595:
998:
1150:
20:
1348:
1049:, this is recorded as a recognized method for a woman to claim land, and the work further details that "she might not possess more than she could encircle in this way between sunrise and sunset on a spring day." Davidson comments that "this sounds like a ritual taking over of land rather than a legal requirement, like the custom of men lighting fires when taking new land, and it is possible that the women's custom was linked with the fertility goddess." In addition, Davidson notes that Zealand is the most fertile region of Denmark.
380:
765:
5107:
1094:
accompanied by a host of tiny children; it was suggested that these children who died unbaptized, or human offspring replaced by changelings, but another possibility is that they were the souls of the unborn." Davidson details that some local tales feature the plough breaking down, the supernatural woman gaining assistance from a helper, and the supernatural woman giving him wooden chips, only for the chips to later to turn to gold.
635:(name not provided). Gefjun's plough "cut so hard and deep that it uprooted the land, and the oxen drew the land out into the sea to the west and halted in a certain sound." Gefjun there placed the land, and bestowed upon it the name Zealand. Where the land had been taken from a lake stands. According to Snorri, the lake is now known as
1135:
possibility exists that whoever added the story either was aware of an association made between Gefjon and the Greek goddess Diana (as in the "glosses" section above) "or took the view of the pagan gods as demons and therefore made a whore out of Gefjon." However, Lindow adds that the reference to Gefjon made by Loki in
1070:
for her cattle to accompany her, calling them by name. In one version of the tale, the Lady calls forth four gray oxen who were ploughing in a field six miles away. Responding to her call, the oxen dragged the plough with them, and the gash in the land that the plough produced was said to have once been clearly visible.
1338:
is a "late composition and the reproach is too much of a stereotype to carry much weight." Simek says that, regardless, even if Gefjon shouldn't be identified with Freyja, Gefjon could still be considered "one of the fertility and protective goddesses because of the meaning of her name ('the giving
1097:
Regarding the plough and Gefjon, Davidson concludes that "the idea behind the taking of the plough round the countryside seems to be that it brought good fortune and prosperity, gifts of a benevolent goddess. Gefjon and her plough thus fit into a large framework of the cult of a goddess associated
1069:
recorded in the 19th century. In the tale, the Lady brings forth "a herd of wondrous cattle" from the water after she consents to marrying a local farmer. Years later, he unwittingly breaks conditions that she had laid down. As a result, the Lady returns to her dwelling beneath the lake, and calls
1052:
Davidson further links folk customs recorded in the 19th century involving ploughs in
Northern and Eastern Europe to practices involving Gefjon from the heathen period. Davidson points out that in eastern Europe, a custom is recorded in Russia where women with loosened hair and clad in white would
1093:
in traditions from upper
Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. Davidson explains that "they were frequently said to travel with a plough around the countryside, in a way reminiscent of the journey of the fertility goddess to bless the land in pre-Christian times, and on these occasions they might be
1073:
A woman was recorded in 1881 as having claimed to recall that people once gathered at the lake on the first Sunday of August, waiting to see whether or not the water would boil up as an indication that the Lady and her oxen would make an appearance. Davidson notes that "here again a supernatural
1310:
Hilda Ellis
Davidson says that "there seems ample indication that Gefjon represents one aspect of a once powerful goddess of the north, the figure representing in Scandinavian myths as either Frigg, the wife of Odin, or Freyja, sister of fertility god Freyr. Freyja, desired by gods, giants and
1134:
is absent in one branch of manuscripts of the work, and that "the fact that Gylfi is reintroduced directly after it in the other manuscripts, suggests that it was not part of Snorri's original text but may have been added by a later scribe." Lindow says that if Snorri did not write it, the
486:
comments that the manuscript text for these two lines is "puzzling" and that as a result they have been "freely amended." In the stanza that follows, Loki responds to Gefjon, commenting that a youthful male once gave her a necklace, and that with this youth Gefjon slept:
1207:
The five Gefion passages seem to highlight the championing of a new order antagonistic to goddess worship. In light of what appears to be an elaborate thematic statement about patrilineage in the poem, the new order may also have entailed a change in kinship systems.
622:
was once the ruler of "what is now called Sweden," and that he was said to have given "a certain vagrant woman, as reward for his entertainment, one plough-land in his kingdom, as much as four oxen could plow up in a day and night." This woman was "of the race of the
799:"north over the sound to seek for land." There, Gefjun encountered king Gylfi "and he gave her ploughland." Gefjun went to the land of Jötunheimr, and there bore four sons to a jötunn (whose name is not provided). Gefjun transformed these four sons into
1053:
assemble and drag a plough three times around their village during serious disease outbreaks. In
Western Europe, yearly ploughing rituals occurring in England and Denmark in preparation for spring sowing which are, in eastern England, held on
183:
Scholars have proposed theories about the etymology of the name of the goddess, connections to fertility and ploughing practices, the implications of the references made to her as a virgin, five potential mentions of the goddess in the
1057:
after the
Christmas break. Gangs of young men dragged round a plough, while taking various names. Davidson states that "Gefjon with her giant sons transformed into oxen seems a fitting patroness of ceremonies of this kind."
1008:
A reoccurring theme in legend and folktale consists of a man or, more often, a woman who is challenged to gain as much land as can be traveled within a limited amount of time. This motif is attested by
3395:
1299:
due to perceived similarities. Britt-Mari Näsström theorizes that Gefjun is simply another aspect of Freyja, and that the "white youth" that Freyja is accused of sleeping with by Loki in
4335:
692:
presents a list of goddesses. High presents Gefjun fourth, and says that Gefjun is a virgin, and all who die as virgins attend her. In relation, High notes that, like Gefjun, the goddess
3385:
1043:
that features a female settler "whose husband had died on the voyage out, establishing her claim to a piece of land by driving a young heifer round it." Davidson notes that in
803:, attached them to a plough, and drew forth the land westward of the sea, opposite to Odense. The saga adds that this land is now called Zealand, and that Gefjun married
4380:
3390:
345:)." The suffix of the name may stem from the Norse 'hjón', literally 'the joined', meaning a household, a loving couple, or even the crew on a ship, particularly a
1077:
Davidson states that in
Germanic areas of Europe, traditions also exist of supernatural women who travel about the countryside with a plough, examples including
2285:
1311:
dwarves alike, acted as dispenser of bounty and inspirer of sexual love between men and women like the Greek
Aphrodite." In addition, Davidson says that "as
3365:
542:
Odin interjects; stating that Loki must be quite insane to incur the wrath of Gefjon, for she knows the destinies of mankind just as well as Odin himself:
3360:
2537:
1315:(1901) pointed out long ago, we know very little about Gefion, and it is possible that she can be identified with Frigg or Freyja" and not only does the
3380:
3375:
3370:
3355:
3350:
3345:
602:
248:, and likely means 'she who gives (prosperity or happiness)'. The connection between the two names has resulted in etymological interpretation of
2515:
4610:
718:). In chapter 32, Gefjun is listed among six goddesses who attend a party held by Ægir. In chapter 75, Gefjun is included among a list of 27
3340:
269:
1990:
Islanders and Water-Dwellers: Proceedings of the Celtic-Nordic-Baltic
Folklore Symposium held at University College Dublin 16–19 June 1996
1875:
1988:
Davidson, Hilda Ellis (1999). "Gefjon, Goddess of the
Northern Seas", in: Lysaght, Patricia. Ó Catháin, Séamas. Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí (eds.),
265:
3335:
1224:
and the first two monsters may symbolize the consolidation of new hierarchical social organization among the northern
Germanic peoples.
