive formation of the ancient Mahaparinirvanasutra], 18169:

Bareau, André (1975), "Les récits canoniques des funérailles du Buddha et leurs anomalies: nouvel essai d'interprétation" [The canonical accounts of the Buddha's funerals and their anomalies: new interpretative essay],

14081: 6731:, p. 24: "...as is now almost universally accepted by informed Indological scholarship, a re-examination of early Buddhist historical material, , necessitates a redating of the Buddha's death to between 411 and 400 BCE..." 7434:, the Buddha was born into a Kshatriya clan, in a moderate Vedic culture at the central Ganges Plain area, where the shramana-traditions developed. This area had a moderate Vedic culture, where the Kshatriyas were the highest 7416:

Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a

4022:. According to the Pali suttas, the Buddha stated that "this saṃsāra is without discoverable beginning. A first point is not discerned of beings roaming and wandering on hindered by ignorance and fettered by craving." In the 1222:'to open up' (as does a flower)", "one who has awakened from the deep sleep of ignorance and opened his consciousness to encompass all objects of knowledge". It is not a personal name, but a title for those who have attained 1205:

According to Donald Lopez Jr., "... he tended to be known as either Buddha or Sakyamuni in China, Korea, Japan, and Tibet, and as either Gotama Buddha or Samana Gotama ('the ascetic Gotama') in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia."

5006:

The Buddha is also described as being handsome and with a clear complexion (Digha I:115; Anguttara I:181), at least in his youth. In old age, however, he is described as having a stooped body, with slack and wrinkled limbs.

1888:

The dates of Gautama's birth and death are uncertain. Within the Eastern Buddhist tradition of China, Vietnam, Korea and Japan, the traditional date for Buddha's death was 949 BCE, but according to the Ka-tan system of the

1536:

John S. Strong sees certain biographical fragments in the canonical texts preserved in Pāli, as well as Chinese, Tibetan and Sanskrit as the earliest material. These include texts such as the "Discourse on the Noble Quest"

7978:"In a favourite stanza quoted several times in the Pali Canon: "The Kshatriya is the best among those people who believe in lineage; but he, who is endowed with knowledge and good conduct, is the best among Gods and men". 4216:, which was held by Brahmins to be eternal), arise due to dependent origination. Since they are all impermanent, one cannot regard any of the psycho-physical processes as an unchanging self. Even mental processes such as 7315:, speculating that it may be a Buddhist shrine. If so, this may push back the Buddha's birth date. Archaeologists caution that the shrine may represent pre-Buddhist tree worship, and that further research is needed. 4804:) only to the extent that one has cultivated virtue. Because of this the early texts report that he proclaimed: "Not by birth one is a Brahman, not by birth one is a non-Brahman; – by moral action one is a Brahman" 5460: 4150:, which says that everything that exists or occurs is dependent on conditioning factors. The most basic formulation of dependent origination is given in the early texts as: 'It being thus, this comes about' (Pali: 3487:) was another important part of the growth of the Buddha's community. As noted by Anālayo's comparative study of this topic, there are various versions of this event depicted in the different early Buddhist texts. 5436: 4026:(AN 8:6) the Buddha explains how "eight worldly winds" "keep the world turning around Gain and loss, fame and disrepute, praise and blame, pleasure and pain". He then explains how the difference between a noble ( 3647:

depicts the Buddha as experiencing illness during the last months of his life but initially recovering. It depicts him as stating that he cannot promote anyone to be his successor. When Ānanda requested this, the

3529:

According to J.S. Strong, after the first 20 years of his teaching career, the Buddha seems to have slowly settled in Sravasti, the capital of the Kingdom of Kosala, spending most of his later years in this city.

2041:

records sixty-two such schools of thought. In this context, a śramaṇa refers to one who labours, toils or exerts themselves (for some higher or religious purpose). It was also the age of influential thinkers like

2954:

According to some sutras, after leaving his meditation teachers, Gotama then practiced ascetic techniques. The ascetic techniques described in the early texts include very minimal food intake, different forms of

5931: 2007:

veneration remains important in Buddhism today, particularly in the practice of venerating Bodhi trees. Likewise, yakkas and nagas have remained important figures in Buddhist religious practices and mythology.

4703:

Buddhist monastics, which included both monks and nuns, were supposed to beg for their food, were not allowed to store up food or eat after noon and they were not allowed to use gold, silver or any valuables.

3150:

to others. He was concerned that humans were overpowered by ignorance, greed, and hatred that it would be difficult for them to recognise the path, which is "subtle, deep and hard to grasp". However, the god

9903: 2252:

Traditional biographies of Gautama often include numerous miracles, omens, and supernatural events. The character of the Buddha in these traditional biographies is often that of a fully transcendent (Skt.

1440:

is "one with taints destroyed, who has lived the holy life, done what had to be done, laid down the burden, reached the true goal, destroyed the fetters of being, and is completely liberated through final

6648:, p. 45): "The Buddha was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a very small state just inside the modern state boundary of Nepal against the Northern Indian frontier. 4872:). This ideal leader is one who promotes Dharma through his governance. He can only achieve his status through moral purity and must promote morality and Dharma to maintain his position. According to the 3533:

As the sangha grew in size, the need for a standardized set of monastic rules arose and the Buddha seems to have developed a set of regulations for the sangha. These are preserved in various texts called

7357:, p. 45: "The Buddha was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a very small state just inside the modern state boundary of Nepal against the Northern Indian frontier. 4649:

Vetter, inconsistencies remain, and other methods must be applied to resolve those inconsistencies. According to Tilmann Vetter, the earliest core of the Buddhist teachings is the meditative practice of

9852: 9298: 5828: 7212:, noting: "Buddha's quest for enlightenment occurs in the ARIYAPARIYESANĀSUTTA. It is noteworthy that many of the most familiar events in the Buddha's life are absent in some of the early accounts." 9563: 3580:

All the major early Buddhist Vinaya texts depict Devadatta as a divisive figure who attempted to split the Buddhist community, but they disagree on what issues he disagreed with the Buddha on. The

5472: 3980:

are "consistent with non-Mahayana Buddhism, which survives today in the Theravada school of Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, but which in ancient times was represented by eighteen separate schools".

2939:

Gautama felt unsatisfied by the practice because it "does not lead to revulsion, to dispassion, to cessation, to calm, to knowledge, to awakening, to Nibbana", and moved on to become a student of

1763:

The sources which present a complete picture of the life of Siddhārtha Gautama are a variety of different, and sometimes conflicting, traditional biographies from a later date. These include the

8849: 1951:, a proponent of the Short Chronology wherein the Buddha's lifespan was c.477–397 BCE, it can be estimated that Bimbisara was reigning c.457–405 BCE, and Ajatashatru was reigning c.405–373 BCE. 3661: 1896:

Buddhist texts present two chronologies which have been used to date the lifetime of the Buddha. The "long chronology", from Sri Lankese chronicles, states the Buddha was born 298 years before

6024: 5518: 3538:" which were recited by the community every fortnight. The Pratimoksa includes general ethical precepts, as well as rules regarding the essentials of monastic life, such as bowls and robes. 1482:), Radiant One, Torchbearer of mankind, Unsurpassed doctor and surgeon, Victor in battle, and Wielder of power. Another epithet, used at inscriptions throughout South and Southeast Asia, is 2354:) to reach Buddhahood. The Jatakas also sometimes depict negative actions done in previous lives by the bodhisattva, which explain difficulties he experienced in his final life as Gautama. 17354: 5141:, which references a fig tree – a symbol that does not feature prominently in the lives of any of the other prophets mentioned in the Qur'an. It has meanwhile been suggested that the name 8150:, to wake up) to the true nature of things. In our historical era, the Awakened One was a kṣatriya Siddhartha Gautama, born in the foothills of the Himalaya Mountains in about 566 B.C.E. 3035:

or "Awakened One". The title indicates that unlike most people who are "asleep", a Buddha is understood as having "woken up" to the true nature of reality and sees the world 'as it is' (

2277:

writes that although there is very little information that can be considered historically sound, we can be reasonably confident that Siddhārtha Gautama did exist as a historical figure.

17260:

Schmithausen, Lambert (1981), "On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism", in von Klaus, Bruhn; Wezler, Albrecht (eds.),

5424: 5381:) or lying down on one side. Iconic representations of the Buddha became particularly popular and widespread after the first century CE. Some of these depictions, particularly those of 14053: 4119:). They form part of other Buddhist teachings and lists, such as dependent origination, and explain how sensory input ultimately leads to bondage to samsara by the mental defilements. 3046:

Following his decision to leave his meditation teachers, MĀ 204 and other parallel early texts report that Gautama sat down with the determination not to get up until full awakening (

12918:

in Somaratana Balasooriya, Andre Bareau, Richard Gombrich, Siri Gunasingha, Udaya Mallawarachchi, Edmund Perry (Editors) (1980) "Buddhist Studies in Honor of Walpola Rahula". London.

18300:

The life of the Buddha and the early history of his order, derived from Tibetan works in the Bkah-Hgyur and Bstan-Hgyur, followed by notices on the early history of Tibet and Khoten

2310:

Besides imbuing the pre-Buddhist past with a deep karmic history, the Jatakas also serve to explain the bodhisattva's (the Buddha-to-be) path to Buddhahood. In biographies like the

6982:, p. 5) gives several translations, including "the knowing one": "This is how we understand 'Buddha' in Thailand, as the Awakened One, the Knowing One, and the Blossomed One." 4171:, "thirst", the cause of suffering as described in the second noble truth". According to Gombrich, the two lists were combined, resulting in contradictions in its reverse version. 1247:

While the term "Buddha" is used in the Agamas and the Pali Canon, the oldest surviving written records of the term "Buddha" is from the middle of the 3rd century BCE, when several

2839: 8092:

As far as we know, the man who became "the Buddha" or "the Awakened One" was neither a skeptic nor a fideist (i.e. a blind-faith believer) in religious and philosophical matters.

6076: 5883: 5177:(973–after 1050), views regarding the exact identity of Buddha were diverse. Accordingly, some regarded him as the divine incarnate, others as an apostle of the angels or as an 3502:

due to various inconsistencies. He holds that the historicity of the current lists of eight is doubtful, but that they may have been based on earlier injunctions by the Buddha.

2773:. Moved by all the things he had experienced, he decided to leave the palace in the middle of the night against the will of his father, to live the life of a wandering ascetic. 1852:

Scholars are hesitant to make claims about the historical facts of the Buddha's life. Most of them accept that the Buddha lived, taught, and founded a monastic order during the

8421:

Connecting the Ancient West and East. Studies Presented to Prof. Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, Edited by J. Boardman, J. Hargrave, A. Avram and A. Podossinov, Monographs in Antiquity

4833:) which depends on caste. Because of this, all castes including untouchables were welcome in the Buddhist order and when someone joined, they renounced all caste affiliation. 17675: 4387:, cultivation of wholesome states, is central to the Buddha's path. Common practices to this goal, which are shared by most of these early presentations of the path, include 4369:

According to Rupert Gethin, in the Nikayas and Agamas, the Buddha's path is mainly presented in a cumulative and gradual "step by step" process, such as that outlined in the

21990: 5988: 7118: 5358:

are aniconic and symbolic. During this early aniconic period, the Buddha is depicted by other objects or symbols, such as an empty throne, a riderless horse, footprints, a

1634: 1597: 1278: 6088: 4491:, the "meditation without breath and reduced intake of food" which the Buddha practiced before his awakening are forms of asceticism which are similar to Jain practices. 2307:, which consists of 547 stories. The format of a Jataka typically begins by telling a story in the present which is then explained by a story of someone's previous life. 3701:

The precise contents of the Buddha's final meal are not clear, due to variant scriptural traditions and ambiguity over the translation of certain significant terms. The

18312:

Shimoda, Masahiro (2002), "How has the Lotus Sutra Created Social Movements: The Relationship of the Lotus Sutra to the Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra", in Reeves, Gene (ed.),

10494: 5496: 4800:

the Buddha argues that the main difference among humans is not birth but their actions and occupations. According to the Buddha, one is a "Brahmin" (i.e. divine, like

1662: 16580: 10160: 9606: 4793:

The Buddha also critiqued the Brahmins' claims of superior birth and the idea that different castes and bloodlines were inherently pure or impure, noble or ignoble.

4669:

also argues that the four truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of "liberating insight".

1164:

Buddhism spread beyond the Indian subcontinent, evolving into a variety of traditions and practices. The Buddha is recognized in other religious traditions, such as

5789: 4927:

other suttas, the Buddha teaches on how to improve family relationships, particularly on the importance of filial love and gratitude as well as marital well-being.

3809:

the Mallians of Kushinagar spent the days following the Buddha's death honouring his body with flowers, music and scents. The sangha waited until the eminent elder

3428:, joined his father as a bhikkhu when the Buddha visited his old home, Kapilavastu. Over time, other Shakyans joined the order as bhikkhus, such as Buddha's cousin 18098: 8005:"in Sanskrit philosophical literature, 'āstika' means 'one who believes in the authority of the Vedas', 'soul', 'Brahman'. ('nāstika' means the opposite of these). 2245:). The earliest biographical material from the Pali Nikayas focuses on the Buddha's life as a śramaṇa, his search for enlightenment under various teachers such as 15014: 9899: 7914:

Johannes Bronkhorst: "This position is to be preferred to (ii) for purely methodological reasons: only those who seek may find, even if no success is guaranteed."

7740:('Great Calm and Insight') and Hsiu-hsi chih-kuan tso-ch'an fa-yao ('The Essentials for Sitting in Meditation and Cultivating Calm and Insight', sixth century), 2739:

explained to him that all people grew old, the prince went on further trips beyond the palace. On these he encountered a diseased man, a decaying corpse, and an

2478:

later Siddhartha was born. As was the Shakya tradition, when his mother Queen Maya became pregnant, she left Kapilavastu for her father's kingdom to give birth.

12129: 5899: 5647: 4900:, the Buddha as depicted in the Pali suttas does not exclusively teach a world-transcending goal, but also teaches laypersons how to achieve worldly happiness ( 3621:(DN 16) and its various parallels in Sanskrit, Chinese, and Tibetan. According to Anālayo, these include the Chinese Dirgha Agama 2, "Sanskrit fragments of the 3287:(The Discourse on Fire), in which he taught that everything in the world is inflamed by passions and only those who follow the Eightfold path can be liberated. 3043:), also called Nirvana, which is seen as the extinguishing of the "fires" of desire, hatred, and ignorance, that keep the cycle of suffering and rebirth going. 2821:

learned of his quest, and offered him a share of his kingdom. Gautama rejected the offer but promised to visit his kingdom first, upon attaining enlightenment.

14595: 9513: 6936:

The translation of "bodhi" and "Buddha" has shifted over time. While translated as "enlightenment" and "the enlightened one" since the 19th century, following

4187:, the idea that we go completely out of existence at death). in this view, persons are just a causal series of impermanent psycho-physical elements, which are 2130:

the middle Ganges basin. This "allowed Jains and Buddhists to engage in trade more easily than Brahmans, who were forced to follow strict caste prohibitions."

1613:

No written records about Gautama were found from his lifetime or from the one or two centuries thereafter. But from the middle of the 3rd century BCE, several

17779: 17481: 16954: 15490: 12568: 12474: 8591: 7896:] maintained and transmitted, we have little confidence that much, if any, of surviving Buddhist scripture is actually the word of the historical Buddha." 16847: 16203: 9832: 7317:

Richard Gombrich has dismissed Coningham's speculations as "a fantasy", noting that Coningham lacks the necessary expertise on the history of early Buddhism.

5856: 4154:). This can be taken to mean that certain phenomena only arise when there are other phenomena present, thus their arising is "dependent" on other phenomena. 9262: 3181:, to teach them his insights, but they had already died, so he decided to visit his five former companions. MN 26 and MĀ 204 both report that on his way to 16374: 6599:

determined that Lumbini was Gautama's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "...this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (

5011: 2431:

determined that Lumbini was Gautama's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "...this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (

19697: 13106:"The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism: A Comparative Study Based on the Sutranga Portion of the Pali Samyutta-Nikaya and the Chinese Samyuktagama", 9571: 18815: 17122: 16348: 7623:

the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, where the episode is extant in Chinese and Tibetan translation, with considerable parts also preserved in Sanskrit fragments

1522:

says that some of the Pāli suttas have retained very archaic place-names, syntax, and historical data from close to the Buddha's lifetime, including the

5562: 2936:), who taught a meditation attainment called "the sphere of nothingness", he was asked by Ārāḍa to become an equal leader of their spiritual community. 2895: 2281:

goes further, stating that the most general outline of "birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death" must be true.

21804: 20612: 19087: 7379:

well as ethical behaviour, but not to the degree of Jain asceticism. In this way, Buddhism avoided the extremes of the previous four shramana schools."

6036: 4817:

can be good or bad and gives a sociological explanation for how they arose, against the Brahmanical idea that they are divinely ordained. According to

3744:(final nirvana; instead of a person being reborn, "the five aggregates of physical and mental phenomena that constitute a being cease to occur"). The 1293: 15962:, translated by T.W. Rhys Davids, (new & rev. ed. by C.A. Rhys Davids), London: George Routledge & Sons Ltd.; New York: E.P. Dutton & Co. 18810: 2303:" before his awakening) career as spanning hundreds of lifetimes before his last birth as Gautama. Many of these previous lives are narrated in the 18042: 16056: 15750: 15660: 7446:, where the Brahmins had become the highest varna. Both the Vedic culture and the shramana tradition contributed to the emergence of the so-called 5750: 1650:

texts (in Buddhism, "dhamma" is another word for "dharma"), establishing the existence of a written Buddhist tradition at least by the time of the

18805: 18800: 16170: 6000: 3189:

ascetic named Upaka in MN 26. The Buddha proclaimed that he had achieved full awakening, but Upaka was not convinced and "took a different path".

20616: 18780: 18775: 18760: 18755: 17860: 17385: 5960: 5092:, under the pressure of the success of Buddhism and Jainism. In response to the success of Buddhism, Gautama also came to be regarded as the 9th 1172:. His legacy is not only encapsulated in religious institutions, but in the iconography and art inspired by his life and teachings, ranging from 18006: 16789: 11462: 11328: 4282: 4274:

view still includes an understanding of continuity through rebirth, it is just the rebirth of a process (karma), not an essence like the atman.

20840: 17637: 17309: 17279: 16808: 16753: 16661: 8955: 2681:

after being disillusioned with lay life, the later legendary biographies tell a more elaborate dramatic story about how he became a mendicant.

394: 11814: 3836:. Many supernatural legends surround the history of alleged relics as they accompanied the spread of Buddhism and gave legitimacy to rulers. 16034:

History of Indian Philosophy: The philosophy of the Veda and of the epic. The Buddha and the Jina. The Sāmkhya and the classical Yoga-system

12251: 4786:

as taught in Vedas. The Buddha contrasted his teachings, which were taught openly to all people, with that of the Brahmins', who kept their

4661:

similarly argues that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight", which is attained after mastering the four

21669: 19057: 18392: 5659: 4609:, there are three positions held by modern scholars of Buddhism with regard to the authenticity of the teachings contained in the Nikayas: 4459: 2697:

life is the free open air. It is not easy for a householder to lead the perfected, utterly pure and perfect holy life." MN 26, MĀ 204, the

2117:

According to Dyson, the Ganges basin was settled from the north-west and the south-east, as well as from within, " together in what is now

18765: 5706: 5370:. These continued to be very important after the Buddha's person could be shown, alongside larger statues. The art at Sanchi also depicts 4851:, the Buddha teaches a history of how monarchy arose which according to Matthew J. Moore is "closely analogous to a social contract". The 3054:

does not mention "full awakening", but only that he attained nirvana. In Buddhist tradition, this event was said to have occurred under a

21895: 14947: 14435: 11362: 9055: 7996:

This belief is not universally held as Krishna is held to be the ninth avatar in some traditions and his half-brother Balarama the eight.

7629:

a Pāli discourse found among the Eights of the Aṅguttara-nikāya; the same account is also found in the Theravāda Vinaya preserved in Pāli

5915: 3863: 3709:

tradition believes that the Buddha consumed some sort of truffle or other mushroom. These may reflect the different traditional views on

3672: 61: 16007: 14634: 9761: 9033: 8994: 5976: 5671: 5284: 4605:. The reliability of these sources, and the possibility of drawing out a core of oldest teachings, is a matter of dispute. According to 21711: 19165: 15259: 10119: 6500: 3323:, Bihar, and southern Nepal, teaching a diverse range of people: from nobles to servants, ascetics and householders, murderers such as 18900: 17975: 16332: 7960:"Not by water man becomes pure; people here bathe too much; in whom there is truth and morality, he is pure, he is (really) a brahman" 7917:

Donald Lopez: "The original teachings of the historical Buddha are extremely difficult, if not impossible, to recover or reconstruct."

7866:

of the Buddha, and there is no evidence to suggest that it was formulated by anyone else than the Buddha and his immediate followers".

6048: 18922: 18118:"Dialogue Between Islam and Buddhism through the Concepts Ummatan Wasaṭan (The Middle Nation) and Majjhima-Patipada (The Middle Way)" 5718: 2639:

also tell stories of young Gotama's great martial skill, which was put to the test in various contests against other Shakyan youths.

2323:

In these legendary biographies, the bodhisattva goes through many different births (animal and human), is inspired by his meeting of

13700: 7701:

right view; right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.

3683:

After travelling and teaching some more, the Buddha ate his last meal, which he had received as an offering from a blacksmith named

3404:

The Buddha's sangha continued to grow during his initial travels in north India. The early texts tell the story of how the Buddha's

2217:, ideas of the Buddha's omniscience (along with an increasing tendency to deify him and his biography) are found only later, in the 21595: 17664: 16481: 15369: 8335:

A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages

5766: 3721:

after the meal with Cunda, the Buddha and his companions continued travelling until he was too weak to continue and had to stop at

2091:

Coningham and Young note that both Jains and Buddhists used stupas, while tree shrines can be found in both Buddhism and Hinduism.

11492: 4157:

The philosopher Mark Siderits has outlined the basic idea of the Buddha's teaching of Dependent Origination of dukkha as follows:

2241:

the Buddha himself states that he has never made a claim to being omniscient, instead he claimed to have the "higher knowledges" (

1911:

The dating of Bimbisara and Ajatashatru also depends on the long or short chronology. In the long chrononology, Bimbisara reigned

21965: 21432: 20884: 17416: 13378: 10307: 5229: 2333:) to become a Buddha himself. Then he begins to receive predictions by past Buddhas. One of the most popular of these stories is 11429: 7421:—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now the Indian–Nepalese border." Gethin does not give references for this statement. 6638:, p. 14 Gethin does not give references for this statement. Various sources say Kapilavastu was the place where he grew up: 4030:) person and an uninstructed worldling is that a noble person reflects on and understands the impermanence of these conditions. 3643:

The early texts depict how the Buddha's two chief disciples, Sariputta and Moggallana, died just before the Buddha's death. The

2630:. Besides this, the Buddha in the early texts reports that "I lived a spoilt, a very spoilt life, monks (in my parents' home)." 1230:, the power to "form and retain concepts, reason, discern, judge, comprehend, understand", is the faculty which discerns truth ( 21925: 21760: 21087: 19067: 12285: 4985: 4246:

Due to this view (termed ), the Buddha's teaching was opposed to all soul theories of his time, including the Jain theory of a

2585: 17796: 15844: 5584: 4613:"Stress on the fundamental homogeneity and substantial authenticity of at least a considerable part of the Nikayic materials". 2959:, and forceful mind control. The texts report that he became so emaciated that his bones became visible through his skin. The 21890: 21875: 21839: 18546: 18471: 18450: 18382: 18359: 18339: 18279: 18219: 18092: 18059: 18019: 17988: 17965: 17947: 17834: 17745: 17727: 17627: 17571: 17540: 17335: 17100: 17075: 16932: 16914: 16770: 16635: 16604: 16574: 16526: 16400: 16282: 16237: 16164: 16131: 16073: 16001: 15980: 15910: 15854: 15785: 15633: 15602: 15561: 15541: 15523: 15448: 15253: 15204: 15161: 15137: 15118: 14720: 14562: 14537: 14516: 14495: 14429: 14395: 14235: 14027: 12987: 12776: 12520: 10468: 10113: 9150: 9027: 8988: 8882: 8843: 8784: 8552: 8343: 8139: 8109: 8085: 7285:

reverend sirs, I desire that all the monks and nuns may constantly listen to and remember. Likewise the laymen and laywomen."

4675:

argued that the attempts of European scholars to reconstruct the original teachings of the Buddha were "all mere guesswork".

3973: 3588:

Vinaya speaks of a more comprehensive disagreement, which has Devadatta alter the discourses as well as monastic discipline.

3559: 17106: 16680: 16406: 16288: 16137: 15608: 15567: 15349: 12782: 10498: 10213: 8639: 8349: 4976:, and the Buddha outlines three bases of meritorious actions: giving, moral discipline and meditation (as seen in AN 8:36). 3562:

There is evidence from the early texts that the Buddha encountered some of these figures and critiqued their doctrines. The

3389:

when the sangha was formed. According to the Pali texts, shortly after the formation of the sangha, the Buddha travelled to

3263:), at this time or five days later. After hearing this second sermon the four remaining ascetics also reached the status of 2424:, in present-day Nepal. Both places belonged to the Sakya territory, and are located only 24 kilometres (15 mi) apart. 21885: 21809: 19250: 19092: 18705: 17201:

Ruegg, Seyford (1999), "A new publication on the date and historiography of Buddha's decease (nirvana): a review article",

16564: 6125: 5377:

Other styles of Indian Buddhist art depict the Buddha in human form, either standing, sitting crossed legged (often in the

4167:

According to Richard Gombrich, the twelve-fold list is a combination of two previous lists, the second list beginning with

3366:

Although the Buddha's language remains unknown, it is likely that he taught in one or more of a variety of closely related

3347:) to Uruvela (south of Gaya)". This covers an area of 600 by 300 km. His sangha enjoyed the patronage of the kings of 21849: 17694: 10171: 9615: 7939:

Everything preceding the eighth part, i.e. right samadhi, apparently has the function of preparing for the right samadhi."

7342:: "The date (given the Buddhist 'short chronology') must have been around 400 BCE He was now in the middle of his reign." 21880: 21427: 18530: 14386:

Muesse, Mark W. (2016), "Crossing Boundaries:When Founders of Faith Appear in Other Traditions", in Gray, Patrick (ed.),

5225: 4774:

The Buddha also did not see the Brahmanical rites and practices as useful for spiritual advancement. For example, in the

4358:. According to Gethin, another common summary of the path to awakening wisely used in the early texts is "abandoning the 3692: 2539:

form of government, as a political alternative to Indian monarchies, may have influenced the development of the śramanic

18079: 17440: 3514: 2982:("meditation") he had as a child sitting under a tree while his father worked. This memory leads him to understand that 21970: 21324: 20874: 18969: 17123:"Cooking the Buddhist Books: The Implications of the New Dating of the Buddha for the History of Early Indian Buddhism" 15878: 15008: 14465: 14360: 8582: 5069: 4270:

to a person, which was separate from all changing experiences, and which transmigrated from life to life. The Buddha's

3853: 943: 389: 346: 13710: 8906: 5484: 4522:, the idea that we are trapped in cycles of rebirth and that we should seek liberation from them through non-harming ( 1218:(बुध् ), "to wake, be awake, observe, heed, attend, learn, become aware of, to know, be conscious again", "to awaken" 21940: 21814: 19170: 17607: 16891: 16706: 16545: 16326: 15947: 15886: 15825: 15806: 15343: 14941: 14882: 14628: 12806: 12126: 11635: 8633: 5046: 21417: 14587: 12466: 7538:

a Buddha has achieved three higher knowledges: Remembering one's former abodes (i.e. past lives), the "Divine eye" (

5805: 4947:

According to the Buddha of the suttas then, achieving a good rebirth is based on cultivating wholesome or skillful (

3173:

According to MN 26 and MĀ 204, after deciding to teach, the Buddha initially intended to visit his former teachers,

21780: 21102: 20847: 18145: 17767: 17469: 16942: 16696: 16256: 15482: 14791: 12560: 6060: 4855:

also provides a social explanation of how different classes arose, in contrast to the Vedic views on social caste.

16195: 15669: 10161:"The Discourse to Sandaka (trans. of Sandaka Sutta, Majjhima Nikāya 2, Majjhima Paṇṇāsaka 3, Paribbājaka Vagga 6)" 9802:

Bronkhorst, J. (2007). "Greater Magadha, Studies in the culture of Early India", p. 6. Leiden, Boston, MA: Brill.

6537:

deer on either side symbolizing the deer park in which the sermon was preached. The fingers of his hands form the

5734: 2705:

all agree that his mother and father opposed his decision and "wept with tearful faces" when he decided to leave.

2266: 21494: 21484: 19313: 16838: 10430: 9254: 7884:

Ronald Davidson: "While most scholars agree that there was a rough body of sacred literature (disputed) [

6595:, now in modern Nepal, but then part of the territory of the Shakya-clan. In the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor 5604: 5010:

Various Buddhist texts attribute to the Buddha a series of extraordinary physical characteristics, known as "the

2606:

other than the Buddha, was reputed to be the only one who unequivocally predicted that Siddhartha would become a

17617: 16359: 7614:

a *Vinayamātṛkā preserved in Chinese translation, which some scholars suggest represents the Haimavata tradition

5550: 4717: 4687:", or mendicant, as the ideal way of life for the practice of the path. He taught that mendicants or "beggars" ( 3144:

According to MN 26, immediately after his awakening, the Buddha hesitated on whether or not he should teach the

1129:, which means 'Awakened One' or 'Enlightened One'. His teachings were compiled by the Buddhist community in the 21930: 21915: 21765: 21439: 21092: 20894: 20785: 20730: 19303: 16978: 15767: 15422: 8790: 8661:

Snyder, David N. (2006) "The Complete Book of Buddha's Lists—explained". Vipassana Foundation, list 605 p. 429.

8424: 6170: 1524: 17: 17145: 14982:

Alexander, James (2019), "The State Is the Attempt to Strip Metaphor Out of Politics", in Kos, Eric S. (ed.),

14933:

The Challenge of the Silver Screen: An Analysis of the Cinematic Portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad

5619: 4544:

may have also originated from a Brahmanic term; but its usage may have been common in the sramana traditions.

2990:, and the texts then depict the Buddha achieving all four dhyanas, followed by the "three higher knowledges" ( 21950: 21945: 21770: 21409: 21107: 20790: 19082: 18915: 16724: 14809: 6626:

Hartmann discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (...)"

6313: 6273: 6249:, or Prawat Phra Phuttajao, a 2007 Thai animated feature film about the life of Gautama Buddha, based on the 5056: 3800: 2619: 872: 567: 150: 7652:"sought-out by pigs". He cites Neumann's suggestion that if a plant called "sought-out by pigs" exists then 4483:. According to Alexander Wynne, these were yogis who taught doctrines and practices similar to those in the 1335:. The exact meaning of the term is unknown, but it is often thought to mean either "one who has thus gone" ( 21960: 21910: 21588: 20992: 20864: 20835: 20537: 15318:]. Symposien zur Buddhismusforschung, IV (in German). Vol. 2. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht. 6763: 6452: 4907:

According to Bodhi, the "most comprehensive" of the suttas that focus on how to live as a layperson is the

4771:) texts. The Buddha, on the other hand, did not accept that these texts had any divine authority or value. 4310: 3615:

The main narrative of the Buddha's last days, death and the events following his death is contained in the

2792:, and cut off his hair. Leaving his servant and horse behind, he journeyed into the woods and changed into 2677:

While the earliest sources merely depict Gotama seeking a higher spiritual goal and becoming an ascetic or

2658: 817: 592: 552: 7724:

Gethin adds: "This schema is assumed and, in one way or another, adapted by the later manuals such as the

5418:

A Royal Couple Visits the Buddha, from railing of the Bharhut Stupa, Shunga dynasty, early 2nd century BC.

3632:

depicts the Buddha's last year as a time of war. It begins with Ajatashatru's decision to make war on the

1240:

means "descendant of Gotama", "Gotama" meaning "one who has the most light", and comes from the fact that

21684: 21625: 20683: 20592: 20062: 19707: 19220: 19115: 15039:——— (2013b). "The Gurudharmaon Bhikṣuṇī Ordination in the Mūlasarvāstivāda Tradition". 9567: 7626:

a discourse in the Madhyama-āgama, preserved in Chinese, probably representing the Sarvāstivāda tradition

7330:, and that several Yaksha-shrines, where trees were worshipped, were converted into Buddhist holy places. 6495: 4867: 4581:

One method to obtain information on the oldest core of Buddhism is to compare the oldest versions of the

4350:

A common presentation of the core structure of Buddha's teaching found in the early texts is that of the

4297: 3448:. Meanwhile, the Buddha's father Suddhodana heard his son's teaching, converted to Buddhism and became a 3367: 3011: 2527:(Pāli: Okkāka). This is unlikely, as many scholars think that Śuddhodana was merely a Shakya aristocrat ( 2451: 2171: 1995:

texts; their origins remain speculative and debated. Bronkhorst terms this culture, which grew alongside

1138: 20227: 3977: 1693: 21900: 21819: 21740: 21532: 21012: 20488: 19974: 19097: 18930: 18602: 18304: 16310: 15335: 14903: 13547:

Tse-Fu Kuan. "Mindfulness in similes in Early Buddhist literature". In Edo Shonin; William Van Gordon;

12512: 8688:"Moving Targets? Texts, language, archaeology and history in the Late Vedic and early Buddhist periods" 8146:

Buddhists are those who follow the way of the buddhas, beings who have fully "awakened" (from the root

7106: 6505: 6281: 6106: 5146: 5076: 4653:, but "liberating insight" became an essential feature of the Buddhist tradition only at a later date. 4339:(liberation). This path taught by the Buddha is depicted in the early texts (most famously in the Pali 2413: 2401: 1756:

both recount miraculous events surrounding Gautama's birth, such as the bodhisattva's descent from the

1622: 1578: 1263: 20422: 17854: 17020:, The Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai Lectures 1994, School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London) 7471: 4054:, which is an impersonal natural law, similar to how certain seeds produce certain plants and fruits. 3152: 2374:(present-day Nepal), is the birthplace of the Buddha, and is also a holy place for many non-Buddhists. 21920: 21733: 21422: 21235: 21225: 21097: 20080: 19660: 19421: 19396: 18714: 18025: 17034: 16762: 11454: 11320: 7312: 7170: 6485: 6374: 6295: 5221: 4751: 4528:) and spiritual practices, pre-dates the Buddha and was likely taught in early Jainism. According to 3311:

The chief disciples of the Buddha, Mogallana (chief in psychic power) and Sariputta (chief in wisdom)

3283: 2830: 2805:

According to the legendary biographies, when the ascetic Gautama first went to Rajagaha (present-day

2760: 2548: 2382: 2324: 1992: 1987:, with his father as the elected chieftain or oligarch. The Shakyas were widely considered to be non- 1565: 1223: 692: 19446: 17652: 17193: 16988:

Nath, Vijay (2001), "From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition",

16823: 10090:

The earliest anthropomorphic representation of the Buddha that we know so far, the Bimaran reliquary

9833:"Will the real Nigantha Nātaputta please stand up? Reflections on the Buddha and his contemporaries" 8818: 7293: 3640:

personal mindfulness". He then gives further lists of important virtues to be upheld by the Sangha.

2594:) or a great religious leader. Suddhodana held a naming ceremony on the fifth day and invited eight 1701: 1347:). This is interpreted as signifying that the Tathāgata is beyond all coming and going – beyond all 1061: 502: 21935: 21679: 21527: 20879: 20693: 20671: 20664: 20567: 20100: 19720: 19536: 19481: 19102: 18908: 18698: 16652: 15734: 11811: 8945: 7736:('Stages of Meditation', eighth century) and also Chinese and later Tibetan works such as Chih-i's 6490: 5386: 4932: 4918: 4631:

hold that these Early Buddhist Texts contain material that could possibly be traced to the Buddha.

4534: 4512: 4202: 3259: 2396: 1819:

tradition is another major biography, composed incrementally until perhaps the 4th century CE. The

697: 647: 37: 9703: 6534: 5121:

school (heterodox, literally "It is not so") in contrast to the six orthodox schools of Hinduism.

1449: – Conqueror. Although the term is more commonly used to name an individual who has attained 21985: 21870: 21657: 21581: 21464: 21444: 20775: 20755: 20512: 20242: 19486: 17092: 16223:, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, p. 73 12241: 7533: 7228:

that constitute a living person, the end of rebirth, the coming together again of those skandhas.

7175: 6789: 4955:) karma. A common list of good karmas taught by the Buddha is the list of ten courses of action ( 4637: 4371: 3918:, which describe the process from sense contact to consciousness which lead to this bondage to sa 3828:, a common funerary practice at the time. Centuries later they would be exhumed and enshrined by 2471: 2167: 2067: 857: 195: 33: 15010:

A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90

4923: 4423:)". Dhyana is preceded and supported by various aspects of the path such as sense restraint and 4197: 3584:

texts generally focus on "five points" which are seen as excessive ascetic practices, while the

1740:(MN 123), which include selective accounts that may be older, but are not full biographies. The 1112:(both mental states and concrete 'things') come into being, and cease to be, depending on other 21474: 21314: 20982: 20952: 20725: 20676: 20517: 20465: 20460: 20222: 20043: 19940: 19692: 19687: 19436: 18492: 17188: 16867: 16834: 15030:——— (2013a). "The Chinese Parallels to the Dhammacakkappavattana-sutta (2)". 11350: 7209: 6205: 4146:

In the early texts, the process of the arising of dukkha is explicated through the teaching of

3925: 3840: 3710: 3075: 2237:

outlines an argument against the claims of teachers who say they are all knowing while in the

1000: 936: 672: 657: 637: 562: 557: 472: 379: 19804: 17822: 16904: 14931: 14872: 14419: 12532:

Reat, Noble Ross (1996). "The Historical Buddha and his Teachings". In Potter, Karl H. (ed.).

