121:
accessible via the minor streets running through each block and at the centre of these blocks open space allowing gardens, playgrounds, tennis courts or the enlargement of housing plots were featured. "Geddes rejected the cul-de-sac mode that
Mumford advocated" preferring the space in the centre to be open. These planned open spaces were a culmination of lessons learned during his time in India both in form and in economic practicality. Citing medical concerns along with their importance for children, Geddes maintained these open spaces that allowed gardens, playgrounds, or provided for other leisurely pursuits were cheaper to build and maintain than streets. This concept was proposed in an early memorandum. "The model and ideal before us is that of the Garden Village. But this no longer as merely suburban; but as coming into town; and even the very heart of the city block"
117:
Yarkon river in the north. These along with three lesser north-south roads were to provide major thoroughfares along the length of the proposed commission. They were then complemented by a series of intersecting "widely spaced, east-west oriented, secondary roads" which helped to channel the cooling sea-breeze off the
Mediterranean into the city. Tertiary tree-lined boulevards were added providing green pedestrian promenades, and finally networks of deliberately narrow lanes arranged in an irregular non-aligned 'pinwheel' fashions to discourage non-residential traffic allowed access to the interior of the "superblocks" that much of the land was divided into.
125:
theatre area was already sited for this purpose but its location at the north-eastern edge prevented it from stitching together the old and new city as a centralised feature. Geddes viewed the old city as the "foundation from which every new city sprang" and considered both Jaffa and Tel Aviv "as parts of the same regional entity". Reflecting on his work in
Balrampur, Geddes laid plans for a town square (now Dizengoff Circle) to link the old parts of Tel Aviv and by extension Jaffa to the new development in the north.
20:
67:
141:
Despite the amendments and ongoing debate regarding the legacy of Geddes, areas of Tel Aviv that applied "Geddes principle of freestanding buildings and incremental parcelling of the superblocks prevented the construction of large projects (including housing) and ensured the present day cityscape of
90:
in partnership with his son-in-law Frank Mears. Geddes had impressed members of the
Zionist Commission with "his total lack of prejudice" and had multiple admirers within the Zionist Commission. His evolutionary concept of cities alongside his "valley section" regional planning, was synergistic with
116:
Geddes described four street types in his framework for Tel Aviv including "the width of sidewalks, pavements, plantations and lines of building". The largest of these were two major roads running parallel to the shore, beginning near the existing settlement in the south-west and extending to the
124:
Finally, in locating institutional buildings, Geddes plan for Tel Aviv called for "the spatial concentration of cultural institutions" to be located prominently and in close proximity so as to both "prevent their mutual forgetfulness" and to provide cultural expression. Topographically the Habima
137:
The population had almost doubled by 1933 and the implementation of the building plots and the alignment of buildings were seen as restrictive by the influx of architects of the
Modernist Movement. By 1938 height limitations were loosened, population density allowed to double and proposed open
120:
These blocks, set at 560 square metres per lot size, were intended primarily for low density housing which was to be detached or sometimes semi-detached, no more than two stories in height with flat roofs and in double rows around the edges of each block. Housing facing internally was to be
103:
Geddes' 62-page plan for Tel Aviv, presented in 1925, linked the existing settlement of Tel Aviv (Ahuzat-Bayit) from Mapu Street (to the southwest) and extended across an area bordered by
Borgrashov Street to the southeast, Ibn Gabirol Street to the east, the shoreline to the west and the
112:
as an example of contemporary planning...based on the valley section and integrated villages, towns and large cities - both old and new." He identified Tel Aviv as "a transitional place and a link between the over-crowded cities of Europe and the renewal of
Agricultural Palestine."
133:
While "the basic layout of large blocks created by north-south and east-west cross streets that were intersected by narrower access lanes was adhered to", Geddes plan was amended significantly by the time of its official approval in 1938.
138:
spaces were "often converted into more residential blocks". Land owners were reluctant to relinquish their land for public use and the municipality lacked the funding to purchase it.
58:. Patrick Geddes envisioned public gardens surrounded by residential blocks and small streets, with main roads crossing the city from east to west and south to north.