5056:
4400:
2278:
2829:
2759:
2061:
639:, located in Sweden, and the inlets in this lake parallel the headlands of Zealand; however, since this is much more true of Lake
4893:
2436:
1444:
3798:
3235:
2074:
1323:, Loki claims that Gefion was given a jewel by a lover, traditions that would fit in very well with what we know of Freyja."
2271:
2919:
3672:
2508:
5087:
4603:
4572:
4312:
4194:
85:
2004:
3493:
3488:
3217:
2223:
2202:
2167:
2149:
2127:
2107:
2035:
1997:
1983:
1960:
1924:
1919:
1382:
483:
449:
2133:
5143:
2049:
Heizmann, Wilhelm (2002). "Gefjon: Metamorphosen einer Göttin", in: Simek, Rudolf, and Heizmann, Wilhelm (eds.),
594:
2501:
3742:
5110:
4596:
1182:
Scholar Frank Battaglia refers to these passages as "the Gefion passages," and asks "Does Beowulf oppose the
689:
5158:
5138:
2477:
2084:
Germanisch-finnische Lehnwortstudien. Ein Beitrag zu den ältesten Sprach- und Kulturgeschichte der Germanen
1061:
Davidson finds similar elements and parallels in non-Germanic traditions, such as a folktale regarding the
1033:
a plough is used similarly as in Livy's account, though the conditions are often met by walking or riding.
741:
5163:
5001:
4986:
4355:
2042:
1375:
1233:
mentioned in line 49 refers directly to Gefjon's sadness at Skjöldr's (described as having wed Gefjon in
168:
describes that not only is Gefjon a virgin herself, but that all who die a virgin become her attendants.
2819:
1970:
5016:
4522:
4512:
2909:
2159:
3620:
3027:
935:
5173:
5168:
5133:
3677:
3520:
2789:
2066:
1941:
954:
3752:
5153:
4961:
3545:
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2328:
1110:
Questions have been proposed over the seemingly contradictory description of Gefjon as a virgin in
78:
3630:
4457:
4075:
3657:
3625:
3565:
3540:
2739:
2467:
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245:
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1603:
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As a reference, the prose account presents a stanza from a work attributed to the 9th century
4848:
4834:
4307:
4280:
4212:
2172:
2079:
2027:
1607:
1417:
811:
thereafter. From where Gefjun took the land that formed Zealand, a lake was left behind call
411:, Gefjon questions why Loki wants to bring negativity into the hall with the assembled gods:
275:
Albert Murey Sturtevant notes that "the only other feminine personal name which contains the
4202:
3769:
3560:
4619:
4517:
2263:
2056:
1965:
1149:
1036:
949:
305:
8:
4882:
4862:
3874:
3682:
3275:
2769:
2651:
2472:
2431:
2215:
1213:
1139:
suggest that the notion of Gefjon partaking in sexual activity may have been widespread.
939:
702:
261:
205:
134:
19:
5148:
3416:
1347:
1326:
Regarding parallels drawn between Freyja and Gefjon proposed from the exchange found in
838:
4956:
4370:
4090:
3112:
2524:
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1385:(1770–1835). A fountain depicting Gefjun driving her oxen sons to pull her plough (The
130:
3570:
3187:
3172:
3012:
2243:
5011:
4976:
4929:
4730:
4689:
4659:
4588:
4577:
4567:
4426:
4390:
4217:
3779:
3182:
2576:
2295:
2219:
2198:
2163:
2145:
2123:
2103:
2070:
2031:
1993:
1979:
1956:
1915:
1428:
1398:
1190:? The possibility of such an interpretation follows upon the discovery that the name
1187:
981:
959:
74:
4140:
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2621:
387:
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3127:
3062:
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2190:
1952:
1390:
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1202:, may occur in the Old English poem five times." Battaglia further theorizes that:
1167:
in five passages (line 49, line 362, line 515, line 1394, and line 1690). The word
1062:
1045:
379:
353:
122:
28:
4297:
3818:
3687:
3555:
2952:
2709:
1237:) death, and that here "we may with some confidence conclude that in a poem about
403:, where an exchange occurs between Gefjun and Loki at a dinner feast, and the god
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4776:
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2114:
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1936:
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1406:
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847:
420:
407:
comes to Gefjon's defense. After an exchange occurs between Loki and the goddess
35:
24:
4145:
3995:
3667:
2043:
We Need to Talk about Gefjun. Toward a New Etymology of an Old Icelandic Theonym
4725:
4431:
4285:
4060:
3838:
3813:
3722:
3305:
3192:
3142:
3132:
3057:
2374:
1221:
650:
4168:
4163:
3652:
2691:
944:
5127:
5061:
4887:
4421:
4416:
4365:
4350:
4292:
4240:
4120:
4115:
4050:
4045:
3965:
3955:
3854:
3828:
3737:
3411:
3167:
3002:
2872:
2824:
2379:
1402:
1195:
1183:
1054:
777:
361:
164:, and with this land formed the island of Zealand, Denmark. In addition, the
65:, pronounced without secondary syllable stress) is a goddess associated with
4385:
4125:
4085:
4055:
4020:
3990:
3823:
3762:
3662:
3640:
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3498:
3032:
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1260:) as "not (even) in the ground of Gefion, go where he will," and line 1690 (
628:
290:
4207:
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3022:
2967:
2606:
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2008:
1331:
783:
614:
117:
4110:
4070:
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3575:
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3290:
3280:
3052:
2369:
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Some scholars have proposed a connection between Gefjun and the goddesses
746:
4906:
4876:
4375:
4345:
4255:
4095:
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4005:
3985:
3960:
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2977:
2904:
2686:
2626:
2441:
2384:
2089:
1911:
1413:
1127:
788:
764:
317:
185:
105:
4796:
4669:
4436:
4222:
4065:
3421:
3107:
2982:
2972:
2937:
2228:
Sturtevant, Albert Morey (1952). "Regarding the Old Norse name Gefjon",
4916:
4911:
4542:
4262:
4158:
4030:
3975:
3930:
3910:
3784:
3426:
3017:
2446:
2136:" as collected in Billington, Sandra, and Green, Miranda eds. (1999).