10456: 9295: 9059: 8833: 4226:) are seen as being dependently originated and impermanent and thus do not qualify as a self ( 3748:

reports that in his final meditation he entered the four dhyanas consecutively, then the four

3405: 3101: 2635: 2446: 1771: 21797: 21479: 21449: 21030: 20962: 20795: 20710: 20705: 20629: 20624: 20542: 19072: 18730: 18269: 17563: 17532: 16873: 15991: 14710: 14618: 9781: 9017: 8978: 8872: 8127: 8099: 8075: 7183: 7109:

commemorates the Emperor's pilgrimage to Lumbini as the Buddha's birthplace, calling him the

6785: 6388: 6257: 5575: 5466:

Bimbisara visiting the Buddha (represented as empty throne) at the Bamboo garden in Rajagriha

5367: 5345: 5337: 4909: 4683:

The early Buddhist texts depict the Buddha as promoting the life of a homeless and celibate "

4553: 4179:

The Buddha saw his analysis of dependent origination as a "Middle Way" between "eternalism" (

4147: 3944: 3617: 3585: 3417: 3230:

or monastic. The Buddha then continued to teach the other ascetics and they formed the first

2063: 1813: 1625:

commemorates the Emperor's pilgrimage to Lumbini as the Buddha's birthplace, calling him the

1266:

commemorates the Emperor's pilgrimage to Lumbini as the Buddha's birthplace, calling him the

1105: 877: 867: 822: 56: 20095: 17470:"Archaeological Excavations at Priprahwa and Ganwaria and the Identification of Kapilavastu" 17063: 16360:"Sowing the Seeds of the Lotus: A Journey to the Great Pilgrimage Sites of Buddhism, part V" 16110:——— (2000), "Discovering the Buddha's date", in Perera, Lakshman S (ed.), 15243: 13829:

Conze, Edward (2000). "Buddhism: A Short History". From Buddhism to Sufism Series. Oneworld.

10103: 6429:

depicts a man in a far future Earth Colony who takes on the name and teachings of the Buddha

5173:, but he does not further discuss the role of Buddha. According to the works on Buddhism by 4616:"Scepticism with regard to the possibility of retrieving the doctrine of earliest Buddhism". 3749: 21975: 21745: 21635: 21502: 21469: 21454: 20972: 20869: 20815: 20700: 20639: 20607: 20602: 20587: 20572: 20562: 20527: 20440: 20132: 20055: 19358: 19298: 19047: 19014: 18964: 17994: 16304: 6538: 6237: 5250: 4782:

does not lead to purity: only "truth and morality" lead to purity. He especially critiqued

4658: 4606: 4355: 3937: 3875: 3603: 3467:) to the sangha at great expense (the Theravada Vinaya speaks of thousands of gold coins). 3253:

also mention that the Buddha taught them his second discourse, about the characteristic of

3028: 2879: 2615: 2567: 2179: 1509: 1069: 887: 847: 842: 807: 652: 532: 440: 425: 369: 341: 21342: 19957: 19826: 19752: 19628: 19366: 17763: 16740:

The Buddhist art of Gandhāra: the story of the early school, its birth, growth and decline

12127:"Why Devadatta Was No Saint, A critique of Reginald Ray's thesis of the 'condemned saint'" 6697:, p. 436). The two cities are located only 24 kilometres (15 miles) from each other ( 5280: 4829:

valid for everybody, which is opposed to the Brahmanic ethic founded on "one's own duty" (

4305:. The Early Buddhist texts also mention meditation practice while standing and lying down. 3688: 3327:, and cannibals such as Alavaka. According to Schumann, the Buddha's travels ranged from " 3315:

For the remaining 40 or 45 years of his life, the Buddha is said to have travelled in the

1519: 1367:

is commonly seen together in canonical texts and depicts some of his perfected qualities:

1053: 8: 21694: 21309: 21188: 21022: 20997: 20987: 20947: 20924: 20807: 20780: 20740: 20659: 20649: 20577: 20504: 19935: 19792: 19573: 19551: 19503: 19323: 19123: 18979: 18959: 18735: 18691: 18238: 16442: 16431: 16392: 15469: 15457: 8769:

How the Brahmins Won: Appendix X Was there Buddhism in Gandhāra at the Time of Alexander?

6226: 5398: 4779: 4666: 4488: 4314: 4210:

In the early texts the Buddha teaches that all five aggregates, including consciousness (

4127: 3771: 3759: 3491: 3114: 2684:

The earliest accounts of the Buddha's spiritual quest is found in texts such as the Pali

2514: 2106: 1085: 1024: 897: 852: 790: 730: 667: 612: 607: 362: 351: 19283: 19210: 16466: 15384: 14898: 14779:

The Gnostic Bible: Gnostic texts of mystical wisdom from the ancient and medieval worlds

11484: 8417:"GREEK HELIOS OR INDIAN SŪRYA? THE SPREAD OF THE SUN GOD IMAGERY FROM INDIA TO GANDHĀRA" 8386: 8384: 8382: 7767:

For a comparative survey of Satipatthana in the Pali, Tibetan and Chinese sources, see:

7718:(DN 13, with Chinese parallel at DĀ 26 and a fragmentary Sanskrit parallel entitled the 7388:

Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village,

7326:-worship, that several Yakshas were "converted" to Buddhism, a well-known example being 6610:

Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village,

6441:, includes the Buddha as one of the religious figures that the main character encounters 5112: 4602: 4255: 3810: 2580:

According to later biographical legends, during the birth celebrations, the hermit seer

2577:

in Nepal, Bangladesh, and India as he is believed to have been born on a full moon day.

2198: 2152: 2085: 1827:, and various Chinese translations of this date between the 3rd and 6th century CE. The 1748:, and the first collection of these can be dated among the earliest Buddhist texts. The 21674: 21372: 21277: 21119: 21082: 21077: 21007: 20957: 20904: 20899: 20770: 20765: 20760: 20750: 20735: 20720: 20715: 20654: 20634: 20597: 20522: 20327: 20028: 19952: 19830: 19772: 19613: 19513: 19441: 19416: 19062: 18992: 18785: 18750: 18725: 18535: 18371: 18137: 17901: 17893: 17377: 17218: 17005: 16747: 15969: 15705: 15697: 15226:

Recherches sur la biographie du Buddha dans les Sutrapitaka et les Vinayapitaka anciens

15084:"Brahmavihāra and Awakening, A Study of the Dīrgha-āgama Parallel to the Tevijja-sutta" 14073: 13978: 9723: 9482: 9449:

Witzel, Michael (2019). "Early 'Aryans' and their neighbors outside and inside India".

8806: 8715: 7322:

notes that several locations of both early Buddhism and Jainism are closely related to

6409: 6340: 6245: 6095: 5541: 5394: 5382: 5234: 5169:

in the ninth century. Such idols had been sold in Buddhist temples next to a mosque in

4847: 4809: 4640:

also agrees that "much" of the Pali Canon "must derive from his teachings". Likewise,

4499: 4435: 4411: 4328: 4019: 4009: 3997: 3901: 3889: 3867: 3820:

and they were distributed among various north Indian kingdoms like Magadha, Shakya and

3816:

The Buddha's body was then cremated and the remains, including his bones, were kept as

2978: 2834: 2648: 2532: 2505:", whose capital was Kapilavastu, and who were later annexed by the growing Kingdom of 2497:, a tribe of rice-farmers living near the modern border of India and Nepal. His father 2470:). Legend has it that, on the night Siddhartha was conceived, Queen Maya dreamt that a 2463: 2278: 1700:(corresponding to modern northwestern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan) and written in 1411: 1388: 1331:) is a term the Buddha commonly used when referring to himself or other Buddhas in the 1193: 1184: 1097: 1012: 996: 882: 862: 802: 797: 685: 587: 580: 507: 497: 404: 21171: 17404: 16728: 16257:

Research on the date of the Buddha: South Asian Studies Published in Western Languages

15957: 13373: 11031: 8532: 8530: 6944:, p. 9), the preferred translation has shifted to "awakened" and "awakened one" ( 3959: 3705:

tradition generally believes that the Buddha was offered some kind of pork, while the

3581: 3459:, who became a strong lay supporter of the Buddha early on. He is said to have gifted 3211: 2147:

One of the earliest anthropomorphic representations of the Buddha, here surrounded by

1717: 21955: 21652: 21630: 21550: 21512: 21208: 21193: 21156: 21141: 20914: 20830: 20745: 20582: 20547: 20532: 20259: 20249: 19930: 19777: 19762: 19633: 19556: 19476: 19411: 19343: 19230: 18987: 18566: 18542: 18467: 18446: 18378: 18355: 18335: 18327:

A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

18298: 18275: 18215: 18129: 18088: 18055: 18036: 18015: 17984: 17961: 17943: 17905: 17830: 17741: 17723: 17623: 17603: 17567: 17536: 17331: 17303: 17292: 17273: 17237: 17222: 17137: 17096: 17071: 17064: 16974: 16928: 16910: 16887: 16702: 16631: 16624: 16600: 16570: 16541: 16522: 16396: 16322: 16278: 16233: 16160: 16127: 16069: 16050: 15997: 15976: 15943: 15906: 15882: 15850: 15831: 15821: 15802: 15781: 15763: 15744: 15730: 15709: 15689: 15654: 15629: 15598: 15557: 15537: 15519: 15444: 15339: 15279: 15249: 15214: 15200: 15157: 15133: 15114: 15048: 14937: 14878: 14803: 14716: 14624: 14568: 14558: 14533: 14529: 14512: 14491: 14425: 14391: 14077: 14023: 13736:

Wynne, Alexander (2005). "The Historical Authenticity of Early Buddhist Literature".

12983: 12772: 12516: 11641: 11631: 11421: 10464: 10109: 9844: 9773: 9727: 9486: 9474: 9466: 9146: 9023: 8984: 8950: 8878: 8839: 8780: 8719: 8707: 8703: 8687: 8629: 8379: 8339: 8331: 8135: 8105: 8081: 7543: 7447: 7245: 7054: 6921: 6473: 6363: 6193: 5967: 5325: 4937: 4475:

In various texts, the Buddha is depicted as having studied under two named teachers,

4447: 4351: 4347:" between sensual indulgence on one hand and mortification of the body on the other. 4271: 4051: 3933: 3880:

A number of teachings and practices are deemed essential to Buddhism, including: the

3495: 3307: 3231: 3146: 3137: 2997: 2969: 2797: 2793: 2736: 2544: 2362: 2148: 2059: 2055: 1725: 1327: 1299: 1288: 1145:. Later generations composed additional texts, such as systematic treatises known as 1065: 929: 827: 812: 617: 492: 435: 399: 384: 315: 269: 20494: 19288: 19188: 18850: 17505: 17381: 16784: 12293: 7744:'s Thar-pa rin-po che'i rgyan ('Jewel Ornament of Liberation', twelfth century) and 4379:(SN 12.23), present the path as reversions of the process of Dependent Origination. 2752: 2531:), and that the Shakya republic was not a hereditary monarchy. The more egalitarian 21980: 21905: 21785: 21728: 21198: 21151: 21146: 21002: 20967: 20942: 20937: 20688: 20644: 20557: 20232: 19888: 19881: 19665: 19655: 19541: 19205: 19077: 18593: 18584: 18575: 18518: 18427: 18393:"Cremated like a King: The funeral of the Buddha within the ancient Indian context" 18199: 18179: 17885: 17804: 17369: 17210: 16997: 16779: 16314: 16159:, The Library of Religious Beliefs and Practices Series, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 15860: 15681: 15095: 14689: 14065: 13548: 13375:

Transcendental Dependent Arising. A Translation and Exposition of the Upanisa Sutta

12836: 9807: 9803: 9715: 9458: 8772: 8699: 8527: 8196: 7852: 7493:

include some Sanskrit fragments, an individual Chinese translation, a sutra of the

7435: 7083: 7011: 6807: 6433: 6139: 6067: 5366:. Since aniconism precludes single devotional figures, most representations are of 4969: 4814: 4783: 4632: 4624: 4590: 4480: 4138: 4098: 3948: 3684: 3441: 2863: 2858: 2729:, so that he would become a great king instead of a great religious leader. In the 2540: 2270: 2037: 1641: 1614: 1248: 1134: 892: 837: 767: 757: 622: 20277: 18795: 17722:, Vol. 1. The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC – AD 220, Cambridge University Press, 15069:——— (2014). "The Buddha's Last Meditation in the Dirgha-Agama". 14694: 14679: 14231: 13925:"Brahamanism and Buddhism: Two Antithetic Conceptions of Society in Ancient India" 9321:, Vol. LI. Reprint: Manjushri Publishing House, Delhi. 1970, pp. 81–82 footnote 6. 8549: 7836:): That nothing in the realm of experience can really be said to be "I" or "mine". 2924:(MN 26) and its Chinese parallel at MĀ 204, after having mastered the teaching of 2485:. The earliest Buddhist sources state that the Buddha was born to an aristocratic 1816: 1790: 1151:, biographies of the Buddha, collections of stories about his past lives known as 1100:(meditation proper). Another key element of his teachings are the concepts of the 21562: 21507: 21459: 21387: 21257: 21055: 21035: 20977: 20889: 20552: 20450: 20297: 20033: 20016: 20001: 19979: 19531: 19401: 19235: 19215: 18891: 18745: 18461: 18440: 18349: 18325: 17937: 17248: 17174:

Reynolds, Frank E.; Hallisey, Charles (2005), "Buddha", in Jones, Lindsay (ed.),

17086: 16900: 16719:, New Delhi: The Director General: Archaeological Survey of India, pp. 66–67 16674: 16386: 16272: 16268: 16154: 16121: 15896: 15872: 15794: 15592: 15551: 15438: 15326: 14991: 14239: 14126:

Pannasiri, Bhadanta (1950). "Sigālovāda-Sutta", Visva-Bharati Annals, 3: 150–228.

13382: 12977: 12810: 12766: 12133: 11818: 11358: 10205: 9564:"Oldest Buddhist Shrine Uncovered In Nepal May Push Back the Buddha's Birth Date" 9302: 8619: 8556: 8333: 7951:

Sacrifices have the Agnihotra as foremost; of meter, the foremost is the Sāvitrī.

7490: 7431: 7319: 5839: 5570: 5390: 5152: 5082: 4822: 4735: 4731: 4405: 4399: 4389: 4359: 4068: 3954: 3911: 3178: 3117:

before entering meditation. Other miracles and magical events are also depicted.

2940: 2329: 2291: 2274: 2218: 2214: 2100: 2051: 2000: 1554: 1427: 1158: 1093: 1077: 917: 832: 632: 542: 487: 20307: 19461: 19451: 18835: 18562: 18420:

When Did the Buddha Live? The Controversy on the Dating of the Historical Buddha

17328:

The Historical Buddha: The Times, Life, and Teachings of the Founder of Buddhism

16467:"Playing with Fire: The pratityasamutpada from the perspective of Vedic thought" 15406:

The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya

7164: 4538:

may also reflect Upanishadic or other influences . The Buddhist practice called

4415:, the cumulative development of wholesome states leading to a "state of perfect 4106: 3993: 3885: 3726: 2873: 2796:

there, though in some other versions of the story, he received the robes from a

2481:

Her son is said to have been born on the way, at Lumbini, in a garden beneath a

1868:(who was the successor of Bimbisara), thus making him a younger contemporary of 1137:, a compilation of teachings based on his discourses. These were passed down in 482: 21699: 21517: 21220: 21070: 20852: 20432: 20412: 20332: 20021: 20011: 19945: 19782: 19268: 19131: 18855: 18790: 18626: 18488: 17707: 17524: 17229: 16943:"Book Review: Heinz Bechert (ed.), The dating of the Historical Buddha, part I" 16742:. Memoirs of the Department of archaeology in Pakistan. Vol. 1. Cambridge. 11079: 9719: 9283: 8683: 7729: 6770: 6524: 6394: 6379: 6286: 6262: 5638: 5510: 5378: 5310: 5182: 4747: 4290: 4135: 3968: 3633: 3535: 3409: 3316: 3205: 3158: 2907:), only represented by a path on the water, and his empty throne bottom right. 2735:(5th century CE), Gautama is said to have seen an old man. When his charioteer 2689: 2623: 2554:

The day of the Buddha's birth, enlightenment and death is widely celebrated in

2482: 2386: 2316: 2314:, this path is described as long and arduous, taking "four incalculable ages" ( 2160: 2156: 2110: 2073: 2047: 1996: 1948: 1445: 1142: 1126: 777: 707: 662: 520: 239: 80: 21573: 17619:"Kapilavastu", in: Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. Encyclopedia of Buddhism 17373: 17214: 15928:

A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day

15685: 9462: 8946:"That the True Dhamma Might Last a Long Time: Readings Selected by King Asoka" 8776: 5309:, the Buddha is listed among the prophets who preached the word of God before 4518: 3786:: ...𑀲𑀮𑀺𑀮𑀦𑀺𑀥𑀸𑀦𑁂 𑀩𑀼𑀥𑀲 𑀪𑀕𑀯𑀢𑁂...) "Relics of the Buddha Lord". 3377:

The sangha wandered throughout the year, except during the four months of the

2713: 2708: 2378: 2016: 964: 21864: 21792: 21287: 21136: 20445: 20347: 20205: 20006: 19984: 19920: 19591: 19386: 19381: 19273: 18942: 18415: 18321: 18133: 17638:"The Real Birth Place of Buddha. Yesterday's Kapilavastu, Today's Kapileswar" 17432: 17296: 17241: 17141: 16064:

Gimello, Robert M. (2003), "Bodhi (awakening)", in Buswell, Robert E. (ed.),

15868: 15835: 15693: 15289: 15052: 13973:

Omvedt, Gail (1 June 2001). "Review: The Buddha as a Political Philosopher".

12841: 12824: 9848: 9777: 9470: 9291: 8711: 8625: 7745: 7725: 7114: 6793: 6426: 6421: 6414: 6349: 6221: 6214: 6143: 5341: 5324:, a composition in Dasam Granth traditionally and historically attributed to 5321: 5181:

and others as an apostle of God sent to the human race. By the 12th century,

4941: 4897: 4885: 4818: 4598: 4563: 4235: 4001: 3893: 3833: 3783: 3498:

which focus on the relationship between the new order of nuns and the monks.

3456: 3413: 3320: 3299: 3071: 2944: 2929: 2698: 2670: 2350: 2077: 1964: 1820: 1651: 1630: 1605: 1274: 602: 597: 537: 288: 138: 21689: 19745: 19735: 19107: 18598: 18203: 18183: 17203:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

14572: 14457: 14352: 11645: 11019: 6197:, a 1957 Indian documentary film directed by Rajbans Khanna and produced by 4990: 4940:(in the Buddha and the teachings), moral discipline, especially keeping the 4825:

of society. The Buddha's teaching then is a single universal moral law, one

4696:

The Buddha's teachings on monastic discipline were preserved in the various

4524: 3558:

As the Buddha continued to travel and teach, he also came into contact with

2498: 2416:. The exact site of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown. It may have been either 1655: 1332: 742: 547: 189: 21645: 21377: 21362: 21332: 21282: 21272: 21114: 20909: 20402: 20237: 20115: 19903: 19898: 19725: 19596: 19471: 18932: 18820: 18271:

The Emergence of Buddhism: Classical Traditions in Contemporary Perspective

18249: 16866: 16156:

Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo

16084:

Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo

15935: 15642: 14684:. International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences (ICHSS 2018). 14550: 12245: 9478: 8898: 8615: 7737: 7733: 7439: 6745: 6588: 6529: 6464: 6403: 6368: 6333: 6329: 6277:, a 2013 Sinhalese epic biographical film based on the life of Lord Buddha. 6230: 6210: 5906: 5678: 5371: 5359: 5026: 4944:, generosity, and wisdom (knowledge of the arising and passing of things). 4672: 4641: 4586: 4539: 4476: 4464: 4429: 4217: 4212: 4114: 3964: 3677: 3186: 3174: 3129: 3106: 2965: 2925: 2590: 2304: 2246: 2242: 2081: 2020: 1853: 1802: 1765: 1741: 1617:(reigned c. 268 to 232 BCE) mention the Buddha and Buddhism. Particularly, 1593: 1355:

is "immeasurable", "inscrutable", "hard to fathom", and "not apprehended".

1348: 1153: 1089: 1081: 1057: 642: 527: 445: 331: 69: 20160: 20145: 20105: 19802: 19466: 19042: 15626:

The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BCE–200 CE

15188:

Pain and Its Ending: The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon

15156:. Hamburg Buddhist Studies. Vol. 8. projekt verlag, Bochum/Freiburg. 15100: 15083: 14069: 12803: 12534:

Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophy, Vol. VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD

7818: 6773:

provides a "revised" dating of 460–380 BCE for the lifetime of the Buddha.

5031: 4044:

unreliable. The ultimate noble goal should be liberation from this cycle.

4011: 3919: 3903: 3625:, and "three discourses preserved as individual translations in Chinese". 3484: 3232: 3091: 2702: 2522: 2440: 1777: 21664: 21347: 21176: 20317: 20302: 20085: 19893: 19821: 19601: 19431: 19333: 19180: 19052: 18661: 18331: 18232:(illustrated ed.), Burlingame, CA: Buddhist Text Translation Society 17253:

The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century

17059: 15849:, The Wheel Publication, Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society, 15275: 14682:

Muslim scholar's discourse on Buddhism: a literature on Buddha's position

14530:

Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History

14388:

Varieties of Religious Invention: Founders and Their Functions in History

7848: 6457: 6163: 6159: 6150: 5306: 5255: 5242: 5194: 5162: 5130: 4628: 4558: 4529: 4441: 4424: 4082: 3829: 3796: 3740:

He then entered his final meditation and died, reaching what is known as

3665: 3543: 3278: 3136:, India, site of the first teaching of the Buddha in which he taught the 3095: 2789: 2744: 2731: 2518: 2475: 2300: 2202: 2187: 2122: 1873: 1865: 1836: 1745: 1530: 1189: 1037: 712: 21337: 19797: 18840: 18141: 18117: 15874:

Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts

15701: 13995:

Mrozik, Susanne. "Upali" in MacMillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism, pg. 870.

9762:"Cultural Remnants of the Indigenous Peoples in the Buddhist Scriptures" 5197:, even identifies Buddha as a prophet, who taught a religion to "banish 4362:, practice of the four establishments of mindfulness and development of 3733: 2688:("The discourse on the noble quest", MN 26) and its Chinese parallel at 1125:

A couple of centuries after his death, he came to be known by the title

21724: 21640: 21292: 21250: 21126: 20932: 20857: 20471: 20455: 20417: 20397: 20292: 20175: 20110: 20090: 19836: 19767: 19638: 19521: 19491: 19426: 19376: 19024: 18845: 18770: 17897: 17319:

Sacred biography in the Buddhist traditions of South and Southeast Asia

17262:

Studien zum Jainismus und Buddhismus (Gedenkschrift für Ludwig Alsdorf)

17236:, Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India, pp. 70–71, 17047: 17009: 16318: 15483:"The Buddhist path to liberation: An analysis of the listing of stages" 15440:

The Five Aggregates: Understanding Theravada Psychology and Soteriology

13982: 13775: 6937: 6682: 6438: 6317: 5780: 5741: 5610: 5442:

Descent of the Buddha from the Trayastrimsa Heaven, Sanchi Stupa No. 1.

5363: 5302: 4957: 4739: 4594: 4582: 4567: 4507: 4484: 4363: 4344: 4302: 3929: 3764: 3722: 3695: 3324: 3059: 3055: 3020: 2852: 2844: 2785: 2607: 2421: 2257:) and perfected being who is unencumbered by the mundane world. In the 1890: 1677: 1462: 1147: 1045: 1032: 1008: 1004: 968: 717: 477: 160: 134: 20312: 19308: 18830: 15713: 15507:

Under the Bodhi Tree: Buddha's Original Vision of Dependent Co-arising

11703: 11127: 11103: 5502:

Isapur Buddha, one of the earliest physical depictions of the Buddha,

4183:, the idea that some essence exists eternally) and "annihilationism" ( 3019:, the term Gautama uses most often to refer to himself, realized "the 21720: 21267: 21240: 20407: 20282: 19994: 19910: 19787: 19677: 19650: 19643: 19606: 19563: 19526: 19293: 19258: 19225: 19200: 19155: 18740: 18666: 18397:

Journal of the International College of Postgraduate Buddhist Studies

18254:(in Burmese), vol. 1 (4th ed.), Yangon: Ya-Pyei, p. 39 18243:, Sacred Books of the Buddhists, vol. 1, London: Luzac & Co. 18014:, Berkeley, CA: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 17167:

Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations

16447:, Sacred Books of the Buddhists, vol. 3, London: Luzac & Co. 16436:, Sacred Books of the Buddhists, vol. 2, London: Luzac & Co. 15902: 15397:

In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon

11812:

Lay Buddhist Practice, The Shrine Room, Uposatha Day, Rains Residence

10422: 8765:"Appendix X Was there Buddhism in Gandhāra at the Time of Alexander?" 7796:

Understanding of these marks helps in the development of detachment:

7327: 6591:, the stories of the former lives of the Buddha, Gautama was born in 6198: 5938: 5890: 5867: 5843: 5835: 5812: 5796: 5725: 5591: 5537: 5209: 5190: 5174: 5138: 4743: 4468: 4324: 4286: 3989: 3928:, which describes this process, and its reversal, in detail; and the 3881: 3702: 3574: 3547: 3455:

The early texts also mention an important lay disciple, the merchant

3449: 3445: 3433: 3398: 3356: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3219: 3063: 3016: 2956: 2904: 2884: 2867: 2814: 2751:(DN 14.2) which instead depicts the young life of a previous Buddha, 2717: 2599: 2555: 2486: 2126: 1984: 1857: 1832: 1515: 1241: 1016: 762: 737: 21704: 21040: 19876: 19730: 19496: 19278: 19147: 19139: 18533:; Johnson, Willard L; Wawrytko, Sandra A; DeGraff, Geoffrey (1996). 18261:

Buddhist Images of Human Perfection: The Arahant of the Sutta Piṭaka

17814:

The Long Discourses of the Buddha. A Translation of the Digha Nikaya

17768:"Hoary past and hazy memory. On the history of early Buddhist texts" 17001: 15414: 15328:

Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia

12933: 12186: 11455:"Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting the Wheel of Dhamma in Motion" 9608:

Ambaṭṭha Sutta. Theme: Religious arrogance versus spiritual openness

9501: 8835:

Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia

8764: 8416: 5478:

The great departure with riderless horse, Amaravati, 2nd century CE.

4200:

rely on the scheme of the five skandhas, as can be seen in the Pali

4090: 3756:

before returning to the fourth dhyana right at the moment of death.

3608: 3607:

This East Javanese relief depicts the Buddha in his final days, and

3542:

Buddha's old age, the kingdom of Magadha was usurped by a new king,

3429: 3425: 2810: 2627: 2194: 2032: 2015:

The Buddha's lifetime coincided with the flourishing of influential

1968:

Ancient kingdoms and cities of India during the time of the Buddha (

1823:

biography of the Buddha is the most exhaustive, and is entitled the

1529:

he also points out that such a text was originally intended more as

173: 21620: 21557: 21397: 21352: 21297: 21262: 21166: 20825: 20392: 20387: 20337: 20272: 20190: 20155: 20150: 19811: 19682: 19670: 19581: 19240: 18937: 18886: 18875: 18639: 18617: 17889: 16230:

Introduction to Buddhism An Explanation of the Buddhist Way of Life

10156: 9333: 9331: 9329: 9327: 7443: 7082:

Buddha Shakyamuni: from the middle of the 3rd century BCE, several

6737:

Around 400: See the consensus in the essays by leading scholars in

6666: 6469: 6290: 6250: 6030:

Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes, Tibetan, 19th century

5952: 5922: 5595: 3775: 3706: 3460: 3386: 3182: 3024: 2777: 2740: 2666: 2417: 2175: 2043: 2024: 1869: 1798: 1697: 1375: 1173: 1165: 1118: 980: 772: 752: 747: 627: 323: 249: 210: 20382: 20372: 20357: 20180: 20050: 19318: 16657: 16501:

A History of Buddhist Philosophy: Continuities and Discontinuities

16123:

How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings

11873: 11667: 11546: 10105:

Cultural and Visual Flux at Early Historical Bagh in Central India

9145:(1st ed.). New York: New York University Press. p. xix. 8332:

Sir Monier Monier-Williams; Ernst Leumann; Carl Cappeller (2002).

7777:

Dhammajoti, K.L. (2008). "Sixteen-mode Mindfulness of Breathing".

7548: 5524:

The Buddha attended by Indra at Indrasala Cave, Mathura 50-100 CE.

5085:

emerged after the lifetime of the Buddha, between 500–200 BCE and

4775: 4767: 4332: 4266:. All of these theories held that there was an eternal unchanging 4075:(aggregates) describe how sensory contact leads to attachment and 4005: 3897: 3479:

Mahāprajāpatī, the first bhikkuni and Buddha's stepmother, ordains

2653: 2109:, in which the Ganges Basin was settled and cities grew, in which 21716: 21302: 21245: 21230: 20377: 20367: 20342: 20217: 20212: 20170: 20140: 20072: 20038: 19925: 19866: 19861: 19715: 19618: 19456: 19406: 19193: 19019: 18654: 17977:

The Sacred Garden of Lumbini – Perceptions of Buddha's Birthplace

17455:

Srivastava, K.M. (1979), "Kapilavastu and Its Precise Location",

16615:

The Art of Buddhism: An Introduction to Its History & Meaning

16032:

Frauwallner, Erich (1973), "Chapter 5. The Buddha and the Jina",

14874:

History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE – 100 CE

13642: 13640: 13638: 13412: 9812: 8327: 8325: 7741: 7262: 7225: 7129: 6592: 5351: 5317: 5205: 5170: 5166: 5155: 5117: 5108: 4951:) karma, which leads to a good result, and avoiding unwholesome ( 4758: 4722: 4688: 4503: 4416: 4383: 4267: 4263: 4072: 3915: 3573:

One of the most troubling events during the Buddha's old age was

3523: 3519: 3394: 3352: 3328: 3227: 3193: 3133: 3110: 3079: 3002: 2992: 2848: 2818: 2595: 2573: 2493:) family called Gotama (Sanskrit: Gautama), who were part of the 2455: 2409: 2390: 2371: 2367: 2334: 2183: 2143: 2028: 1861: 1789:

is the earliest full biography, an epic poem written by the poet

1757: 1666: 1601: 1589: 1454: 1437: 1364: 1101: 1073: 1049: 984: 452: 109: 65: 19989: 19757: 18463:

The Sacred Garden of Lumbini: Perceptions of Buddha's birthplace

17266:

Studies on Jainism and Buddhism (Schriftfest for Ludwig Alsdorf)

16274:

The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture

15487:

The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

14702: 14620:

Buddhist thought a complete introduction to the Indian tradition

14006:"God as Political Philosopher: Buddha's Challenge to Brahminism" 12921: 12446: 12434: 12422: 12410: 12138: 12083: 11751: 9324: 7748:'s Lam rim chen mo ('Great Graduated Path', fourteenth century). 6762:

to 400 BCE) "fits the archaeological evidence better". See also

6614:, at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini. ( 6324: 6166:

based on Arnold's epic poem with Rai also portraying the Buddha.

5941: 5401:

images, as well as those of Southeast Asian Theravada Buddhism.

1704:, they date from the first century BCE to the third century CE. 1212:, "Awakened One" or "Enlightened One", is the masculine form of 21775: 21382: 21367: 21203: 21065: 21045: 20820: 20482: 20362: 20352: 20287: 19915: 19871: 19856: 19846: 19816: 19740: 19623: 19391: 19263: 19007: 19002: 18825: 18434:(3rd ed.). Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. 17797:"Did Buddha die of eating pork?: with a note on Buddha's image" 17703: 17088:

Rediscovering the Buddha: The Legends and Their Interpretations

15758:

Cox, Collett (2003), "Abidharma", in Buswell, Robert E. (ed.),

14899:"Head of Buddha, Afghanistan (probably Hadda), 5th–6th century" 14680:

Ahmad Faizuddin Ramli; Jaffary Awang; Zaizul Ab Rahman (2018).

13799: 13724:"An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices" 12896: 12265: 11897: 11861: 11837: 11825: 11727: 11534: 11163: 8116:

As a result of his discoveries, Siddhartha became known as the

7828: 7812: 7800: 7392:, at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini.( 7389: 7323: 7307:

In 2013, archaeologist Robert Coningham found the remains of a

7258: 7125: 7102: 6792:), Gautama died in Kushinagar, which is located in present-day 6611: 6596: 6345: 6189:, a 1952 Japanese feature film representing the life of Buddha. 5847: 5355: 5291: 5158: 5097: 5093: 5065: 5061: 4826: 4801: 4787: 4697: 4222: 4189: 4131: 4035: 3821: 3475: 3421: 3390: 3360: 3348: 3332: 3254: 2987: 2908: 2900: 2888: 2806: 2781: 2765: 2726: 2662: 2506: 2502: 2494: 2459: 2428: 2348:

is how the Buddha-to-be had to practice several "perfections" (

2337:, who gives the bodhisattva a prediction of future Buddhahood. 2234: 1980: 1646: 1618: 1574: 1450: 1400: 1304: 1259: 1214: 1169: 1130: 1028: 992: 912: 467: 462: 457: 420: 223: 113: 17405:"On the Buddha's Use of Some Brahmanical Motifs in Pali Texts" 16306:

A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna

14175: 13635: 10670: 10489: 10487: 8664: 8322: 8157: 6527:. In the centre of the base relief is a wheel symbolizing the 4888:

form of government, while others disagree with this position.

4502:

are a development of pre-Buddhist themes that can be found in

4062: 3355:

and he thus spent a lot of time in their respective capitals,

2584:

journeyed from his mountain abode, analyzed the child for the

2070:, with whose viewpoints the Buddha must have been acquainted. 1835:

tradition in Sri Lanka and was composed in the 5th century by

21755: 21750: 21522: 21357: 21215: 21181: 21161: 21131: 21060: 20477: 20322: 20200: 20195: 20165: 20120: 19967: 19962: 19841: 19546: 19371: 19338: 19328: 18683: 18675: 15801:(February 1972 ed.). xvii: Vintage Books. p. xvii. 14286: 14284: 13726:, p. 3. Introduction to Religion. Cambridge University Press. 13625: 13623: 12886: 12884: 12509:

An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices

10206:"A Sketch of the Buddha's Life: Readings from the Pali Canon" 10040: 10038: 9978: 9900:"Indian Society and Thought before and at the Time of Buddha" 9019:

Sacred Traces: British Explorations of Buddhism in South Asia

6884: 6872: 6848: 6399: 5863: 5757: 5295: 5198: 5186: 5178: 5134: 5104: 4930:

Regarding the happiness of the next life, the Buddha (in the

4762: 4495: 3825: 3817: 3437: 3378: 3223: 2917: 2657:

The "Great Departure" of Siddhartha Gautama, surrounded by a

2603: 2588:

and then announced that he would either become a great king (

2581: 2563: 2559: 2467: 2118: 1988: 1979:

According to the Buddhist tradition, Shakyamuni Buddha was a

1897: 1640:, "Buddha, Sage of the Shakyas"). Another one of his edicts ( 1232: 1048:

between sensual indulgence and severe asceticism, leading to

1020: 988: 976: 972: 702: 18291:

History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Saka Era

17848:, Buddhism Series (3rd ed.), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass 17772:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

17474:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

16947:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

14257: 14219:"The Origin and the Early Development of Buddhist Monachism" 13849: 13847: 13753: 13751: 13111: 13020: 12996: 12916:

The Theory of 'Dependent Origination' in its Incipient Stage

12008: 10513: 9384: 9382: 8621:

The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths

8461:

Macdonell, Arthur Anthony; Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1912).

7890:] that a relatively early community (disputed) [ 7617:

the Mahāsāṃghika-Lokottaravāda Vinaya, preserved in Sanskrit

7611:

the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya in Four Parts, preserved in Chinese

7038: 7026: 6834: 6822: 5430:

Adoration of the Diamond Throne and the Bodhi Tree, Bharhut.

4936:) states that the virtues which lead to a good rebirth are: 4750:

as the foremost meter. In general, the Buddha critiques the

4547: 3943:

According to N. Ross Reat, the Theravada Pali texts and the

2903:

walking on the River Nairañjanā. The Buddha is not visible (

21392: 20185: 19851: 19348: 17591:

The Penguin History of Early India: From Origins to AD 1300

17029:, vol. II, Oxford: Pali Text Society, pp. 210–223 15532:

Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr., eds. (2014),

13039: 13037: 13035: 12871: 12869: 12867: 12337: 12335: 11972: 11780: 11778: 11271: 10540: 10484: 10055: 10053: 9930: 9879: 8396: 8310: 7824:): That nothing which comes to be is ultimately satisfying; 7041: 7032: 6908: 6890: 6860: 6854: 6837: 6828: 5994:

Sakyamuni, Lao Tzu, and Confucius, c. from 1368 until 1644.

4866:

focus on the figure of the righteous wheel turning leader (

4249: 3371: 3274: 3125: 3120: 2598:

scholars to read the future. All gave similar predictions.

2222: 1319: 1200: 15281:

The romantic legend of Sâkya Buddha (Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra)

14712:

Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jamaʻat: History, Belief, Practice

14281: 14269: 14245: 14199: 14163: 13811: 13620: 13503: 13501: 13499: 13448: 13303: 13291: 13219: 13207: 13183: 13135: 13123: 13073: 13049: 12881: 12854: 12852: 12489: 12198: 11715: 11657: 11655: 11512: 11510: 11401: 11303: 11301: 11288: 11286: 11009: 11007: 10982: 10980: 10917: 10774: 10772: 10733: 10699: 10697: 10569: 10567: 10035: 9738: 9736: 9255:"Was the Buddha an awakened prince or a humble itinerant?" 9164: 9162: 8550:

The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103–115

8031: 8029: 8027: 8025: 7555: 7199: 6902: 6054:

Gautama statue, Shanyuan Temple, Liaoning Province, China.