492:
335:
285:
248:
525:
The celebration, condemnation and reinterpretation of the Geddes Plan, 1925: the dynamic planning history of Tel Aviv' Urban
History vol. 40 no. 1'
39:. The Geddes Plan was an extension to the north of the first neighborhoods of the city (now in the southern part adjacent to the
503:
346:
296:
259:
486:
329:
279:
242:
575:
570:
87:
565:
50:
The plan refers to the area known today as the "Old North," where the eastern boundary of the plan is
488:
The machine in the garden city: Patrick Geddes' plan for Tel Aviv'. Planning
Perspectives vol. 10
331:
The machine in the garden city: Patrick Geddes' plan for Tel Aviv'. Planning
Perspectives vol. 10
281:
The machine in the garden city: Patrick Geddes' plan for Tel Aviv'. Planning Perspectives vol. 10
244:
The machine in the garden city: Patrick Geddes' plan for Tel Aviv'. Planning Perspectives vol. 10
523:
8:
151:
91:
the Zionist Commission's goal of both founding and historically contextualising a modern
83:
79:
51:
500:
343:
293:
256:
55:
474:
The 1925 Master Plan for Tel-Aviv by Patrick Geddes, Israel Studies vol. 14, no. 3
461:
The 1925 Master Plan for Tel-Aviv by Patrick Geddes, Israel Studies vol. 14, no. 3
448:
The 1925 Master Plan for Tel-Aviv by Patrick Geddes, Israel Studies vol. 14, no. 3
435:
The 1925 Master Plan for Tel-Aviv by Patrick Geddes, Israel Studies vol. 14, no. 3
409:
The 1925 Master Plan for Tel-Aviv by Patrick Geddes, Israel Studies vol. 14, no. 3
396:
The 1925 Master Plan for Tel-Aviv by Patrick Geddes, Israel Studies vol. 14, no. 3
380:
The 1925 Master Plan for Tel-Aviv by Patrick Geddes, Israel Studies vol. 14, no. 3
314:
The 1925 Master Plan for Tel-Aviv by Patrick Geddes, Israel Studies vol. 14, no. 3
230:
The 1925 Master Plan for Tel-Aviv by Patrick Geddes, Israel Studies vol. 14, no. 3
217:
The 1925 Master Plan for Tel-Aviv by Patrick Geddes, Israel Studies vol. 14, no. 3
201:
The 1925 Master Plan for Tel-Aviv by Patrick Geddes, Israel Studies vol. 14, no. 3
185:
The 1925 Master Plan for Tel-Aviv by Patrick Geddes, Israel Studies vol. 14, no. 3
172:
The 1925 Master Plan for Tel-Aviv by Patrick Geddes, Israel Studies vol. 14, no. 3
507:
496:
350:
339:
300:
289:
263:
252:
544:
19:
32:
559:
105:
44:
109:
66:
61:
95:
settlement, helping to "re-establish roots in the ancient homeland".
75:
36:
546:
The White City revisited' Progressive Architecture vol. 75 no. 8
35:
presented in 1925. It was the first master plan for the city of
40:
530:
108:
to the north. Geddes' vision for Tel Aviv was to "realize a
92:
142:
detached medium sized buildings surrounded by greenery."
78:, Geddes had corresponded at length with members of the
518:
516:
324:
322:
422:
Patrick Geddes social evolutionist and city planner,
367:
Patrick Geddes social evolutionist and city planner,
274:
272:
62:
The choice of Geddes for the Commission of Tel Aviv
513:
319:
82:and had already worked on a number of projects in
390:
388:
16:Early urban plan for the city of Tel Aviv, Israel
557:
269:
195:
193:
128:
385:
211:
209:
190:
98:
206:
266:1995, pp. 368-369. Retrieved 29 March 2013
361:
359:
65:
18:
558:
549:, 1994, p. 34. Retrieved 29 March 2013
356:
74:By the time of his commission to plan
533:2013, p. 124. Retrieved 29 March 2013
510:1995, p. 373. Retrieved 29 March 2013
353:1995, p. 366. Retrieved 29 March 2013
303:1995, p. 365. Retrieved 29 March 2013
13:
407:Geddes cited by Welter, Volker M.
228:Geddes cited by Welter, Volker M.
14:
587:
170:Biger cited by Welter, Volker M.
54:and the western boundary is the
543:Sandberg, Esther; Tatcher Oren
537:
479:
466:
453:
440:
427:
414:
401:
372:
306:
235:
222:
177:
164:
88:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1:
157:
129:Implementation of Geddes Plan
7:
501:Taylor & Francis Online
420:Geddes cited by Meller, H.
344:Taylor & Francis Online
294:Taylor & Francis Online
257:Taylor & Francis Online
145:
10:
592:
531:Cambridge University Press
99:Geddes Vision For Tel Aviv
576:20th century in Tel Aviv
571:Urban planning in Israel
29:Geddes plan for Tel Aviv
23:Geddes Plan for Tel Aviv
71:
24:
69:
22:
31:was the proposal of
566:History of Tel Aviv
152:History of Tel Aviv
506:2016-03-05 at the
495:2016-03-05 at the
472:Welter, Volker M.