1512:
1394:
1312:
834:
816:
111:
4841:
4150:
3925:
3727:
3067:
2992:
2987:
2942:
2257:
1283:
a Germanic goddess connected with the sea, whose name means "giving".
1238:
815:, and the saga posits that the bays in lake Lögrinn correspond to the
812:
804:
719:
636:
482:
The last two lines of the stanza above differ greatly by translation.
173:
157:
88:
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4270:
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3092:
3042:
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2957:
2611:
2482:
2410:
2141:
1975:
1448:
1440:
1304:
1018:
973:
711:
399:
195:
138:
109:, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources; the
100:
43:
4781:
4644:
4336:
Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe
4175:
3864:
3757:
3265:
3255:
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3202:
2774:
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992:
968:
640:
632:
284:
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3945:
3774:
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3152:
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2601:
2591:
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2389:
2353:
2348:
2086:. Helsingfors 1915 (Acta Societatis Scientiarium Fennicæ 45, nr. 2)
1424:
1410:
1229:
Battaglia says that if the passages are taken to represent Gefjon,
1199:
346:
232:) has been a matter of dispute. In modern scholarship, the element
92:
61:
48:
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4547:
4532:
4467:
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4015:
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3859:
3732:
3585:
3177:
3157:
3072:
2809:
2804:
2749:
2734:
2646:
2616:
2095:
Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs
934:
Gefjon appears in some Old Norse translations of Latin works as a
731:
408:
4996:
4922:
4855:
4817:
4740:
4492:
4080:
4000:
3970:
3915:
3833:
3446:
3260:
3230:
2932:
2884:
2596:
2451:
1371:
1209:
1163:
1090:
1086:
1040:
1030:
1026:
1022:
727:
715:
706:, Gefjun is listed among nine goddesses who attend a banquet for
313:
200:
190:
70:
4951:
4634:
4340:
3710:
3590:
3580:
3441:
2927:
2744:
2701:
2681:
2636:
2568:
1171:, a poetic epithet for 'ocean, sea', is parallelled by the word
734:
707:
5026:
4756:
4735:
4710:
3940:
3905:
3615:
3525:
3515:
3468:
3310:
3250:
2962:
2899:
2862:
2814:
2405:
2318:
2260:
Illustrations of Gefjon from manuscripts and early print books.
2051:
Mythological Women. Studies in Memory of Lotte Motz (1922–1997)
1367:
1363:
1296:
1217:
1014:
977:
843:
792:
276:
209:
161:
66:
4679:
3451:
3295:
3097:
2844:
2839:
2779:
2671:
2343:
2313:
1101:
643:, the myth was probably originally about Vänern, not Mälaren.
624:
5041:
5031:
4971:
4801:
4715:
4664:
4649:
4639:
4537:
4527:
4487:
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3920:
3747:
3692:
3600:
3595:
3530:
3478:
3431:
3315:
3300:
3197:
3147:
3137:
3117:
3087:
3082:
3047:
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2947:
2894:
2877:
2867:
2854:
2799:
2784:
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2719:
2641:
2586:
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2333:
1292:
1082:
1078:
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808:
796:
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693:
647:
619:
296:
213:
177:
142:
126:
81:
4395:
3102:
2293:
1245:
could probably not have been used without invoking Gefion."
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5066:
5021:
4946:
4869:
4694:
4674:
4462:
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4275:
4248:
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3122:
2764:
2754:
2676:
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2631:
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1216:
may stand as types of earlier, matrilineal tribes. Further
1021:, and in folktales from Northern Europe. In six tales from
1010:
404:
2175:(1978). "The Myth of Gefjon and Gylfi and its function in
4771:
3483:
2794:
2714:
2002:
1362:
Gefjon appears prominently as the allegorical mother of
819:
of Zealand. This is followed by the same stanza used in
807:(described here as "a son of Odin"). The two dwelled in
3386:
people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend
1319:
associate her with an afterlife realm of the dead, "in
800:
96:
4618:
2046:. MA-Thesis Háskóli Íslands, Reykjavik, September 2014
1604:"Tertium vero datur: A study of the text of DG 11 4to"
1085:(from the western and central regions of Germany) and
627:" and her name was Gefjun. Gefjun took four oxen from
172:
records that Gefjon married the legendary Danish king
1876:"Catalogue of place names in northern East Greenland"
1074:
woman is linked both with water and ploughing land."
397:, Gefjon appears solely in three stanzas of the poem
156:
both report that Gefjon plowed away what is now lake
2523:
1420:) both derive their names from that of the goddess.
1114:, yet also as attested as having sexual relations (
1841:
1241:'s funeral for an Anglo-Danish audience, the word
551:Thou art raving mad, Loki! and hast lost thy wits,
1931:. New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation.
1267:Scholar Richard North theorizes that Old English
993:Ploughing, folk customs, parallels, and fertility
791:prose account relates that Odin sent Gefjun from
5125:
1850:
329:-suffixes seems to furnish an exact parallel to
204:), and potential connections between Gefjon and
1780:
1778:
976:. In other works, Gefjon glosses the goddesses
236:is generally held to be related to the element
1878:. Geological Survey of Denmark. Archived from
1681:
1679:
631:in the north. These oxen were her sons from a
618:begins with a prose account stating that King
4604:
2509:
2279:
1768:
1766:
1754:
1747:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1721:
1714:
1712:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1256:) as "Gefion welled up in waves," line 1394 (
2062:Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway
1937:The Old Norse Element in Swedish Romanticism
1787:
1775:
1496:
1469:
1248:Battaglia posits translations for line 362 (
972:, Gefjon appears as a gloss for the goddess
823:above composed by the skald Bragi Boddason.
4238:
2538:Mythological Norse people, items and places
1859:
1702:
1700:
1676:
1534:
1532:
1466:See a recent survey by Kevin French (2014).
1264:) as "Gefion gushing, the race of giants."
510:and around whom thou thy limbs didst twine?
501:Be silent, Gefion! I will now just mention,
4611:
4597:
2516:
2502:
2286:
2272:
2258:MyNDIR (My Norse Digital Image Repository)
1907:Asteroid: Earth Destroyer or New Frontier?