5404: 5320:, Buddha is mentioned as the 23rd avatar of Vishnu in the 32:"Buddha" and "Gautama" redirect here. For other uses, see 21050: 19586: 18608: 18293:, Université catholique de Louvain, Institut orientaliste 15294:

The dating of the historical Buddha (Symposium), vol. 1–3

14984:

Michael Oakeshott on Authority, Governance, and the State

14852: 14649: 14623:. London: Taylor & Francis e-Library. pp. 1–10. 14308: 14096: 13844: 13832: 13748: 13589: 13436: 12352: 12350: 12308: 11924: 11914: 11912: 10264: 10252: 10240: 9995: 9993: 9632: 9379: 9343: 8743: 8741: 8261: 7892: 7886: 7677:

Zur Zwolfgliedrigen Formel des Entstehens in Abhangigkeit

7620:

the Mahīśāsaka Vinaya in Five Parts, preserved in Chinese

7546:

destinations and the "extinction of mental intoxicants" (

7215:

robe and went forth from the home life into homelessness.

7017: 6993:

A number of names are being used to refer to the Buddha;

6869: 6845: 6813: 5653:

The infant Buddha taking a bath, Gandhara 2nd century CE.

5253:

is based on the Buddha. The name comes from the Sanskrit

4494:

According to Richard Gombrich, the Buddha's teachings on

3824:. These relics were placed in monuments or mounds called 3490:

According to all the major versions surveyed by Anālayo,

2408:

According to the Buddhist tradition, Gautama was born in

2265:

life of ancient India which can be corroborated from the

1999:

without being affected by the flourish of Brahminism, as

1864:

empire); and died during the early years of the reign of

1176:

symbols to iconic depictions in various cultural styles.

16196:"Recent discovery of "earliest Buddhist shrine" a sham?" 13652: 13610: 13608: 13606: 13604: 13518: 13516: 13424: 13320: 13318: 13255: 13032: 12864: 12746: 12640: 12638: 12636: 12634: 12632: 12630: 12628: 12626: 12624: 12622: 12362: 12332: 12222: 12210: 12150: 12107: 12095: 12059: 12047: 11775: 11247: 11235: 11175: 11091: 11067: 10861: 10859: 10796: 10721: 10658: 10530: 10528: 10050: 9294:, 2022, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 9780824893545, 7710:

Early texts that outline the graduated path include the

5350:

The earliest artistic depictions of the Buddha found at

3737:)" (Pali: 'vayadhammā saṅkhārā appamādena sampādethā'). 2769:("standing unstable", "dissatisfaction") and the end of 1396: – Endowed with higher knowledge and ideal conduct. 1003:

to live as a wandering ascetic. After leading a life of

17876:

Wayman, Alex (1971), "Buddhist Dependent Origination",

17829:(2nd ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. 17025:——— (2003), "The Four Noble Truths", 15670:"The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article" 14332: 14187: 13930: 13919: 13917: 13915: 13913: 13911: 13909: 13907: 13877:

Heirman, Ann (2019). "Vinaya rules for monks and nuns".

13496: 13460: 13330: 13195: 13159: 13061: 12945: 12849: 12722: 12710: 12698: 12686: 12674: 12595: 12561:"How the Gandharan Manuscripts Change Buddhist History" 12540: 12536:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 28, 33, 37, 41, 43, 48. 12071: 11984: 11652: 11594: 11582: 11507: 11377: 11298: 11283: 11259: 11223: 11211: 11199: 11151: 11139: 11055: 11004: 10977: 10929: 10905: 10871: 10832: 10808: 10769: 10694: 10627: 10564: 10552: 10139: 10137: 9918: 9733: 9656: 9644: 9540: 9210: 9198: 9159: 8928: 8926: 8924: 8503: 8249: 8186: 8184: 8022: 7881:

A proponent of the second position is Ronald Davidson.

6634:—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now Nepal." 6082:

Large Gautama Buddha statue in Buddha Park of Ravangla.

5294:-Buddhists thought the Buddha to be a reincarnation of 3813:

arrived to pay his respects before cremating the body.

3778:

vase with relics of the Buddha. The inscription reads:

3483:

The formation of a parallel order of female monastics (

3192:

MN 26 and MĀ 204 continue with the Buddha reaching the

2209:) nor is he depicted as being an eternal transcendent ( 2094: 1588:), with the words "Bu-dhe" (𑀩𑀼𑀥𑁂, the Buddha) and " 14759: 14735: 13892: 13787: 13579: 13577: 13388: 13354: 13279: 13171: 13147: 12734: 12386: 12347: 12320: 12162: 11996: 11948: 11936: 11909: 11885: 11849: 11790: 11763: 11739: 11691: 11679: 11522: 11187: 10992: 10745: 10648: 10646: 10644: 10642: 10065: 10025: 10023: 9990: 9867: 9528: 9367: 9222: 9186: 8738: 8493: 8491: 8489: 8369: 8367: 8239: 8237: 8235: 7681:

Horin: Vergleichende Studien zur Japanischen Kultur, 7

7489:(MN 36) and its various parallels (which according to 6661:

The exact location of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown.(

5115:. Consequently, Buddhism is generally classified as a 5103:

However, Buddha's teachings deny the authority of the

2533: 1847: 16425:(1st ed.), London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. 16248:

Early Buddhism: A New Approach: The I of the Beholder

16091:———. "Dating the Buddha: a red herring revealed". In 14747: 14661: 14151: 14139: 14108: 13954: 13942: 13880: 13859: 13601: 13513: 13484: 13472: 13315: 13267: 13243: 13231: 13008: 12662: 12650: 12619: 12607: 12398: 12374: 11960: 11570: 11558: 11389: 11351:"Maha-Saccaka Sutta: The Longer Discourse to Saccaka" 11115: 11043: 10965: 10953: 10941: 10856: 10844: 10820: 10784: 10682: 10579: 10525: 10463:. Vol. 7. Anmol Publications. pp. 260–275. 10398: 10386: 10374: 10362: 10350: 10338: 10326: 10288: 10010: 10008: 9942: 9074: 8515: 8220: 7014: 6810: 3940:, which prescribes how this bondage can be reversed. 2747:" seems to be adapted from an earlier account in the 2474:

with six white tusks entered her right side, and ten

2273:

for which significant accounts exist. British author

1044:

According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha taught a

21991:

Supernatural beings identified with Christian saints

18504:

The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism

17756:

The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism

16906:

Indian Buddhism: a survey with bibliographical notes

15955: 15536:, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 15071:

The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies

14840: 14828: 14816: 14588:"Book One, Part V – The Buddha and His Predecessors" 14379: 14344: 14320: 13904: 13400: 13342: 12583: 12174: 10757: 10603: 10170:. The Minding Centre. pp. 17–18. Archived from 10134: 10088:. Staatl. Museen Preuss. Kulturbesitz. p. 188. 9586: 9430: 9418: 9406: 9394: 9122: 9086: 8921: 8476: 8474: 8472: 8208: 8181: 7029: 7023: 6905: 6899: 6887: 6881: 6851: 6825: 6819: 6584: 6018:

Buddha on the snowy mountain, Vietnam, 18th century

5760:

with Sakyamuni and Bodhisattvas, Wei period, 536 CE.

5454:

The Buddha's Miracle at Kapilavastu, Sanchi Stupa 1.

3698:, a symptom of old age, rather than food poisoning. 3343:)" and from "Kapilavatthu (95 km north-west of 2780:, Gautama leaves the palace, leaving behind his son 2269:, and make the Buddha's time the earliest period in 18230:

Buddhist Text Translation Society's Buddhism A to Z

18212:

The Calendrical Systems of Mainland South-East Asia

17066:

Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahmanism and Caste

17039:

The Life of the Buddha: According to the Pali Canon

16599:, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 15584:

Beyond Enlightenment: Buddhism, Religion, Modernity

15305:. Vol. 1. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht. 14877:. BRILL. pp. 199–206, 204 for the exact date. 14296: 13763: 13676: 13664: 13574: 12975: 12957: 12020: 10639: 10615: 10591: 10495:"The Astamahapratiharya: Buddhist pilgrimage sites" 10020: 9685: 9683: 9234: 8771:. Brill. pp. 483–489, page 6 of the appendix. 8726: 8486: 8364: 8273: 8232: 8169: 8041: 7020: 6896: 6878: 6866: 6857: 6842: 6816: 6579:According to the Buddhist tradition, following the 5850:

temple, Central Java, Indonesia, early 9th century.

4585:and other texts, such as the surviving portions of 3972:contain mostly the same major doctrines. Likewise, 3470: 3294: 2454:(Māyādevī), Suddhodana's wife, was a princess from 2340:

Another theme found in the Pali Jataka Commentary (

2138: 1904:the Buddha's lifespan even later as 448 – 368 BCE. 18534: 18432:The Life of the Buddha According to the Pali Canon 18370: 16623: 16452:Jong, JW de (1993), "The Beginnings of Buddhism", 16114:, London: World Buddhist Foundation, pp. 9–25 15968: 15367: 14390:, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 184, 12764: 12758: 12271: 11413: 10893:Wynne, Alexander (2019). "Did the Buddha exist?". 10005: 9668: 9315:Contributions on the Religion and History of Tibet 9110: 8285: 8053: 7858:According to A.K. Warder, in his 1970 publication 7163: 4454: 4112: 4104: 4096: 4088: 4080: 3031:. In later centuries, Gautama became known as the 1692:The oldest surviving Buddhist manuscripts are the 17439:, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 17409:Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies 17234:Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sarnath 16877:. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 16536:Keown, Damien, ed. (2003), "Buddha (Skt; Pali)", 15462:The Two Traditions of Meditation In Ancient India 15419:Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies 15245:The Buddhist Tradition: In India, China and Japan 15032:Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies 14402:Although orthodox Hinduism regards Buddhism as a 13977:. Vol. 36, no. 21. pp. 1801–1804. 12969: 10155: 9966: 9954: 8469: 7907:Well-known proponents of the third position are: 7714:(MN 27, with Chinese parallel at MĀ 146) and the 7485:An account of these practices can be seen in the 6755:to 400 BCE (and his teaching period roughly from 6378:, a treatise on Buddha's life and philosophy, by 4087:), sensations (or feelings, received from form) ( 3518:Ajatashatru worships the Buddha, relief from the 3023:"—a path of moderation away from the extremes of 1457:, it is also an alternative title for the Buddha. 979:), during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded 21862: 18537:The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction 17859:(reprint ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 17173: 17033: 16271:(2013) , "Hinduism", in Kitagawa, Joseph (ed.), 15799:The Buddhist Tradition in India, China and Japan 15368:Bhikkhu, Mettanando; von Hinüber, Oskar (2000), 14996:Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies 12452: 12440: 12428: 12416: 12192: 12144: 12089: 11903: 11879: 11867: 11843: 11831: 11733: 11709: 11673: 11552: 11540: 11169: 10676: 9680: 9337: 9174: 9098: 7775:. For a comparative survey of Anapanasati, see: 6285:, a 2013 Indian film by Praveen Damle, based on 5267:. The only story in which St. Josaphat appears, 3416:, who were both students of the skeptic sramana 3401:, who gifted a bamboo grove park to the sangha. 2712:Prince Siddhartha shaves his hair and becomes a 1244:clans adopted the names of their house priests. 983:. According to Buddhist legends, he was born in 21603: 17914:Dependent Origination - the Indo-Tibetan Vision 17696:Wesak And The Re-Creation of Buddhist Tradition 16833: 15248:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 8. 15219:, translated by Beal, Samuel, Oxford: Clarendon 13565: 11037: 8305:The Scientific Buddha: His Short and Happy Life 8065: 6987: 6241:, a 2004 Indian animated film by Shamboo Falke. 6182: 5490:The Assault of Mara, Amaravati, 2nd century CE. 5201:", although he does not mention it explicitly. 4254:("life monad") and the Brahmanical theories of 2327:, and then makes a series of resolves or vows ( 1687: 1544: 1533:than as an exact historical record of events). 1420: – Unexcelled trainer of untrained people. 1378:, one of the most used epithets, together with 18369:Smith, Peter (2000), "Manifestations of God", 18192:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient 18172:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient 17958:Untying the Knots in Buddhism: Selected Essays 17268:] (in German), Wiesbaden, pp. 199–250 15846:The Edicts of King Asoka: An English Rendering 15623: 14781:. Shambhala Publications: Boston & London. 10308:"The Jatakas: Birth Stories of the Bodhisatta" 9984: 9755: 9753: 9751: 9704:"The Ācariyaparamparā and Date of the Buddha." 8460: 7847:Two well-known proponent of this position are 7162: 6176: 5374:, narratives of the Buddha in his past lives. 5161:reports that Buddhist idols were brought from 4721:Buddha meets a Brahmin, at the Indian Museum, 3668:, Gandhara, 3rd or 4th century CE, gray schist 1922:, and died 492 BCE, while Ajatashatru reigned 1684:("The illumination of the Blessed Sakamuni"). 1179: 1041:("final release from conditioned existence"). 274: 21589: 18916: 18699: 15288: 15228:(in French), Ecole Francaise d'Extreme-Orient 14688:. Vol. 53, no. 4001. pp. 6–7. 14616: 14555:Indian Sociology Through Ghurye, a Dictionary 12979:Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism 12822: 10450: 10448: 9361: 7949:aggihuttamukhā yaññā sāvittī chandaso mukham. 6142:, first depiction of the Buddha on film with 5133:has been identified with the Buddha based on 4393:(ethical training), restraint of the senses ( 4293:seated meditation posture, 2nd–3rd century CE 4198:Buddha's arguments against an unchanging self 3752:and finally the meditative dwelling known as 2824: 2776:Accompanied by Chandaka and riding his horse 2404:stating that this is the Buddha's birthplace. 2249:and his forty-five-year career as a teacher. 1893:tradition, Buddha's death was about 833 BCE. 1343:), or sometimes "one who has thus not gone" ( 1023:. The Buddha then wandered through the lower 937: 19698:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 18041:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 17936:Wayman, Alex (1984), George R. Elder (ed.), 17665:"The Ancient City of Kapilvastu – Revisited" 17286: 17259: 16694: 16553: 16055:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 15993:An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism 15820:. Singapore: Buddha Dhamma Mandala Society. 15749:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 15659:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 15531: 15235:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism 15062:Satipatthana. The Direct Path to Realization 14798:. Archived from the original on 1 June 2003. 13757: 13595: 12982:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 6–7. 11757: 11357:. Translated by Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. 2008. ( 10519: 10497:. Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from 10423:"Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha" 9830: 8980:The History of Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya 8614: 8536: 8414: 8402: 8390: 8316: 8202: 8132:Asian Religions in Practice: An Introduction 7808:): That all things that come to have an end; 7570: 7205: 7076: 7059: 7003: 6694: 6662: 6639: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6517: 6385:Before He Was Buddha: The Life of Siddhartha 6217:as Siddhartha, a contemporary of the Buddha. 4836: 4700:collections of the different early schools. 3976:has written that the doctrines found in the 3595: 2996:), culminating in complete insight into the 1933:. In the short chronology Bimbisara reigned 1676:, in relation with his illumination and the 1478:), Lord of the Dhamma, Of excellent wisdom ( 1470:), Kinsman of the Sun, Helper of the World ( 18373:A concise encyclopaedia of the Bahá'í Faith 17762: 17584:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 17514: 16971:The Date of the Historical Śākyamuni Buddha 16717:Sarnath: Archaeology, Art, and Architecture 16420: 16267: 16031: 15242:Bary, William Theodore de (16 March 2011). 15216:The Fo-sho-hing-tsan-king, a life of Buddha 14870: 14351:Britannica, Eds Encycl (19 February 2015), 14290: 13923:Tola, Fernando. Dragonetti, Carmen (2009). 12902: 12816: 12771:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 587–588. 11461:. Translated by Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. 1993. 10664: 10044: 9818: 9748: 8954:. Translated by Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. 1993. 8838:. Princeton University Press. p. 168. 8670: 8080:. Cambridge University Press. p. xii. 7634: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7438:, in contrast to the Brahmanic ideology of 7218: 7093:–232 BCE) mention the Buddha and Buddhism ( 6265:. Based on Sadguru Sivananda Murthy's book 5149:, the home of Siddartha Gautama as a boy. 5025:These characteristics are described in the 4979: 4206:(and its parallels in Gandhari and Chinese) 4063:The six sense bases and the five aggregates 4033:This cycle of becoming is characterized by 4000:(unwholesome mental states), including the 3953:share these basic teachings and practices. 3892:(unwholesome mental states), including the 3839:According to various Buddhist sources, the 3731:decay. Strive for the goal with diligence ( 3303:Kosala and Magadha in the post-Vedic period 2661:, he is accompanied by numerous guards and 2438:According to later biographies such as the 2201:, the Buddha is not depicted as possessing 2133: 1258:–232 BCE) mention the Buddha and Buddhism. 1133:, his codes for monastic practice, and the 1064:. His core teachings are summarized in the 21596: 21582: 18923: 18909: 18706: 18692: 17926:The Intermediate-State Dispute in Buddhism 17823:"Lokayata, Ajivaka, and Ajnana Philosophy" 17801:Melanges Chinois et Bouddhiques: 1931–1932 17740:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p. 95, 17467: 17454: 17308:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 17278:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 16987: 16752:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 16554:Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S (2013), 16498: 16357: 16194:——— (12 December 2013). 15549: 15504: 15468: 15456: 14925: 14923: 14921: 14919: 14917: 14915: 14350: 14314: 13853: 13817: 13629: 13507: 13442: 11625: 10573: 10445: 10282: 10258: 10059: 9512:(1). Interview with Richard Gombrich: 42. 8762: 8561: 8134:. Princeton University Press. p. 22. 8120:, the "awakened one" or "enlightened one." 7591: 7527:According to various early texts like the 6979: 6764:Notes on the Dates of the Buddha Íåkyamuni 6698: 6690: 6678: 6674: 6501:List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed 5799:period, Palembang, Indonesia, 7th century. 3992:(fetters, chains or bounds), that is, the 3884:(fetters, chains or bounds), that is, the 3424:. They also tell of how the Buddha's son, 3382:forests, where people would come to them. 2602:, the youngest, and later to be the first 2420:, Uttar Pradesh, in present-day India, or 1654:. These texts may be the precursor of the 944: 930: 293: 55: 17735: 17717: 17355:"Early Meanings of Dependent-Origination" 17192: 17155: 16806: 16783: 16672: 16651: 16512:, Lanham, MD: University Press of America 16152: 16119: 15942:, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, p. 63, 15194: 15111:The Foundation History of the Nun's Order 15099: 14981: 14765: 14741: 14715:, Columbia University Press, p. 26, 14708: 14693: 14486:Sushil Mittal & Gene Thursby (2004), 13706: 13568:The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism 12840: 11241: 11181: 11073: 10270: 9650: 9557: 9555: 8104:. Columbia University Press. p. 19. 7990: 7585: 7396: 7393: 7311:, a tree shrine, dated to 550 BCE at the 7208:, p. entry "Sakyamuni" refer to the 6790:Äccess to insight, Maha-parinibbana Sutta 6778: 6705: 6619: 6615: 6564: 5544:, 2nd century CE. Indian Museum, Kolkata. 5397:. The subsequently influenced the art of 4754:and social system on certain key points. 4712: 4548:Scholarly views on the earliest teachings 4277: 3226:(liberated being) and the first Buddhist 2412:, now in modern-day Nepal, and raised in 2370:and other major Buddhist sites in India. 2174:miraculously giving birth to Siddhārtha. 1860:(his friend, protector, and ruler of the 975:and the eastern Ganges plain of northern 18049: 18008:Buddhacarita: In Praise of Buddha's Acts 18004: 17939:Budddhist Insight: Essays by Alex Wayman 17663:Tuladhar, Swoyambhu D. (November 2002), 17662: 17651:(1), Orissa State museum, archived from 17635: 17600:Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 17430: 17325: 17176:MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion Vol.2 16899: 16864: 16737: 16723: 16594: 16507: 16464: 16346: 16302: 16254: 16245: 16219:Gopal, Madan (1990), K.S. Gautam (ed.), 16193: 16184: 16109: 16100: 16090: 16081: 16068:, vol. 1, US: Macmillan Reference, 15842: 15815: 15775: 15518:, vol. 1, US: Macmillan Reference, 15480: 15436: 15324: 15185: 15146: 15127: 15059: 15038: 15029: 14972: 14858: 14753: 14263: 14251: 14054:"Political theory in Canonical Buddhism" 13658: 13614: 13466: 13454: 13418: 13324: 13249: 13225: 13213: 13201: 13165: 13117: 13079: 13067: 13055: 13043: 13026: 13014: 13002: 12875: 12858: 12752: 12728: 12716: 12704: 12692: 12680: 12644: 12368: 12341: 12228: 12216: 12156: 12113: 12101: 12065: 12053: 12014: 11966: 11784: 11449: 11447: 11407: 11395: 11265: 11229: 11205: 11193: 11157: 11145: 11061: 11049: 11013: 10923: 10911: 10838: 10814: 10739: 10715: 10703: 10633: 10558: 10454: 9924: 9742: 9592: 9534: 9424: 9412: 9349: 9319:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 9288:The Thousand and One Lives of the Buddha 9216: 9168: 9140: 9128: 9056:"Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhara" 8932: 8831: 8758: 8756: 8542: 8509: 8465:. Vol. 1. John Murray. p. 240. 8226: 8073: 7675:Shulman refers to Schmitthausen (2000), 7608:Anālayo draws from seven early sources: 7597: 7453: 7404: 7400: 7272: 7139: 6973: 6949: 6932: 6930: 6721: 6719: 6717: 6686: 6670: 6627: 6623: 6213:, an adaptation Hesse's novel. It stars 5712:Sarnath standing Buddha, 5th century CE. 5233: 5055: 4989: 4716: 4557: 4458: 4296: 4281: 4126: 4122: 3862: 3770: 3758: 3671: 3660: 3602: 3513: 3474: 3306: 3298: 3124: 3121:First sermon and formation of the saṅgha 2894: 2872: 2857: 2843:The gilded "Emaciated Buddha statue" in 2838: 2707: 2652: 2395: 2377: 2361: 2166: 2142: 2105:The rise of Buddhism coincided with the 1963: 1805:biography dating to the 3rd century CE. 1541:) and its parallels in other languages. 1201:Siddhārtha Gautama and Buddha Shakyamuni 1183: 20885:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 18390: 18311: 18288: 18267: 18227: 17923: 17911: 17615: 17579: 17495: 17437:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 17352: 17316: 17120: 16698:Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, Vol. 1 16260: 16092: 16063: 15989: 15867: 15793: 15667: 15590: 15513: 15309: 15300: 15296:, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 15108: 15081: 15068: 15006: 14990: 14912: 14617:Williams, Paul; Tribe, Anthony (2000). 14417: 14338: 14193: 13546: 13348: 13336: 12951: 12939: 12927: 12558: 12546: 12283: 12180: 12077: 12038: 11990: 11978: 11954: 11942: 11930: 11661: 11600: 11588: 11516: 11383: 11307: 11292: 11277: 11217: 10935: 10877: 10546: 10417: 10415: 10413: 10246: 10143: 10071: 9885: 9561: 9400: 9228: 9192: 9080: 9015: 8871:Prebish, Charles S. (1 November 2010). 8870: 8580: 8497: 8448:Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online 8415:Bopearachchi, Osmund (1 January 2021). 8059: 8035: 7542:), which allows the knowing of others' 7098: 6955: 6665:, p. 436) It may have been either 5405:Gallery showing different Buddha styles 5230:Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity 4965:(and its Chinese parallel in SĀ 1042). 4409:(clear awareness), and the practice of 4343:and its numerous parallel texts) as a " 4039:, commonly referred to as "suffering", 3281:and delivered his third discourse, the 3185:(Benares), he met another wanderer, an 2427:In the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor 2357: 1707: 1157:, and additional discourses, i.e., the 971:(the Himalayan foothils of present-day 151:Cremated; ashes divided among followers 27:Siddhartha Gautama, founder of Buddhism 14: 21863: 21845: 21088:List of Buddhist architecture in China 18497:(2nd ed.). New York: Grove Press. 18189: 18168: 17955: 17935: 17930: 17918: 17875: 17852: 17843: 17820: 17811: 17753: 17692: 17645:The Orissa Historical Research Journal 17597: 17588: 17557: 17548: 17523: 17402: 17343: 17247: 17158:A Concise History of the Indian People 17084: 17058: 17024: 17015: 16968: 16940: 16922: 16881: 16643: 16597:An Introduction to Buddhist philosophy 16562: 16358:Huntington, John C. (September 1986), 16227: 16040: 16022: 15894: 15762:, New York: Macmillan Reference Lib., 15729:Cowell, Edward Byles, transl. (1894), 15728: 15624:Coningham, Robin; Young, Ruth (2015), 15425:from the original on 13 September 2022 15403: 15232: 15223: 14994:(2006). "The Buddha and Omniscience". 14930:Bakker, Freek L. (30 September 2009). 14929: 14549: 14509:A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy 14385: 14302: 14275: 14047: 14045: 14043: 14041: 14039: 14022:. Oxford University Press. p. 2. 13972: 13960: 13948: 13898: 13886: 13865: 13838: 13805: 13793: 13781: 13769: 13694: 13646: 13583: 13534: 13522: 13490: 13478: 13406: 13394: 13360: 13309: 13297: 13285: 13273: 13261: 13189: 13177: 13153: 13141: 13129: 12963: 12890: 12825:"The Five-Aggregate Model of the Mind" 12740: 12668: 12656: 12613: 12495: 12404: 12392: 12356: 12326: 12204: 12168: 12002: 11918: 11891: 11855: 11796: 11769: 11745: 11721: 11697: 11685: 11621: 11619: 11617: 11615: 11613: 11611: 11609: 11576: 11564: 11528: 11253: 11133: 11121: 11109: 11097: 11085: 11025: 10998: 10971: 10959: 10947: 10888: 10886: 10865: 10850: 10802: 10790: 10778: 10763: 10751: 10727: 10688: 10652: 10585: 10534: 10404: 10392: 10380: 10368: 10356: 10344: 10332: 10294: 10083: 10029: 9999: 9948: 9897: 9873: 9759: 9674: 9662: 9638: 9552: 9546: 9499: 9448: 9436: 9388: 9116: 9092: 8970: 8732: 8682: 8521: 8445: 8427:from the original on 13 September 2022 8279: 8267: 8255: 8243: 8214: 8190: 8175: 8163: 8097: 8077:An Introduction to Buddhist Philosophy 8047: 7580: 7575: 7565: 7360: 7354: 7229: 6961: 6738: 6728: 6651: 6645: 6635: 6604: 6312:, a 1996 Indian series which aired on 6299:with Abhishek Urade in the title role. 6269:, it stars Sunil Sharma as the Buddha. 6006:Chinese depiction of Shakyamuni, 1600. 5982:15th century Sukhothai Walking Buddha. 5893:style, Southern Thailand, 9th century. 5331: 4986:Physical characteristics of the Buddha 4627:, Akira Hirakawa, Alexander Wynne and 4289:sculpture depicting the Buddha in the 4238:explains, for the Buddha, a person is 3910:, the repeated cycle of becoming; the 3847: 3440:the barber, the Buddha's half-brother 2743:that inspired him. This story of the " 2402:Lumbini pillar contains an inscription 1744:retell previous lives of Gautama as a 1168:, where he is considered an avatar of 1031:. Buddhist tradition holds he died in 21577: 18904: 18687: 18368: 18347: 18320: 18236: 18115: 18077: 18068: 17973: 17794: 17782:from the original on 15 November 2017 17636:Tripathy, Ajit Kumar (January 2014), 17515:Stein, Burton; Arnold, David (2012), 17503: 17228: 17200: 17187:, New Delhi: Gitanjali, p. 179, 17054:(3 ed.), Oxford University Press 16771:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 16760: 16621: 16612: 16535: 16440: 16429: 16380:from the original on 28 November 2014 16218: 16206:from the original on 25 February 2021 15966: 15959:Buddhist birth-stories (Jataka tales) 15925: 15641: 15581: 15553:The Buddha: A Very Short Introduction 15412: 15394: 15355:from the original on 30 November 2016 15312:Die Datierung des historischen Buddha 15132:. Barre Center for Buddhist Studies. 14846: 14834: 14822: 14667: 14655: 14468:from the original on 3 September 2015 14326: 14205: 14181: 14169: 14157: 14145: 14114: 14102: 14051: 14017: 13936: 13738:Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies 13735: 13682: 13430: 13237: 12601: 12589: 12571:from the original on 29 February 2020 12380: 12314: 11444: 11365:from the original on 29 December 2008 10986: 10892: 10826: 10609: 10234: 10216:from the original on 22 December 2010 10101: 10014: 9936: 9701: 9516:from the original on 26 December 2022 9373: 9240: 9204: 8977:Sarao, K. T. S. (16 September 2020). 8976: 8909:from the original on 25 November 2020 8753: 8747: 8373: 8125: 7244: 7156: 7124:, "Buddha, Sage of the Shakyas") (In 7053: 6969: 6945: 6941: 6927: 6920: 6714: 6587:, p. ), the introductory to the 6544: 6523:Buddha is seated cross-legged in the 6402:series that ran from 1972 to 1983 by 6042:Golden Thai Buddha statue, Bodh Gaya. 5040: 4018:, the repeated cycle of becoming and 3780:...salilanidhane Budhasa Bhagavate... 3039:). A Buddha has achieved liberation ( 2299:depict the Buddha's (referred to as " 1954: 1518:evidence, Indologist and Pāli expert 1498: 1326: 1298: 1287:Śākyamuni, Sakyamuni, or Shakyamuni ( 21835: 18581:Works by or about Siddhārtha Gautama 18268:Kinnard, Jacob N. (1 October 2010). 18258: 18247: 18209: 18104:from the original on 20 October 2020 17109:from the original on 11 January 2023 16795:from the original on 5 November 2018 16763:"Imagining Rāhula in Medieval Japan" 16714: 16683:from the original on 11 January 2023 16583:from the original on 11 January 2023 16516: 16451: 16409:from the original on 11 January 2023 16384: 16291:from the original on 11 January 2023 16173:from the original on 11 January 2023 16140:from the original on 11 January 2023 16010:from the original on 11 January 2023 15674:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 15611:from the original on 11 January 2023 15570:from the original on 11 January 2023 15534:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism 15493:from the original on 23 October 2022 15474:Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism 15443:, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 15274: 15262:from the original on 11 January 2023 15241: 15212: 15017:from the original on 26 January 2021 14950:from the original on 11 January 2023 14637:from the original on 11 January 2023 14585: 14450: 14438:from the original on 11 January 2023 14418:Doniger, Wendy (30 September 2010). 13670: 12785:from the original on 11 January 2023 12559:Salomon, Richard (20 January 2020). 12531: 12026: 10621: 10597: 10410: 10122:from the original on 11 January 2023 9689: 9180: 9104: 9036:from the original on 11 January 2023 8997:from the original on 11 January 2023 8958:from the original on 28 October 2017 8852:from the original on 11 January 2023 8642:from the original on 11 January 2023 8480: 8352:from the original on 11 January 2023 8338:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 733. 7339: 7184:participating institution membership 7094: 6689:, pp. 1–7), present-day Nepal ( 6556: 6126:Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film 5536:Buddha Preaching in Tushita Heaven. 4891: 4619:"Cautious optimism in this respect". 4008:("influx, canker"), that perpetuate 3900:("influx, canker"), that perpetuate 3790: 3210:text, the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya, the 3000:, thereby attaining liberation from 2289:Legendary biographies like the Pali 2193:In the earliest Buddhist texts, the 2095:Urban environment and egalitarianism 1947:and 330 BCE. According to historian 1842: 1712:Early canonical sources include the 1116:, lacking an existence on their own 18445:(2nd ed.). Popular Prakashan. 18005:Willemen, Charles, transl. (2009), 17738:Early Buddhism and the Bhagavadgita 17706:: McGill University, archived from 17681:from the original on 9 January 2016 17602:, University of Californian Press, 17182: 17164: 17045: 17018:A Philological Approach to Buddhism 16969:———, ed. (2003). 16846:, London: Oxford University Press, 16701:, London: Pali Text Society/Luzac, 16025:Zen Buddhism: beliefs and practices 15934: 15757: 15739:, vol. XLIX, Oxford: Clarendon 15316:The Dating of the Historical Buddha 15310:———, ed. (1992). 15303:The Dating of the Historical Buddha 15301:———, ed. (1991). 15150:Buddhapada and the Bodhisattva Path 15113:. projekt verlag, Bochum/Freiburg. 14462:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 14036: 13553:Buddhist Foundations of Mindfulness 13093:"Four Gandhari Samyuktagama Sutras" 12284:Bhikkhu, Mettanando (15 May 2001). 12043:. S. Chand Publishing. p. 190. 11606: 10883: 10457:"Buddha as depicted in the Purāṇas" 9972: 9960: 9855:from the original on 25 August 2016 9604: 8597:from the original on 26 August 2013 8291: 7450:around the start of the Common Era. 6550: 6158:), a 1925 silent film, directed by 5641:, late 2nd to early 3rd century CE. 5283:, Buddha is regarded as one of the 5226:Buddhist influences on Christianity 3496:eight conditions called gurudharmas 3113:) as witness to his superiority by 3089:The legendary biographies like the 2633:The legendary biographies like the 1848:Understanding the historical person 967:and religious teacher who lived in 24: 21896:6th-century BC Indian philosophers 20875:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 18162: 17863:from the original on 15 April 2022 17419:from the original on 27 April 2016 16423:Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge 15879:State University of New York Press 15173:from the original on 11 April 2021 14777:Barnstone W & Meyer M (2009). 14557:. Popular Prakashan. p. 354. 14421:The Hindus: An Alternative History 12768:A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy 11465:from the original on 30 March 2019 9143:Life of the Buddha by Ashva-ghosha 9009: 8793:from the original on 24 April 2022 8439: 6996:Siddhartha Gautama, Gotama Buddha: 6669:in Uttar Pradesh, northern India ( 6585:Fausböll, Davids & Davids 1878 6533:, the Wheel of Buddhist law, with 6328:2010 PBS documentary by filmmaker 5870:mandala, Central Java, Indonesia, 5274: 5070:Gujari Mahal Archaeological Museum 4746:as the foremost sacrifice and the 4103:), mental activity or formations ( 3988:All beings have deeply entrenched 2225:commentaries or texts such as the 1284:, "Buddha, Sage of the Shakyas"). 395:Decline in the Indian subcontinent 390:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 25: 22002: 21815:Gautama Buddha in world religions 18556: 18442:Society at the Time of the Buddha 18377:, Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 18351:South Asian Politics and Religion 18148:from the original on 16 July 2021 18081:The Origin of Buddhist Meditation 18071:The Origin of Buddhist Meditation 17510:(4th ed.), Oxford: Clarendon 17484:from the original on 26 June 2015 16957:from the original on 10 July 2015 16927:, Buddha Educational Foundation, 16487:from the original on 9 April 2015 16335:from the original on 8 March 2021 15731:"The Buddha-Karita of Ashvaghosa" 15370:"The Cause of the Buddha's Death" 15325:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015). 15130:Early Buddhist Meditation Studies 14553:(2011). S. Devadas Pillai (ed.). 14084:from the original on 27 July 2020 13570:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 3. 13091:Andrew Glass, Mark Allon (2007). 12464: 11419: 11331:from the original on 3 March 2013 11040:, p. 483, entry note: . 10433:from the original on 31 July 2010 9906:from the original on 28 June 2016 9837:Journal for the Study of Religion 9562:Vergano, Dan (25 November 2013). 9252: 8832:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2017). 8463:Vedic Index of Names and Subjects 7298:for a translation of these texts. 6114: 5204:The Buddha is also regarded as a 5047:Gautama Buddha in world religions 3858: 3652:records his response as follows: 3339:)", to Campa (40 km east of 3238:, the company of Buddhist monks. 2618:of several schools, and numerous 2547:, where monarchies tended toward 2335:his meeting with Dipankara Buddha 2284: 1940:, while Ajatashatru died between 1644:) mentions the titles of several 1404: – Well-gone or Well-spoken. 1358: 141:(according to Buddhist tradition) 116:(according to Buddhist tradition) 21844: 21834: 21556: 21546: 21545: 21103:Thai temple art and architecture 20848:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 19088:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 18954: 18941: 18931: 18885: 18523:A history of Buddhist philosophy 17443:from the original on 21 May 2022 17326:Schumann, Hans Wolfgang (2003), 16871:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 16853:from the original on 25 May 2020 16666:A History of Sanskrit Literature 16662:Sanskrit Literature and the West 16656: 16474:Journal of the Pali Text Society 15514:Buswell, Robert E., ed. (2003), 15377:Journal of the Pali Text Society 15088:Asian Literature and Translation 14891: 14871:Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007). 14864: 14784: 14771: 14673: 14610: 14579: 14543: 14522: 14501: 14480: 14424:. OUP Oxford. pp. 481–484. 14411: 14363:from the original on 26 May 2022 14224: 14211: 14129: 14120: 14011: 13998: 13989: 13966: 13871: 13823: 13784:, pp. xxx, xxxv–xxxvi, 4–5. 13729: 13716: 13559: 13540: 13366: 13108:Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, p. 59. 13098: 13085: 12908: 12797: 12552: 12525: 12501: 12458: 12277: 12272:Bhikkhu & von Hinüber (2000) 12254:from the original on 6 June 2011 12234: 12119: 12032: 11802: 11495:from the original on 16 May 2008 11477: 11432:from the original on 18 May 2020 11343: 11313: 10300: 10198: 10189: 10149: 10095: 10077: 9898:Berzin, Alexander (April 2007). 9891: 9824: 9796: 9265:from the original on 15 May 2020 8877:. Penn State Press. p. 29. 8704:10.1163/001972409X12562030836859 8446:Witzel, Michael (2012). "Ṛṣis". 8128:"Religions of India in Practice" 7999: 7981: 7972: 7963: 7954: 7942: 7932: 7922: 7901: 7875: 7841: 7790: 7761: 7751: 7704: 7695: 7685: 7669: 7659: 7602: 7521: 7508: 7479: 7424: 7410: 7382: 7372: 7345: 7010: 6806: 6748:, a life span for the Buddha of 6344:, a 2013 Indian drama series on 6138:), a 1923 Indian silent film by 6087: 6075: 6059: 6047: 6035: 6023: 6011: 5999: 5987: 5975: 5959: 5930: 5914: 5898: 5882: 5855: 5827: 5804: 5788: 5772:The Shakyamuni Daibutsu Bronze, 5765: 5749: 5733: 5717: 5705: 5686: 5670: 5658: 5646: 5630: 5618: 5603: 5583: 5561: 5549: 5529: 5517: 5495: 5483: 5471: 5459: 5447: 5435: 5423: 5411: 4678: 3832:into many new stupas around the 3676:Mahaparinibbana scene, from the 3471:Formation of the bhikkhunī order 3295:Travels and growth of the saṅgha 3273:also speak of the conversion of 3249:of the Theravāda Vinaya and the 3006:, the endless cycle of rebirth. 2562:and the day he got conceived as 2139:Nature of traditional depictions 2114:alms-givings on lay supporters. 1797:is the next oldest biography, a 1564: 1553: 911: 330: 64:, preaching his first sermon at 18955: 18214:(illustrated ed.), Brill, 17156:Rawlinson, Hugh George (1950), 16884:The Dhammapada and Sutta-nipata 16785:10.18874/jjrs.43.1.2016.131-151 16668:, New York: D Appleton & Co 16153:——— (2006b), 16120:——— (2006a). 16112:Buddhism for the New Millennium 15147:——— (2017b). 15128:——— (2017a). 14598:from the original on 2 May 2015 12477:from the original on 7 May 2015 11088:, The Beginnings of Discontent. 9760:Levman, Bryan Geoffrey (2013). 9695: 9598: 9493: 9442: 9307: 9277: 9246: 9134: 9048: 8983:. Springer Nature. p. 80. 8938: 8891: 8864: 8825: 8676: 8655: 8608: 8574: 8454: 8408: 8297: 8098:Seager, Richard Hughes (2012). 7333: 7301: 7295:Readings Selected by King Asoka 7278: 7251: 7235: 7178:. p. chapter "Buddha, n.". 7058:Gautama namely Gotama in Pali. 5215: 5189:, described as an ideal human. 4532:, the Buddhist teaching of the 4455:Jain and Brahmanical influences 4433:-scheme, as taught in the Pali 3560:members of other śrāmana sects. 3385:The first vassana was spent at 3027:and self-mortification, or the 2642: 959:, most commonly referred to as 21966:Journey to the West characters 21093:Japanese Buddhist architecture 20895:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 19975:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 19166:Places where the Buddha stayed 18713: 18354:. Princeton University Press. 18274:. Fortress Press. p. ix. 18078:——— (2007), 17853:——— (2004). 17844:——— (2000), 17803:, NTU: 343–354, archived from 17720:The Cambridge History of China 17718:Twitchett, Denis, ed. (1986), 17558:——— (2015), 17549:——— (2007), 17529:The Buddha: A Beginner's Guide 17468:——— (1980), 17287:——— (1990), 17041:, Buddhist Publication Society 16738:——— (1960). 16676:The real birth place of Buddha 16673:Mahāpātra, Cakradhara (1977), 16630:, Princeton University Press, 16441:——— (1956), 16228:Gyatso, Geshe Kelsang (2007), 16185:——— (2009), 16101:——— (1997), 15990:Fogelin, Lars (1 April 2015). 15975:. Cambridge University Press. 15843:——— (1993), 15818:The Buddha & his disciples 15628:, Cambridge University Press, 15109:——— (2016). 15082:——— (2015). 15007:——— (2011). 14709:Valentine, Simon Ross (2008), 12813:Encyclopædia Britannica (2013) 10455:Nagendra, Kumar Singh (1997). 9808:10.1163/ej.9789004157194.i-416 9614:, Dharma farer, archived from 9605:Tan, Piya (21 December 2009), 9338:Reynolds & Hallisey (2005) 8874:Buddhism: A Modern Perspective 8581:Dhammananda, Ven. Dr. K. Sri, 8393:, p. 398, entry "Buddha". 6799: 6171:Dedication of the Great Buddha 5921:Attack of Mara, 10th century, 5556:Standing Buddha from Gandhara. 5368:narrative scenes from his life 3691:argue that the Buddha died of 3509: 2851:representing the stage of his 2509:during the Buddha's lifetime. 1503: 1011:, and meditation, he attained 13: 1: 21926:Indian political philosophers 21108:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 18348:Smith, Donald Eugene (2015). 17827:A Course in Indian Philosophy 17816:, Boston: Wisdom Publications 17702:(master's thesis), Montreal, 17498:A Concise History of Buddhism 16840:A Sanskrit-English Dictionary 16082:Gombrich, Richard F. (1988), 16041:Gethin, Rupert, M.L. (1998), 15816:Dhammika, Shravasti (n.d.) . 15780:, Columbia University Press, 15594:The Sociology of Philosophies 14532:, Columbia University Press, 14020:Buddhism and Political Theory 13975:Economic and Political Weekly 11630:. New York: Harry N. Abrams. 8763:Bronkhorst, Johannes (2016). 8307:, Yale University Press, p.24 8130:. In Lopez, Donald S. (ed.). 8074:Laumakis, Stephen J. (2023). 8011: 7265: 7224:The final dissolution of the 7132: 7087: 6756: 6749: 6356: 6303: 6099: 5945: 5871: 5816: 5773: 5694: 5665:6th century Gandharan Buddha. 5503: 5193:, who was also familiar with 5086: 4821:, the Buddha posed the first 4778:, the Buddha points out that 4571: 4427:, which is elaborated in the 4375:. Other early texts like the 4134:Buddha statue with the famed 3957:concludes that the Theravada 3854:The Buddha and early Buddhism 3801:Relics associated with Buddha 3269:The Theravāda Vinaya and the 3222:(Kaundinya) became the first 2920:meditation. According to the 2665:who have come to pay homage; 2501:was "an elected chief of the 2458:, the ancient capital of the 1969: 1941: 1934: 1923: 1912: 1793:in the first century CE. The 1670: 1661:"Sakamuni" is also mentioned 1582: 1436: – Worthy of homage. An 1418:Anuttaro Purisa-damma-sarathi 1252: 1196:, Afghanistan, 2nd century CE 125: 101: 81:Archaeological Museum Sarnath 73: 21891:6th-century BC Indian people 21876:5th-century BC Indian people 20865:Buddhism and the Roman world 20841:Decline of Buddhism in India 20836:History of Buddhism in India 18936: Topics in 18590:Works by or about Shakyamuni 18525:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass 18263:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass 17362:Journal of Indian Philosophy 17321:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass 17255:, Cambridge University Press 17121:Prebish, Charles S. (2008), 17027:K.R. Norman Collected Papers 16973:. New Delhi: BR Publishing. 16868:"Barlaam and Josaphat" 16809:"Two Birth Plates of Buddha" 16807:Mohāpātra, Gopinath (2000), 16761:Meeks, Lori (27 June 2016), 16613:Leidy, Denise Patty (2008). 16510:Early Buddhist Narrative Art 16503:, University of Hawaii Press 16385:Jain, Kailash Chand (1991), 15776:Davidson, Ronald M. (2003), 15597:, Harvard University Press, 15481:Bucknell, Robert S. (1984), 14965: 14528:Andrew J. Nicholson (2013), 12976:David J. Kalupahana (1975). 12250:, Access insight, verse 56, 11028:, Incitements to Leave Home. 10108:. Archana Verma. p. 1. 