459:Welter, Volker M.
446:Welter, Volker M.
433:Welter, Volker M.
394:Welter, Volker M.
378:Welter, Volker M.
349:2016-03-05 at the
338:2016-03-05 at the
312:Welter, Volker M.
299:2016-03-05 at the
288:2016-03-05 at the
262:2016-03-05 at the
251:2016-03-05 at the
215:Welter, Volker M.
199:Welter, Volker M.
183:Welter, Volker M.
174:. 2009, pp. 97-98.
80:Zionist Commission
72:
52:Ibn Gabirol Street
43:) reaching to the
25:
56:Mediterranean Sea
583:
550:
541:
535:
520:
511:
485:Payton, Neal I.
483:
477:
470:
464:
457:
451:
444:
438:
431:
425:
418:
412:
405:
399:
392:
383:
376:
370:
363:
354:
328:Payton, Neal I.
326:
317:
310:
304:
278:Payton, Neal I.
276:
267:
241:Payton, Neal I.
239:
233:
226:
220:
213:
204:
197:
188:
181:
175:
168:
591:
590:
586:
585:
584:
582:
581:
580:
556:
555:
554:
553:
542:
538:
522:Rubin, Noah H.
521:
514:
508:Wayback Machine
497:Wayback Machine
484:
480:
476:. 2009, p. 109.
471:
467:
463:. 2009, p. 111.
458:
454:
450:. 2009, p. 110.
445:
441:
437:. 2009, p. 107.
432:
428:
424:. 1990, p. 280.
419:
415:
411:. 2009, p. 104.
406:
402:
398:. 2009, p. 106.
393:
386:
382:. 2009, p. 104.
377:
373:
369:. 1990, p. 280.
364:
357:
351:Wayback Machine
340:Wayback Machine
327:
320:
316:. 2009, p. 102.
311:
307:
301:Wayback Machine
290:Wayback Machine
277:
270:
264:Wayback Machine
253:Wayback Machine
240:
236:
232:. 2009, p. 106.
227:
223:
219:. 2009, p. 100.
214:
207:
198:
191:
182:
178:
169:
165:
160:
148:
131:
101:
64:
17:
12:
11:
5:
589:
579:
578:
573:
568:
552:
551:
536:
512:
478:
465:
452:
439:
426:
413:
400:
384:
371:
355:
318:
305:
268:
234:
221:
205:
203:. 2009, p. 95.
189:
187:. 2009, p. 98.
176:
162:
161:
159:
156:
155:
154:
147:
144:
130:
127:
100:
97:
86:including the
70:Patrick Geddes
63:
60:
33:Patrick Geddes
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
588:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
561:
548:
547:
540:
534:
532:
527:
526:
519:
517:
509:
505:
502:
498:
494:
491:
489:
482:
475:
469:
462:
456:
449:
443:
436:
430:
423:
417:
410:
404:
397:
391:
389:
381:
375:
368:
362:
360:
352:
348:
345:
341:
337:
334:
332:
325:
323:
315:
309:
302:
298:
295:
291:
287:
284:
282:
275:
273:
265:
261:
258:
254:
250:
247:
245:
238:
231:
225:
218:
212:
210:
202:
196:
194:
186:
180:
173:
167:
163:
153:
150:
149:
143:
139:
135:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
96:
94:
89:
85:
81:
77:
68:
59:
57:
53:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
545:
539:
528:
524:
487:
481:
473:
468:
460:
455:
447:
442:
434:
429:
421:
416:
408:
403:
395:
379:
374:
366:
330:
313:
308:
280:
243:
237:
229:
224:
216:
200:
184:
179:
171:
166:
140:
136:
132:
123:
119:
115:
106:Yarkon River
102:
73:
49:
45:Yarkon River
28:
26:
365:Meller, H.
110:conurbation
560:Categories
158:References
84:Palestine
504:Archived
493:Archived
347:Archived
336:Archived
297:Archived
286:Archived
260:Archived
249:Archived
146:See also
76:Tel Aviv
37:Tel Aviv
93:Hebrew
41:Jaffa
27:The
562::
529:,
515:^
499:,
387:^
358:^
342:,
321:^
292:,
271:^
255:,
208:^
192:^
47:.
490:.
333:.
283:.
246:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.