1823:
1814:
1796:
1763:
1742:
1730:
1709:
1667:
1649:
1578:
1564:
1557:
1555:
1553:
696:is also a virgin. At the beginning of the
573:For the fate that is set for all she sees.
3336:List of figures in Germanic heroic legend
2112:Mouritsen, Lone. Spooner, Andrew (2004).
1658:
1640:
1631:
1622:
1487:
667:steam rising from the swift-footed bulls.
2197:, fifth edition, illustrated. Springer.
1832:
1805:
1802:Battaglia (1991:426, 428, 432, and 437).
1697:
1587:
1529:
1478:
1346:
1220:which is the object of struggle between
1148:
1098:with fertility of both land and water."
996:
763:
593:
560:I ween, she knows as thoroughly as I do.
462:"Why, ye gods twain, with bitter tongues
378:
18:
2232:24 (number 4, November). ISSN 0036-5637
1688:
1550:
528:The boy so fair gave a necklace bright,
504:how that fair youth thy mind corrupted,
5126:
4894:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
2156:Heathen Gods in Old English Literature
1613:
1445:Danish Expedition to Queen Louise Land
1443:was named after Gefjon by the 1912–13
1279:may all descend from a common origin;
567:Mad art thou, Loki, and little of wit,
522:Be silent, Gefjun! for now shall I say
439:Lopt perceives not that he is deluded,
60:
47:
4592:
2497:
2267:
848:worships a penis severed from a horse
673:moons of the forehead and four heads,
433:Why will ye, Æsir twain, here within,
246:numerous names for the goddess Freyja
1258:nē on Gyfenes grund, gā þær hē wille
1130:says that the Gefjon/Gylfi story in
471:And the dwellers in heaven he hates.
3396:named weapons, armour and treasures
2240:The Elder Edda of Saemund Sigfusson
1868:
1342:
1286:
468:Loki is famed for his mockery foul,
13:
4573:Heathenry (new religious movement)
2210:(2007) translated by Angela Hall.
2134:Freyja - a Goddess with Many Names
2053:, Vienna: Fassbaender, pp. 197-256
2022:Faulkes, Anthony (Trans.) (1995).
2003:Eybjörn Eysteinn (Trans.) (2000).
1516:ONP: Dictionary of Old Norse Prose
1002:Gefjon ploughs the earth in Sweden
599:Gefjun Plows Zealand with her Oxen
554:in calling Gefion's anger on thee;
14:
5185:
2437:Horse burial in Germanic paganism
2251:
2005:"Völsa þáttr: the Story of Völsi"
1904:Barnes-Svarney, Patricia (2003).
1252:) as "Gefion's realm," line 515 (
1161:Mentions of Gefjon may appear in
364:" may derive from Gefjon's name.
121:, written in the 13th century by
5106:
5105:
3236:Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri
2212:Dictionary of Northern Mythology
2195:Dictionary of Minor Planet Names
710:on the island of Hlesey (modern
676:hauling as they went in front of
194:(parallelled by mentions in the
1934:Benson, Adolph Burnett (1914).
1596:
938:on the names of goddesses from
757:
737:("ale-Gefjun") employed in the
679:the grassy isle's wide fissure.
531:And about him thy leg was laid.
367:
252:as "the giving one." The names
3673:Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán
2132:Näsström, Britt-Mari (1999). "
1947:Byock, Jesse (Trans.) (2006).
1541:
1505:
1460:
1383:Eleonora Charlotta d'Albedyhll
942:. In several works, including
906:do I touch this red proboscis.
826:
436:strive with reproachful words?
372:
1:
2115:The Rough Guide to Copenhagen
1971:Roles of the Northern Goddess
1897:
1847:Mouritsen. Spooner (2004:74).
1379:Gefion, a Poem in Four Cantos
1013:around 1 CE, 5th century BCE
915:but now, slave of my parents,
661:gladly the land beyond value.
587:
570:The wrath of Gefjun to rouse;
300:. Whatever the stem syllable
2478:Rebirth in Germanic paganism
1397:, Denmark, on the island of
219:
176:and that the two dwelled in
103:. Gefjon is attested in the
7:
3743:Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr
1262:Gifen gēotende gīgante cyn;
987:
750:as quoted in chapter 17 of
10:
5190:
4410:Festivals and holy periods
2185:Arkiv för nordisk filologi
2160:Cambridge University Press
2138:The Concept of the Goddess
1142:
929:
842:, where the daughter of a
833:Gefjun is sworn by in the
688:, the enthroned figure of
658:Gefjun dragged from Gylfi,
525:Who led thee to evil life;
5101:
5080:
4939:
4826:
4810:
4749:
4703:
4627:
4560:
4450:
4409:
4328:
4321:
4231:
4193:
3898:
3847:
3806:
3797:
3678:Nine Mothers of Heimdallr
3404:
3391:named animals and plants
3326:
3216:
2918:
2853:
2700:
2567:
2544:
2535:
2460:
2419:
2398:
2362:
2306:
2067:University of Texas Press
1942:Columbia University Press
1856:Barnes-Svarney (2003:96).
955:Historia Regum Britanniae
507:who thee a necklace gave,
465:Raise hate among us here?
224:The etymology of theonym
4962:Early Germanic calendars
3499:Black elves (Svartálfar)
2329:Hel (mythological being)
1992:. DBA Publications Ltd.
1454:
912:accept this holy object,
771:(1906) by Lorenz Frølich
557:for all men's destinies,
442:and is urged on by fate.
260:are both related to the
52:; alternatively spelled
4628:Gods and divine figures
4381:Sacred trees and groves
3621:Hamskerpir and Garðrofa
3494:Light elves (Ljósálfar)
2468:Death in Norse paganism
2154:North, Richard (1998).
2100:Oxford University Press
1416:(discovered in 1931 by
1039:points out a tale from
864:Þess sver eg við Gefjun
321:), the addition of the
288:, recorded only in the
5144:Agricultural goddesses
4239:
3489:Dark elves (Dökkálfar)
3138:Narfi (father of Nott)
2173:Ross, Margaret Clunies
2080:Karsten, Torsten Evert
2040:French, Kevin (2014).
1760:Davidson (1999:56-57).
1727:Davidson (1999:52—53).
1502:Sturtevant (1952:167).
1475:Sturtevant (1952:166).
1436:
1401:, as in the myth. The
1359:
1227:
1158:
1153:The first page of the
1005:
927:
772:
769:Gefion and King Gylphi
682:
605:
585:
540:
480:
390:
79:legendary Swedish king
31:
4849:Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem
4835:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
3631:Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi
2910:Sister-wife of Njörðr
2057:Hollander, Lee Milton
1966:Davidson, Hilda Ellis
1793:Battaglia (1991:418).