8539:, p. Entry "Tathāgata". 8205:, p. entry "Sakyamuni". 8016: 7771:Perspectives on Satipatthana 7055:[sɪddʱaːrtʰɐɡɐʊtɐmɐ] 6922:[sɪddʱaːrtʰɐgɐʊtɐmɐ] 6709: 4439:and the sixteen elements of 4311:Buddhist paths to liberation 3522:Stupa at the Indian Museum, 3241:Various sources such as the 2788:. He travelled to the river 2010: 1688:Oldest surviving manuscripts 1545:Pillar and rock inscriptions 1339:), "one who has thus come" ( 1310: 1226:(awakening, enlightenment). 963:('the awakened one'), was a 593:Buddhist Paths to liberation 7: 21886:5th-century BC philosophers 20063:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 19803: 18305:Rockhill, William Woodville 17795:Waley, Arthur (July 1932), 16695:Malalasekera, G.P. (1960), 16566:India's Agony Over Religion 16540:, Oxford University Press, 16508:Karetzky, Patricia (2000), 16388:Lord Mahāvīra and His Times 16353:(in Sanskrit). p. 164. 15996:. Oxford University Press. 15971:An Introduction to Hinduism 15556:, Oxford University Press, 14695:10.1051/shsconf/20185304001 12942:, p. 173 with note 16. 12765:Steven M. Emmanuel (2015). 12511:(PDF) (2nd ed.), New York: 11808:Bhikkhu Khantipalo (1995). 9313:Das, Sarat Chandra (1882). 8584:Great Virtues of the Buddha 7819: 7497:as well as sections of the 6496:List of Indian philosophers 6479: 6417:, written in German in 1922 6183: 5051: 5032: 4858:Other early texts like the 4738:92 and Vinaya i 246 of the 4463:The Bodhisattva meets with 4341:Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta 4113: 4105: 4097: 4089: 4081: 4024:Dutiyalokadhammasutta sutta 4012: 3920: 3904: 3566:identifies six such sects. 3546:, who overthrew his father 3233: 3140:to his first five disciples 3012:Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta 2534: 2523: 1180:Etymology, names and titles 10: 22007: 21881:5th century BC in religion 21013:The unanswerable questions 18541:. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. 18439:Wagle, Narendra K (1995). 17560:Buddhisms: An Introduction 17507:The Early History of India 17130:Journal of Buddhist Ethics 16865:Mershman, Francis (1907). 16595:Laumakis, Stephen (2008), 16499:Kalupahana, David (1992), 16421:Jayatilleke, K.N. (1963), 16311:University of Hawaii Press 16086:, Routledge and Kegan Paul 15437:Boisvert, Mathieu (1995), 15336:Princeton University Press 15041:Journal of Buddhist Ethics 14904:Metropolitan Museum of Art 14217:Olivelle, Patrick (1974), 14058:Philosophy East & West 14052:Moore, Matthew J. (2015). 14018:Moore, Matthew J. (2016). 12823:Karunamuni ND (May 2015). 12513:Cambridge University Press 10520:Keown & Prebish (2013) 9985:Coningham & Young 2015 9831:Clasquin-Johnson, Michel. 9720:10.1177/037698360303000201 9141:Olivelle, Patrick (2008). 9058:. UW Press. Archived from 8126:Davis, Richard H. (2020). 7107:Lumbini pillar inscription 6744:According to Pali scholar 6506:Miracles of Gautama Buddha 6282:A Journey of Samyak Buddha 6123: 6107:Metropolitan Museum of Art 5795:Amaravati style Buddha of 5625:Buddha statue from Sanchi. 5335: 5219: 5077:Gautama Buddha in Hinduism 5074: 5044: 4994:Buddhist monks from Nepal. 4983: 4968:Good karma is also termed 4707: 4551: 4323:) of training to undo the 4319:The Buddha taught a path ( 4308: 4071:(six sense bases) and the 3983: 3873: 3870:birchbark scroll fragments 3851: 3794: 3763:Buddha's cremation stupa, 3374:may be a standardisation. 3335:(25 km south-west of 2968:from a village girl named 2887:, as recreated by Emperor 2862:The Mahabodhi Tree at the 2828: 2825:Ascetic life and awakening 2693:impurity, is narrow – the 2646: 2098: 1959: 1856:, and during the reign of 1682:Bhagavato Sakamunino Bodho 1623:Lumbini pillar inscription 1579:Lumbini pillar inscription 1507: 1493: 1264:Lumbini pillar inscription 1027:, teaching and building a 991:, to royal parents of the 31: 21971:Seven Buddhas of the Past 21830: 21616: 21541: 21493: 21408: 21323: 21098:Buddhist temples in Korea 21021: 20923: 20806: 20503: 20431: 20258: 20131: 20071: 19706: 19661:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 19572: 19564:Three planes of existence 19512: 19357: 19249: 19179: 19171:Buddha in world religions 19033: 18978: 18950: 18882: 18869: 18721: 18672: 18659: 18651: 18646: 18636: 18631: 18623: 18616: 18289:Lamotte, Etienne (1988), 18069:Wynne, Alexander (2004), 17374:10.1007/s10781-007-9030-8 17353:Shulman, Eviatar (2008), 17348:, Oxford University Press 17317:Schober, Juliane (2002), 17215:10.1017/s0041977x00017572 17183:Roy, Ashim Kumar (1984), 17169:, Oxford University Press 17165:Ray, Reginald A. (1999), 17160:, Oxford University Press 17052:Oxford English Dictionary 16822:: 113–119, archived from 16653:Macdonnel, Arthur Anthony 16622:Lopez, Donald S. (1995), 16617:. Shambhala Publications. 16521:. New York: Grove Press. 16465:Jurewicz, Joanna (2000), 16045:, Oxford University Press 15930:, Oxford University Press 15686:10.1017/s1356186300014760 15591:Collins, Randall (2009), 15582:Cohen, Robert S. (2006), 15415:"On Translating "Buddha"" 15383:: 105–118, archived from 15233:Baroni, Helen J. (2002), 15195:Armstrong, Karen (2000), 14808:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 14592:The Buddha and his Dharma 11626:Boisselier, Jean (1994). 10461:Encyclopaedia of Hinduism 10427:World Heritage Convention 10195:MN 71 Tevijjavacchagotta 10084:Yaldiz, Marianne (1987). 9502:"What the Buddha Thought" 9463:10.1007/s12038-019-9881-7 9022:. Routledge. p. 64. 8777:10.1163/9789004315518_016 7712:Cula-Hatthipadopama-sutta 7656:can mean "pig's delight". 7514:a Chinese translation of 7313:Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini 7171:Oxford English Dictionary 7077:Buswell & Lopez (2014 7060:Buswell & Lopez (2014 7004:Buswell & Lopez (2014 6486:Buddhist pilgrimage sites 6375:The Buddha and His Dhamma 6296:The Buddha and His Dhamma 6177: 5222:Buddhism and Christianity 5012:32 Signs of the Great Man 4874:Cakkavatti-Sīhanāda Sutta 4860:Cakkavatti-Sīhanāda Sutta 4837:Socio-political teachings 4742:, the Buddha praises the 4174: 2948: 2933: 2831:Enlightenment in Buddhism 2586:"32 marks of a great man" 2462:Kingdom (what is now the 1883: 1490:" (ascetic, renunciate). 1292: 305: 301: 287: 282: 268: 263: 259: 255: 245: 235: 230: 222:Shakyamuni ("Sage of the 216: 205: 182: 166: 156: 146: 129: 483 BCE or 400 BCE 121: 105: 563 BCE or 480 BCE 93: 88: 54: 47: 21941:National heroes of Nepal 21761:Physical characteristics 20880:Persecution of Buddhists 20101:Four stages of awakening 19482:Three marks of existence 19068:Physical characteristics 18572:Works by or about Buddha 18502:Vetter, Tilmann (1988), 18228:Epstein, Ronald (2003), 18116:Yusuf, Imitiyaz (2009). 17942:, Motilall Banarsidass, 17812:Walshe, Maurice (1995), 17754:Vetter, Tilmann (1988), 17580:Swearer, Donald (2004), 17496:Skilton, Andrew (2004), 17085:Penner, Hans H. (2009), 16556:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 16538:A Dictionary of Buddhism 16303:Hirakawa, Akira (1990), 16066:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 15967:Flood, Gavin D. (1996). 15778:Indian Esoteric Buddhism 15760:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 15736:Sacred Books of the East 15733:, in Müller, Max (ed.), 15516:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 15404:Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2005a), 15186:Anderson, Carol (1999), 15064:, Windhorse Publications 14184:, pp. 146–148, 156. 13808:, pp. xxxiv–xxxvii. 13566:Mun-Keat Choong (1999). 13421:, pp. 80, 128, 135. 13104:Mun-keat Choong (2000), 12842:10.1177/2158244015583860 12242:"Maha-parinibbana Sutta" 11628:The wisdom of the Buddha 10086:Investigating Indian Art 9708:Indian Historical Review 9702:Sarao, K. T. S. (2003), 9016:Leoshko, Janice (2017). 8571:Curzon Press 1995, p.227 8537:Buswell & Lopez 2014 8403:Buswell & Lopez 2014 8391:Buswell & Lopez 2014 8317:Buswell & Lopez 2014 8203:Buswell & Lopez 2014 8166:, pp. 5, 9, 10, 14. 7206:Buswell & Lopez 2014 6695:Keown & Prebish 2013 6663:Keown & Prebish 2013 6640:Keown & Prebish 2013 6511: 6491:Family of Gautama Buddha 6445: 6261:, a 2008 Indian film by 6119: 5578:, Egypt, 2nd century CE. 5185:even compared Buddha to 5145:could be a reference to 5124: 4980:Physical characteristics 4813:explains all classes or 4562:The Buddha on a coin of 4535:three marks of existence 4513:Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 3080:Five Spiritual Faculties 3050:) had been reached; the 2239:Tevijjavacchagotta Sutta 2233:, the Buddha's disciple 2134:Semi-legendary biography 2019:schools of thought like 1760:into his mother's womb. 1694:Gandhāran Buddhist texts 38:Gautama (disambiguation) 21658:ten principal disciples 20243:Ten principal disciples 19126:(aunt, adoptive mother) 18314:A Buddhist Kaleidoscope 18307:, London: Trübner, 1884 18204:10.3406/befeo.1979.4010 18184:10.3406/befeo.1975.3845 18050:Williams, Paul (2002). 17960:, Motilal Banarsidass, 17616:Trainor, Kevin (2010), 17598:Thapar, Romila (2004), 17589:Thapar, Romila (2002), 17504:Smith, Vincent (1924), 17431:Siderits, Mark (2019), 17330:, Motilal Banarsidass, 17093:Oxford University Press 16909:, Motilal Banarsidass, 16882:Muller, F. Max (2001), 16835:Monier-Williams, Monier 16563:Larson, Gerald (1995), 16187:What the Buddha thought 16043:Foundations of Buddhism 16027:, Sussex Academic Press 15550:Carrithers, M. (2001), 15413:Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2020), 15395:Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2005), 14511:, Motilal Banarsidass, 14357:Encyclopedia Britannica 14238:3 February 2020 at the 13381:6 December 2019 at the 13372:Bodhi, Bhikkhu (1995). 12930:, p. 305, note 19. 12471:Encyclopædia Britannica 12453:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 12441:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 12429:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 12417:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 12193:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 12145:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 12132:30 January 2020 at the 12125:Bhikkhu Sujato (2012), 12090:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11904:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11880:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11868:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11844:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11832:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11817:2 November 2022 at the 11734:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11710:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11674:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11553:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11541:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11489:Encyclopædia Britannica 11426:Encyclopædia Britannica 11170:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 10677:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 10102:Verma, Archana (2007). 10045:Stein & Arnold 2012 9939:, pp. 8–23, ch. 2. 9766:Buddhist Studies Review 9500:Eiland, Murray (2020). 9301:2 November 2022 at the 9286:, ix–x in "Forward" to 7242:Sanskrit pronunciation: 7176:Oxford University Press 6367:, an 1879 epic poem by 6209:, a 1972 drama film by 6140:Dhundiraj Govind Phalke 4961:) as outlined in MN 41 4765:were eternal revealed ( 4665:, is a later addition. 4421:upekkhā-sati-parisuddhi 3611:, his chief attendant. 2620:post-canonical accounts 1991:(and, hence impure) in 1680:, with the inscription 1389:Perfectly self-awakened 613:Philosophical reasoning 34:Buddha (disambiguation) 20953:Buddhism and democracy 20466:Tibetan Buddhist canon 20461:Chinese Buddhist canon 19693:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 19688:Early Buddhist schools 18494:What the Buddha Taught 18178:(1), Persée: 151–189, 17924:Wayman, Alex (1984b), 17912:Wayman, Alex (1984a), 17736:Upadhyaya, KN (1971), 17403:Shults, Brett (2014), 17232:(1914), "B (b) 181.", 17185:A history of the Jains 16816:Indologica Taurinensia 16644:Ludden, David (1985), 16246:Hamilton, Sue (2000), 16221:India through the ages 16105:, Munshiram Manoharlal 15940:Banāras, City of Light 15668:Cousins, L.S. (1996). 15224:Bareau, André (1963), 14936:. BRILL. p. 135. 14686:SHS Web of Conferences 14230:Mazard, Eisel (2010). 13722:Harvey, Peter (1990). 12835:(2): 215824401558386. 12809:3 January 2018 at the 12507:Harvey, Peter (2013), 12304:– via BuddhaNet. 12039:Mahajan, V.D. (2016). 11339:– via BuddhaNet. 11136:, The Great Departure. 11112:, The Great Departure. 9451:Journal of Biosciences 9317:. First published in: 8899:"Definition of dhamma" 8555:13 August 2012 at the 6460:based on Arnold's poem 6456:, an 1886 oratorio by 6274:Sri Siddhartha Gautama 6066:Burmese style Buddha, 5937:Cambodian Buddha with 5905:Seated Buddha, Japan, 5862:Buddha in the exposed 5677:Buddha at Cave No. 6, 5590:Gandharan Buddha with 5387:Central Asian Buddhism 5246: 5072: 5060:Buddha incarnation of 4995: 4881:Mahāparinibbāna Sutta, 4726: 4713:Critique of Brahmanism 4578: 4472: 4354:, which refers to the 4306: 4294: 4278:The path to liberation 4244: 4164: 4143: 3871: 3841:First Buddhist Council 3807:Mahaparinibbana sutta, 3787: 3768: 3750:immaterial attainments 3719:Mahaparinibbana sutta, 3711:Buddhist vegetarianism 3680: 3669: 3659: 3612: 3526: 3480: 3312: 3304: 3141: 2912: 2892: 2891:in the 3rd century BCE 2870: 2855: 2721: 2674: 2405: 2393: 2375: 2213:) being. According to 2190: 2164: 2159:, mid-1st century CE, 1976: 1642:Minor Rock Edict No. 3 1410: – Knower of the 1197: 1082:kindness toward others 1062:rebirth, and suffering 380:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 294: 275: 21931:Prophets in Ahmadiyya 21916:Founders of religions 20963:Eight Consciousnesses 19073:Life of Buddha in art 18422:. Delhi: Sri Satguru. 18259:Katz, Nathan (1982), 18198:(1), Persée: 45–103, 17956:Wayman, Alex (1997), 17821:Warder, A.K. (1998). 17622:, London: Routledge, 17564:Oneworld Publications 17553:, Motilal Banarsidass 17533:Oneworld Publications 17344:Sharma, R.S. (2006), 17016:Norman, K.R. (1997), 16941:Narain, A.K. (1993), 16874:Catholic Encyclopedia 16715:Mani, B. R. (2012) , 16350:Inscriptions of Asoka 16347:Hultzsch, E. (1925). 16255:Hartmann, Jens Uwe. " 16036:, Motilal Banarsidass 16023:Fowler, Mark (2005), 15956:Fausböll, V. (1878), 15895:Dundas, Paul (2002), 15724:– via Indology. 15643:Conze, Edward, trans. 15509:, Wisdom Publications 15464:, Motilal Banarsidass 15101:10.18573/j.2015.10216 14232:"The Buddha was bald" 14070:10.1353/pew.2015.0002 12467:"The Buddha's relics" 12286:"How the Buddha died" 11712:, pp. 48, 54–59. 7210:Ariyapariyesana Sutta 6786:Mahaparinibbana Sutta 6734:405: Richard Gombrich 6389:Hammalawa Saddhatissa 6233:as Prince Siddhartha. 6094:Head of Buddha, from 5698: 5th century CE 5637:Birth of the Buddha, 5389:, were influenced by 5346:Life of Buddha in art 5338:Aniconism in Buddhism 5285:Manifestations of God 5237: 5059: 4993: 4720: 4561: 4554:Presectarian Buddhism 4462: 4364:the awakening factors 4300: 4285: 4240: 4159: 4148:dependent origination 4130: 4123:Dependent Origination 3978:Gandharan Manuscripts 3926:dependent origination 3866: 3774: 3762: 3675: 3664: 3654: 3630:Mahaparinibbana sutta 3623:Mahaparinirvanasutra" 3618:Mahaparinibbana Sutta 3606: 3517: 3492:Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī 3478: 3418:Sañjaya Belaṭṭhiputta 3310: 3302: 3128: 3105:depict an attempt by 3076:Dependent Origination 3052:Ariyapariyesanā-sutta 2922:Ariyapariyesanā-sutta 2898: 2876: 2861: 2842: 2813:in the streets, King 2711: 2686:Ariyapariyesanā-sutta 2656: 2622:, Gotama had a wife, 2399: 2381: 2365: 2170: 2146: 2064:Sañjaya Belaṭṭhaputta 1967: 1722:Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta 1714:Ariyapariyesana Sutta 1539:Ariyapariyesanā-sutta 1525:Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta 1424:Satthadeva-Manussanam 1328:[tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ] 1303:) means "Sage of the 1187: 1108:, describing how all 1106:dependent origination 648:Aids to Enlightenment 473:Dependent Origination 77: 5th century CE 21951:Philosophers of mind 21946:Philosophers of love 21636:Noble Eightfold Path 21440:East Asian religions 20870:Buddhism in the West 20441:Early Buddhist texts 20056:Four Right Exertions 19522:Ten spiritual realms 19015:Noble Eightfold Path 18861:The Buddha (Gautama) 18531:Robinson, Richard H. 18519:Kalupahana, David J. 18391:von Hinüber, Oskar. 18237:Jones, J.J. (1949), 17878:History of Religions 17551:Relics of the Buddha 17346:India's Ancient Past 16925:A Manual of Buddhism 16646:India and South Asia 16626:Buddhism in Practice 16454:The Eastern Buddhist 16430:Jones, J.J. (1952), 15470:Bronkhorst, Johannes 15458:Bronkhorst, Johannes 15408:, Simon and Schuster 15399:, Simon and Schuster 14208:, pp. 151, 167. 14172:, pp. 111, 125. 11038:Monier-Williams 1899 8692:Indo-Iranian Journal 7246:[ɕɑːkjəmuni] 6706:Conception and birth 6238:The Legend of Buddha 5889:Vairocana Buddha of 5613:period Buddha Triad. 5269:Barlaam and Josaphat 5249:The Christian saint 5195:Manichaean teachings 5107:and the concepts of 4761:caste held that the 4752:Brahmanical religion 4659:Lambert Schmithausen 4607:Lambert Schmithausen 4356:Noble Eightfold Path 4301:Buddha Statues from 4203:Anattalakkhaṇa Sutta 3938:Noble Eightfold Path 3888:("formations"), the 3876:Early Buddhist Texts 3420:, were converted by 3397:, and met with King 3284:Ādittapariyāya Sutta 3029:Noble Eightfold Path 2880:Enlightenment Throne 2616:early Buddhist Texts 2358:Birth and early life 2180:palm-leaf manuscript 1825:Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra 1708:Biographical sources 1510:Early Buddhist texts 1394:Vijja-carana-sampano 1372:Bhagavato (Bhagavan) 1349:transitory phenomena 1300:[ɕaːkjɐmʊnɪ] 1141:dialects through an 1086:meditative practices 1074:training of the mind 1070:Noble Eightfold Path 618:Devotional practices 441:Noble Eightfold Path 62:Statue of the Buddha 21961:Social philosophers 21911:Classical humanists 21695:Mahapajapati Gotami 21563:Religion portal 21310:Temple of the Tooth 21189:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 20228:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 19721:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 19504:Two truths doctrine 19324:Mahapajapati Gotamī 19124:Mahapajapati Gotamī 18892:Religion portal 18633:Buddhist Patriarch 18460:Weise, Kai (2013). 18210:Eade, J.C. (1995), 17974:Weise, Kai (2013), 17582:Becoming the Buddha 17289:Buddhism and Nature 16517:Keay, John (2011). 16393:Motilal Banarsidass 16095:, pp. 237–259. 15926:Dyson, Tim (2019), 15716:on 26 February 2011 15647:Buddhist Scriptures 15505:Buddhadasa (2017), 15292:, ed. (1991–1997), 14658:, pp. 231–232. 14278:, pp. 441–460. 14266:, pp. 137–138. 14105:, pp. 107–109. 13758:Schmithausen (1981) 13596:Schmithausen (1990) 13312:, pp. 83, 165. 13300:, pp. 217–218. 13192:, pp. 134–135. 13144:, pp. 146–147. 13132:, pp. 136–137. 13120:, pp. 119–120. 13029:, pp. 147–150. 13005:, pp. 135–136. 12905:, pp. 167–168. 12893:, pp. 141–142. 12498:, pp. 136–137. 12317:, pp. 343–354. 12296:on 14 November 2012 12207:, pp. 165–166. 12195:, pp. 286–288. 12017:, pp. 232–233. 11981:, pp. 111–112. 11760:, pp. 291–292. 11758:Malalasekera (1960) 11724:, pp. 116–117. 11422:"Four Noble Truths" 11280:, pp. 234–235. 10549:, pp. 436–437. 9888:, pp. 199–200. 9641:, pp. 140–152. 9574:on 26 November 2013 9568:National Geographic 9391:, pp. 187–201. 8673:, pp. 198–206. 8270:, pp. 4–7, 44. 8101:Buddhism in America 7648:, "pig's foot" and 7571:Schmithausen (1981) 7174:(Online ed.). 7122:Bu-dha Sa-kya-mu-nī 6681:, p. 108), or 6227:Bernardo Bertolucci 6136:Life of Lord Buddha 5909:, 9th－10th century. 5399:East Asian Buddhist 5393:, a style known as 5332:Artistic depictions 5290:Some early Chinese 5068:, Medieval period. 4864:Mahāsudassana Sutta 4667:Johannes Bronkhorst 4489:Johannes Bronkhorst 4445:, as taught in the 4315:Buddhist meditation 4152:evam sati idam hoti 3848:Teachings and views 3552:Samaññaphala Sutta, 3550:. According to the 3370:dialects, of which 3260:Anātmalakṣaṇa Sūtra 3194:Deer Park (Sarnath) 3115:touching the ground 3058:tree—known as "the 2626:, and a son, named 2521:(Solar dynasty) of 2344:) and the Sanskrit 2107:Second Urbanisation 1795:Lalitavistara Sūtra 1772:Lalitavistara Sūtra 1754:Achariyabhuta Sutta 1738:Achariyabhuta Sutta 1638:Bu-dha Sa-kya-mu-nī 1426: – Teacher of 1282:Bu-dha Sa-kya-mu-nī 1025:Indo-Gangetic Plain 918:Buddhism portal 791:Buddhism by country 553:Sanskrit literature 21675:Great Renunciation 21670:Eight Great Events 21485:Western philosophy 21083:Dzong architecture 20905:Vipassana movement 20900:Buddhist modernism 20328:Emperor Wen of Sui 20096:Pratyekabuddhayāna 20029:Threefold Training 19831:Vipassana movement 19547:Hungry Ghost realm 19367:Avidyā (Ignorance) 19314:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 19063:Great Renunciation 19058:Eight Great Events 18940: 18248:Kala, U. (2006) , 17764:von Hinüber, Oskar 17693:Turpie, D (2001), 17517:A History of India 17391:on 23 October 2022 17151:on 28 January 2012 16886:, Routledge (UK), 16679:, Grantha Mandir, 16103:How Buddhism Began 15863:on 28 October 2013 15213:Asvaghosa (1883), 14507:C. Sharma (2013), 13841:, pp. 85, 88. 13433:, pp. 23, 37. 11325:Life of the Buddha 10665:Hiltebeitel (2013) 10501:on 31 October 2012 9902:. Study Buddhism. 9819:Jayatilleke (1963) 9784:on 1 November 2020 9253:Wynne, Alexander. 9207:, pp. 34, 48. 8671:von Hinüber (2008) 8569:The Selfless Mind. 8548:Chalmers, Robert. 8303:Donald Lopez Jr., 7534:Samaññaphala Sutta 7529:Mahāsaccaka-sutta, 7516:Mahāsīhanāda-sutta 6710:Birthplace Sources 6677:, pp. 61–74; 6437:, a 1981 novel by 6352:in the title role. 6246:The Life of Buddha 6146:in the title role. 6096:Hadda, Afghanistan 5951:, Banteay Chhmar, 5395:Greco-Buddhist art 5383:Gandharan Buddhism 5247: 5073: 5041:In other religions 5016:mahāpuruṣa lakṣaṇa 4996: 4916:In another sutta ( 4727: 4601:, and the Chinese 4579: 4510:sources, like the 4473: 4436:Satipatthana Sutta 4403:(mindfulness) and 4372:Samaññaphala Sutta 4307: 4295: 4144: 4111:), consciousness ( 3872: 3868:Gandharan Buddhist 3788: 3769: 3754:nirodha-samāpatti, 3681: 3670: 3613: 3564:Samaññaphala Sutta 3527: 3481: 3313: 3305: 3271:Catusparisat-sūtra 3251:Catusparisat-sūtra 3164:Catusparisat-sūtra 3162:discourse, in the 3142: 2913: 2893: 2871: 2856: 2835:Nirvana (Buddhism) 2802:deity at Anomiya. 2722: 2675: 2649:Great Renunciation 2515:hereditary monarch 2464:Rupandehi District 2406: 2394: 2376: 2279:Michael Carrithers 2191: 2165: 2068:Samaññaphala Sutta 1977: 1955:Historical context 1499:Historical sources 1236:) from falsehood. 1198: 957:Siddhartha Gautama 405:Buddhist modernism 276:Siddhārtha Gautama 98:Siddhartha Gautama 21901:Avatars of Vishnu 21858: 21857: 21631:Four Noble Truths 21571: 21570: 21209:Om mani padme hum 20915:Women in Buddhism 20831:Buddhist councils 20701:Western countries 20489:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 20250:Shaolin Monastery 19827:Samatha-vipassanā 19437:Pratītyasamutpāda 19241:Metteyya/Maitreya 19159: 19151: 19143: 19135: 19127: 19119: 19111: 18988:Four Noble Truths 18898: 18897: 18682: 18681: 18673:Succeeded by 18637:Succeeded by 18567:Project Gutenberg 18548:978-0-534-20718-2 18473:978-92-3-001208-3 18452:978-81-7154-553-7 18384:978-1-85168-184-6 18361:978-1-4008-7908-3 18341:978-81-317-1677-9 18281:978-0-8006-9748-8 18221:978-90-04-10437-2 18094:978-0-203-96300-5 18061:978-0-415-20701-0 18031:on 27 August 2014 18021:978-1-886439-42-9 18000:on 30 August 2014 17990:978-92-3-001208-3 17983:, Paris: UNESCO, 17967:978-81-208-1321-2 17949:978-81-208-0675-7 17836:978-81-208-1244-4 17747:978-81-208-0880-5 17729:978-0-521-24327-8 17629:978-1-136-98588-1 17573:978-1-78074-506-0 17542:978-1-78074-054-6 17337:978-81-208-1817-0 17102:978-0-19-538582-3 17077:978-0-7619-9664-4 16934:978-967-9920-58-1 16916:978-81-208-0272-8 16829:on 4 October 2012 16730:A Guide To Sanchi 16637:978-0-691-04442-2 16606:978-0-521-85413-9 16576:978-0-7914-2411-7 16528:978-0-8021-9550-0 16402:978-81-208-0805-8 16284:978-1-136-87597-7 16263:, pp. 27–45. 16239:978-0-9789067-7-1 16166:978-1-134-21718-2 16133:978-1-134-19639-5 16075:978-0-02-865910-7 16003:978-0-19-026692-9 15982:978-0-521-43878-0 15912:978-0-415-26606-2 15856:978-955-24-0104-6 15787:978-0-231-12618-2 15649:, London: Penguin 15635:978-0-521-84697-4 15604:978-0-674-02977-4 15563:978-0-02-865910-7 15543:978-0-691-15786-3 15525:978-0-02-865910-7 15450:978-0-88920-257-3 15284:, London: Trübner 15255:978-0-307-77879-6 15206:978-0-7538-1340-9 15163:978-3-89733-415-1 15139:978-1-5404-1050-4 15120:978-3-89733-387-1 15060:Analayo (2013c), 14796:www.info-sikh.com 14722:978-0-231-70094-8 14564:978-81-7154-807-1 14538:978-0-231-14987-7 14517:978-81-208-0365-7 14496:978-0-415-77227-3 14431:978-0-19-959334-7 14397:978-0-19-935971-4 14254:, pp. 23–24. 14029:978-0-19-046551-3 13939:, pp. 33–34. 13854:Kalupahana (1992) 13818:Bronkhorst (1993) 13630:Bronkhorst (1993) 13508:Bronkhorst (1993) 13457:, pp. 9, 36. 13443:Bronkhorst (1993) 13264:, pp. 63–64. 13228:, pp. 73–74. 13216:, pp. 62–64. 13082:, pp. 19–20. 13058:, pp. 9, 67. 12989:978-0-8248-0298-1 12914:Hajime Nakamura. 12778:978-1-119-14466-3 12604:, pp. 32–33. 12521:978-0-521-85942-4 11933:, pp. 40–41. 11882:, pp. 79–83. 11676:, pp. 44–45. 11555:, pp. 30–35. 11459:Access to Insight 11410:, pp. 74–75. 11355:Access to Insight 11321:"The Golden Bowl" 11256:, pp. 19–20. 11100:, pp. 15–16. 10989:, pp. 39–40. 10926:, pp. 45–46. 10805:, pp. 11–12. 10742:, pp. 49–50. 10730:, pp. 14–15. 10574:Huntington (1986) 10470:978-81-7488-168-7 10283:Carrithers (2001) 10259:Carrithers (2001) 10249:, pp. 64–65. 10210:Access to Insight 10177:on 9 January 2016 10157:Tan, Piya (trans) 10115:978-1-4073-0151-8 9621:on 9 January 2016 9549:, pp. 37–58. 9376:, pp. 82–87. 9362:Bechert 1991–1997 9352:, pp. 10–13. 9152:978-0-8147-6216-5 9029:978-1-351-55030-7 8990:978-981-15-8067-3 8951:Access to Insight 8884:978-0-271-03803-2 8845:978-0-691-17632-1 8786:978-90-04-31551-8 8750:, pp. 46–47. 8345:978-81-208-3105-6 8258:, pp. 40–41. 8141:978-0-691-21478-8 8111:978-0-231-15973-9 8087:978-1-009-33708-3 8038:, pp. 57–63. 7592:Bronkhorst (1993) 7487:Mahāsaccaka-sutta 7448:"Hindu-synthesis" 7182:(Subscription or 7111:Buddha Shakyamuni 7101:). Particularly, 6474:Dinesh Subasinghe 6453:The Light of Asia 6364:The Light of Asia 6258:Tathagatha Buddha 6229:, the film stars 6225:, a 1994 film by 6194:Gotoma the Buddha 6156:The Light of Asia 5740:Seated Buddha at 5693:Standing Buddha, 5542:Satavahana period 5326:Guru Gobind Singh 5239:Christ and Buddha 4892:Worldly happiness 4623:Scholars such as 4448:Anapanasati Sutta 4352:Four Noble Truths 4272:anti-essentialist 3934:Four Noble Truths 3805:According to the 3791:Posthumous events 3689:Oskar von Hinüber 3368:Middle Indo-Aryan 3319:, in what is now 3138:Four Noble Truths 3009:According to the 2998:Four Noble Truths 2961:Mahāsaccaka-sutta 2883:of the Buddha at 2568:Buddha's Birthday 2389:'s birthplace in 2295:and the Sanskrit 2121:(the location of 2066:, as recorded in 2060:Pakudha Kaccāyana 2056:Ajita Kesakambalī 1843:Historical person 1736:(DN 14), and the 1730:Mahāsaccaka-sutta 1627:Buddha Shakyamuni 1520:Oskar von Hinüber 1268:Buddha Shakyamuni 1139:Middle Indo-Aryan 1066:Four Noble Truths 987:, in what is now 965:wandering ascetic 954: 953: 436:Four Noble Truths 309: 308: 295:Siddhattha Gotama 16:(Redirected from 21998: 21921:Indian ethicists 21848: 21847: 21838: 21837: 21734:pilgrimage sites 21729:Mahabodhi Temple 21598: 21591: 21584: 21575: 21574: 21561: 21560: 21549: 21548: 21388:Sacred languages 21236:Maya Devi Temple 21199:Mahabodhi Temple 21003:Secular Buddhism 20968:Engaged Buddhism 19808: 19656:Tibetan Buddhism 19607:Vietnamese Thiền 19206:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 19157: 19149: 19141: 19133: 19125: 19117: 19109: 18958: 18957: 18945: 18935: 18925: 18918: 18911: 18902: 18901: 18890: 18889: 18708: 18701: 18694: 18685: 18684: 18669: 18652:Preceded by 18624:Preceded by 18614: 18613: 18594:Internet Archive 18585:Internet Archive 18576:Internet Archive 18552: 18540: 18526: 18512:Buddhism general 18507: 18498: 18477: 18456: 18435: 18423: 18404: 18387: 18376: 18365: 18344: 18317: 18308: 18303:, translated by 18294: 18285: 18264: 18255: 18251:Maha Yazawin Gyi 18244: 18233: 18224: 18206: 18186: 18157: 18155: 18153: 18112: 18111: 18109: 18103: 18086: 18074: 18065: 18052:Buddhist Thought 18046: 18040: 18032: 18030: 18024:, archived from 18013: 18001: 17999: 17993:, archived from 17982: 17970: 17952: 17928: 17916: 17908: 17872: 17870: 17868: 17849: 17840: 17817: 17808: 17791: 17789: 17787: 17759: 17750: 17732: 17714: 17713:on 15 April 2007 17712: 17701: 17689: 17688: 17686: 17680: 17669: 17659: 17658:on 18 March 2012 17657: 17642: 17632: 17612: 17594: 17585: 17576: 17554: 17545: 17520: 17511: 17500: 17492: 17491: 17489: 17464: 17451: 17450: 17448: 17427: 17426: 17424: 17399: 17398: 17396: 17390: 17384:, archived from 17359: 17349: 17340: 17322: 17313: 17307: 17299: 17283: 17277: 17269: 17256: 17249:Samuel, Geoffrey 17244: 17225: 17197: 17196: 17179: 17170: 17161: 17152: 17150: 17144:, archived from 17127: 17117: 17116: 17114: 17081: 17069: 17055: 17042: 17035:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu 17030: 17021: 17012: 16990:Social Scientist 16984: 16965: 16964: 16962: 16937: 16919: 16901:Nakamura, Hajime 16896: 16878: 16870: 16861: 16860: 16858: 16852: 16845: 16830: 16828: 16813: 16803: 16802: 16800: 16794: 16787: 16767: 16757: 16751: 16743: 16734: 16720: 16711: 16691: 16690: 16688: 16669: 16660: 16648: 16640: 16629: 16618: 16609: 16591: 16590: 16588: 16559: 16550: 16532: 16519:India: A History 16513: 16504: 16495: 16494: 16492: 16486: 16471: 16461: 16448: 16437: 16426: 16417: 16416: 16414: 16381: 16379: 16364: 16354: 16343: 16342: 16340: 16299: 16298: 16296: 16269:Hiltebeitel, Alf 16264: 16251: 16242: 16224: 16215: 16213: 16211: 16190: 16181: 16180: 16178: 16149: 16147: 16145: 16115: 16106: 16096: 16087: 16078: 16060: 16054: 16046: 16037: 16028: 16019: 16017: 16015: 15986: 15974: 15963: 15952: 15931: 15922: 15921: 15919: 15901:(2nd ed.), 15891: 15864: 15859:, archived from 15839: 15812: 15795:de Bary, William 15790: 15772: 15754: 15748: 15740: 15725: 15723: 15721: 15712:. Archived from 15664: 15658: 15650: 15638: 15619: 15618: 15616: 15587: 15578: 15577: 15575: 15546: 15528: 15510: 15501: 15500: 15498: 15477: 15465: 15453: 15433: 15432: 15430: 15409: 15400: 15391: 15389: 15374: 15364: 15362: 15360: 15354: 15333: 15319: 15306: 15297: 15285: 15271: 15269: 15267: 15238: 15229: 15220: 15209: 15191: 15182: 15180: 15178: 15172: 15155: 15143: 15124: 15105: 15103: 15078: 15065: 15056: 15035: 15026: 15024: 15022: 15003: 14992:Anālayo, Bhikkhu 14987: 14978: 14960: 14959: 14957: 14955: 14927: 14910: 14909: 14895: 14889: 14888: 14868: 14862: 14861:, pp. 1–40. 14856: 14850: 14844: 14838: 14832: 14826: 14820: 14814: 14813: 14807: 14799: 14788: 14782: 14775: 14769: 14766:Twitchett (1986) 14763: 14757: 14751: 14745: 14742:Macdonnel (1900) 14739: 14733: 14732: 14731: 14729: 14706: 14700: 14699: 14697: 14677: 14671: 14665: 14659: 14653: 14647: 14646: 14644: 14642: 14614: 14608: 14607: 14605: 14603: 14583: 14577: 14576: 14547: 14541: 14526: 14520: 14505: 14499: 14484: 14478: 14477: 14475: 14473: 14454: 14448: 14447: 14445: 14443: 14415: 14409: 14408: 14404:nastika darshana 14383: 14377: 14376: 14370: 14368: 14348: 14342: 14336: 14330: 14324: 14318: 14312: 14306: 14300: 14294: 14291:Hiltebeitel 2013 14288: 14279: 14273: 14267: 14261: 14255: 14249: 14243: 14228: 14222: 14215: 14209: 14203: 14197: 14191: 14185: 14179: 14173: 14167: 14161: 14155: 14149: 14143: 14137: 14133: 14127: 14124: 14118: 14112: 14106: 14100: 14094: 14093: 14091: 14089: 14049: 14034: 14033: 14015: 14009: 14002: 13996: 13993: 13987: 13986: 13970: 13964: 13958: 13952: 13946: 13940: 13934: 13928: 13921: 13902: 13896: 13890: 13884: 13878: 13875: 13869: 13863: 13857: 13851: 13842: 13836: 13830: 13827: 13821: 13815: 13809: 13803: 13797: 13791: 13785: 13779: 13773: 13767: 13761: 13755: 13746: 13745: 13733: 13727: 13720: 13714: 13707:Gombrich (2006b) 13704: 13698: 13692: 13686: 13680: 13674: 13668: 13662: 13656: 13650: 13644: 13633: 13627: 13618: 13612: 13599: 13593: 13587: 13581: 13572: 13571: 13563: 13557: 13556: 13549:Nirbhay N. Singh 13544: 13538: 13532: 13526: 13520: 13511: 13505: 13494: 13488: 13482: 13476: 13470: 13464: 13458: 13452: 13446: 13440: 13434: 13428: 13422: 13416: 13410: 13404: 13398: 13392: 13386: 13370: 13364: 13358: 13352: 13346: 13340: 13334: 13328: 13322: 13313: 13307: 13301: 13295: 13289: 13283: 13277: 13271: 13265: 13259: 13253: 13247: 13241: 13235: 13229: 13223: 13217: 13211: 13205: 13199: 13193: 13187: 13181: 13175: 13169: 13163: 13157: 13151: 13145: 13139: 13133: 13127: 13121: 13115: 13109: 13102: 13096: 13089: 13083: 13077: 13071: 13065: 13059: 13053: 13047: 13041: 13030: 13024: 13018: 13012: 13006: 13000: 12994: 12993: 12973: 12967: 12961: 12955: 12949: 12943: 12937: 12931: 12925: 12919: 12912: 12906: 12903:Frauwallner 1973 12900: 12894: 12888: 12879: 12873: 12862: 12856: 12847: 12846: 12844: 12820: 12814: 12801: 12795: 12794: 12792: 12790: 12762: 12756: 12750: 12744: 12738: 12732: 12726: 12720: 12714: 12708: 12702: 12696: 12690: 12684: 12678: 12672: 12666: 12660: 12654: 12648: 12642: 12617: 12611: 12605: 12599: 12593: 12587: 12581: 12580: 12578: 12576: 12556: 12550: 12544: 12538: 12537: 12529: 12523: 12505: 12499: 12493: 12487: 12486: 12484: 12482: 12462: 12456: 12450: 12444: 12438: 12432: 12426: 12420: 12414: 12408: 12402: 12396: 12390: 12384: 12378: 12372: 12366: 12360: 12354: 12345: 12339: 12330: 12324: 12318: 12312: 12306: 12305: 12303: 12301: 12292:. Archived from 12281: 12275: 12269: 12263: 12262: 12261: 12259: 12238: 12232: 12226: 12220: 12214: 12208: 12202: 12196: 12190: 12184: 12178: 12172: 12166: 12160: 12154: 12148: 12142: 12136: 12123: 12117: 12111: 12105: 12099: 12093: 12087: 12081: 12075: 12069: 12063: 12057: 12051: 12045: 12044: 12036: 12030: 12024: 12018: 12012: 12006: 12000: 11994: 11988: 11982: 11976: 11970: 11964: 11958: 11952: 11946: 11940: 11934: 11928: 11922: 11916: 11907: 11901: 11895: 11889: 11883: 11877: 11871: 11865: 11859: 11853: 11847: 11841: 11835: 11829: 11823: 11806: 11800: 11794: 11788: 11782: 11773: 11767: 11761: 11755: 11749: 11743: 11737: 11731: 11725: 11719: 11713: 11707: 11701: 11695: 11689: 11683: 11677: 11671: 11665: 11659: 11650: 11649: 11623: 11604: 11598: 11592: 11586: 11580: 11574: 11568: 11562: 11556: 11550: 11544: 11538: 11532: 11526: 11520: 11514: 11505: 11504: 11502: 11500: 11481: 11475: 11474: 11472: 11470: 11451: 11442: 11441: 11439: 11437: 11417: 11411: 11405: 11399: 11393: 11387: 11381: 11375: 11374: 11372: 11370: 11347: 11341: 11340: 11338: 11336: 11317: 11311: 11305: 11296: 11290: 11281: 11275: 11269: 11263: 11257: 11251: 11245: 11242:Armstrong (2000) 11239: 11233: 11227: 11221: 11215: 11209: 11203: 11197: 11191: 11185: 11182:Upadhyaya (1971) 11179: 11173: 11167: 11161: 11155: 11149: 11143: 11137: 11131: 11125: 11119: 11113: 11107: 11101: 11095: 11089: 11083: 11077: 11074:Alexander (2019) 11071: 11065: 11059: 11053: 11047: 11041: 11035: 11029: 11023: 11017: 11011: 11002: 10996: 10990: 10984: 10975: 10969: 10963: 10957: 10951: 10945: 10939: 10933: 10927: 10921: 10915: 10909: 10903: 10902: 10890: 10881: 10875: 10869: 10863: 10854: 10848: 10842: 10836: 10830: 10824: 10818: 10812: 10806: 10800: 10794: 10788: 10782: 10781:, pp. 9–12. 