1784:Battaglia (1991:415).
1608:University of Uppsala
1418:Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth
1376:Swedish Romantic poem
1350:
1204:
1152:
1106:manuscript alteration
1000:
940:Greco-Roman mythology
852:
767:
655:
597:
544:
489:
413:
382:
360:for "bride's outfit,
208:and/or the goddesses
135:Greco-Roman goddesses
86:legendary Danish king
22:
5081:Modern pagan revival
5057:Wetlands and islands
4907:Old English language
4620:Anglo-Saxon paganism
4401:Wetlands and islands
3521:Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn
2230:Scandinavian Studies
1925:Bellows, Henry Adams
1865:Schmadel (2003:105).
1437:Dronning Louise Land
1198:called their female
1037:Hilda Ellis Davidson
950:Geoffrey of Monmouth
903:that against my will
722:names. In addition,
576:Even as I, methinks.
304:represents (perhaps
5159:Fertility goddesses
5139:Knowledge goddesses
4940:Society and culture
4883:Finnesburg Fragment
4863:De temporum ratione
3683:Narfi (son of Loki)
2830:Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr
2473:Matres and Matronae
2432:Hogback (sculpture)
2059:. (Trans.) (2007).
1829:Davidson (1998:65).
1820:Näsström (1999:71).
1772:Davidson (1999:57).
1751:Davidson (1999:56).
1739:Davidson (1999:53).
1718:Davidson (1999:58).
1673:Hollander (2007:9).
1655:Faulkes (1995:157).
1584:Bellows (1923:159).
1575:Bellows (1923:158).
1513:"hjón, hjún sb. n."
1493:Davidson (1998:79).
1407:family of asteroids
918:grab hold of Völsi.
867:og við goðin önnur,
670:The oxen bore eight
664:Denmark's increase,
484:Henry Adams Bellows
450:Henry Adams Bellows
129:; and appears as a
5164:Oracular goddesses
4329:Religious practice
4303:Old Norse language
3770:Váli (son of Loki)
3658:Líf and Lífthrasir
3566:Árvakr and Alsviðr
3561:Horses of the Æsir
3541:Hati Hróðvitnisson
2682:Váli (son of Odin)
2525:Old Norse religion
1664:Faulkes (1995:81).
1646:Faulkes (1995:95).
1637:Faulkes (1995:59).
1628:Faulkes (1995:29).
1547:Karstens (1915:27)
1538:Lindow (2001:136).
1484:Orchard (1997:52).
1374:in the forty-page
1360:
1275:and Freyja's name
1159:
1006:
900:and the other gods
885:þríf þú við Völsa.
773:
742:Þjóðólfr of Hvinir
606:
391:
297:kvenna heiti ókend
125:; in the works of
49:[ˈɡevˌjon]
32:
5119:
5118:
4977:Germanic paganism
4731:Hengist and Horsa
4690:Wayland the Smith
4586:
4585:
4578:Nordic Bronze Age
4568:Germanic paganism
4556:
4555:
4427:Germanic calendar
4391:Temple at Uppsala
4189:
4188:
3793:
3792:
3753:Þjálfi and Röskva
3697:Personifications
2560:and other figures
2491:
2490:
2296:Germanic paganism
2238:(Trans.) (1907).
2191:Schmadel, Lutz D.
2075:978-0-292-73061-8
1927:(Trans.) (1923).
1838:Benson (1914:87).
1811:North (1998:226).
1706:Simek (2007:102).
1593:Faulkes (1995:7).
1561:Thorpe (1907:87).
1429:Queen Louise Land
1194:, by which early
1188:Germanic religion
1175:in the Old-Saxon
1004:by Lorenz Frølich
926:
925:
897:I swear by Gefjun
894:
861:
781:(as collected in
775:In chapter 5 of
684:In chapter 35 of
584:
583:
539:
538:
479:
478:
453:
424:
228:(and its variant
62:[ˈɡevjon]
5181:
5174:Norse underworld
5169:Virgin goddesses
5134:Wisdom goddesses
5109:
5108:
4901:Nine Herbs Charm
4613:
4606:
4599:
4590:
4589:
4326:
4325:
4244:
4011:Grove of fetters
3804:
3803:
3511:Fjalar (rooster)
3271:Fjalar and Galar
2565:
2564:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2483:Soul (etymology)
2420:Burial practices
2288:
2281:
2274:
2265:
2264:
2236:Thorpe, Benjamin
2019:
2017:
2016:
2007:. Archived from
1953:Penguin Classics
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1773:
1770:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1740:
1737:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1707:
1704:
1695:
1694:Ross (1978:155).
1692:
1686:
1683:
1674:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1602:Heimir Pálsson,
1600:
1594:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1562:
1559:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1391:Anders Bundgaard
1357:Anders Bundgaard
1343:Modern influence
1287:Frigg and Freyja
1254:Geofon ȳðum wēol
1122:) and marrying (
1063:Lady of the Lake
892:
873:við nosa rauðum.
870:að eg nauðug tek
859:
854:
853:
546:
545:
491:
490:
448:
419:
415:
414:
294:, and among the
206:Grendel's Mother
141:translations of
123:Snorri Sturluson
64:
51:
29:Anders Bundgaard
5189:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5154:Death goddesses
5124:
5123:
5120:
5115:
5097:
5076:
5002:Metrical charms
4935:
4822:
4806:
4745:
4699:
4623:
4617:
4587:
4582:
4552:
4508:Norse cosmology
4446:
4405:
4317:
4313:Later influence
4227:
4185:
3899:Other locations
3894:
3843:
3789:
3716:Sumarr and Vetr
3400:
3322:
3212:
3013:Gjálp and Greip
2914:
2849:
2696:
2561:
2559:
2550:
2540:
2531:
2522:
2492:
2487:
2456:
2415:
2394:
2358:
2302:
2292:
2254:
2249:
2244:Norrœna Society
2014:
2012:
1929:The Poetic Edda
1900:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1776:
1771:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1743:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1710:
1705:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1685:Eybjorn (2000).
1684:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:Byock (2006:9).
1618:
1614:
1610:, 2010, p. 44 .
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1565:
1560:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1387:Gefion Fountain
1353:Gefion Fountain
1345:
1303:may be the god
1289:
1250:Geofenes begang
1147:
1108:
995:
990:
932:
882:en þræll hjóna,
831:
762:
744:'s composition
592:
421:Benjamin Thorpe
377:
370:
222:
36:Norse mythology
25:Gefion Fountain
17:
12:
11:
5:
5187:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4926:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4897:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4767:Dwarf (Dweorh)
4764:
4759:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4707:
4705:
4704:Heroic figures
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4624:
4616:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4593:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4332:
4330:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4273:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4259:
4245:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4203:Æsir–Vanir War
4199:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4041:Hoddmímis holt
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3875:Körmt and Örmt
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3332:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3306:Sons of Ivaldi
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2880:
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2857:
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2717:
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2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2652:Móði and Magni
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
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2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
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2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2375:Hel (location)
2372:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
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2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2253:
2252:External links
2250:
2248:
2247:
2233:
2226:
2205:
2188:
2170:
2152:
2130:
2110:
2087:
2077:
2054:
2047:
2038:
2020:
2000:
1986:
1963:
1949:The Prose Edda
1945:
1932:
1922:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1882:on 13 May 2020
1867:
1858:
1849:
1840:
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1822:
1813:
1804:
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1595:
1586:
1577:
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1540:
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1504:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1344:
1341:
1288:
1285:
1271:and Old Norse
1226:
1225:
1200:chthonic deity
1146:
1141:
1107:
1100:
994:
991:
989:
986:
962:is glossed as
958:) the goddess
931:
928:
924:
923:
921:
920:
919:
916:
913:
910:
909:May giantesses
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
893:Modern English
888:
887:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
830:
825:
761:
756:
752:Skáldskaparmál
703:Skáldskaparmál
681:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
651:Bragi Boddason
603:Karl Ehrenberg
591:
586:
582:
581:
579:
578:
577:
574:
571:
568:
563:
562:
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558:
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477:
476:
474:
473:
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469:
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460:
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444:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
388:Lorenz Frølich
376:
371:
369:
366:
221:
218:
99:children, and
23:Detail of the
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5186:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
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5147:
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5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5122:
5112:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5062:Wilweorthunga
5060:
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4927:
4925:
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4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4889:
4888:Franks Casket
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4874:
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4860:
4858:
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4778:
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4773:
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4758:
4755:
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4752:
4748:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4696:
4693:
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4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4622:and mythology
4621:
4614:
4609:
4607:
4602:
4600:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4579:
4576:
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4571:
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4408:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4371:Öndvegissúlur
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4351:Heitstrenging
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4298:Völsung Cycle
4296:
4294:
4293:Tyrfing Cycle
4291:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4241:Gesta Danorum
4237:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4213:Fróði's Peace
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
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4196:
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4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
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3992:
3989:
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3764:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3738:Shield-maiden
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
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3500:
3497:
3495:
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3462:
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3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3412:Ask and Embla
3410:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
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3267:
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3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
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3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
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3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
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3036:
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3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
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2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
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2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2873:Ingunar-Freyr
2871:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
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2843:
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2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
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2801:
2798:
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2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
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2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
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2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
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2645:
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2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
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2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
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2378:
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2368:
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2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2289:
2284:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2225:
2224:0-85991-513-1
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2208:Simek, Rudolf
2206:
2204:
2203:3-540-00238-3
2200:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2168:0-521-55183-8
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2150:0-203-45638-6
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2129:
2128:1-84353-070-8
2125:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2108:0-19-515382-0
2105:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2036:0-460-87616-3
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2011:on 2006-02-07
2010:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1998:0-9519692-7-7
1995:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1984:0-415-13611-3
1981:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1961:0-14-044755-5
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1920:0-7382-0885-X
1917:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1862:
1853:
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1490:
1481:
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1403:Gefion family
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1223:
1219:
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1205:
1203:
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1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:Earth Goddess
1180:
1178:
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1170:
1166:
1165:
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1145:
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1138:
1133:
1129:
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1095:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
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1055:Plough Monday
1050:
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1029:and one from
1028:
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770:
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736:
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729:
726:appears in a
725:
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717:
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709:
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699:
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691:
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678:
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669:
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660:
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458:Gefjun spake:
456:
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432:
430:
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319:
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273:
271:
267:
263:
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247:
244:, one of the
243:
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217:
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93:foreknowledge
90:
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5121:
4930:Wið færstice
4928:
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4875:
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4861:
4854:
4847:
4840:
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4750:Other beings
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4261:
4254:
4247:
4218:Hjaðningavíg
3996:Glæsisvellir
3536:Gullinbursti
3183:Útgarða-Loki
2729:
2577:Almáttki áss
2323:
2239:
2229:
2211:
2194:
2184:
2181:Heimskringla
2180:
2176:
2155:
2137:
2120:Rough Guides
2113:
2093:
2090:Lindow, John
2083:
2060:
2050:
2041:
2023:
2013:. Retrieved
2009:the original
1989:
1969:
1948:
1935:
1928:
1905:
1884:. Retrieved
1880:the original
1870:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1789:
1756:
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1580:
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1519:. Retrieved
1515:
1507:
1498:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1423:The highest
1422:
1378:
1361:
1335:
1332:Rudolf Simek
1327:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1301:Gylfaginning
1300:
1290:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1242:
1235:Heimskringla
1234:
1230:
1228:
1191:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1154:
1143:
1136:
1132:Gylfaginning
1131:
1124:Heimskringla
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1120:Heimskringla
1119:
1115:
1112:Gylfaginning
1111:
1109:
1104:Gylfaginning
1103:
1096:
1076:
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1060:
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1001:
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953:
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933:
879:þetta blæti,
876:Þiggi mörnir
846:reluctantly
837:
832:
827:
821:Gylfaginning
820:
784:Heimskringla
782:
776:
774:
768:
759:Heimskringla
758:
751:
745:
723:
701:
697:
686:Gylfaginning
685:
683:
645:
615:Gylfaginning
613:
609:
607:
598:
588:
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517:
496:
481:
457:
452:translation:
447:
428:
423:translation:
418:
398:
394:
392:
383:
373:
368:Attestations
357:
351:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
312:
308:
301:
295:
289:
283:
279:
274:
257:
253:
249:
241:
240:in the name
237:
233:
229:
225:
223:
199:
189:
182:
170:Heimskringla
169:
165:
154:Heimskringla
153:
149:
147:
133:for various
118:Heimskringla
116:
110:
104:
57:
53:
39:
33:
4877:Ealuscerwen
4818:Middangeard
4782:Eoten/Thurs
4376:Reginnaglar
4308:Orthography
4281:Jómsvíkinga
4256:Poetic Edda
4169:Urðarbrunnr
4164:Mímisbrunnr
4096:Singasteinn
4026:Hindarfjall
4006:Gnipahellir
3986:Ginnungagap
3961:Fyrisvellir
3956:Fornsigtuna
3890:Vimur River
3880:Slidr River
3653:Jörmungandr
3063:Hrímgrímnir
2692:Vili and Vé
2442:Ship burial
2385:Neorxnawang
2216:D.S. Brewer
2177:Snorra Edda
1912:Basic Books
1414:1272 Gefion
1389:, 1908) by
1186:of ancient
1128:John Lindow
1046:Landnámabók
945:Breta sögur
839:Völsa þáttr
828:Völsa þáttr
789:euhemerized
395:Poetic Edda
374:Poetic Edda
264:groups the
186:Old English
180:, Denmark.