10776: 10767: 10761: 10755: 10749: 10743: 10737: 10731: 10725: 10719: 10713: 10707: 10701: 10692: 10686: 10680: 10674: 10668: 10662: 10656: 10650: 10637: 10631: 10625: 10619: 10613: 10607: 10601: 10595: 10589: 10583: 10577: 10571: 10562: 10556: 10550: 10544: 10538: 10532: 10523: 10517: 10511: 10510: 10508: 10506: 10491: 10482: 10481: 10479: 10477: 10452: 10443: 10442: 10440: 10438: 10419: 10408: 10402: 10396: 10390: 10384: 10378: 10372: 10366: 10360: 10354: 10348: 10342: 10336: 10330: 10324: 10323: 10321: 10319: 10304: 10298: 10292: 10286: 10280: 10274: 10271:Armstrong (2000) 10268: 10262: 10256: 10250: 10244: 10238: 10232: 10226: 10225: 10223: 10221: 10202: 10196: 10193: 10187: 10186: 10184: 10182: 10176: 10168:The Dharmafarers 10165: 10153: 10147: 10141: 10132: 10131: 10129: 10127: 10099: 10093: 10092: 10081: 10075: 10069: 10063: 10057: 10048: 10042: 10033: 10027: 10018: 10012: 10003: 9997: 9988: 9982: 9976: 9970: 9964: 9958: 9952: 9946: 9940: 9934: 9928: 9922: 9916: 9915: 9913: 9911: 9895: 9889: 9883: 9877: 9871: 9865: 9864: 9862: 9860: 9828: 9822: 9816: 9810: 9800: 9794: 9793: 9791: 9789: 9780:. Archived from 9757: 9746: 9740: 9731: 9730: 9699: 9693: 9687: 9678: 9672: 9666: 9665:, p. xlvii. 9660: 9654: 9651:Rawlinson (1950) 9648: 9642: 9636: 9630: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9620: 9613: 9602: 9596: 9590: 9584: 9583: 9581: 9579: 9570:. Archived from 9559: 9550: 9544: 9538: 9532: 9526: 9525: 9523: 9521: 9497: 9491: 9490: 9446: 9440: 9434: 9428: 9422: 9416: 9410: 9404: 9398: 9392: 9386: 9377: 9371: 9365: 9359: 9353: 9347: 9341: 9335: 9322: 9311: 9305: 9281: 9275: 9274: 9272: 9270: 9250: 9244: 9238: 9232: 9226: 9220: 9214: 9208: 9202: 9196: 9190: 9184: 9178: 9172: 9166: 9157: 9156: 9138: 9132: 9126: 9120: 9114: 9108: 9102: 9096: 9090: 9084: 9078: 9072: 9071: 9069: 9067: 9052: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9041: 9013: 9007: 9006: 9004: 9002: 8974: 8968: 8967: 8965: 8963: 8942: 8936: 8930: 8919: 8918: 8916: 8914: 8895: 8889: 8888: 8868: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8857: 8829: 8823: 8822: 8816: 8812: 8810: 8802: 8800: 8798: 8760: 8751: 8745: 8736: 8730: 8724: 8723: 8698:(2–3): 287–310. 8680: 8674: 8668: 8662: 8659: 8653: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8612: 8606: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8596: 8590:, Dhamma talks, 8589: 8578: 8572: 8565: 8559: 8546: 8540: 8534: 8525: 8519: 8513: 8507: 8501: 8495: 8484: 8478: 8467: 8466: 8458: 8452: 8451: 8443: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8432: 8412: 8406: 8400: 8394: 8388: 8377: 8371: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8357: 8329: 8320: 8314: 8308: 8301: 8295: 8289: 8283: 8277: 8271: 8265: 8259: 8253: 8247: 8241: 8230: 8224: 8218: 8212: 8206: 8200: 8194: 8188: 8179: 8173: 8167: 8161: 8155: 8152: 8122: 8094: 8069: 8063: 8057: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8006: 8003: 7997: 7994: 7988: 7985: 7979: 7976: 7970: 7967: 7961: 7958: 7952: 7946: 7940: 7936: 7930: 7926: 7920: 7905: 7899: 7879: 7873: 7853:Richard Gombrich 7845: 7839: 7822: 7794: 7788: 7786: 7774: 7769:Anālayo (2014). 7765: 7759: 7755: 7749: 7708: 7702: 7699: 7693: 7689: 7683: 7673: 7667: 7663: 7657: 7638: 7632: 7606: 7600: 7586:Gombrich (2006a) 7559: 7553: 7525: 7519: 7512: 7506: 7495:Ekottarika-āgama 7483: 7477: 7468: 7451: 7428: 7422: 7414: 7408: 7386: 7380: 7376: 7370: 7349: 7343: 7337: 7331: 7305: 7299: 7282: 7276: 7270: 7267: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7243: 7239: 7233: 7222: 7216: 7203: 7197: 7187: 7179: 7167: 7137: 7134: 7119:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻 7092: 7089: 7084:Edicts of Ashoka 7057: 7052: 7048: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7040: 7035: 7034: 7031: 7028: 7025: 7022: 7019: 7016: 6991: 6985: 6980:Buddhadasa (2017 6934: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6915: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6907: 6904: 6901: 6898: 6893: 6892: 6889: 6886: 6883: 6880: 6875: 6874: 6871: 6868: 6863: 6862: 6859: 6856: 6853: 6850: 6847: 6844: 6840: 6839: 6836: 6831: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6812: 6803: 6797: 6782: 6776: 6761: 6758: 6754: 6751: 6723: 6712: 6577: 6562: 6521: 6332:and narrated by 6188: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6104: 6101: 6091: 6079: 6068:Shwedagon pagoda 6063: 6051: 6039: 6027: 6015: 6003: 5991: 5979: 5963: 5950: 5947: 5934: 5918: 5902: 5886: 5876: 5873: 5859: 5831: 5821: 5818: 5808: 5792: 5778: 5775: 5769: 5753: 5737: 5721: 5709: 5699: 5696: 5690: 5674: 5662: 5650: 5634: 5622: 5607: 5587: 5574:, discovered in 5565: 5553: 5533: 5521: 5508: 5505: 5499: 5487: 5475: 5463: 5451: 5439: 5427: 5415: 5208:by the minority 5129:Islamic prophet 5091: 5088: 5035: 4910:Sigālovāda Sutta 4784:animal sacrifice 4633:Richard Gombrich 4625:Richard Gombrich 4591:Mulasarvastivada 4576: 4573: 4481:Uddaka Rāmaputta 4118: 4110: 4102: 4095:), perceptions ( 4094: 4086: 4015: 3996:("formations"), 3950:Śālistamba Sūtra 3923: 3907: 3236: 3214:Vinaya, and the 3207:Ekottarika-āgama 3159:Ekottarika-āgama 3153:Brahmā Sahampati 3072:River Nairañjanā 2950: 2941:Udraka Rāmaputra 2935: 2864:Mahabodhi Temple 2549:Vedic Brahmanism 2537: 2526: 2186:, Bihar, India. 2086:Uddaka Rāmaputta 2038:Brahmajala Sutta 1974: 1971: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1914: 1785:. Of these, the 1750:Mahāpadāna Sutta 1734:Mahapadana Sutta 1675: 1672: 1635:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻 1615:Edicts of Ashoka 1598:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻 1587: 1584: 1568: 1557: 1514:On the basis of 1453:in the religion 1363:A list of other 1330: 1325: 1302: 1296: 1279:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻 1272: 1257: 1254: 1249:Edicts of Ashoka 1221: 1078:ethical training 946: 939: 932: 916: 915: 643:Sublime abidings 334: 311: 310: 297: 278: 217:Other names 130: 127: 106: 103: 78: 75: 59: 45: 44: 21: 22006: 22005: 22001: 22000: 21999: 21997: 21996: 21995: 21936:Miracle workers 21861: 21860: 21859: 21854: 21826: 21612: 21602: 21572: 21567: 21555: 21537: 21489: 21404: 21319: 21056:Ordination hall 21017: 20919: 20890:Buddhist crisis 20802: 20499: 20451:Mahayana sutras 20427: 20423:Thích Nhất Hạnh 20254: 20127: 20067: 20017:Bodhisattva vow 19702: 19568: 19508: 19467:Taṇhā (Craving) 19402:Five hindrances 19353: 19245: 19175: 19029: 18974: 18946: 18929: 18899: 18894: 18884: 18878: 18865: 18717: 18712: 18678: 18665: 18664: 18657: 18642: 18640:Maitreya Buddha 18629: 18618:Buddhist titles 18563:Works by Buddha 18559: 18549: 18529: 18517: 18501: 18489:Rahula, Walpola 18487: 18474: 18459: 18453: 18438: 18428:Ñāṇamoli Bhikku 18426: 18414: 18385: 18362: 18342: 18297: 18282: 18222: 18165: 18163:Further reading 18160: 18151: 18149: 18122:Islamic Studies 18107: 18105: 18101: 18095: 18084: 18062: 18034: 18033: 18028: 18022: 18011: 17997: 17991: 17980: 17968: 17950: 17866: 17864: 17856:Indian Buddhism 17846:Indian Buddhism 17837: 17785: 17783: 17748: 17730: 17710: 17699: 17684: 17682: 17678: 17667: 17655: 17640: 17630: 17610: 17574: 17543: 17487: 17485: 17446: 17444: 17422: 17420: 17394: 17392: 17388: 17357: 17338: 17301: 17300: 17271: 17270: 17230:Sahni, Daya Ram 17194:10.1.1.132.6107 17148: 17125: 17112: 17110: 17103: 17078: 17002:10.2307/3518337 16981: 16960: 16958: 16935: 16923:Narada (1992), 16917: 16894: 16856: 16854: 16850: 16843: 16826: 16811: 16798: 16796: 16792: 16765: 16745: 16744: 16709: 16686: 16684: 16638: 16607: 16586: 16584: 16577: 16548: 16529: 16490: 16488: 16484: 16469: 16412: 16410: 16403: 16377: 16362: 16338: 16336: 16329: 16294: 16292: 16285: 16240: 16209: 16207: 16176: 16174: 16167: 16143: 16141: 16134: 16076: 16048: 16047: 16013: 16011: 16004: 15983: 15950: 15917: 15915: 15913: 15889: 15857: 15828: 15809: 15788: 15770: 15742: 15741: 15719: 15717: 15652: 15651: 15636: 15614: 15612: 15605: 15573: 15571: 15564: 15544: 15526: 15496: 15494: 15451: 15428: 15426: 15390:on 9 April 2015 15387: 15372: 15358: 15356: 15352: 15346: 15331: 15265: 15263: 15256: 15207: 15176: 15174: 15170: 15164: 15153: 15140: 15121: 15020: 15018: 14968: 14963: 14953: 14951: 14944: 14928: 14913: 14897: 14896: 14892: 14885: 14869: 14865: 14859:Marshall (1960) 14857: 14853: 14845: 14841: 14833: 14829: 14821: 14817: 14801: 14800: 14792:"Chaubis Avtar" 14790: 14789: 14785: 14776: 14772: 14764: 14760: 14754:Mershman (1907) 14752: 14748: 14740: 14736: 14727: 14725: 14723: 14707: 14703: 14678: 14674: 14670:, pp. 376. 14666: 14662: 14654: 14650: 14640: 14638: 14631: 14615: 14611: 14601: 14599: 14586:Ambedkar, B.R. 14584: 14580: 14565: 14548: 14544: 14527: 14523: 14506: 14502: 14488:The Hindu World 14485: 14481: 14471: 14469: 14456: 14455: 14451: 14441: 14439: 14432: 14416: 14412: 14398: 14384: 14380: 14366: 14364: 14349: 14345: 14337: 14333: 14325: 14321: 14315:Vijay Nath 2001 14313: 14309: 14301: 14297: 14289: 14282: 14274: 14270: 14264:Anālayo (2017b) 14262: 14258: 14252:Dhammika (n.d.) 14250: 14246: 14240:Wayback Machine 14229: 14225: 14216: 14212: 14204: 14200: 14192: 14188: 14180: 14176: 14168: 14164: 14156: 14152: 14144: 14140: 14136:Wissenschaften. 14134: 14130: 14125: 14121: 14113: 14109: 14101: 14097: 14087: 14085: 14050: 14037: 14030: 14016: 14012: 14004:Kancha Ilaiah, 14003: 13999: 13994: 13990: 13971: 13967: 13959: 13955: 13947: 13943: 13935: 13931: 13922: 13905: 13897: 13893: 13885: 13881: 13876: 13872: 13864: 13860: 13852: 13845: 13837: 13833: 13828: 13824: 13816: 13812: 13804: 13800: 13792: 13788: 13780: 13776: 13768: 13764: 13756: 13749: 13734: 13730: 13721: 13717: 13705: 13701: 13693: 13689: 13681: 13677: 13669: 13665: 13659:Davidson (2003) 13657: 13653: 13645: 13636: 13628: 13621: 13615:Gombrich (1997) 13613: 13602: 13594: 13590: 13582: 13575: 13564: 13560: 13545: 13541: 13533: 13529: 13521: 13514: 13506: 13497: 13489: 13485: 13477: 13473: 13467:Gombrich (2009) 13465: 13461: 13455:Gombrich (2009) 13453: 13449: 13441: 13437: 13429: 13425: 13419:Anālayo (2017a) 13417: 13413: 13405: 13401: 13393: 13389: 13383:Wayback Machine 13371: 13367: 13359: 13355: 13347: 13343: 13335: 13331: 13325:Bucknell (1984) 13323: 13316: 13308: 13304: 13296: 13292: 13284: 13280: 13272: 13268: 13260: 13256: 13250:Anālayo (2013a) 13248: 13244: 13236: 13232: 13226:Gombrich (2009) 13224: 13220: 13214:Gombrich (2009) 13212: 13208: 13202:Hamilton (2000) 13200: 13196: 13188: 13184: 13176: 13172: 13166:Hamilton (2000) 13164: 13160: 13152: 13148: 13140: 13136: 13128: 13124: 13118:Gombrich (2009) 13116: 13112: 13103: 13099: 13090: 13086: 13080:Hamilton (2000) 13078: 13074: 13068:Gombrich (2009) 13066: 13062: 13056:Gombrich (2009) 13054: 13050: 13042: 13033: 13025: 13021: 13013: 13009: 13001: 12997: 12990: 12974: 12970: 12962: 12958: 12950: 12946: 12938: 12934: 12926: 12922: 12913: 12909: 12901: 12897: 12889: 12882: 12876:Gombrich (2009) 12874: 12865: 12859:Hamilton (2000) 12857: 12850: 12821: 12817: 12811:Wayback Machine 12802: 12798: 12788: 12786: 12779: 12763: 12759: 12753:Gombrich (2009) 12751: 12747: 12739: 12735: 12729:Gombrich (2009) 12727: 12723: 12717:Gombrich (2009) 12715: 12711: 12705:Gombrich (2009) 12703: 12699: 12693:Gombrich (2009) 12691: 12687: 12681:Gombrich (2009) 12679: 12675: 12667: 12663: 12655: 12651: 12645:Siderits (2019) 12643: 12620: 12612: 12608: 12600: 12596: 12588: 12584: 12574: 12572: 12557: 12553: 12545: 12541: 12530: 12526: 12506: 12502: 12494: 12490: 12480: 12478: 12465:Lopez, Donald. 12463: 12459: 12451: 12447: 12439: 12435: 12427: 12423: 12415: 12411: 12403: 12399: 12391: 12387: 12379: 12375: 12369:Schumann (2003) 12367: 12363: 12355: 12348: 12342:Schumann (2003) 12340: 12333: 12325: 12321: 12313: 12309: 12299: 12297: 12282: 12278: 12270: 12266: 12257: 12255: 12240: 12239: 12235: 12229:Schumann (2003) 12227: 12223: 12217:Schumann (2003) 12215: 12211: 12203: 12199: 12191: 12187: 12179: 12175: 12167: 12163: 12157:Schumann (2003) 12155: 12151: 12143: 12139: 12134:Wayback Machine 12124: 12120: 12114:Schumann (2003) 12112: 12108: 12102:Schumann (2003) 12100: 12096: 12088: 12084: 12076: 12072: 12066:Schumann (2003) 12064: 12060: 12054:Schumann (2003) 12052: 12048: 12037: 12033: 12025: 12021: 12015:Schumann (2003) 12013: 12009: 12001: 11997: 11989: 11985: 11977: 11973: 11967:Anālayo (2013b) 11965: 11961: 11953: 11949: 11941: 11937: 11929: 11925: 11917: 11910: 11902: 11898: 11890: 11886: 11878: 11874: 11866: 11862: 11854: 11850: 11842: 11838: 11830: 11826: 11819:Wayback Machine 11807: 11803: 11795: 11791: 11785:Schumann (2003) 11783: 11776: 11768: 11764: 11756: 11752: 11744: 11740: 11732: 11728: 11720: 11716: 11708: 11704: 11696: 11692: 11684: 11680: 11672: 11668: 11660: 11653: 11638: 11624: 11607: 11599: 11595: 11587: 11583: 11575: 11571: 11563: 11559: 11551: 11547: 11539: 11535: 11531:, pp. 8–9. 11527: 11523: 11515: 11508: 11498: 11496: 11483: 11482: 11478: 11468: 11466: 11453: 11452: 11445: 11435: 11433: 11420:Lopez, Donald. 11418: 11414: 11408:Williams (2002) 11406: 11402: 11396:Anderson (1999) 11394: 11390: 11382: 11378: 11368: 11366: 11349: 11348: 11344: 11334: 11332: 11319: 11318: 11314: 11306: 11299: 11291: 11284: 11276: 11272: 11266:Hirakawa (1990) 11264: 11260: 11252: 11248: 11240: 11236: 11230:Schumann (2003) 11228: 11224: 11216: 11212: 11206:Schumann (2003) 11204: 11200: 11194:Laumakis (2008) 11192: 11188: 11180: 11176: 11168: 11164: 11158:Marshall (1918) 11156: 11152: 11146:Hirakawa (1990) 11144: 11140: 11132: 11128: 11120: 11116: 11108: 11104: 11096: 11092: 11084: 11080: 11072: 11068: 11062:Beckwith (2015) 11060: 11056: 11050:Analayo (2013c) 11048: 11044: 11036: 11032: 11024: 11020: 11014:Schumann (2003) 11012: 11005: 10997: 10993: 10985: 10978: 10970: 10966: 10958: 10954: 10946: 10942: 10934: 10930: 10924:Schumann (2003) 10922: 10918: 10912:Schumann (2003) 10910: 10906: 10891: 10884: 10876: 10872: 10864: 10857: 10849: 10845: 10839:Schumann (2003) 10837: 10833: 10825: 10821: 10815:Hamilton (2000) 10813: 10809: 10801: 10797: 10789: 10785: 10777: 10770: 10762: 10758: 10750: 10746: 10740:Gombrich (1988) 10738: 10734: 10726: 10722: 10716:Dhammika (n.d.) 10714: 10710: 10704:Hirakawa (1990) 10702: 10695: 10687: 10683: 10675: 10671: 10663: 10659: 10651: 10640: 10634:Hirakawa (1990) 10632: 10628: 10620: 10616: 10608: 10604: 10596: 10592: 10584: 10580: 10572: 10565: 10559:Nakamura (1980) 10557: 10553: 10545: 10541: 10533: 10526: 10518: 10514: 10504: 10502: 10493: 10492: 10485: 10475: 10473: 10471: 10453: 10446: 10436: 10434: 10421: 10420: 10411: 10403: 10399: 10391: 10387: 10379: 10375: 10367: 10363: 10355: 10351: 10343: 10339: 10331: 10327: 10317: 10315: 10314:. 13 March 2015 10312:British Library 10306: 10305: 10301: 10293: 10289: 10281: 10277: 10269: 10265: 10257: 10253: 10245: 10241: 10233: 10229: 10219: 10217: 10204: 10203: 10199: 10194: 10190: 10180: 10178: 10174: 10163: 10154: 10150: 10142: 10135: 10125: 10123: 10116: 10100: 10096: 10082: 10078: 10070: 10066: 10060:Bronkhorst 2011 10058: 10051: 10043: 10036: 10028: 10021: 10013: 10006: 9998: 9991: 9983: 9979: 9971: 9967: 9959: 9955: 9947: 9943: 9935: 9931: 9925:Nakamura (1980) 9923: 9919: 9909: 9907: 9896: 9892: 9884: 9880: 9872: 9868: 9858: 9856: 9829: 9825: 9817: 9813: 9801: 9797: 9787: 9785: 9758: 9749: 9743:Gombrich (1988) 9741: 9734: 9700: 9696: 9688: 9681: 9673: 9669: 9661: 9657: 9649: 9645: 9637: 9633: 9624: 9622: 9618: 9611: 9603: 9599: 9593:Gombrich (2013) 9591: 9587: 9577: 9575: 9560: 9553: 9545: 9541: 9535:Schumann (2003) 9533: 9529: 9519: 9517: 9498: 9494: 9447: 9443: 9435: 9431: 9425:Gombrich (2000) 9423: 9419: 9413:Gombrich (1992) 9411: 9407: 9399: 9395: 9387: 9380: 9372: 9368: 9360: 9356: 9350:Schumann (2003) 9348: 9344: 9340:, p. 1061. 9336: 9325: 9312: 9308: 9303:Wayback Machine 9282: 9278: 9268: 9266: 9251: 9247: 9239: 9235: 9227: 9223: 9219:, pp. 1–5. 9217:Schumann (2003) 9215: 9211: 9203: 9199: 9191: 9187: 9179: 9175: 9169:Karetzky (2000) 9167: 9160: 9153: 9139: 9135: 9129:Willemen (2009) 9127: 9123: 9115: 9111: 9103: 9099: 9091: 9087: 9079: 9075: 9065: 9063: 9054: 9053: 9049: 9039: 9037: 9030: 9014: 9010: 9000: 8998: 8991: 8975: 8971: 8961: 8959: 8944: 8943: 8939: 8933:Dhammika (1993) 8931: 8922: 8912: 8910: 8897: 8896: 8892: 8885: 8869: 8865: 8855: 8853: 8846: 8830: 8826: 8814: 8813: 8804: 8803: 8796: 8794: 8787: 8761: 8754: 8746: 8739: 8731: 8727: 8684:Witzel, Michael 8681: 8677: 8669: 8665: 8660: 8656: 8645: 8643: 8636: 8613: 8609: 8600: 8598: 8594: 8587: 8579: 8575: 8566: 8562: 8557:Wayback Machine 8547: 8543: 8535: 8528: 8520: 8516: 8510:Hultzsch (1925) 8508: 8504: 8496: 8487: 8479: 8470: 8459: 8455: 8444: 8440: 8430: 8428: 8413: 8409: 8401: 8397: 8389: 8380: 8372: 8365: 8355: 8353: 8346: 8330: 8323: 8315: 8311: 8302: 8298: 8290: 8286: 8278: 8274: 8266: 8262: 8254: 8250: 8242: 8233: 8227:Laumakis (2008) 8225: 8221: 8213: 8209: 8201: 8197: 8189: 8182: 8174: 8170: 8162: 8158: 8142: 8112: 8088: 8070: 8066: 8058: 8054: 8046: 8042: 8034: 8023: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 8000: 7995: 7991: 7986: 7982: 7977: 7973: 7968: 7964: 7959: 7955: 7947: 7943: 7937: 7933: 7927: 7923: 7906: 7902: 7880: 7876: 7860:Indian Buddhism 7846: 7842: 7795: 7791: 7776: 7768: 7766: 7762: 7756: 7752: 7738:Mo-ho chih-kuan 7732:, Kamalasila's 7723: 7709: 7705: 7700: 7696: 7692:consciousness!" 7690: 7686: 7674: 7670: 7664: 7660: 7646:suukara-paadika 7639: 7635: 7607: 7603: 7598:Anderson (1999) 7595: 7589: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7560: 7556: 7526: 7522: 7513: 7509: 7484: 7480: 7469: 7454: 7432:Geoffrey Samuel 7429: 7425: 7415: 7411: 7387: 7383: 7377: 7373: 7350: 7346: 7338: 7334: 7320:Geoffrey Samuel 7318: 7316: 7306: 7302: 7291: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7283: 7279: 7268: 7263:Rummindei Edict 7256: 7252: 7241: 7240: 7236: 7223: 7219: 7213: 7204: 7200: 7181: 7142:, p. 164)) 7135: 7130:Rummindei Edict 7090: 7050: 7037: 7013: 7009: 6992: 6988: 6935: 6928: 6917: 6895: 6877: 6865: 6841: 6833: 6809: 6805: 6804: 6800: 6783: 6779: 6759: 6752: 6724: 6715: 6699:Huntington 1986 6691:Huntington 1986 6679:Srivastava 1980 6675:Srivastava 1979 6622:, p. 114; 6609: 6608: 6603:), was born." ( 6578: 6565: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6482: 6448: 6359: 6306: 6184:Daibutsu Kaigen 6174: 6128: 6122: 6117: 6110: 6102: 6092: 6083: 6080: 6071: 6064: 6055: 6052: 6043: 6040: 6031: 6028: 6019: 6016: 6007: 6004: 5995: 5992: 5983: 5980: 5971: 5964: 5955: 5948: 5935: 5926: 5919: 5910: 5903: 5894: 5887: 5878: 5874: 5860: 5851: 5840:Avalokiteshvara 5832: 5823: 5819: 5809: 5800: 5793: 5784: 5776: 5770: 5761: 5754: 5745: 5738: 5729: 5724:Seated Buddha, 5722: 5713: 5710: 5701: 5697: 5691: 5682: 5675: 5666: 5663: 5654: 5651: 5642: 5635: 5626: 5623: 5614: 5608: 5599: 5588: 5579: 5571:Berenike Buddha 5566: 5557: 5554: 5545: 5534: 5525: 5522: 5513: 5506: 5500: 5491: 5488: 5479: 5476: 5467: 5464: 5455: 5452: 5443: 5440: 5431: 5428: 5419: 5416: 5407: 5391:Hellenistic art 5348: 5336:Main articles: 5334: 5301:In the ancient 5277: 5275:Other religions 5232: 5220:Main articles: 5218: 5127: 5089: 5083:Hindu synthesis 5079: 5054: 5049: 5043: 4988: 4982: 4963:Saleyyaka Sutta 4933:Dīghajāṇu Sutta 4919:Dīghajāṇu Sutta 4894: 4839: 4823:contract theory 4798:Vasettha sutta 4736:Majjhima Nikaya 4732:Samyutta Nikaya 4715: 4710: 4681: 4574: 4556: 4550: 4487:. According to 4457: 4419:and awareness ( 4317: 4309:Main articles: 4280: 4177: 4125: 4065: 4050:is dictated by 3986: 3974:Richard Salomon 3960:Majjhima Nikaya 3955:Bhikkhu Analayo 3916:five aggregates 3912:six sense bases 3878: 3861: 3856: 3850: 3803: 3793: 3746:Mahaparinibbana 3666:Mahaparinirvana 3650:Mahaparinibbana 3645:Mahaparinibbana 3601: 3512: 3473: 3406:chief disciples 3297: 3179:Udaka Ramaputta 3123: 3082:and suffering ( 3025:self-indulgence 2986:is the path to 2949:Udaka Ramaputta 2899:Miracle of the 2837: 2827: 2701:Vinaya and the 2651: 2645: 2383:Mayadevi Temple 2360: 2342:Jātakaṭṭhakathā 2287: 2275:Karen Armstrong 2267:Jain scriptures 2219:Mahayana sutras 2215:Bhikkhu Analayo 2141: 2136: 2103: 2101:Greater Magadha 2097: 2052:Makkhali Gosāla 2013: 2001:Greater Magadha 1972: 1962: 1957: 1944: 1937: 1930: 1926: 1919: 1915: 1886: 1850: 1845: 1710: 1690: 1673: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1600:, "Sage of the 1585: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1547: 1512: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1376:The Blessed one 1361: 1323: 1313: 1270: 1255: 1219: 1203: 1182: 1159:Mahayana sutras 1090:sense restraint 1019:in what is now 950: 910: 903: 902: 793: 783: 782: 733: 723: 722: 688: 678: 677: 583: 573: 572: 543:Mahayana Sutras 523: 513: 512: 453:Five Aggregates 431: 430: 410: 409: 400:Later Buddhists 365: 221: 220:Gautama Buddha 201: 178: 142: 132: 128: 117: 114:Shakya Republic 107: 104: 100: 99: 84: 76: 50: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 22004: 21994: 21993: 21988: 21986:Indian princes 21983: 21978: 21973: 21968: 21963: 21958: 21953: 21948: 21943: 21938: 21933: 21928: 21923: 21918: 21913: 21908: 21903: 21898: 21893: 21888: 21883: 21878: 21873: 21871:Gautama Buddha 21856: 21855: 21853: 21852: 21842: 21831: 21828: 21827: 21825: 21824: 21823: 21822: 21812: 21807: 21802: 21801: 21800: 21790: 21789: 21788: 21783: 21778: 21768: 21763: 21758: 21753: 21748: 21743: 21738: 21737: 21736: 21731: 21709: 21708: 21707: 21702: 21697: 21692: 21687: 21677: 21672: 21667: 21662: 21661: 21660: 21650: 21649: 21648: 21643: 21638: 21633: 21626:Core teachings 21623: 21617: 21614: 21613: 21609:Gautama Buddha 21601: 21600: 21593: 21586: 21578: 21569: 21568: 21566: 21565: 21553: 21542: 21539: 21538: 21536: 21535: 21530: 21525: 21520: 21515: 21510: 21505: 21499: 21497: 21491: 21490: 21488: 21487: 21482: 21477: 21472: 21467: 21462: 21457: 21452: 21447: 21442: 21437: 21436: 21435: 21430: 21420: 21414: 21412: 21406: 21405: 21403: 21402: 21401: 21400: 21395: 21385: 21380: 21375: 21370: 21365: 21360: 21355: 21350: 21345: 21340: 21335: 21329: 21327: 21321: 21320: 21318: 21317: 21312: 21307: 21306: 21305: 21300: 21295: 21290: 21285: 21275: 21270: 21265: 21260: 21255: 21254: 21253: 21248: 21243: 21238: 21233: 21223: 21218: 21213: 21212: 21211: 21201: 21196: 21191: 21186: 21185: 21184: 21179: 21174: 21169: 21164: 21154: 21149: 21144: 21139: 21134: 21129: 21124: 21123: 21122: 21120:Greco-Buddhist 21112: 21111: 21110: 21105: 21100: 21095: 21090: 21085: 21080: 21075: 21074: 21073: 21071:Burmese pagoda 21063: 21058: 21053: 21048: 21043: 21038: 21027: 21025: 21019: 21018: 21016: 21015: 21010: 21005: 21000: 20995: 20990: 20985: 20980: 20975: 20970: 20965: 20960: 20955: 20950: 20945: 20940: 20935: 20929: 20927: 20921: 20920: 20918: 20917: 20912: 20907: 20902: 20897: 20892: 20887: 20882: 20877: 20872: 20867: 20862: 20861: 20860: 20853:Greco-Buddhism 20850: 20845: 20844: 20843: 20833: 20828: 20823: 20818: 20812: 20810: 20804: 20803: 20801: 20800: 20799: 20798: 20793: 20788: 20786:United Kingdom 20783: 20778: 20773: 20768: 20763: 20758: 20753: 20748: 20743: 20738: 20733: 20731:Czech Republic 20728: 20723: 20718: 20713: 20708: 20698: 20697: 20696: 20691: 20681: 20680: 20679: 20669: 20668: 20667: 20662: 20652: 20647: 20642: 20637: 20632: 20627: 20622: 20621: 20620: 20610: 20605: 20595: 20590: 20585: 20580: 20575: 20570: 20565: 20560: 20555: 20550: 20545: 20540: 20535: 20530: 20525: 20520: 20515: 20509: 20507: 20501: 20500: 20498: 20497: 20495:Abhidharmadīpa 20492: 20485: 20480: 20475: 20468: 20463: 20458: 20453: 20448: 20443: 20437: 20435: 20429: 20428: 20426: 20425: 20420: 20415: 20413:B. R. Ambedkar 20410: 20405: 20400: 20395: 20390: 20385: 20380: 20375: 20370: 20365: 20360: 20355: 20350: 20345: 20340: 20335: 20333:Songtsen Gampo 20330: 20325: 20320: 20315: 20310: 20305: 20300: 20295: 20290: 20285: 20280: 20275: 20270: 20264: 20262: 20256: 20255: 20253: 20252: 20247: 20246: 20245: 20235: 20230: 20225: 20220: 20215: 20210: 20209: 20208: 20198: 20193: 20188: 20183: 20178: 20173: 20168: 20163: 20158: 20153: 20148: 20143: 20137: 20135: 20129: 20128: 20126: 20125: 20124: 20123: 20118: 20113: 20108: 20098: 20093: 20088: 20083: 20077: 20075: 20069: 20068: 20066: 20065: 20060: 20059: 20058: 20048: 20047: 20046: 20041: 20036: 20026: 20025: 20024: 20019: 20014: 20012:Eight precepts 20009: 19999: 19998: 19997: 19992: 19987: 19982: 19972: 19971: 19970: 19960: 19955: 19950: 19949: 19948: 19943: 19938: 19928: 19923: 19918: 19913: 19908: 19907: 19906: 19901: 19891: 19886: 19885: 19884: 19879: 19874: 19869: 19864: 19859: 19854: 19849: 19844: 19839: 19834: 19824: 19819: 19814: 19809: 19800: 19790: 19785: 19783:Five Strengths 19780: 19775: 19770: 19765: 19760: 19755: 19750: 19749: 19748: 19743: 19738: 19733: 19723: 19718: 19712: 19710: 19704: 19703: 19701: 19700: 19695: 19690: 19685: 19680: 19675: 19674: 19673: 19668: 19663: 19658: 19648: 19647: 19646: 19641: 19636: 19631: 19626: 19621: 19616: 19611: 19610: 19609: 19604: 19599: 19594: 19578: 19576: 19570: 19569: 19567: 19566: 19561: 19560: 19559: 19554: 19549: 19544: 19539: 19534: 19524: 19518: 19516: 19510: 19509: 19507: 19506: 19501: 19500: 19499: 19494: 19489: 19479: 19474: 19469: 19464: 19459: 19454: 19449: 19444: 19439: 19434: 19429: 19424: 19422:Mental factors 19419: 19414: 19409: 19404: 19399: 19394: 19389: 19384: 19379: 19374: 19369: 19363: 19361: 19355: 19354: 19352: 19351: 19346: 19341: 19336: 19331: 19326: 19321: 19316: 19311: 19306: 19301: 19296: 19291: 19286: 19281: 19276: 19274:Mahamoggallāna 19271: 19266: 19261: 19255: 19253: 19247: 19246: 19244: 19243: 19238: 19233: 19228: 19223: 19218: 19213: 19208: 19203: 19198: 19197: 19196: 19189:Avalokiteśvara 19185: 19183: 19177: 19176: 19174: 19173: 19168: 19163: 19162: 19161: 19153: 19145: 19137: 19129: 19121: 19113: 19100: 19095: 19090: 19085: 19080: 19075: 19070: 19065: 19060: 19055: 19050: 19045: 19039: 19037: 19031: 19030: 19028: 19027: 19022: 19017: 19012: 19011: 19010: 19005: 19000: 18990: 18984: 18982: 18976: 18975: 18973: 18972: 18967: 18962: 18951: 18948: 18947: 18928: 18927: 18920: 18913: 18905: 18896: 18895: 18883: 18880: 18879: 18870: 18867: 18866: 18864: 18863: 18858: 18853: 18848: 18843: 18838: 18833: 18828: 18823: 18818: 18813: 18808: 18803: 18798: 18793: 18788: 18783: 18778: 18773: 18768: 18763: 18758: 18753: 18748: 18743: 18738: 18733: 18728: 18722: 18719: 18718: 18711: 18710: 18703: 18696: 18688: 18680: 18679: 18674: 18671: 18658: 18653: 18649: 18648: 18647:Regnal titles 18644: 18643: 18638: 18635: 18630: 18627:Kassapa Buddha 18625: 18621: 18620: 18612: 18611: 18596: 18587: 18578: 18569: 18558: 18557:External links 18555: 18554: 18553: 18547: 18527: 18509: 18508: 18499: 18482:Early Buddhism 18479: 18478: 18472: 18457: 18451: 18436: 18424: 18418:, ed. (1996). 18416:Bechert, Heinz 18406: 18405: 18388: 18383: 18366: 18360: 18345: 18340: 18322:Singh, Upinder 18318: 18309: 18295: 18286: 18280: 18265: 18256: 18245: 18234: 18225: 18220: 18207: 18187: 18164: 18161: 18159: 18158: 18128:(3): 367–394. 18113: 18093: 18075: 18066: 18060: 18047: 18020: 18002: 17989: 17971: 17966: 17953: 17948: 17933: 17921: 17909: 17890:10.1086/462628 17884:(3): 185–203, 17873: 17850: 17841: 17835: 17818: 17809: 17807:on 3 June 2011 17792: 17778:(2): 193–210. 17760: 17751: 17746: 17733: 17728: 17715: 17690: 17660: 17633: 17628: 17613: 17608: 17595: 17586: 17577: 17572: 17555: 17546: 17541: 17521: 17519:, Oxford-Wiley 17512: 17501: 17493: 17480:(1): 103–110, 17465: 17452: 17428: 17400: 17368:(2): 297–317, 17350: 17341: 17336: 17323: 17314: 17284: 17257: 17245: 17226: 17198: 17180: 17171: 17162: 17153: 17118: 17101: 17082: 17076: 17056: 17043: 17031: 17022: 17013: 16996:(3/4): 19–50, 16985: 16979: 16966: 16953:(1): 187–201, 16938: 16933: 16920: 16915: 16897: 16892: 16879: 16862: 16831: 16804: 16778:(1): 131–151, 16758: 16735: 16725:Marshall, John 16721: 16712: 16707: 16692: 16670: 16649: 16641: 16636: 16619: 16610: 16605: 16592: 16575: 16569:, SUNY Press, 16560: 16551: 16546: 16533: 16527: 16514: 16505: 16496: 16462: 16449: 16438: 16427: 16418: 16401: 16382: 16355: 16344: 16327: 16300: 16283: 16265: 16261:Bechert (1991) 16252: 16243: 16238: 16225: 16216: 16191: 16182: 16165: 16150: 16132: 16117: 16107: 16098: 16093:Bechert (1992) 16088: 16079: 16074: 16061: 16038: 16029: 16020: 16002: 15987: 15981: 15964: 15953: 15948: 15932: 15923: 15911: 15892: 15887: 15871:, ed. (1993), 15869:Doniger, Wendy 15865: 15855: 15840: 15826: 15813: 15807: 15791: 15786: 15773: 15768: 15755: 15726: 15665: 15639: 15634: 15621: 15603: 15588: 15579: 15562: 15547: 15542: 15529: 15524: 15511: 15502: 15478: 15466: 15454: 15449: 15434: 15410: 15401: 15392: 15365: 15344: 15322: 15321: 15320: 15307: 15290:Bechert, Heinz 15286: 15272: 15254: 15239: 15230: 15221: 15210: 15205: 15192: 15183: 15162: 15144: 15138: 15125: 15119: 15106: 15079: 15066: 15057: 15036: 15027: 15004: 14988: 14979: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14961: 14942: 14911: 14890: 14883: 14863: 14851: 14839: 14827: 14815: 14783: 14770: 14758: 14746: 14734: 14721: 14701: 14672: 14660: 14648: 14629: 14609: 14578: 14563: 14542: 14521: 14500: 14479: 14449: 14430: 14410: 14396: 14378: 14343: 14341:, p. 243. 14339:Doniger (1993) 14331: 14319: 14307: 14295: 14280: 14268: 14256: 14244: 14223: 14210: 14198: 14196:, p. 263. 14194:Anālayo (2011) 14186: 14174: 14162: 14160:, p. 110. 14150: 14148:, p. 124. 14138: 14128: 14119: 14117:, p. 109. 14107: 14095: 14035: 14028: 14010: 13997: 13988: 13965: 13953: 13941: 13929: 13903: 13901:, p. 119. 13891: 13879: 13870: 13858: 13843: 13831: 13822: 13820:, p. 107. 13810: 13798: 13796:, p. xxx. 13786: 13774: 13762: 13747: 13728: 13715: 13699: 13687: 13675: 13663: 13661:, p. 147. 13651: 13649:, inside flap. 13634: 13632:, p. vii. 13619: 13600: 13588: 13573: 13558: 13555:. p. 267. 13539: 13527: 13512: 13495: 13483: 13471: 13459: 13447: 13435: 13423: 13411: 13399: 13397:, p. 157. 13387: 13365: 13363:, p. 165. 13353: 13349:Anālayo (2015) 13341: 13339:, p. 189. 13337:Anālayo (2011) 13329: 13314: 13302: 13290: 13288:, p. 164. 13278: 13266: 13254: 13242: 13240:, p. 229. 13230: 13218: 13206: 13194: 13182: 13180:, p. 139. 13170: 13158: 13156:, p. 148. 13146: 13134: 13122: 13110: 13097: 13084: 13072: 13060: 13048: 13046:, p. 138. 13031: 13019: 13007: 12995: 12988: 12968: 12956: 12954:, p. 256. 12944: 12932: 12920: 12907: 12895: 12880: 12878:, p. 131. 12863: 12848: 12815: 12796: 12777: 12757: 12755:, p. 114. 12745: 12743:, p. 135. 12733: 12721: 12709: 12697: 12685: 12673: 12661: 12649: 12618: 12606: 12594: 12582: 12551: 12549:, p. 891. 12547:Anālayo (2011) 12539: 12524: 12500: 12488: 12457: 12455:, p. 331. 12445: 12443:, p. 330. 12433: 12431:, p. 327. 12421: 12419:, p. 324. 12409: 12397: 12395:, p. 183. 12385: 12383:, p. 112. 12373: 12371:, p. 250. 12361: 12359:, p. 178. 12346: 12344:, p. 249. 12331: 12329:, p. 176. 12319: 12307: 12276: 12264: 12233: 12231:, p. 246. 12221: 12219:, p. 244. 12209: 12197: 12185: 12181:Anālayo (2014) 12173: 12171:, p. 165. 12161: 12159:, p. 239. 12149: 12147:, p. 280. 12137: 12118: 12116:, p. 237. 12106: 12104:, p. 236. 12094: 12092:, p. 257. 12082: 12080:, p. 198. 12078:Anālayo (2011) 12070: 12068:, p. 232. 12058: 12056:, p. 215. 12046: 12031: 12019: 12007: 12005:, p. 134. 11995: 11993:, p. 127. 11991:Anālayo (2016) 11983: 11979:Anālayo (2016) 11971: 11959: 11955:Anālayo (2016) 11947: 11943:Anālayo (2016) 11935: 11931:Anālayo (2016) 11923: 11921:, p. 136. 11908: 11896: 11894:, p. 122. 11884: 11872: 11860: 11858:, p. 119. 11848: 11836: 11824: 11801: 11799:, p. 132. 11789: 11787:, p. 231. 11774: 11772:, p. 131. 11762: 11750: 11748:, p. 115. 11738: 11726: 11714: 11702: 11700:, p. 113. 11690: 11688:, p. 110. 11678: 11666: 11664:, p. 185. 11662:Anālayo (2011) 11651: 11636: 11605: 11603:, p. 183. 11601:Anālayo (2011) 11593: 11591:, p. 182. 11589:Anālayo (2011) 11581: 11569: 11557: 11545: 11533: 11521: 11519:, p. 178. 11517:Anālayo (2011) 11506: 11476: 11443: 11412: 11400: 11388: 11386:, p. 243. 11384:Anālayo (2011) 11376: 11342: 11312: 11310:, p. 240. 11308:Anālayo (2011) 11297: 11295:, p. 236. 11293:Anālayo (2011) 11282: 11278:Anālayo (2011) 11270: 11258: 11246: 11234: 11222: 11220:, p. 175. 11218:Anālayo (2011) 11210: 11198: 11186: 11174: 11162: 11150: 11138: 11126: 11114: 11102: 11090: 11078: 11066: 11054: 11042: 11030: 11018: 11003: 11001:, p. 322. 10991: 10976: 10964: 10952: 10940: 10938:, p. 173. 10936:Anālayo (2011) 10928: 10916: 10904: 10882: 10880:, p. 170. 10878:Anālayo (2011) 10870: 10855: 10843: 10831: 10829:, p. 139. 10819: 10807: 10795: 10783: 10768: 10756: 10754:, p. 146. 10744: 10732: 10720: 10708: 10693: 10681: 10669: 10657: 10638: 10626: 10614: 10602: 10590: 10578: 10563: 10551: 10547:Trainor (2010) 10539: 10524: 10522:, p. 436. 10512: 10483: 10469: 10444: 10409: 10397: 10385: 10373: 10361: 10349: 10337: 10325: 10299: 10287: 10275: 10273:, p. xii. 10263: 10251: 10247:Skilton (2004) 10239: 10227: 10197: 10188: 10148: 10144:Anālayo (2006) 10133: 10114: 10094: 10076: 10064: 10049: 10034: 10019: 10004: 10002:, p. 169. 9989: 9977: 9965: 9953: 9941: 9929: 9917: 9890: 9886:Collins (2009) 9878: 9876:, p. 268. 9866: 9843:(1): 100–114. 9823: 9811: 9795: 9772:(2): 145–180. 9747: 9732: 9694: 9679: 9667: 9655: 9643: 9631: 9597: 9585: 9551: 9539: 9527: 9492: 9441: 9429: 9417: 9405: 9401:Prebish (2008) 9393: 9378: 9366: 9354: 9342: 9323: 9306: 9276: 9245: 9233: 9231:, p. 352. 9229:Buswell (2003) 9221: 9209: 9197: 9195:, p. 177. 9193:Swearer (2004) 9185: 9173: 9171:, p. xxi. 9158: 9151: 9133: 9121: 9109: 9097: 9085: 9081:Schober (2002) 9073: 9062:on 27 May 2017 9047: 9028: 9008: 8989: 8969: 8937: 8920: 8903:Dictionary.com 8890: 8883: 8863: 8844: 8824: 8815:|journal= 8785: 8752: 8737: 8725: 8675: 8663: 8654: 8634: 8607: 8573: 8567:Peter Harvey, 8560: 8541: 8526: 8524:, p. 230. 8514: 8512:, p. 164. 8502: 8498:Fogelin (2015) 8485: 8468: 8453: 8438: 8407: 8405:, p. 817. 8395: 8378: 8363: 8344: 8321: 8319:, p. 398. 8309: 8296: 8294:, p. 1–7. 8284: 8272: 8260: 8248: 8231: 8219: 8207: 8195: 8180: 8168: 8156: 8154: 8153: 8140: 8123: 8110: 8095: 8086: 8064: 8060:Prebish (2008) 8052: 8040: 8036:Cousins (1996) 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8007: 7998: 7989: 7980: 7971: 7962: 7953: 7941: 7931: 7921: 7919: 7918: 7915: 7912: 7900: 7898: 7897: 7874: 7872: 7871: 7867: 7840: 7838: 7837: 7825: 7809: 7789: 7760: 7750: 7730:Abhidharmakosa 7720:Vāsiṣṭha-sūtra 7703: 7694: 7684: 7668: 7658: 7654:suukaramaddava 7644:, "pig-bulb"; 7633: 7631: 7630: 7627: 7624: 7621: 7618: 7615: 7612: 7601: 7554: 7520: 7507: 7478: 7452: 7423: 7409: 7397:Mohāpātra 2000 7394:Mahāpātra 1977 7381: 7371: 7369: 7368: 7358: 7344: 7332: 7300: 7277: 7275:, p. 164) 7273:Hultzsch (1925 7269: 260 BCE 7250: 7234: 7217: 7198: 7196: 7195: 7194: 7193: 7160: 7151: 7150: 7146: 7145: 7144: 7143: 7140:Hultzsch (1925 7136: 260 BCE 7099:Fogelin (2015) 7097:, p. 8), 7080: 7071: 7070: 7066: 7065: 7064: 7063: 7007: 6998: 6997: 6986: 6984: 6983: 6977: 6965: 6959: 6926: 6798: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6771:Michael Witzel 6767: 6742: 6735: 6732: 6713: 6703: 6702: 6673:, p. 18; 6659: 6649: 6642:, p. 436 6620:Mohāpātra 2000 6616:Mahāpātra 1977 6563: 6561: 6560: 6554: 6548: 6525:lotus position 6515: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6461: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6430: 6418: 6406: 6391: 6382: 6380:B. R. Ambedkar 6371: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6353: 6337: 6321: 6320:as the Buddha. 6305: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6287:B. R. Ambedkar 6278: 6270: 6267:Gautama Buddha 6263:Allani Sridhar 6254: 6242: 6234: 6218: 6202: 6190: 6167: 6147: 6124:Main article: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6115:In other media 6113: 6112: 6111: 6105:–6th century. 