106:Poetic Edda
5128:Categories
4917:Sutton Hoo
4912:Spong Hill
4543:Viking Age
4518:Philosophy
4386:Sonargöltr
4271:Runestones
4263:Prose Edda
4208:Fimbulvetr
4159:Hvergelmir
4126:Valaskjálf
4086:Sessrúmnir
4056:Jötunheimr
4031:Hlidskjalf
4021:Himinbjörg
3991:Glaðsheimr
3976:Gastropnir
3931:Bilskirnir
3911:Amsvartnir
3824:Gjallarbrú
3807:Underworld
3763:Landvættir
3663:Loddfáfnir
3641:Svaðilfari
3626:Hófvarpnir
3571:Blóðughófi
3551:Hildisvíni
3427:Aurvandill
3188:Vafþrúðnir
3173:Þrúðgelmir
3033:Harðgreipr
2447:Stone ship
2015:2009-04-18
1898:References
1606:, Thesis,
1395:Copenhagen
1393:stands in
1355:(1908) by
1334:says that
1317:Prose Edda
1313:Axel Olrik
1214:his mother
1157:manuscript
1017:historian
948:(based on
698:Prose Edda
637:Lake Mälar
629:Jötunheimr
610:Prose Edda
601:(1882) by
589:Prose Edda
518:Loki spake
386:(1895) by
270:Ollogabiae
166:Prose Edda
150:Prose Edda
112:Prose Edda
73:island of
27:(1908) by
5093:Seax-Wica
5088:Heathenry
5007:Moot hill
4811:Locations
4721:Eormenric
4498:Mead hall
4432:Þorrablót
4286:Legendary
4181:Yggdrasil
4141:Víðbláinn
4136:Vanaheimr
4111:Þrymheimr
4106:Þrúðvangr
4101:Þrúðheimr
4071:Munarvágr
4061:Mímameiðr
4036:Hnitbjorg
3951:Fólkvangr
3936:Brávellir
3885:Vadgelmir
3870:Kerlaugar
3839:Niðafjöll
3799:Locations
3775:Valkyries
3723:Sæhrímnir
3611:Gulltoppr
3576:Falhófnir
3474:Einherjar
3457:Landdísir
3291:Mótsognir
3281:Hreiðmarr
3193:Víðblindi
3143:Sökkmímir
3133:Mögþrasir
3093:Hyrrokkin
3058:Hrímgerðr
3053:Hræsvelgr
3043:Helreginn
3038:Helblindi
2958:Bergelmir
2622:Ítreksjóð
2529:mythology
2411:Einherjar
2370:Fólkvangr
2363:Locations
2300:mythology
2294:Death in
2142:Routledge
1976:Routledge
1521:August 4,
1449:J.P. Koch
1441:Greenland
1336:Lokasenna
1328:Lokasenna
1321:Lokasenna
1305:Heimdallr
1137:Lokasenna
1116:Lokasenna
1102:Possible
1019:Herodotus
974:Aphrodite
860:Old Norse
747:Haustlöng
400:Lokasenna
384:Lokasenna
362:trousseau
266:Alagabiae
220:Etymology
196:Old Saxon
139:Old Norse
101:virginity
67:ploughing
44:Old Norse
5111:Category
5047:Weregild
4967:Folkmoot
4797:Wælcyrge
4561:See also
4483:Hamingja
4437:Vetrnætr
4422:Dísablót
4417:Álfablót
4223:Ragnarök
4131:Valhalla
4121:Útgarðar
4066:Myrkviðr
4051:Járnviðr
4046:Iðavöllr
3966:Gálgviðr
3946:Fensalir
3855:Élivágar
3829:Náströnd
3819:Éljúðnir
3688:Níðhöggr
3636:Sleipnir
3606:Gullfaxi
3506:Fimafeng
3422:Auðumbla
3241:Billingr
3168:Þrívaldi
3153:Suttungr
3108:Járnsaxa
3078:Hrungnir
3008:Gillingr
3003:Geirröðr
2983:Fárbauti
2973:Býleistr
2938:Angrboða
2890:Gullveig
2602:Heimdall
2592:Dellingr
2461:See also
2427:Bog body
2399:Entities
2390:Valhalla
2380:Náströnd
2354:Valkyrie
2349:Sleipnir
2193:(2003).
2092:(2001).
2082:(1915).
2028:Everyman
1968:(1998).
1425:mountain
1411:asteroid
1339:one')."
1218:the hall
988:Theories
730:for the
341: :
333: :
137:in some
5149:Ásynjur
4997:Maypole
4923:Widsith
4856:Beowulf
4842:Æcerbot
4827:Sources
4741:Waldere
4513:Numbers
4493:Kenning
4366:Worship
4322:Society
4232:Sources
4151:Vingólf
4146:Vígríðr
4116:Uppsala
4081:Okolnir
4001:Glitnir
3971:Gandvik
3926:Bifröst
3916:Andlang
3834:Niflhel
3780:Völundr
3728:Skírnir
3668:Móðguðr
3464:Dragons
3447:Byggvir
3276:Gandalf
3261:Dvalinn
3231:Andvari
3068:Hrímnir
3023:Gunnlöð
2993:Fornjót
2988:Fjölvar
2968:Bölþorn
2943:Aurboða
2933:Alvaldi
2885:Gersemi
2702:Ásynjur
2607:Hermóðr
2597:Forseti
2547:Deities
2452:Tumulus
2307:Figures
1447:led by
1399:Zealand
1372:Denmark
1222:Beowulf
1210:Grendel
1177:Heliand
1164:Beowulf
1155:Beowulf
1144:Beowulf
1091:Perchte
1087:Berchte
1041:Iceland
1031:Germany
1027:Denmark
1023:Jutland
930:Glosses
813:Lögrinn
805:Skjöldr
728:kenning
720:ásynjur
716:Denmark
429:Gefion.