6093: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6074: 6072: 6065: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6010: 6008: 6005: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5974: 5972: 5965: 5958: 5956: 5949: 1100 CE 5936: 5929: 5927: 5920: 5913: 5911: 5904: 5897: 5895: 5888: 5881: 5879: 5861: 5854: 5852: 5834:Seated Buddha 5833: 5826: 5824: 5810: 5803: 5801: 5794: 5787: 5785: 5771: 5764: 5762: 5755: 5748: 5746: 5739: 5732: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5704: 5702: 5692: 5685: 5683: 5676: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5645: 5643: 5639:Kushan dynasty 5636: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5617: 5615: 5609: 5602: 5600: 5589: 5582: 5580: 5567: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5548: 5546: 5535: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5516: 5514: 5511:Art of Mathura 5501: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5410: 5406: 5403: 5333: 5330: 5276: 5273: 5217: 5214: 5183:al-Shahrastani 5126: 5123: 5075:Main article: 5053: 5050: 5045:Main article: 5042: 5039: 5033:Lakkhaṇa Sutta 4984:Main article: 4981: 4978: 4893: 4890: 4838: 4835: 4780:ritual bathing 4748:Gayatri mantra 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4680: 4677: 4621: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4552:Main article: 4549: 4546: 4456: 4453: 4395:indriyasamvara 4279: 4276: 4176: 4173: 4136:Ye Dharma Hetu 4124: 4121: 4064: 4061: 3985: 3982: 3969:Madhyama Agama 3874:Main article: 3860: 3859:Core teachings 3857: 3849: 3846: 3792: 3789: 3634:Vajjika League 3600: 3596:Last days and 3594: 3511: 3508: 3472: 3469: 3450:stream-enterer 3414:Mahāmoggallāna 3317:Gangetic Plain 3296: 3293: 3200:, also called 3122: 3119: 3048:sammā-sambodhi 2957:breath control 2826: 2823: 2644: 2641: 2472:white elephant 2450:, his mother, 2435:), was born." 2366:A map showing 2359: 2356: 2286: 2285:Previous lives 2283: 2271:Indian history 2161:British Museum 2157:Bimaran Casket 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2111:egalitarianism 2096: 2093: 2048:Pūraṇa Kassapa 2012: 2009: 1973: 500 BCE 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1949:K. T. S. Sarao 1945: 380 BCE 1938: 400 BCE 1931: 460 BCE 1920: 492 BCE 1885: 1882: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1709: 1706: 1689: 1686: 1674: 100 BCE 1586: 250 BCE 1573: 1572: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1508:Main article: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1459: 1458: 1442: 1431: 1421: 1415: 1405: 1397: 1391: 1385:Sammasambuddho 1382: 1360: 1359:Other epithets 1357: 1312: 1309: 1202: 1199: 1181: 1178: 1143:oral tradition 1076:that includes 1029:monastic order 952: 951: 949: 948: 941: 934: 926: 923: 922: 921: 920: 905: 904: 901: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 794: 789: 788: 785: 784: 781: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 734: 729: 728: 725: 724: 721: 720: 715: 710: 708:Pratyekabuddha 705: 700: 695: 689: 684: 683: 680: 679: 676: 675: 670: 665: 663:Buddhist chant 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 584: 579: 578: 575: 574: 571: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 524: 521:Buddhist texts 519: 518: 515: 514: 511: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 449: 448: 438: 432: 429: 428: 423: 417: 416: 415: 412: 411: 408: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 366: 361: 360: 357: 356: 355: 354: 349: 344: 336: 335: 327: 326: 320: 319: 307: 306: 303: 302: 299: 298: 291: 285: 284: 280: 279: 272: 266: 265: 261: 260: 257: 256: 253: 252: 247: 243: 242: 240:Kassapa Buddha 237: 233: 232: 231:Senior posting 228: 227: 218: 214: 213: 207: 206:Known for 203: 202: 200: 199: 193: 186: 184: 180: 179: 177: 176: 170: 168: 164: 163: 158: 154: 153: 148: 144: 143: 139:Malla republic 133: 123: 119: 118: 108: 97: 95: 91: 90: 86: 85: 60: 52: 51: 48: 26: 18:Gautama Buddha 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 22003: 21992: 21989: 21987: 21984: 21982: 21979: 21977: 21974: 21972: 21969: 21967: 21964: 21962: 21959: 21957: 21954: 21952: 21949: 21947: 21944: 21942: 21939: 21937: 21934: 21932: 21929: 21927: 21924: 21922: 21919: 21917: 21914: 21912: 21909: 21907: 21904: 21902: 21899: 21897: 21894: 21892: 21889: 21887: 21884: 21882: 21879: 21877: 21874: 21872: 21869: 21868: 21866: 21851: 21843: 21841: 21833: 21832: 21829: 21821: 21818: 21817: 21816: 21813: 21811: 21808: 21806: 21803: 21799: 21796: 21795: 21794: 21793:Buddha in art 21791: 21787: 21784: 21782: 21779: 21777: 21774: 21773: 21772: 21769: 21767: 21764: 21762: 21759: 21757: 21754: 21752: 21749: 21747: 21744: 21742: 21739: 21735: 21732: 21730: 21726: 21722: 21718: 21715: 21714: 21713: 21710: 21706: 21703: 21701: 21698: 21696: 21693: 21691: 21688: 21686: 21683: 21682: 21681: 21678: 21676: 21673: 21671: 21668: 21666: 21663: 21659: 21656: 21655: 21654: 21651: 21647: 21644: 21642: 21639: 21637: 21634: 21632: 21629: 21628: 21627: 21624: 21622: 21619: 21618: 21615: 21610: 21606: 21599: 21594: 21592: 21587: 21585: 21580: 21579: 21576: 21564: 21559: 21554: 21552: 21544: 21543: 21540: 21534: 21531: 21529: 21526: 21524: 21521: 21519: 21516: 21514: 21511: 21509: 21506: 21504: 21501: 21500: 21498: 21496: 21492: 21486: 21483: 21481: 21478: 21476: 21473: 21471: 21468: 21466: 21463: 21461: 21458: 21456: 21453: 21451: 21448: 21446: 21443: 21441: 21438: 21434: 21431: 21429: 21426: 21425: 21424: 21421: 21419: 21416: 21415: 21413: 21411: 21407: 21399: 21396: 21394: 21391: 21390: 21389: 21386: 21384: 21381: 21379: 21376: 21374: 21371: 21369: 21366: 21364: 21361: 21359: 21356: 21354: 21351: 21349: 21346: 21344: 21341: 21339: 21336: 21334: 21331: 21330: 21328: 21326: 21325:Miscellaneous 21322: 21316: 21315:Vegetarianism 21313: 21311: 21308: 21304: 21301: 21299: 21296: 21294: 21291: 21289: 21286: 21284: 21281: 21280: 21279: 21276: 21274: 21271: 21269: 21266: 21264: 21261: 21259: 21256: 21252: 21249: 21247: 21244: 21242: 21239: 21237: 21234: 21232: 21229: 21228: 21227: 21224: 21222: 21219: 21217: 21214: 21210: 21207: 21206: 21205: 21202: 21200: 21197: 21195: 21192: 21190: 21187: 21183: 21180: 21178: 21175: 21173: 21170: 21168: 21165: 21163: 21160: 21159: 21158: 21155: 21153: 21150: 21148: 21145: 21143: 21140: 21138: 21137:Buddha in art 21135: 21133: 21130: 21128: 21125: 21121: 21118: 21117: 21116: 21113: 21109: 21106: 21104: 21101: 21099: 21096: 21094: 21091: 21089: 21086: 21084: 21081: 21079: 21076: 21072: 21069: 21068: 21067: 21064: 21062: 21059: 21057: 21054: 21052: 21049: 21047: 21044: 21042: 21039: 21037: 21034: 21033: 21032: 21029: 21028: 21026: 21024: 21020: 21014: 21011: 21009: 21006: 21004: 21001: 20999: 20996: 20994: 20991: 20989: 20986: 20984: 20981: 20979: 20976: 20974: 20971: 20969: 20966: 20964: 20961: 20959: 20956: 20954: 20951: 20949: 20946: 20944: 20941: 20939: 20936: 20934: 20931: 20930: 20928: 20926: 20922: 20916: 20913: 20911: 20908: 20906: 20903: 20901: 20898: 20896: 20893: 20891: 20888: 20886: 20883: 20881: 20878: 20876: 20873: 20871: 20868: 20866: 20863: 20859: 20856: 20855: 20854: 20851: 20849: 20846: 20842: 20839: 20838: 20837: 20834: 20832: 20829: 20827: 20824: 20822: 20819: 20817: 20814: 20813: 20811: 20809: 20805: 20797: 20794: 20792: 20791:United States 20789: 20787: 20784: 20782: 20779: 20777: 20774: 20772: 20769: 20767: 20764: 20762: 20759: 20757: 20754: 20752: 20749: 20747: 20744: 20742: 20739: 20737: 20734: 20732: 20729: 20727: 20724: 20722: 20719: 20717: 20714: 20712: 20709: 20707: 20704: 20703: 20702: 20699: 20695: 20692: 20690: 20687: 20686: 20685: 20682: 20678: 20675: 20674: 20673: 20670: 20666: 20663: 20661: 20658: 20657: 20656: 20653: 20651: 20648: 20646: 20643: 20641: 20638: 20636: 20633: 20631: 20628: 20626: 20623: 20618: 20614: 20611: 20609: 20606: 20604: 20601: 20600: 20599: 20596: 20594: 20591: 20589: 20586: 20584: 20581: 20579: 20576: 20574: 20571: 20569: 20566: 20564: 20561: 20559: 20556: 20554: 20551: 20549: 20546: 20544: 20541: 20539: 20536: 20534: 20531: 20529: 20526: 20524: 20521: 20519: 20516: 20514: 20511: 20510: 20508: 20506: 20502: 20496: 20493: 20491: 20490: 20486: 20484: 20481: 20479: 20476: 20474: 20473: 20469: 20467: 20464: 20462: 20459: 20457: 20454: 20452: 20449: 20447: 20444: 20442: 20439: 20438: 20436: 20434: 20430: 20424: 20421: 20419: 20416: 20414: 20411: 20409: 20406: 20404: 20401: 20399: 20396: 20394: 20391: 20389: 20386: 20384: 20381: 20379: 20376: 20374: 20371: 20369: 20366: 20364: 20361: 20359: 20356: 20354: 20351: 20349: 20348:Padmasambhava 20346: 20344: 20341: 20339: 20336: 20334: 20331: 20329: 20326: 20324: 20321: 20319: 20316: 20314: 20311: 20309: 20306: 20304: 20301: 20299: 20296: 20294: 20291: 20289: 20286: 20284: 20281: 20279: 20276: 20274: 20271: 20269: 20266: 20265: 20263: 20261: 20260:Major figures 20257: 20251: 20248: 20244: 20241: 20240: 20239: 20236: 20234: 20231: 20229: 20226: 20224: 20221: 20219: 20216: 20214: 20211: 20207: 20206:Western tulku 20204: 20203: 20202: 20199: 20197: 20194: 20192: 20189: 20187: 20184: 20182: 20179: 20177: 20174: 20172: 20169: 20167: 20164: 20162: 20159: 20157: 20154: 20152: 20149: 20147: 20144: 20142: 20139: 20138: 20136: 20134: 20130: 20122: 20119: 20117: 20114: 20112: 20109: 20107: 20104: 20103: 20102: 20099: 20097: 20094: 20092: 20089: 20087: 20084: 20082: 20079: 20078: 20076: 20074: 20070: 20064: 20061: 20057: 20054: 20053: 20052: 20049: 20045: 20042: 20040: 20037: 20035: 20032: 20031: 20030: 20027: 20023: 20020: 20018: 20015: 20013: 20010: 20008: 20007:Five precepts 20005: 20004: 20003: 20000: 19996: 19993: 19991: 19988: 19986: 19985:Dhamma vicaya 19983: 19981: 19978: 19977: 19976: 19973: 19969: 19966: 19965: 19964: 19961: 19959: 19956: 19954: 19951: 19947: 19944: 19942: 19939: 19937: 19934: 19933: 19932: 19929: 19927: 19924: 19922: 19919: 19917: 19914: 19912: 19909: 19905: 19902: 19900: 19897: 19896: 19895: 19892: 19890: 19887: 19883: 19880: 19878: 19875: 19873: 19870: 19868: 19865: 19863: 19860: 19858: 19855: 19853: 19850: 19848: 19845: 19843: 19840: 19838: 19835: 19832: 19828: 19825: 19823: 19820: 19818: 19815: 19813: 19810: 19807: 19806: 19801: 19799: 19796: 19795: 19794: 19791: 19789: 19786: 19784: 19781: 19779: 19776: 19774: 19771: 19769: 19766: 19764: 19761: 19759: 19756: 19754: 19753:Buddhābhiṣeka 19751: 19747: 19744: 19742: 19739: 19737: 19734: 19732: 19729: 19728: 19727: 19724: 19722: 19719: 19717: 19714: 19713: 19711: 19709: 19705: 19699: 19696: 19694: 19691: 19689: 19686: 19684: 19681: 19679: 19676: 19672: 19669: 19667: 19664: 19662: 19659: 19657: 19654: 19653: 19652: 19649: 19645: 19642: 19640: 19637: 19635: 19632: 19630: 19627: 19625: 19622: 19620: 19617: 19615: 19612: 19608: 19605: 19603: 19600: 19598: 19595: 19593: 19590: 19589: 19588: 19585: 19584: 19583: 19580: 19579: 19577: 19575: 19571: 19565: 19562: 19558: 19555: 19553: 19550: 19548: 19545: 19543: 19540: 19538: 19535: 19533: 19530: 19529: 19528: 19525: 19523: 19520: 19519: 19517: 19515: 19511: 19505: 19502: 19498: 19495: 19493: 19490: 19488: 19485: 19484: 19483: 19480: 19478: 19475: 19473: 19470: 19468: 19465: 19463: 19460: 19458: 19455: 19453: 19450: 19448: 19445: 19443: 19440: 19438: 19435: 19433: 19430: 19428: 19425: 19423: 19420: 19418: 19415: 19413: 19410: 19408: 19405: 19403: 19400: 19398: 19397:Enlightenment 19395: 19393: 19390: 19388: 19387:Dhamma theory 19385: 19383: 19382:Buddha-nature 19380: 19378: 19375: 19373: 19370: 19368: 19365: 19364: 19362: 19360: 19356: 19350: 19347: 19345: 19342: 19340: 19337: 19335: 19332: 19330: 19327: 19325: 19322: 19320: 19317: 19315: 19312: 19310: 19307: 19305: 19302: 19300: 19297: 19295: 19292: 19290: 19287: 19285: 19282: 19280: 19277: 19275: 19272: 19270: 19267: 19265: 19262: 19260: 19257: 19256: 19254: 19252: 19248: 19242: 19239: 19237: 19234: 19232: 19229: 19227: 19224: 19222: 19221:Samantabhadra 19219: 19217: 19214: 19212: 19209: 19207: 19204: 19202: 19199: 19195: 19192: 19191: 19190: 19187: 19186: 19184: 19182: 19178: 19172: 19169: 19167: 19164: 19160: 19154: 19152: 19146: 19144: 19138: 19136: 19130: 19128: 19122: 19120: 19114: 19112: 19106: 19105: 19104: 19101: 19099: 19096: 19094: 19091: 19089: 19086: 19084: 19081: 19079: 19076: 19074: 19071: 19069: 19066: 19064: 19061: 19059: 19056: 19054: 19051: 19049: 19046: 19044: 19041: 19040: 19038: 19036: 19032: 19026: 19023: 19021: 19018: 19016: 19013: 19009: 19006: 19004: 19001: 18999: 18996: 18995: 18994: 18991: 18989: 18986: 18985: 18983: 18981: 18977: 18971: 18968: 18966: 18963: 18961: 18953: 18952: 18949: 18944: 18939: 18934: 18926: 18921: 18919: 18914: 18912: 18907: 18906: 18903: 18893: 18888: 18881: 18877: 18873: 18868: 18862: 18859: 18857: 18854: 18852: 18849: 18847: 18844: 18842: 18839: 18837: 18834: 18832: 18829: 18827: 18824: 18822: 18819: 18817: 18814: 18812: 18809: 18807: 18804: 18802: 18799: 18797: 18794: 18792: 18789: 18787: 18784: 18782: 18779: 18777: 18774: 18772: 18769: 18767: 18764: 18762: 18759: 18757: 18754: 18752: 18749: 18747: 18744: 18742: 18739: 18737: 18734: 18732: 18729: 18727: 18724: 18723: 18720: 18716: 18709: 18704: 18702: 18697: 18695: 18690: 18689: 18686: 18677: 18670: 18668: 18663: 18656: 18650: 18645: 18641: 18634: 18628: 18622: 18619: 18615: 18610: 18606: 18605: 18600: 18597: 18595: 18591: 18588: 18586: 18582: 18579: 18577: 18573: 18570: 18568: 18564: 18561: 18560: 18550: 18544: 18539: 18538: 18532: 18528: 18524: 18520: 18516: 18515: 18514: 18513: 18505: 18500: 18496: 18495: 18490: 18486: 18485: 18484: 18483: 18475: 18469: 18465: 18464: 18458: 18454: 18448: 18444: 18443: 18437: 18433: 18429: 18425: 18421: 18417: 18413: 18412: 18411: 18410: 18402: 18398: 18394: 18389: 18386: 18380: 18375: 18374: 18367: 18363: 18357: 18353: 18352: 18346: 18343: 18337: 18333: 18329: 18328: 18323: 18319: 18315: 18310: 18306: 18302: 18301: 18296: 18292: 18287: 18283: 18277: 18273: 18272: 18266: 18262: 18257: 18253: 18252: 18246: 18242: 18241: 18240:The Mahāvastu 18235: 18231: 18226: 18223: 18217: 18213: 18208: 18205: 18201: 18197: 18194:(in French), 18193: 18188: 18185: 18181: 18177: 18174:(in French), 18173: 18167: 18166: 18147: 18143: 18139: 18135: 18131: 18127: 18123: 18119: 18114: 18100: 18096: 18090: 18087:, Routledge, 18083: 18082: 18076: 18072: 18067: 18063: 18057: 18054:. Routledge. 18053: 18048: 18044: 18038: 18027: 18023: 18017: 18010: 18009: 18003: 17996: 17992: 17986: 17979: 17978: 17972: 17969: 17963: 17959: 17954: 17951: 17945: 17941: 17940: 17934: 17932: 17931:Wayman (1984) 17927: 17922: 17920: 17919:Wayman (1984) 17915: 17910: 17907: 17903: 17899: 17895: 17891: 17887: 17883: 17879: 17874: 17862: 17858: 17857: 17851: 17847: 17842: 17838: 17832: 17828: 17824: 17819: 17815: 17810: 17806: 17802: 17798: 17793: 17781: 17777: 17773: 17769: 17765: 17761: 17757: 17752: 17749: 17743: 17739: 17734: 17731: 17725: 17721: 17716: 17709: 17705: 17698: 17697: 17691: 17677: 17673: 17672:Ancient Nepal 17666: 17661: 17654: 17650: 17646: 17639: 17634: 17631: 17625: 17621: 17620: 17614: 17611: 17609:0-520-24225-4 17605: 17601: 17596: 17592: 17587: 17583: 17578: 17575: 17569: 17565: 17561: 17556: 17552: 17547: 17544: 17538: 17534: 17530: 17526: 17522: 17518: 17513: 17509: 17508: 17502: 17499: 17494: 17483: 17479: 17475: 17471: 17466: 17462: 17458: 17457:East and West 17453: 17442: 17438: 17434: 17429: 17418: 17414: 17410: 17406: 17401: 17387: 17383: 17379: 17375: 17371: 17367: 17363: 17356: 17351: 17347: 17342: 17339: 17333: 17329: 17324: 17320: 17315: 17311: 17305: 17298: 17294: 17290: 17285: 17281: 17275: 17267: 17263: 17258: 17254: 17250: 17246: 17243: 17239: 17235: 17231: 17227: 17224: 17220: 17216: 17212: 17208: 17204: 17199: 17195: 17190: 17186: 17181: 17177: 17172: 17168: 17163: 17159: 17154: 17147: 17143: 17139: 17135: 17131: 17124: 17119: 17108: 17104: 17098: 17094: 17090: 17089: 17083: 17079: 17073: 17068: 17067: 17061: 17057: 17053: 17049: 17044: 17040: 17036: 17032: 17028: 17023: 17019: 17014: 17011: 17007: 17003: 16999: 16995: 16991: 16986: 16982: 16976: 16972: 16967: 16956: 16952: 16948: 16944: 16939: 16936: 16930: 16926: 16921: 16918: 16912: 16908: 16907: 16902: 16898: 16895: 16893:0-7007-1548-7 16889: 16885: 16880: 16876: 16875: 16869: 16863: 16849: 16842: 16841: 16836: 16832: 16825: 16821: 16817: 16810: 16805: 16791: 16786: 16781: 16777: 16773: 16772: 16764: 16759: 16755: 16749: 16741: 16736: 16732: 16731: 16726: 16722: 16718: 16713: 16710: 16708:9788120618237 16704: 16700: 16699: 16693: 16682: 16678: 16677: 16671: 16667: 16663: 16659: 16654: 16650: 16647: 16642: 16639: 16633: 16628: 16627: 16620: 16616: 16611: 16608: 16602: 16598: 16593: 16582: 16578: 16572: 16568: 16567: 16561: 16557: 16552: 16549: 16547:0-19-860560-9 16543: 16539: 16534: 16530: 16524: 16520: 16515: 16511: 16506: 16502: 16497: 16483: 16479: 16475: 16468: 16463: 16459: 16455: 16450: 16446: 16445: 16444:The Mahāvastu 16439: 16435: 16434: 16433:The Mahāvastu 16428: 16424: 16419: 16408: 16404: 16398: 16394: 16390: 16389: 16383: 16376: 16372: 16368: 16361: 16356: 16352: 16351: 16345: 16334: 16330: 16328:0-8248-1203-4 16324: 16320: 16316: 16312: 16308: 16307: 16301: 16290: 16286: 16280: 16277:, Routledge, 16276: 16275: 16270: 16266: 16262: 16258: 16253: 16249: 16244: 16241: 16235: 16231: 16226: 16222: 16217: 16205: 16201: 16197: 16192: 16188: 16183: 16172: 16168: 16162: 16158: 16157: 16151: 16139: 16135: 16129: 16126:. Routledge. 16125: 16124: 16118: 16113: 16108: 16104: 16099: 16094: 16089: 16085: 16080: 16077: 16071: 16067: 16062: 16058: 16052: 16044: 16039: 16035: 16030: 16026: 16021: 16009: 16005: 15999: 15995: 15994: 15988: 15984: 15978: 15973: 15972: 15965: 15961: 15960: 15954: 15951: 15949:0-394-51971-X 15945: 15941: 15937: 15936:Eck, Diana L. 15933: 15929: 15924: 15914: 15908: 15904: 15900: 15899: 15893: 15890: 15888:0-7914-1381-0 15884: 15880: 15876: 15875: 15870: 15866: 15862: 15858: 15852: 15848: 15847: 15841: 15837: 15833: 15829: 15827:981-00-4525-5 15823: 15819: 15814: 15810: 15808:0-394-71696-5 15804: 15800: 15796: 15792: 15789: 15783: 15779: 15774: 15771: 15765: 15761: 15756: 15752: 15746: 15738: 15737: 15732: 15727: 15715: 15711: 15707: 15703: 15699: 15695: 15691: 15687: 15683: 15679: 15675: 15671: 15666: 15662: 15656: 15648: 15644: 15640: 15637: 15631: 15627: 15622: 15610: 15606: 15600: 15596: 15595: 15589: 15585: 15580: 15569: 15565: 15559: 15555: 15554: 15548: 15545: 15539: 15535: 15530: 15527: 15521: 15517: 15512: 15508: 15503: 15492: 15488: 15484: 15479: 15475: 15471: 15467: 15463: 15459: 15455: 15452: 15446: 15442: 15441: 15435: 15424: 15420: 15416: 15411: 15407: 15402: 15398: 15393: 15386: 15382: 15378: 15371: 15366: 15351: 15347: 15345:9781400866328 15341: 15337: 15330: 15329: 15323: 15317: 15313: 15308: 15304: 15299: 15298: 15295: 15291: 15287: 15283: 15282: 15277: 15273: 15261: 15257: 15251: 15247: 15246: 15240: 15236: 15231: 15227: 15222: 15218: 15217: 15211: 15208: 15202: 15198: 15193: 15189: 15184: 15169: 15165: 15159: 15152: 15151: 15145: 15141: 15135: 15131: 15126: 15122: 15116: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15093: 15089: 15085: 15080: 15076: 15072: 15067: 15063: 15058: 15054: 15050: 15046: 15042: 15037: 15033: 15028: 15016: 15012: 15011: 15005: 15001: 14997: 14993: 14989: 14985: 14980: 14977: 14971: 14970: 14949: 14945: 14943:9789004194045 14939: 14935: 14934: 14926: 14924: 14922: 14920: 14918: 14916: 14907: 14905: 14900: 14894: 14886: 14884:9789004155374 14880: 14876: 14875: 14867: 14860: 14855: 14849:, p. 31. 14848: 14843: 14837:, p. 19. 14836: 14831: 14825:, p. 15. 14824: 14819: 14811: 14805: 14797: 14793: 14787: 14780: 14774: 14767: 14762: 14755: 14750: 14743: 14738: 14724: 14718: 14714: 14713: 14705: 14696: 14691: 14687: 14683: 14676: 14669: 14664: 14657: 14652: 14636: 14632: 14630:0-203-18593-5 14626: 14622: 14621: 14613: 14597: 14593: 14589: 14582: 14574: 14570: 14566: 14560: 14556: 14552: 14546: 14539: 14535: 14531: 14525: 14518: 14514: 14510: 14504: 14498:, pp. 729–730 14497: 14493: 14490:, Routledge, 14489: 14483: 14467: 14463: 14459: 14453: 14437: 14433: 14427: 14423: 14422: 14414: 14407: 14405: 14399: 14393: 14389: 14382: 14375: 14362: 14358: 14354: 14347: 14340: 14335: 14329:, p. 73. 14328: 14323: 14317:, p. 21. 14316: 14311: 14304: 14299: 14293:, p. 12. 14292: 14287: 14285: 14277: 14276:Walshe (1995) 14272: 14265: 14260: 14253: 14248: 14241: 14237: 14233: 14227: 14220: 14214: 14207: 14202: 14195: 14190: 14183: 14178: 14171: 14166: 14159: 14154: 14147: 14142: 14132: 14123: 14116: 14111: 14104: 14099: 14083: 14079: 14075: 14071: 14067: 14063: 14059: 14055: 14048: 14046: 14044: 14042: 14040: 14031: 14025: 14021: 14014: 14007: 14001: 13992: 13984: 13980: 13976: 13969: 13963:, p. 72. 13962: 13961:Omvedt (2003) 13957: 13951:, p. 76. 13950: 13949:Omvedt (2003) 13945: 13938: 13933: 13926: 13920: 13918: 13916: 13914: 13912: 13910: 13908: 13900: 13899:Shults (2014) 13895: 13889:, p. 87. 13888: 13887:Gethin (1998) 13883: 13874: 13868:, p. 85. 13867: 13866:Gethin (1998) 13862: 13856:, p. 28. 13855: 13850: 13848: 13840: 13839:Gethin (1998) 13835: 13826: 13819: 13814: 13807: 13806:Vetter (1988) 13802: 13795: 13794:Vetter (1988) 13790: 13783: 13782:Vetter (1988) 13778: 13771: 13770:Norman (2003) 13766: 13759: 13754: 13752: 13743: 13739: 13732: 13725: 13719: 13712: 13708: 13703: 13696: 13695:Warder (2004) 13691: 13684: 13679: 13673:, p. 25. 13672: 13667: 13660: 13655: 13648: 13647:Warder (2000) 13643: 13641: 13639: 13631: 13626: 13624: 13616: 13611: 13609: 13607: 13605: 13597: 13592: 13585: 13584:Vetter (1988) 13580: 13578: 13569: 13562: 13554: 13550: 13543: 13536: 13535:Warder (2000) 13531: 13525:, p. ix. 13524: 13523:Vetter (1988) 13519: 13517: 13509: 13504: 13502: 13500: 13493:, p. 28. 13492: 13491:Norman (1997) 13487: 13481:, p. 26. 13480: 13479:Norman (1997) 13475: 13469:, p. 48. 13468: 13463: 13456: 13451: 13445:, p. 10. 13444: 13439: 13432: 13427: 13420: 13415: 13408: 13407:Vetter (1988) 13403: 13396: 13395:Gethin (1998) 13391: 13384: 13380: 13377: 13376: 13369: 13362: 13361:Gethin (1998) 13357: 13350: 13345: 13338: 13333: 13326: 13321: 13319: 13311: 13310:Gethin (1998) 13306: 13299: 13298:Gethin (1998) 13294: 13287: 13286:Gethin (1998) 13282: 13276:, p. 81. 13275: 13274:Gethin (1998) 13270: 13263: 13262:Gethin (1998) 13258: 13251: 13246: 13239: 13234: 13227: 13222: 13215: 13210: 13204:, p. 20. 13203: 13198: 13191: 13190:Gethin (1998) 13186: 13179: 13178:Gethin (1998) 13174: 13168:, p. 27. 13167: 13162: 13155: 13154:Gethin (1998) 13150: 13143: 13142:Gethin (1998) 13138: 13131: 13130:Gethin (1998) 13126: 13119: 13114: 13107: 13101: 13094: 13088: 13081: 13076: 13070:, p. 10. 13069: 13064: 13057: 13052: 13045: 13044:Gombrich 2009 13040: 13038: 13036: 13028: 13027:Boisvert 1995 13023: 13016: 13015:Jurewicz 2000 13011: 13004: 13003:Gombrich 2009 12999: 12991: 12985: 12981: 12980: 12972: 12965: 12960: 12953: 12948: 12941: 12936: 12929: 12924: 12917: 12911: 12904: 12899: 12892: 12891:Gethin (1998) 12887: 12885: 12877: 12872: 12870: 12868: 12861:, p. 22. 12860: 12855: 12853: 12843: 12838: 12834: 12830: 12826: 12819: 12812: 12808: 12805: 12800: 12784: 12780: 12774: 12770: 12769: 12761: 12754: 12749: 12742: 12741:Gethin (1998) 12737: 12731:, p. 13. 12730: 12725: 12719:, p. 49. 12718: 12713: 12707:, p. 20. 12706: 12701: 12695:, p. 19. 12694: 12689: 12683:, p. 12. 12682: 12677: 12671:, p. 62. 12670: 12669:Gethin (1998) 12665: 12659:, p. 61. 12658: 12657:Gethin (1998) 12653: 12646: 12641: 12639: 12637: 12635: 12633: 12631: 12629: 12627: 12625: 12623: 12616:, p. 59. 12615: 12614:Gethin (1998) 12610: 12603: 12598: 12592:, p. 39. 12591: 12586: 12570: 12566: 12562: 12555: 12548: 12543: 12535: 12528: 12522: 12518: 12514: 12510: 12504: 12497: 12496:Strong (2007) 12492: 12476: 12472: 12468: 12461: 12454: 12449: 12442: 12437: 12430: 12425: 12418: 12413: 12407:, p. 76. 12406: 12401: 12394: 12393:Strong (2001) 12389: 12382: 12377: 12370: 12365: 12358: 12357:Strong (2001) 12353: 12351: 12343: 12338: 12336: 12328: 12327:Strong (2001) 12323: 12316: 12311: 12295: 12291: 12287: 12280: 12273: 12268: 12253: 12249: 12248: 12243: 12237: 12230: 12225: 12218: 12213: 12206: 12205:Strong (2001) 12201: 12194: 12189: 12182: 12177: 12170: 12169:Strong (2001) 12165: 12158: 12153: 12146: 12141: 12135: 12131: 12128: 12122: 12115: 12110: 12103: 12098: 12091: 12086: 12079: 12074: 12067: 12062: 12055: 12050: 12042: 12041:Ancient India 12035: 12029:, p. 79. 12028: 12023: 12016: 12011: 12004: 12003:Strong (2001) 11999: 11992: 11987: 11980: 11975: 11968: 11963: 11957:, p. 79. 11956: 11951: 11945:, p. 43. 11944: 11939: 11932: 11927: 11920: 11919:Strong (2001) 11915: 11913: 11906:, p. 91. 11905: 11900: 11893: 11892:Strong (2001) 11888: 11881: 11876: 11870:, p. 78. 11869: 11864: 11857: 11856:Strong (2001) 11852: 11846:, p. 70. 11845: 11840: 11834:, p. 68. 11833: 11828: 11822: 11820: 11816: 11813: 11805: 11798: 11797:Strong (2001) 11793: 11786: 11781: 11779: 11771: 11770:Strong (2001) 11766: 11759: 11754: 11747: 11746:Strong (2001) 11742: 11736:, p. 64. 11735: 11730: 11723: 11722:Strong (2001) 11718: 11711: 11706: 11699: 11698:Strong (2001) 11694: 11687: 11686:Strong (2001) 11682: 11675: 11670: 11663: 11658: 11656: 11647: 11643: 11639: 11637:0-8109-2807-8 11633: 11629: 11622: 11620: 11618: 11616: 11614: 11612: 11610: 11602: 11597: 11590: 11585: 11579:, p. 94. 11578: 11577:Strong (2001) 11573: 11567:, p. 93. 11566: 11565:Strong (2001) 11561: 11554: 11549: 11543:, p. 30. 11542: 11537: 11530: 11529:Gyatso (2007) 11525: 11518: 11513: 11511: 11494: 11490: 11486: 11480: 11464: 11460: 11456: 11450: 11448: 11431: 11427: 11423: 11416: 11409: 11404: 11397: 11392: 11385: 11380: 11364: 11360: 11356: 11352: 11346: 11330: 11326: 11322: 11316: 11309: 11304: 11302: 11294: 11289: 11287: 11279: 11274: 11268:, p. 26. 11267: 11262: 11255: 11254:Narada (1992) 11250: 11244:, p. 77. 11243: 11238: 11232:, p. 48. 11231: 11226: 11219: 11214: 11208:, p. 47. 11207: 11202: 11195: 11190: 11184:, p. 95. 11183: 11178: 11172:, p. 15. 11171: 11166: 11160:, p. 65. 11159: 11154: 11148:, p. 25. 11147: 11142: 11135: 11134:Strong (2001) 11130: 11124:, p. 28. 11123: 11122:Penner (2009) 11118: 11111: 11110:Strong (2015) 11106: 11099: 11098:Narada (1992) 11094: 11087: 11086:Strong (2015) 11082: 11076:, p. 36. 11075: 11070: 11064:, p. 30. 11063: 11058: 11051: 11046: 11039: 11034: 11027: 11026:Strong (2001) 11022: 11016:, p. 44. 11015: 11010: 11008: 11000: 10999:Warder (2000) 10995: 10988: 10983: 10981: 10974:, p. 20. 10973: 10972:Gethin (1998) 10968: 10962:, p. 63. 10961: 10960:Strong (2001) 10956: 10950:, p. 21. 10949: 10948:Gethin (1998) 10944: 10937: 10932: 10925: 10920: 10914:, p. 45. 10913: 10908: 10900: 10896: 10889: 10887: 10879: 10874: 10868:, p. 15. 10867: 10866:Gethin (1998) 10862: 10860: 10853:, p. 60. 10852: 10851:Strong (2001) 10847: 10841:, p. 23. 10840: 10835: 10828: 10823: 10817:, p. 47. 10816: 10811: 10804: 10803:Narada (1992) 10799: 10793:, p. 55. 10792: 10791:Strong (2001) 10787: 10780: 10779:Narada (1992) 10775: 10773: 10765: 10764:Turpie (2001) 10760: 10753: 10752:Thapar (2002) 10748: 10741: 10736: 10729: 10728:Gethin (1998) 10724: 10717: 10712: 10706:, p. 24. 10705: 10700: 10698: 10691:, p. 51. 10690: 10689:Strong (2001) 10685: 10678: 10673: 10666: 10661: 10654: 10653:Samuel (2010) 10649: 10647: 10645: 10643: 10636:, p. 21. 10635: 10630: 10624:, p. 41. 10623: 10618: 10612:, p. 11. 10611: 10606: 10600:, p. 37. 10599: 10594: 10588:, p. 19. 10587: 10586:Gethin (1998) 10582: 10575: 10570: 10568: 10561:, p. 18. 10560: 10555: 10548: 10543: 10537:, p. 14. 10536: 10535:Gethin (1998) 10531: 10529: 10521: 10516: 10500: 10496: 10490: 10488: 10472: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10451: 10449: 10432: 10428: 10424: 10418: 10416: 10414: 10407:, p. 43. 10406: 10405:Strong (2001) 10401: 10395:, p. 37. 10394: 10393:Strong (2001) 10389: 10383:, p. 25. 10382: 10381:Strong (2001) 10377: 10371:, p. 31. 10370: 10369:Strong (2001) 10365: 10359:, p. 30. 10358: 10357:Strong (2001) 10353: 10347:, p. 24. 10346: 10345:Strong (2001) 10341: 10335:, p. 21. 10334: 10333:Strong (2001) 10329: 10313: 10309: 10303: 10297:, p. 19. 10296: 10295:Strong (2001) 10291: 10284: 10279: 10272: 10267: 10261:, p. 15. 10260: 10255: 10248: 10243: 10236: 10231: 10215: 10211: 10207: 10201: 10192: 10173: 10169: 10162: 10158: 10152: 10145: 10140: 10138: 10121: 10117: 10111: 10107: 10106: 10098: 10091: 10087: 10080: 10074:, p. 74. 10073: 10068: 10061: 10056: 10054: 10047:, p. 62. 10046: 10041: 10039: 10031: 10026: 10024: 10016: 10011: 10009: 10001: 9996: 9994: 9987:, p. 65. 9986: 9981: 9974: 9969: 9962: 9957: 9951:, p. 45. 9950: 9949:Warder (1998) 9945: 9938: 9933: 9927:, p. 20. 9926: 9921: 9905: 9901: 9894: 9887: 9882: 9875: 9874:Walshe (1995) 9870: 9854: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9834: 9827: 9820: 9815: 9809: 9805: 9799: 9783: 9779: 9775: 9771: 9767: 9763: 9756: 9754: 9752: 9745:, p. 49. 9744: 9739: 9737: 9729: 9725: 9721: 9717: 9714:(1–2): 1–12, 9713: 9709: 9705: 9698: 9691: 9686: 9684: 9676: 9671: 9664: 9663:Muller (2001) 9659: 9653:, p. 46. 9652: 9647: 9640: 9639:Samuel (2010) 9635: 9617: 9610: 9609: 9601: 9594: 9589: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9558: 9556: 9548: 9547:Wayman (1997) 9543: 9537:, p. xv. 9536: 9531: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9496: 9488: 9484: 9480: 9476: 9472: 9468: 9464: 9460: 9456: 9452: 9445: 9439:, p. 39. 9438: 9437:Norman (1997) 9433: 9426: 9421: 9414: 9409: 9402: 9397: 9390: 9389:Narain (1993) 9385: 9383: 9375: 9370: 9363: 9358: 9351: 9346: 9339: 9334: 9332: 9330: 9328: 9320: 9316: 9310: 9304: 9300: 9297: 9293: 9292:Bernard Faure 9289: 9285: 9280: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9249: 9243:, p. 16. 9242: 9237: 9230: 9225: 9218: 9213: 9206: 9201: 9194: 9189: 9182: 9177: 9170: 9165: 9163: 9154: 9148: 9144: 9137: 9130: 9125: 9118: 9117:Cowell (1894) 9113: 9106: 9101: 9095:, p. 32. 9094: 9093:Fowler (2005) 9089: 9083:, p. 20. 9082: 9077: 9061: 9057: 9051: 9035: 9031: 9025: 9021: 9020: 9012: 8996: 8992: 8986: 8982: 8981: 8973: 8957: 8953: 8952: 8947: 8941: 8934: 8929: 8927: 8925: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8894: 8886: 8880: 8876: 8875: 8867: 8851: 8847: 8841: 8837: 8836: 8828: 8820: 8808: 8792: 8788: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8759: 8757: 8749: 8744: 8742: 8734: 8733:Strong (2001) 8729: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8679: 8672: 8667: 8658: 8652:Entry: "Jina" 8641: 8637: 8635:9788184753967 8631: 8627: 8626:Penguin Books 8623: 8622: 8617: 8611: 8593: 8586: 8585: 8577: 8570: 8564: 8558: 8554: 8551: 8545: 8538: 8533: 8531: 8523: 8522:Baroni (2002) 8518: 8511: 8506: 8499: 8494: 8492: 8490: 8482: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8464: 8457: 8449: 8442: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8411: 8404: 8399: 8392: 8387: 8385: 8383: 8376:, p. 42. 8375: 8370: 8368: 8351: 8347: 8341: 8337: 8336: 8328: 8326: 8318: 8313: 8306: 8300: 8293: 8288: 8281: 8280:Warder (2000) 8276: 8269: 8268:Warder (2000) 8264: 8257: 8256:Gethin (1998) 8252: 8245: 8244:Gethin (1998) 8240: 8238: 8236: 8228: 8223: 8217:, p. 51. 8216: 8211: 8204: 8199: 8193:, p. 45. 8192: 8191:Warder (2000) 8187: 8185: 8177: 8176:Strong (2001) 8172: 8165: 8164:Gethin (1998) 8160: 8151: 8149: 8143: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8113: 8107: 8103: 8102: 8096: 8093: 8089: 8083: 8079: 8078: 8072: 8071: 8068: 8061: 8056: 8050:, p. 33. 8049: 8048:Norman (1997) 8044: 8037: 8032: 8030: 8028: 8026: 8021: 8002: 7993: 7984: 7975: 7966: 7957: 7950: 7945: 7935: 7925: 7916: 7913: 7909: 7908: 7904: 7895: 7894: 7889: 7888: 7883: 7882: 7878: 7868: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7856: 7854: 7850: 7844: 7835: 7831: 7830: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7810: 7807: 7803: 7802: 7798: 7797: 7793: 7784: 7780: 7772: 7764: 7754: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7726:Visuddhimagga 7721: 7717: 7716:Tevijja Sutta 7713: 7707: 7698: 7688: 7682: 7678: 7672: 7662: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7642:suukara-kanda 7640:Waley notes: 7637: 7628: 7625: 7622: 7619: 7616: 7613: 7610: 7609: 7605: 7599: 7593: 7587: 7582: 7581:Vetter (1988) 7577: 7576:Norman (2003) 7572: 7567: 7566:Bareau (1963) 7558: 7551: 7550: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7535: 7530: 7524: 7517: 7511: 7504: 7500: 7499:Lalitavistara 7496: 7492: 7488: 7482: 7475: 7474: 7473:Upaddha Sutta 7467: 7465: 7463: 7461: 7459: 7457: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7430:According to 7427: 7420: 7413: 7406: 7405:Hartmann 1991 7402: 7401:Tripathy 2014 7399:, p. 114 7398: 7395: 7391: 7385: 7375: 7366: 7362: 7359: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7348: 7341: 7336: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7314: 7310: 7304: 7297: 7296: 7281: 7274: 7264: 7260: 7254: 7247: 7238: 7231: 7227: 7221: 7211: 7207: 7202: 7191: 7188:: "Also with 7185: 7177: 7173: 7172: 7166: 7161: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7152: 7148: 7147: 7141: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7120: 7116: 7115:Brahmi script 7112: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7085: 7081: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7068: 7067: 7061: 7056: 7046: 7008: 7005: 7002: 7001: 7000: 6999: 6995: 6994: 6990: 6981: 6978: 6975: 6974:Abrahams 2021 6971: 6966: 6963: 6960: 6957: 6956:Gimello (2003 6954: 6953: 6951: 6950:Abrahams 2021 6947: 6943: 6939: 6933: 6931: 6923: 6913: 6802: 6795: 6794:Uttar Pradesh 6791: 6787: 6784:According to 6781: 6772: 6768: 6765: 6747: 6743: 6740: 6739:Narain (2003) 6736: 6733: 6730: 6729:Dundas (2002) 6726: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6711: 6707: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6687:Tuladhar 2002 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6671:Nakamura 1980 6668: 6664: 6660: 6657: 6653: 6650: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6628:Hartmann 1991 6625: 6624:Tripathy 2014 6621: 6617: 6613: 6607:, p. 19) 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6558: 6555: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6539:teaching pose 6536: 6532: 6531: 6526: 6520: 6516: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6466: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6454: 6450: 6449: 6440: 6436: 6435: 6431: 6428: 6427:Roger Zelazny 6425:, a novel by 6424: 6423: 6422:Lord of Light 6419: 6416: 6415:Hermann Hesse 6412: 6411: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6396: 6392: 6390: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6377: 6376: 6372: 6370: 6366: 6365: 6361: 6360: 6351: 6350:Himanshu Soni 6347: 6343: 6342: 6338: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6326: 6322: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6298: 6297: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6235: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6223: 6222:Little Buddha 6219: 6216: 6215:Shashi Kapoor 6212: 6208: 6207: 6203: 6200: 6196: 6195: 6191: 6185: 6173: 6172: 6168: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6144:Bhaurao Datar 6141: 6137: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6108: 6097: 6090: 6085: 6078: 6073: 6069: 6062: 6057: 6050: 6045: 6038: 6033: 6026: 6021: 6014: 6009: 6002: 5997: 5990: 5985: 5978: 5973: 5969: 5966:15th century 5962: 5957: 5954: 5943: 5940: 5933: 5928: 5924: 5917: 5912: 5908: 5901: 5896: 5892: 5885: 5880: 5869: 5865: 5858: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5830: 5825: 5820: 774 CE 5815:Cave Buddha, 5814: 5807: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5786: 5782: 5768: 5763: 5759: 5752: 5747: 5743: 5736: 5731: 5727: 5720: 5715: 5708: 5703: 5689: 5684: 5680: 5673: 5668: 5661: 5656: 5649: 5644: 5640: 5633: 5628: 5621: 5616: 5612: 5606: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5586: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5572: 5564: 5559: 5552: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5532: 5527: 5520: 5515: 5512: 5498: 5493: 5486: 5481: 5474: 5469: 5462: 5457: 5450: 5445: 5438: 5433: 5426: 5421: 5414: 5409: 5408: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5347: 5343: 5342:Buddha in art 5339: 5329: 5327: 5323: 5322:Chaubis Avtar 5319: 5314: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5263:and Georgian 5262: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5156:Sunni scholar 5154: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5090: 300 CE 5084: 5078: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5048: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5028: 5023: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5008: 5004: 5002: 4992: 4987: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4966: 4964: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4943: 4942:five precepts 4939: 4935: 4934: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4920: 4914: 4912: 4911: 4905: 4903: 4899: 4898:Bhikkhu Bodhi 4889: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4870: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4854: 4853:Aggañña Sutta 4850: 4849: 4848:Aggañña Sutta 4843: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4819:Kancha Ilaiah 4816: 4812: 4811: 4810:Aggañña Sutta 4805: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4764: 4760: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4724: 4719: 4705: 4701: 4699: 4694: 4692: 4691: 4686: 4679:Homeless life 4676: 4674: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4654: 4652: 4646: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4599:Dharmaguptaka 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4569: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4545: 4543: 4542: 4541:Brahma-vihara 4537: 4536: 4531: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4452: 4450: 4449: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4437: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4391: 4386: 4385: 4380: 4378: 4377:Upanisa sutta 4374: 4373: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4312: 4304: 4299: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4237: 4236:Rupert Gethin 4231: 4229: 4225: 4224: 4219: 4218:consciousness 4215: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4192: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4163: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4109: 4108: 4101: 4100: 4093: 4092: 4085: 4084: 4078: 4074: 4073:five skandhas 4070: 4060: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4038: 4037: 4031: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4014: 4007: 4003: 4002:three poisons 3999: 3995: 3991: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3899: 3895: 3894:three poisons 3891: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3855: 3845: 3842: 3837: 3835: 3834:Mauryan realm 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3802: 3798: 3785: 3784:Brahmi script 3781: 3777: 3773: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3736: 3735: 3730: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3674: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3610: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3486: 3477: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3457:Anāthapiṇḍika 3453: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3393:, capital of 3392: 3388: 3383: 3380: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3321:Uttar Pradesh 3318: 3309: 3301: 3292: 3288: 3286: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3247:Mahākhandhaka 3244: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3169: 3168:Lalitavistara 3166:, and in the 3165: 3161: 3160: 3154: 3149: 3148: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3118: 3116: 3112: 3111:earth goddess 3108: 3104: 3103: 3102:Lalitavistara 3098: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3015:(SN 56), the 3014: 3013: 3007: 3005: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2809:) to beg for 2808: 2803: 2801: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2761:enlightenment 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2733: 2728: 2720:, 8th century 2719: 2715: 2710: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2699:Dharmaguptaka 2696: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2672: 2671:Kushan period 2668: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2640: 2638: 2637: 2636:Lalitavistara 2631: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2575: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2558:countries as 2557: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2543:and Buddhist 2542: 2538: 2536: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2448: 2447:Lalitavistara 2443: 2442: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2403: 2398: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2355: 2353: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2293: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2231:Sandaka Sutta 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2131: 2128: 2127:Aryan society 2124: 2120: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2102: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2008: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1966: 1952: 1950: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1881: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1821:Dharmaguptaka 1818: 1817:Lokottaravāda 1815: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1773: 1768: 1767: 1761: 1759: 1758:Tuṣita Heaven 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1732:(MN 36), the 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1631:Brahmi script 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1607: 1606:Brahmi script 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1580: 1576: 1567: 1556: 1542: 1540: 1534: 1532: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1511: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1366: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1321: 1317: 1308: 1306: 1301: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1275:Brahmi script 1269: 1265: 1261: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1237: 1235: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1207: 1195: 1192:monastery in 1191: 1186: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1102:five skandhas 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 947: 942: 940: 935: 933: 928: 927: 925: 924: 919: 914: 909: 908: 907: 906: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 795: 792: 787: 786: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 735: 732: 727: 726: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 690: 687: 682: 681: 674: 673:Vegetarianism 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 628:Recollections 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 598:Five precepts 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 585: 582: 577: 576: 569: 566: 564: 563:Chinese canon 561: 559: 558:Tibetan canon 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 525: 522: 517: 516: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 447: 444: 443: 442: 439: 437: 434: 433: 427: 424: 422: 419: 418: 414: 413: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 367: 364: 359: 358: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 339: 338: 337: 333: 329: 328: 325: 322: 321: 317: 313: 312: 304: 300: 296: 292: 290: 286: 281: 277: 273: 271: 267: 264:Sanskrit name 262: 258: 254: 251: 248: 244: 241: 238: 234: 229: 225: 219: 215: 212: 208: 204: 197: 194: 191: 188: 187: 185: 181: 175: 172: 171: 169: 165: 162: 159: 155: 152: 149: 147:Resting place 145: 140: 136: 124: 120: 115: 111: 96: 92: 87: 82: 71: 67: 63: 58: 53: 46: 43: 39: 35: 30: 19: 21608: 21604: 21503:Bodhisattvas 21423:Christianity 21418:Baháʼí Faith 21283:Dharmachakra 21273:Prayer wheel 21263:Prayer beads 21031:Architecture 20910:969 Movement 20694:Saudi Arabia 20672:Central Asia 20665:South Africa 20487: 20470: 20403:Panchen Lama 20308:Buddhapālita 20267: 19904:Satipatthana 19899:Mindful Yoga 19812:Recollection 19726:Brahmavihara 19597:Japanese Zen 19592:Chinese Chan 19552:Animal realm 19359:Key concepts 19181:Bodhisattvas 19034: 18997: 18993:Three Jewels 18871: 18860: 18821:Tissa Buddha 18811:Dharmadarśin 18660: 18632: 18603: 18536: 18522: 18511: 18510: 18503: 18493: 18481: 18480: 18462: 18441: 18431: 18419: 18408: 18407: 18400: 18396: 18372: 18350: 18326: 18313: 18299: 18290: 18270: 18260: 18250: 18239: 18229: 18211: 18195: 18191: 18175: 18171: 18150:. Retrieved 18125: 18121: 18106:, retrieved 18080: 18070: 18051: 18026:the original 18007: 17995:the original 17976: 17957: 17938: 17925: 17913: 17881: 17877: 17865:. Retrieved 17855: 17845: 17826: 17813: 17805:the original 17800: 17784:. Retrieved 17775: 17771: 17755: 17737: 17719: 17708:the original 17695: 17683:, retrieved 17674:(151): 1–7, 17671: 17653:the original 17648: 17644: 17618: 17599: 17590: 17581: 17559: 17550: 17528: 17525:Strong, J.S. 17516: 17506: 17497: 17486:, retrieved 17477: 17473: 17463:(1/4): 61–74 17460: 17456: 17445:, retrieved 17436: 17421:, retrieved 17412: 17408: 17393:, retrieved 17386:the original 17365: 17361: 17345: 17327: 17318: 17288: 17265: 17261: 17252: 17233: 17209:(1): 82–87, 17206: 17202: 17184: 17175: 17166: 17157: 17146:the original 17133: 17129: 17111:, retrieved 17087: 17065: 17060:Omvedt, Gail 17051: 17048:"Buddha, n." 17046:OED (2013), 17038: 17026: 17017: 16993: 16989: 16970: 16959:, retrieved 16950: 16946: 16924: 16905: 16883: 16872: 16855:, retrieved 16839: 16824:the original 16819: 16815: 16797:, retrieved 16775: 16769: 16739: 16729: 16716: 16697: 16685:, retrieved 16675: 16665: 16645: 16625: 16614: 16596: 16585:, retrieved 16565: 16555: 16537: 16518: 16509: 16500: 16489:, retrieved 16477: 16473: 16457: 16453: 16443: 16432: 16422: 16411:, retrieved 16387: 16373:(9): 46–58, 16370: 16367:Orientations 16366: 16349: 16337:, retrieved 16305: 16293:, retrieved 16273: 16247: 16229: 16220: 16208:. Retrieved 16199: 16186: 16175:, retrieved 16155: 16142:. Retrieved 16122: 16111: 16102: 16083: 16065: 16042: 16033: 16024: 16012:. Retrieved 15992: 15970: 15958: 15939: 15927: 15916:, retrieved 15897: 15873: 15861:the original 15845: 15817: 15798: 15777: 15759: 15735: 15718:. Retrieved 15714:the original 15680:(1): 57–63. 15677: 15673: 15646: 15625: 15613:, retrieved 15593: 15583: 15572:, retrieved 15552: 15533: 15515: 15506: 15495:, retrieved 15486: 15473: 15461: 15439: 15427:, retrieved 15418: 15405: 15396: 15385:the original 15380: 15376: 15357:. Retrieved 15327: 15315: 15311: 15302: 15293: 15280: 15276:Beal, Samuel 15264:. Retrieved 15244: 15234: 15225: 15215: 15196: 15187: 15175:. Retrieved 15149: 15129: 15110: 15091: 15087: 15074: 15070: 15061: 15044: 15040: 15031: 15019:. Retrieved 15009: 14999: 14995: 14983: 14975: 14952:. Retrieved 14932: 14902: 14893: 14873: 14866: 14854: 14847:Leidy (2008) 14842: 14835:Leidy (2008) 14830: 14823:Leidy (2008) 14818: 14795: 14786: 14778: 14773: 14761: 14749: 14737: 14726:, retrieved 14711: 14704: 14685: 14681: 14675: 14668:Yusuf (2009) 14663: 14656:Flood (1996) 14651: 14639:. Retrieved 14619: 14612: 14600:. Retrieved 14591: 14581: 14554: 14551:Ghurye, G.S. 14545: 14524: 14508: 14503: 14487: 14482: 14470:. Retrieved 14461: 14452: 14440:. Retrieved 14420: 14413: 14403: 14401: 14387: 14381: 14372: 14365:, retrieved 14356: 14346: 14334: 14327:Gopal (1990) 14322: 14310: 14298: 14271: 14259: 14247: 14242:New Mandala. 14226: 14218: 14213: 14206:Bodhi (2005) 14201: 14189: 14182:Bodhi (2005) 14177: 14170:Bodhi (2005) 14165: 14158:Bodhi (2005) 14153: 14146:Bodhi (2005) 14141: 14131: 14122: 14115:Bodhi (2005) 14110: 14103:Bodhi (2005) 14098: 14086:. Retrieved 14064:(1): 36–64. 14061: 14057: 14019: 14013: 14005: 14000: 13991: 13974: 13968: 13956: 13944: 13937:Bodhi (2005) 13932: 13924: 13894: 13882: 13873: 13861: 13834: 13825: 13813: 13801: 13789: 13777: 13765: 13741: 13737: 13731: 13723: 13718: 13702: 13690: 13685:, p. 4. 13683:Lopez (1995) 13678: 13666: 13654: 13591: 13567: 13561: 13552: 13542: 13530: 13486: 13474: 13462: 13450: 13438: 13431:Wynne (2004) 13426: 13414: 13409:, p. 5. 13402: 13390: 13374: 13368: 13356: 13344: 13332: 13305: 13293: 13281: 13269: 13257: 13245: 13238:Bodhi (2005) 13233: 13221: 13209: 13197: 13185: 13173: 13161: 13149: 13137: 13125: 13113: 13105: 13100: 13095:, pp. 5, 15. 13092: 13087: 13075: 13063: 13051: 13022: 13010: 12998: 12978: 12971: 12959: 12952:Wayman 1984b 12947: 12940:Wayman 1984a 12935: 12928:Shulman 2008 12923: 12915: 12910: 12898: 12832: 12828: 12818: 12799: 12787:. Retrieved 12767: 12760: 12748: 12736: 12724: 12712: 12700: 12688: 12676: 12664: 12652: 12609: 12602:Bodhi (2005) 12597: 12590:Bodhi (2005) 12585: 12573:. Retrieved 12564: 12554: 12542: 12533: 12527: 12508: 12503: 12491: 12479:. Retrieved 12470: 12460: 12448: 12436: 12424: 12412: 12400: 12388: 12381:Wynne (2007) 12376: 12364: 12322: 12315:Waley (1932) 12310: 12298:. Retrieved 12294:the original 12290:Bangkok Post 12289: 12279: 12267: 12256:, retrieved 12247:Digha Nikaya 12246: 12236: 12224: 12212: 12200: 12188: 12176: 12164: 12152: 12140: 12121: 12109: 12097: 12085: 12073: 12061: 12049: 12040: 12034: 12022: 12010: 11998: 11986: 11974: 11962: 11950: 11938: 11926: 11899: 11887: 11875: 11863: 11851: 11839: 11827: 11809: 11804: 11792: 11765: 11753: 11741: 11729: 11717: 11705: 11693: 11681: 11669: 11627: 11596: 11584: 11572: 11560: 11548: 11536: 11524: 11497:. Retrieved 11488: 11479: 11467:. Retrieved 11458: 11434:. Retrieved 11425: 11415: 11403: 11391: 11379: 11367:. 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Retrieved 10104: 10097: 10089: 10085: 10079: 10072:Fogelin 2015 10067: 10062:, p. 1. 9980: 9975:, p. 7. 9968: 9963:, p. 1. 9956: 9944: 9937:Wynne (2007) 9932: 9920: 9908:. Retrieved 9893: 9881: 9869: 9857:. Retrieved 9840: 9836: 9826: 9821:, chpt. 1–3. 9814: 9798: 9786:. Retrieved 9782:the original 9769: 9765: 9711: 9707: 9697: 9670: 9658: 9646: 9634: 9623:, retrieved 9616:the original 9607: 9600: 9588: 9576:. Retrieved 9572:the original 9542: 9530: 9518:. Retrieved 9509: 9505: 9495: 9454: 9450: 9444: 9432: 9420: 9408: 9403:, p. 2. 9396: 9374:Ruegg (1999) 9369: 9357: 9345: 9318: 9314: 9309: 9296:google books 9287: 9284:Strong, John 9279: 9267:. Retrieved 9258: 9248: 9241:Lopez (1995) 9236: 9224: 9212: 9205:Smith (1924) 9200: 9188: 9176: 9142: 9136: 9124: 9112: 9100: 9088: 9076: 9064:. Retrieved 9060:the original 9050: 9038:. Retrieved 9018: 9011: 8999:. Retrieved 8979: 8972: 8960:. Retrieved 8949: 8940: 8911:. Retrieved 8902: 8893: 8873: 8866: 8854:. Retrieved 8834: 8827: 8795:. Retrieved 8768: 8748:Weise (2013) 8735:, p. 5. 8728: 8695: 8691: 8678: 8666: 8657: 8644:. Retrieved 8620: 8616:Roshen Dalal 8610: 8599:, retrieved 8583: 8576: 8568: 8563: 8544: 8517: 8505: 8483:, p. 8. 8462: 8456: 8447: 8441: 8429:. Retrieved 8420: 8410: 8398: 8374:Keown (2003) 8354:. Retrieved 8334: 8312: 8304: 8299: 8287: 8282:, p. 4. 8275: 8263: 8251: 8246:, p. 8. 8229:, p. 4. 8222: 8210: 8198: 8178:, p. 1. 8171: 8159: 8147: 8145: 8131: 8117: 8115: 8100: 8091: 8076: 8067: 8055: 8043: 8001: 7992: 7983: 7974: 7965: 7956: 7948: 7944: 7934: 7924: 7903: 7891: 7885: 7877: 7863: 7859: 7843: 7833: 7827: 7817: 7811: 7805: 7799: 7792: 7782: 7778: 7770: 7763: 7753: 7746:Tsong-kha-pa 7734:Bhavanakrama 7719: 7715: 7711: 7706: 7697: 7687: 7680: 7676: 7671: 7661: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7636: 7604: 7557: 7547: 7540:dibba-cakkhu 7539: 7532: 7528: 7523: 7515: 7510: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7486: 7481: 7472: 7426: 7418: 7412: 7384: 7374: 7364: 7347: 7335: 7308: 7303: 7294: 7280: 7253: 7237: 7232:, p. 76 7220: 7201: 7189: 7169: 7121: 7110: 6989: 6962:Norman (1997 6801: 6780: 6746:K. R. Norman 6655: 6652:Walshe (1995 6646:Warder (2000 6631: 6600: 6589:Jataka tales 6580: 6530:dharmachakra 6528: 6519: 6465:Karuna Nadee 6463: 6451: 6432: 6420: 6408: 6404:Osamu Tezuka 6393: 6384: 6373: 6369:Edwin Arnold 6362: 6339: 6334:Richard Gere 6330:David Grubin 6323: 6309: 6294: 6280: 6272: 6266: 6256: 6244: 6236: 6231:Keanu Reeves 6220: 6211:Conrad Rooks 6204: 6192: 6169: 6155: 6149: 6135: 6131: 5907:Heian period 5744:, Sri Lanka. 5726:Gupta period 5679:Ajanta Caves 5569: 5507: 15 CE 5376: 5372:Jataka tales 5360:Dharma wheel 5349: 5315: 5300: 5289: 5281:Baháʼí Faith 5278: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5238: 5216:Christianity 5203: 5151: 5142: 5137:95:1 of the 5128: 5116: 5102: 5080: 5037:(D, I:142). 5030: 5027:Digha Nikaya 5024: 5020: 5015: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4997: 4971: 4967: 4962: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4946: 4931: 4929: 4917: 4915: 4908: 4906: 4901: 4896:As noted by 4895: 4880: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4859: 4857: 4852: 4846: 4844: 4840: 4830: 4808: 4806: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4773: 4766: 4756: 4730:example, in 4728: 4702: 4695: 4689: 4684: 4682: 4673:Edward Conze 4671: 4662: 4655: 4650: 4647: 4642:A. K. Warder 4638:Peter Harvey 4622: 4587:Sarvastivada 4580: 4540: 4533: 4523: 4517: 4516:. Likewise, 4511: 4493: 4477:Āḷāra Kālāma 4474: 4465:Alara Kalama 4446: 4440: 4434: 4430:satipatthana 4428: 4420: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4376: 4370: 4368: 4349: 4340: 4336: 4320: 4318: 4259: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4232: 4227: 4221: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4178: 4168: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4145: 4076: 4066: 4055: 4047: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4032: 4027: 4023: 3987: 3967: 3965:Sarvastivada 3958: 3949: 3945:Mahasamghika 3942: 3879: 3838: 3815: 3806: 3804: 3779: 3753: 3745: 3741: 3739: 3732: 3727: 3718: 3716: 3700: 3682: 3678:Ajanta caves 3655: 3649: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3629: 3627: 3622: 3616: 3614: 3597: 3590: 3586:Mahāsaṅghika 3579: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3504: 3500: 3489: 3482: 3464: 3461:Jeta's grove 3454: 3403: 3384: 3376: 3365: 3314: 3289: 3282: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3258: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3240: 3215: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3191: 3175:Alara Kalama 3172: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3145: 3143: 3130:Dhamek Stupa 3100: 3090: 3088: 3083: 3068: 3051: 3047: 3045: 3040: 3037:yatha-bhutam 3036: 3032: 3010: 3008: 3001: 2991: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2966:rice pudding 2960: 2953: 2938: 2934:Alara Kalama 2926:Ārāḍa Kālāma 2921: 2914: 2878: 2804: 2798: 2794:monk's robes 2775: 2770: 2764: 2757: 2749:Digha Nikaya 2748: 2730: 2723: 2694: 2685: 2683: 2678: 2676: 2643:Renunciation 2634: 2632: 2612: 2591:chakravartin 2589: 2579: 2571: 2553: 2528: 2511: 2490: 2480: 2445: 2439: 2437: 2432: 2426: 2407: 2385:marking the 2349: 2345: 2341: 2339: 2328: 2325:past Buddhas 2322: 2315: 2311: 2309: 2296: 2290: 2288: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2251: 2247:Alara Kalama 2238: 2230: 2226: 2210: 2206: 2192: 2116: 2104: 2090: 2082:Alara Kalama 2072: 2036: 2014: 2005: 1978: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1895: 1887: 1878: 1854:Mahajanapada 1851: 1831:is from the 1828: 1824: 1814:Mahāsāṃghika 1809: 1807: 1803:Sarvāstivāda 1794: 1787:Buddhacarita 1786: 1782: 1776: 1770: 1766:Buddhacarita 1764: 1762: 1753: 1749: 1742:Jātaka tales 1737: 1733: 1729: 1721: 1713: 1711: 1691: 1681: 1660: 1645: 1637: 1626: 1612: 1538: 1535: 1523: 1516:philological 1513: 1487: 1484:Maha sramana 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1460: 1444: 1433: 1423: 1417: 1407: 1399: 1393: 1384: 1379: 1371: 1362: 1352: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1315: 1314: 1286: 1281: 1267: 1246: 1238: 1231: 1227: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1188:The Buddha, 1163: 1154:Jataka tales 1152: 1146: 1135:Sutta Piṭaka 1124: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1043: 1036: 1035:and reached 960: 956: 955: 623:Merit making 588:Three Jewels 528:Buddhavacana 458:Impermanence 446:Dharma wheel 374: 70:Gupta period 42: 29: 21976:Deified men 21805:Iconography 21798:life in art 21665:Four sights 21348:Dharma talk 21177:Asalha Puja 20973:Eschatology 20776:Switzerland 20756:New Zealand 20684:Middle East 20593:Philippines 20513:Afghanistan 20318:Bodhidharma 20303:Buddhaghosa 20223:Householder 20133:Monasticism 20086:Bodhisattva 19941:Prostration 19894:Mindfulness 19822:Anapanasati 19805:Kammaṭṭhāna 19602:Korean Seon 19542:Asura realm 19537:Human realm 19477:Ten Fetters 19432:Parinirvana 19334:Uppalavanna 19299:Mahākaccana 19284:Mahākassapa 19216:Kṣitigarbha 19211:Ākāśagarbha 19108:Suddhodāna 19053:Four sights 18980:Foundations 18806:Arthadarśin 18801:Priyadarśin 18736:Saraṇaṅkara 18662:Dashavatara 18604:In Our Time 18073:, Routledge 17786:15 November 17415:: 106–140, 17178:, MacMillan 16857:13 November 16799:14 November 16558:, Routledge 16319:10125/23030 16250:, Routledge 15918:25 December 15615:13 February 15586:, Routledge 15359:13 November 15190:, Routledge 15094:(4): 1–27. 14954:17 November 14728:15 November 14540:, Chapter 9 14303:Larson 1995 13697:, p. . 13671:Jong (1993) 13537:, p. . 12964:Wayman 1971 12565:Lion's Roar 12405:Gethin 1998 12300:25 December 12027:Jain (1991) 11469:25 December 11335:25 December 10718:, p. . 10622:Beal (1875) 10598:Beal (1875) 10505:25 December 10285:, p. . 10237:, p. . 10030:Ludden 1985 10000:Thapar 2004 9788:23 February 9690:Keay (2011) 9675:Sharma 2006 9578:26 November 9520:26 December 9181:Beal (1875) 9105:Beal (1883) 9066:4 September 8481:Bary (2011) 8215:Bodhi 2005a 7929:Bronkhorst. 7864:parinirvana 7849:A.K. Warder 7832:(Sanskrit: 7816:(Sanskrit: 7804:(Sanskrit: 7650:sukaresh.ta 7594:, Chapter 7 7588:, Chapter 4 7549:āsavakkhaya 7361:Walshe 1995 7355:Warder 2000 7230:Gethin 1998 7157:Keown (2003 7149:The Buddha: 7069:Shakyamuni: 6769:Indologist 6636:Gethin 1998 6605:Gethin 1998 6581:Nidanakatha 6545:Sahni (1914 6458:Dudley Buck 6316:. It stars 6164:Himansu Rai 6160:Franz Osten 6151:Prem Sanyas 5838:flanked by 5307:Manichaeism 5259:via Arabic 5256:Bodhisattva 5243:Paul Ranson 5163:Afghanistan 5147:Kapilavastu 5131:Dhu al-Kifl 4629:A.K. Warder 4530:K.R. Norman 4508:Brahmanical 4442:Anapanasati 4425:mindfulness 4335:and attain 4185:ucchedavada 4181:sassatavada 3932:, with the 3811:Mahākassapa 3767:(Kushinara) 3742:parinirvana 3717:As per the 3598:parinirvana 3544:Ajatashatru 3510:Later years 3202:Rishipatana 3096:Nidanakatha 2759:during his 2745:four sights 2732:Nidanakatha 2519:Suryavansha 2503:Shakya clan 2414:Kapilavastu 2317:asamkheyyas 2312:Buddhavaṃsa 2301:bodhisattva 2292:Buddhavaṃsa 2203:omniscience 2188:Pāla period 2151:(left) and 2123:Pataliputra 1874:tirthankara 1872:, the Jain 1866:Ajatashatru 1837:Buddhaghoṣa 1829:Nidānakathā 1783:Nidānakathā 1746:bodhisattva 1696:, found in 1669:, dated to 1663:in a relief 1531:hagiography 1504:Pali suttas 1441:knowledge". 1430:and humans. 1412:many worlds 1345:tathā-agata 1341:tathā-āgata 1190:Tapa Shotor 1094:mindfulness 1038:parinirvana 858:New Zealand 713:Bodhisattva 698:Four Stages 653:Monasticism 633:Mindfulness 603:Perfections 533:Early Texts 236:Predecessor 83:(B(b) 181). 21865:Categories 21725:Bodhi Tree 21690:Śuddhodana 21641:Middle Way 21605:The Buddha 21465:Psychology 21445:Gnosticism 21433:Comparison 21428:Influences 21410:Comparison 21293:Bhavacakra 21251:Kushinagar 21226:Pilgrimage 21172:Māgha Pūjā 21127:Bodhi Tree 20943:Buddhology 20933:Abhidharma 20925:Philosophy 20858:Menander I 20726:Costa Rica 20677:Uzbekistan 20518:Bangladesh 20472:Dhammapada 20456:Pali Canon 20418:Ajahn Chah 20398:Dalai Lama 20298:Kumārajīva 20293:Vasubandhu 20268:The Buddha 20176:Zen master 20111:Sakadagami 20091:Buddhahood 20022:Pratimokṣa 19837:Shikantaza 19793:Meditation 19768:Deity yoga 19639:Madhyamaka 19532:Deva realm 19427:Mindstream 19377:Bodhicitta 19289:Aṅgulimāla 19156:Devadatta 19132:Yaśodharā 19035:The Buddha 19025:Middle Way 18851:Koṇāgamana 18846:Kakusandha 18816:Siddhārtha 18786:Padmottara 18771:Anomadassi 18731:Medhaṃkara 18726:Taṇhaṅkara 18715:28 Buddhas 18466:. UNESCO. 18409:The Buddha 17867:13 October 17447:24 January 17395:23 October 16980:8176463531 16961:21 October 16480:: 77–103, 16339:17 January 16295:7 November 16232:, Tharpa, 16144:30 October 15769:0028657187 15620:, 1120 pp. 15497:23 October 15034:(5): 9–41. 15021:13 October 14986:, Springer 14088:9 February 13709:, p. 12789:23 October 12575:21 January 11499:22 October 10429:. UNESCO. 10015:Dyson 2019 9973:Roy (1984) 9961:Roy (1984) 9625:22 October 8913:27 October 8356:23 October 8292:Cox (2003) 8012:References 7911:formulas." 7742:sGam-po-pa 7226:aggregates 7186:required.) 7095:Bary (2011 7091: 269 6970:Bodhi 2020 6946:Bodhi 2020 6942:Cohen 2006 6938:Max Muller 6760: 445 6753: 480 6683:Tilaurakot 6557:Mani (2012 6439:Gore Vidal 6410:Siddhartha 6357:Literature 6325:The Buddha 6318:Arun Govil 6304:Television 6206:Siddhartha 6132:Buddha Dev 6103: 5th 5875: 825 5777: 609 5742:Gal Vihara 5379:Lotus Pose 5364:Bodhi tree 4958:kammapatha 4886:republican 4869:Cakkavatti 4740:Pali Canon 4595:Mahisasaka 4583:Pali Canon 4575: 130 4568:Kanishka I 4485:Upanishads 4417:equanimity 4406:sampajañña 4360:hindrances 4345:Middle Way 4303:Gal Vihara 4291:full lotus 4220:and will ( 3930:Middle Way 3896:, and the 3852:See also: 3795:See also: 3765:Kushinagar 3723:Kushinagar 3696:infarction 3693:mesenteric 3536:Pratimoksa 3325:Angulimala 3255:"not-self" 3243:Mahāvastu, 3212:Mahīśāsaka 3074:, such as 3060:Bodhi tree 3021:Middle Way 2988:liberation 2853:asceticism 2845:Wat Suthat 2829:See also: 2647:See also: 2570:is called 2535:gaṇasaṅgha 2499:Śuddhodana 2422:Tilaurakot 2346:Jātakamālā 2330:pranidhana 2297:Jātakamālā 2221:and later 2099:See also: 2078:Moggallāna 1929: – c. 1927: 492 1918: – c. 1916: 558 1891:Kalachakra 1781:, and the 1678:Bodhi tree 1656:Pāli Canon 1652:Maurya era 1604:") in the 1468:Dharmaraja 1463:Pali Canon 1451:liberation 1337:tathā-gata 1333:Pāli Canon 1256: 269 1148:Abhidharma 1046:Middle Way 1033:Kushinagar 1009:asceticism 1005:mendicancy 995:clan, but 969:South Asia 961:the Buddha 731:Traditions 668:Pilgrimage 608:Meditation 568:Post-canon 548:Pāli Canon 478:Middle Way 375:The Buddha 190:Śuddhodana 161:Yashodhara 135:Kushinagar 49:The Buddha 21850:Wikiquote 21786:footprint 21721:Bodh Gaya 21700:Yaśodharā 21653:Disciples 21533:Festivals 21513:Buddhists 21475:Theosophy 21278:Symbolism 21268:Hama yumi 21241:Bodh Gaya 21008:Socialism 20983:Evolution 20958:Economics 20796:Venezuela 20711:Australia 20706:Argentina 20630:Sri Lanka 20625:Singapore 20543:Indonesia 20505:Countries 20446:Tripiṭaka 20408:Ajahn Mun 20283:Nagarjuna 20278:Aśvaghoṣa 20161:Anagārika 20156:Śrāmaṇerī 20151:Śrāmaṇera 20146:Bhikkhunī 20106:Sotāpanna 19995:Passaddhi 19936:Offerings 19911:Nekkhamma 19788:Iddhipada 19708:Practices 19678:Theravada 19651:Vajrayana 19644:Yogachara 19614:Pure Land 19527:Six Paths 19514:Cosmology 19294:Anuruddha 19269:Sāriputta 19259:Kaundinya 19251:Disciples 19226:Vajrapāṇi 19078:Footprint 19043:Tathāgata 18746:Kauṇḍinya 18741:Dīpaṃkara 18667:Kali Yuga 18134:0578-8072 18108:2 January 17906:161507469 17593:, Penguin 17297:697272229 17291:, Tokyo, 17242:173481241 17223:162902049 17189:CiteSeerX 17142:1076-9005 16748:cite book 16655:(1900), " 16189:, Equinox 15903:Routledge 15898:The Jains 15836:173196980 15710:162929573 15694:1356-1863 15574:1 October 15199:, Orion, 15053:1076-9005 14353:"Balaram" 14078:143618675 12829:SAGE Open 12515:, p. 88, 11485:"nirvana" 10901:: 98–148. 9849:1011-7601 9778:1747-9681 9728:141897826 9487:195804491 9471:0973-7138 9457:(3): 58. 9040:5 October 8962:8 January 8817:ignored ( 8807:cite book 8720:154283219 8712:0019-7246 8431:18 August 8017:Citations 7503:Mahāvastu 7340:Keay 2011 7328:Vajrapani 7309:Bodhigara 7117:: 𑀩𑀼𑀥 7086:(reigned 7051:Sanskrit: 6918:Sanskrit: 6727:411–400: 6704:See also 6601:Śākyamuni 6551:Eck (1982 6468:, a 2010 6413:novel by 6348:starring 6199:Bimal Roy 6070:, Yangon. 5968:Sukhothai 5939:Mucalinda 5891:Srivijaya 5868:Borobudur 5844:Vajrapani 5836:Vairocana 5813:Seokguram 5797:Srivijaya 5592:Vajrapani 5538:Amaravati 5210:Ahmadiyya 5191:Ibn Nadim 5175:Al-Biruni 5153:Classical 4831:svadharma 4744:Agnihotra 4469:Borobudur 4325:samyojana 4287:Gandharan 4142:teaches." 3994:sankharas 3990:samyojana 3947:school's 3886:sankharas 3882:samyojana 3728:saṅkhāras 3703:Theravada 3575:Devadatta 3548:Bimbisara 3485:bhikkhunī 3446:Devadatta 3434:Anuruddha 3410:Sāriputta 3399:Bimbisara 3345:Gorakhpur 3341:Bhagalpur 3337:Allahabad 3216:Mahāvastu 3198:Mrigadāva 3092:Mahavastu 3066:, Bihar. 3064:Bodh Gaya 3017:Tathagata 2905:aniconism 2885:Bodh Gaya 2868:Bodh Gaya 2815:Bimbisara 2786:Yaśodhara 2727:suffering 2718:Borobudur 2703:Mahāvastu 2624:Yasodhara 2556:Theravada 2487:Kshatriya 2441:Mahavastu 2433:Śākyamuni 2259:Mahāvastu 2255:lokottara 2229:. In the 2227:Mahāvastu 2211:lokottara 2155:(right). 2074:Śāriputra 2011:Shramanas 1997:Aryavarta 1993:Brahminic 1985:oligarchy 1858:Bimbisara 1833:Theravada 1812:from the 1810:Mahāvastu 1791:Aśvaghoṣa 1778:Mahāvastu 1728:16), the 1720:26), the 1633:: 𑀩𑀼𑀥 1486:, "great 1480:Varapañña 1474:), Lion ( 1472:Lokanatha 1380:tathāgata 1353:tathāgata 1316:Tathāgata 1311:Tathāgata 1294:शाक्यमुनि 1277:: 𑀩𑀼𑀥 1251:(reigned 1242:Kshatriya 1054:ignorance 1017:Bodh Gaya 1001:home life 997:renounced 878:Sri Lanka 868:Singapore 823:Indonesia 763:Vajrayāna 738:Theravāda 693:Awakening 581:Practices 538:Tripiṭaka 508:Cosmology 483:Emptiness 463:Suffering 283:Pali name 246:Successor 209:Founding 131:(aged 80) 21956:Ascetics 21820:Hinduism 21756:Prophecy 21746:Birthday 21741:Miracles 21621:Buddhism 21551:Category 21480:Violence 21450:Hinduism 21398:Sanskrit 21353:Hinayana 21338:Amitābha 21298:Swastika 21167:Uposatha 21157:Holidays 21142:Calendar 20988:Humanism 20826:Kanishka 20816:Timeline 20640:Thailand 20608:Kalmykia 20603:Buryatia 20588:Pakistan 20573:Mongolia 20568:Maldives 20563:Malaysia 20528:Cambodia 20393:Shamarpa 20388:Nichiren 20338:Xuanzang 20273:Nagasena 20191:Rinpoche 19921:Pāramitā 19763:Devotion 19683:Navayana 19671:Dzogchen 19634:Nichiren 19582:Mahayana 19574:Branches 19452:Saṅkhāra 19201:Mañjuśrī 19158:(cousin) 19150:(cousin) 19118:(mother) 19110:(father) 19098:Miracles 19048:Birthday 18965:Glossary 18938:Buddhism 18876:Maitreya 18841:Vessabhū 18521:(1994), 18491:(1974). 18430:(1992). 18403:: 33–66. 18324:(2016), 18146:Archived 18142:20839172 18099:archived 18037:citation 17861:Archived 17780:Archived 17766:(2008). 17685:15 April 17676:archived 17527:(2001), 17488:15 April 17482:archived 17441:archived 17433:"Buddha" 17423:22 April 17417:archived 17382:59132368 17304:citation 17274:citation 17251:(2010), 17136:: 1–21, 17107:archived 17070:. SAGE. 17062:(2003). 17037:(1992), 16955:archived 16903:(1980), 16848:archived 16837:(1899), 16790:archived 16727:(1918). 16681:archived 16581:archived 16482:archived 16413:22 April 16407:archived 16375:archived 16333:archived 16289:archived 16210:13 March 16204:Archived 16200:Tricycle 16177:14 March 16171:archived 16138:Archived 16051:citation 16008:Archived 15938:(1982), 15797:(1969). 15745:citation 15702:25183119 15655:citation 15645:(1959), 15609:archived 15568:archived 15491:archived 15472:(2011), 15460:(1993), 15423:archived 15350:Archived 15278:(1875), 15260:Archived 15177:13 March 15168:Archived 15015:Archived 14976:TriCycle 14948:Archived 14804:cite web 14635:Archived 14596:Archived 14573:38215769 14466:Archived 14458:"Buddha" 14442:16 April 14436:Archived 14367:17 April 14361:archived 14236:Archived 14221:, p. 19. 14082:Archived 13744:: 35–70. 13551:(eds.). 13379:Archived 12807:Archived 12783:Archived 12569:Archived 12475:Archived 12252:archived 12130:Archived 11815:Archived 11646:31489012 11493:Archived 11463:Archived 11430:Archived 11363:Archived 11329:Archived 10476:16 April 10431:Archived 10214:Archived 10212:. 2005. 10159:(2010). 10120:Archived 9904:Archived 9853:Archived 9514:Archived 9506:Antiqvvs 9479:31389347 9299:Archived 9263:Archived 9034:Archived 8995:Archived 8956:Archived 8907:Archived 8850:Archived 8791:Archived 8686:(2009). 8640:Archived 8618:(2014). 8592:archived 8553:Archived 8450:. Brill. 8425:Archived 8350:Archived 7531:and the 7501:and the 7470:See the 7444:Panchala 7351:Shakya: 6796:, India. 6667:Piprahwa 6535:couchant 6480:See also 6470:oratorio 6434:Creation 6291:Navayana 6289:'s 1957 6251:Tipitaka 5953:Cambodia 5923:Dunhuang 5783:, Japan. 5756:Chinese 5596:Herakles 5576:Berenice 5305:sect of 5265:Iodasaph 5261:Būdhasaf 5251:Josaphat 5052:Hinduism 5014:" (Skt. 4862:and the 4790:secret. 4690:bhikkhus 4107:sankhara 3936:and the 3914:and the 3776:Piprahwa 3734:appamāda 3707:Mahayana 3582:Sthavira 3465:Jetavana 3391:Rajagaha 3387:Varanasi 3361:Rajagaha 3357:Savatthi 3265:arahant. 3220:Koṇḍañña 3183:Vārānasī 3099:and the 2778:Kanthaka 2737:Chandaka 2667:Gandhara 2600:Kondañña 2529:khattiya 2491:khattiya 2483:sal tree 2444:and the 2418:Piprahwa 2351:pāramitā 2207:sabbaññu 2176:Sanskrit 2044:Mahavira 1870:Mahavira 1799:Mahāyāna 1702:Gāndhārī 1698:Gandhara 1408:Lokavidu 1387: – 1374: – 1365:epithets 1289:Sanskrit 1174:aniconic 1166:Hinduism 1119:svabhava 1088:such as 1068:and the 981:Buddhism 888:Thailand 848:Mongolia 843:Malaysia 808:Cambodia 773:Navayana 753:Hinayana 748:Mahāyāna 658:Lay life 488:Morality 468:Not-self 426:Concepts 385:Councils 370:Timeline 342:Glossary 324:Buddhism 316:a series 314:Part of 270:Sanskrit 250:Maitreya 211:Buddhism 198:(mother) 192:(father) 167:Children 89:Personal 21981:Shakyas 21906:Buddhas 21840:Commons 21717:Lumbini 21646:Sayings 21528:Temples 21508:Buddhas 21470:Science 21460:Judaism 21455:Jainism 21373:Lineage 21333:Abhijñā 21303:Thangka 21246:Sarnath 21231:Lumbini 21152:Funeral 21147:Cuisine 21023:Culture 20998:Reality 20948:Creator 20938:Atomism 20808:History 20781:Ukraine 20741:Germany 20660:Senegal 20650:Vietnam 20578:Myanmar 20378:Shinran 20368:Karmapa 20343:Shandao 20313:Dignāga 20238:Śrāvaka 20218:Donchee 20213:Kappiya 20171:Sayadaw 20141:Bhikkhu 20116:Anāgāmi 20073:Nirvana 20039:Samadhi 19926:Paritta 19867:Tonglen 19862:Mandala 19817:Smarana 19798:Mantras 19746:Upekkha 19716:Bhavana 19666:Shingon 19619:Tiantai 19472:Tathātā 19462:Śūnyatā 19457:Skandha 19447:Saṃsāra 19442:Rebirth 19417:Kleshas 19407:Indriya 19309:Subhūti 19194:Guanyin 19148:Ānanda 19140:Rāhula 19020:Nirvana 18960:Outline 18856:Kāśyapa 18831:Vipassī 18791:Sumedha 18766:Śobhita 18761:Raivata 18756:Sumanas 18751:Maṃgala 18655:Krishna 18607:at the 18592:at the 18583:at the 18574:at the 18506:, Brill 18332:Pearson 18316:, Kosei 18152:16 July 17898:1062009 17758:, Brill 17010:3518337 16491:9 April 15720:4 April 15476:, BRILL 15429:18 June 15237:, Rosen 15047:: 752. 15002:: 1–20. 14966:Sources 14906:website 14519:, p. 66 14472:13 July 13983:4410659 12804:Skandha 12481:21 June 12258:5 March 11436:21 June 10318:28 June 10126:12 July 9910:20 June 8601:28 July 8423:: 946. 7870:rules." 7834:anātman 7491:Anālayo 6593:Lumbini 6314:Sony TV 5970:Buddha. 5811:Korean 5352:Bharhut 5318:Sikhism 5303:Gnostic 5279:In the 5206:prophet 5171:Bukhara 5167:Baghdad 5143:Al-Kifl 5118:nāstika 5109:Brahman 5064:, from 5001:mundaka 4970:merit ( 4953:akusala 4879:In the 4845:In the 4796:In the 4788:mantras 4759:Brahmin 4723:Kolkata 4708:Society 4685:sramana 4663:dhyānas 4519:samsara 4500:Rebirth 4471:relief. 4384:Bhāvanā 4337:vimutti 4329:kleshas 4268:essence 4264:purusha 4258:(Pali: 4213:viññana 4139:dhāraṇī 4115:vijnana 4069:āyatana 4048:Samsara 4020:rebirth 3998:kleshas 3984:Samsara 3890:kleshas 3524:Kolkata 3520:Bharhut 3395:Magadha 3353:Magadha 3331:on the 3329:Kosambi 3228:bhikkhu 3224:arahant 3187:Ājīvika 3134:Sarnath 3041:vimutti 3003:samsara 2993:tevijja 2849:Bangkok 2819:Magadha 2790:Anomiya 2753:Vipassi 2741:ascetic 2714:śramaṇa 2679:śramaṇa 2596:Brahmin 2574:Purnima 2572:Buddha 2545:sanghas 2524:Ikṣvāku 2517:of the 2495:Shakyas 2489:(Pali: 2456:Devdaha 2410:Lumbini 2391:Lumbini 2372:Lumbini 2368:Lumbini 2305:Jatakas 2243:abhijñā 2195:nikāyas 2184:Nālandā 2029:Jainism 2025:Cārvāka 2021:Ājīvika 2017:śramaṇa 1960:Shakyas 1862:Magadha 1667:Bharhut 1602:Shakyas 1494:Sources 1488:sramana 1455:Jainism 1438:Arahant 1305:Shakyas 1271:‍ 1114:dharmas 1110:dharmas 1058:craving 1050:freedom 1013:nirvana 985:Lumbini 898:Vietnam 853:Myanmar 768:Tibetan 758:Chinese 686:Nirvāṇa 503:Saṃsāra 498:Rebirth 363:History 352:Outline 224:Shakyas 183:Parents 110:Lumbini 66:Sarnath 21776:Cetiya 21771:Relics 21712:Places 21705:Rāhula 21680:Family 21523:Sutras 21518:Suttas 21383:Siddhi 21368:Koliya 21343:Brahmā 21258:Poetry 21204:Mantra 21194:Kasaya 21066:Pagoda 21046:Kyaung 21041:Vihāra 21036:Temple 20978:Ethics 20821:Ashoka 20771:Sweden 20766:Poland 20761:Norway 20751:Mexico 20736:France 20721:Canada 20716:Brazil 20655:Africa 20635:Taiwan 20598:Russia 20523:Bhutan 20483:Vinaya 20363:Naropa 20353:Saraha 20288:Asanga 20044:Prajñā 19953:Refuge 19916:Nianfo 19877:Tertön 19872:Tantra 19857:Ganana 19847:Tukdam 19773:Dhyāna 19741:Mudita 19736:Karuṇā 19629:Risshū 19624:Huayan 19557:Naraka 19497:Anattā 19492:Dukkha 19487:Anicca 19392:Dharma 19344:Channa 19279:Ānanda 19264:Assaji 19231:Skanda 19134:(wife) 19103:Family 19083:Relics 19008:Sangha 19003:Dharma 18998:Buddha 18872:Future 18826:Phussa 18796:Sujāta 18781:Nārada 18599:Buddha 18545: 18470: 18449: 18381: 18358: 18338: 18278: 18218: 18140: 18132: 18091: 18058: 18018: 17987: 17964: 17946: 17904: 17896: 17833: 17744: 17726: 17626: 17606: 17570: 17539: 17380: 17334: 17295: 17240: 17221: 17191: 17140: 17099: 17074: 17008: 16977: 16931: 16913: 16890: 16705: 16634: 16603: 16587:24 May 16573: 16544: 16525: 16399: 16325: 16281: 16259:". 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