393:In the
354:Finnish
343:Njǫr-un
335:Gefj-un
314:Ner-þuz
311:as in *
285:Njǫr-un
201:Heliand
191:Beowulf
174:Skjöldr
158:Mälaren
145:works.
89:Skjöldr
75:Zealand
5027:Symbel
4987:Horses
4957:Burial
4952:Blōtan
4762:Dragon
4757:Cofgod
4736:Sceafa
4670:Saxnot
4660:Hretha
4655:Gefjon
4645:Ēostre
4356:Horses
4195:Events
4176:Ýdalir
4155:Wells
4091:Sindri
4076:Nóatún
3941:Brimir
3906:Asgard
3865:Ífingr
3848:Rivers
3758:Vættir
3616:Gyllir
3526:Fylgja
3516:Fenrir
3469:Draugs
3405:Others
3328:Heroes
3311:Brokkr
3266:Fáfnir
3256:Dúrnir
3251:Durinn
3226:Alvíss
3218:Dwarfs
3203:Vörnir
3113:Laufey
2978:Eggþér
2963:Bestla
2920:Jötnar
2905:Njörðr
2900:Kvasir
2863:Freyja
2815:Snotra
2775:Njörun
2730:Gefjon
2687:Víðarr
2627:Lóðurr
2556:jötnar
2552:dwarfs
2406:Draugr
2324:Gefjon
2319:Freyja
2222:
2201:
2183:", in
2166:
2148:
2126:
2106:
2073:
2034:
1996:
1982:
1959:
1918:
1886:4 July
1439:), NE
1433:Danish
1409:, and
1370:, and
1368:Sweden
1364:Norway
1297:Freyja
1273:Gefjun
1269:geofon
1243:gēafon
1231:gēafon
1192:Gefion
1169:geofon
978:Athena
969:Stjórn
966:. In
964:Gefjon
844:thrall
817:nesses
793:Odense
724:Gefjun
641:Vänern
633:jötunn
358:kapiot
339:Njǫr-n
318:Njǫrðr
277:suffix
262:Matron
254:Gefjun
250:Gefjun
230:Gefjun
226:Gefjon
210:Freyja
162:Sweden
127:skalds
95:, her
84:, the
77:, the
71:Danish
69:, the
58:Gefjun
54:Gefion
40:Gefjon
5052:Wicce
5042:Thyle
5037:Thing
5032:Thegn
5017:Rings
5012:Runes
4982:Hearg
4972:Frith
4802:Wight
4716:Beowa
4695:Wōden
4675:Þunor
4650:Frige
4640:Beowa
4548:Völva
4538:Skald
4533:Seiðr
4528:Runes
4523:Rings
4488:Heiti
4473:Galdr
4468:Félag
4458:Death
4451:Other
4361:Hörgr
4276:Sagas
4016:Heiðr
3981:Gimlé
3921:Barri
3860:Gjöll
3785:Vörðr
3748:Troll
3733:Sköll
3693:Norns
3601:Grani
3596:Glenr
3586:Glaðr
3556:Hjúki
3531:Garmr
3484:Elves
3479:Eldir
3452:Dísir
3432:Beyla
3366:Hi–Hy
3316:Eitri
3301:Regin
3246:Dáinn
3198:Vosud
3178:Þrymr
3158:Þjazi
3148:Surtr
3118:Leikn
3088:Hymir
3083:Hrymr
3073:Hroðr
3048:Hljod
3028:Gymir
3018:Gríðr
2998:Gangr
2948:Baugi
2895:Hnoss
2878:Yngvi
2868:Freyr
2855:Vanir
2835:Þrúðr
2810:Skaði
2805:Sjöfn
2800:Sigyn
2785:Rindr
2770:Nanna
2750:Iðunn
2735:Gerðr
2725:Fulla
2720:Frigg
2647:Mímir
2642:Meili
2617:Hœnir
2587:Bragi
2582:Baldr
2334:Norns
1455:Notes
1293:Frigg
1281:gabia
1239:Scyld
1196:Danes
1173:geƀen
1083:Holle
1079:Holde
1067:Wales
1065:from
1015:Greek
982:Vesta
960:Diana
936:gloss
835:þáttr
809:Lejre
797:Funen
787:), a
739:skald
732:völva
700:book
694:Fulla
648:skald
620:Gylfi
612:book
608:The
497:Loki.
409:Iðunn
356:word
347:skeið
337:(cf.
331:Gef-n
302:Njǫr-
291:þulur
214:Frigg
198:poem
188:poem
178:Lejre
143:Latin
131:gloss
82:Gylfi
56:, or
5072:Yule
5067:Wyrd
5022:Scop
4947:Bēot
4870:Deor
4792:Neck
4787:Mare
4777:Ides
4726:Finn
4711:Ægil
4685:Wade
4478:Goði
4463:Ergi
4442:Yule
4341:Blót
4249:Edda
3711:Nótt
3706:Elli
3701:Dagr
3648:Jörð
3591:Glær
3581:Gísl
3442:Búri
3437:Borr
3417:Auðr
3361:H–He
3286:Litr
3208:Ymir
3163:Þökk
3128:Logi
3123:Litr
2953:Beli
2928:Ægir
2790:Sága
2765:Lofn
2760:Irpa
2755:Ilmr
2745:Hlín
2677:Ullr
2667:Thor
2657:Odin
2637:Máni
2632:Loki
2612:Höðr
2569:Æsir
2527:and
2339:Odin
2298:and
2220:ISBN
2199:ISBN
2179:and
2164:ISBN
2146:ISBN
2124:ISBN
2104:ISBN
2071:ISBN
2032:ISBN
2024:Edda
1994:ISBN
1980:ISBN
1957:ISBN
1916:ISBN
1888:2016
1523:2020
1405:, a
1351:The
1295:and
1277:Gefn
1212:and
1089:and
1081:and
1011:Livy
980:and
801:oxen
735:Gróa
712:Læsø
708:Ægir
690:High
625:Æsir
405:Odin
325:and
316:>
309:ner-
258:Gefn
256:and
242:Gefn
238:Gef-
234:Gef-
212:and
152:and
148:The
115:and
97:oxen
4992:Law
4772:Elf
4680:Tiw
4665:Ing
4635:Ēse
4503:Nīþ
4346:Hof
3814:Hel
3546:Hel
3381:T–Y
3376:P–S
3371:I–O
3356:F–G
3351:D–E
3346:B–C
3296:Ótr
3098:Iði
2845:Vör
2840:Vár
2825:Syn
2820:Sól
2795:Sif
2780:Rán
2740:Gná
2715:Eir
2710:Bil
2672:Týr
2662:Óðr
2344:Rán
2314:Dís
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