4793:. Since the two sites are both negatively charged, there will be a charge-charge repulsion along the backbone of the polymer than tends to stretch the chain. This energy cost is high both elastically and electrostatically and hence suppress ionization. Even though this ionization suppression is qualitatively similar to that of Donnan prediction, it is absent without electrostatic consideration and present irrespective of ion partitioning. The combination of both effects as well as gel elasticity determines the volume of the gel at equilibrium. Due to the complexity of the coupled acid-base equilibrium, electrostatics and network elasticity, only recently has such system been correctly recreated in
6897:
898:
809:
769:
6531:
608:
47:
7004:
7244:
6525:
7066:
585:
574:
6770:
1946:
3874:
739:
Colloidal gels have three phases in their lifespan: gelation, aging and collapse. The gel is initially formed by the assembly of particles into a space-spanning network, leading to a phase arrest. In the aging phase, the particles slowly rearrange to form thicker strands, increasing the elasticity of
1186:
by taking in and out solvent. For example, a gel could swell to several times its initial volume after being immersed in a solvent after equilibrium is reached. This is the phenomenon of gel swelling. On the contrary, if we take the swollen gel out and allow the solvent to evaporate, the gel would
979:
or hybrid hydrogels, are highly hydrated polymeric networks, either physically or covalently crosslinked with each other and/or with nanoparticles or nanostructures. Nanocomposite hydrogels can mimic native tissue properties, structure and microenvironment due to their hydrated and interconnected
4741:
is locally higher, it suppresses the further ionization of the acid sites. This phenomenon is the prediction of the classical Donnan theory. However, with electrostatic interactions, there are further complications to the picture. Consider the case of two adjacent, initially uncharged acid sites
784:
gel in which water is the dispersion medium. A three-dimensional solid results from the hydrophilic polymer chains being held together by cross-links. Because of the inherent cross-links, the structural integrity of the hydrogel network does not dissolve from the high concentration of water.
4866:
in viscosity is used to fill the plastic tubes containing the fibers. The main purpose of the gel is to prevent water intrusion if the buffer tube is breached, but the gel also buffers the fibers against mechanical damage when the tube is bent around corners during installation, or flexed.
2111:
4835:. Their viscoelastic nature results in the soft tissue component of the body, disparate from the mineral-based hard tissue of the skeletal system. Researchers are actively developing synthetically derived tissue replacement technologies derived from hydrogels, for both temporary
2881:
6237:. Christian, Ph. D. Holm, Patrick Kékicheff, Rudolf Podgornik, North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division, NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Electrostatic Effects in Soft Matter and Biophysics. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2001.
4356:
1769:
3698:
3127:
984:
can be incorporated within the hydrogel structure to obtain nanocomposites with tailored functionality. Nanocomposite hydrogels can be engineered to possess superior physical, chemical, electrical, thermal, and biological properties.
691:). Both by weight and volume, gels are mostly fluid in composition and thus exhibit densities similar to those of their constituent liquids. Edible jelly is a common example of a hydrogel and has approximately the density of water.
740:
the material. Gels can also be collapsed and separated by external fields such as gravity. Colloidal gels show linear response rheology at low amplitudes. These materials have been explored as candidates for a drug release matrix.
4617:
theory, but a membrane is not needed here because the gel volume constraint imposed by network elasticity effectively acts its role, in preventing the macroions to pass through the fictitious membrane while allowing ions to pass.
4165:
619:, yet they behave like solids because of a three-dimensional cross-linked network within the liquid. It is the cross-linking within the fluid that gives a gel its structure (hardness) and contributes to the adhesive stick (
4438:
1961:
3690:
2214:
1753:
1657:
1584:
793:," hydrogels can encapsulate chemical systems which upon stimulation by external factors such as a change of pH may cause specific compounds such as glucose to be liberated to the environment, in most cases by a
2956:
2365:
789:(they can contain over 90% water) natural or synthetic polymeric networks. Hydrogels also possess a degree of flexibility very similar to natural tissue, due to their significant water content. As responsive "
2582:
1173:
2659:
1387:
1951:
We now consider the two contributions separately. The polymer elastic deformation term is independent of the solvent phase and has the same expression as a rubber, as derived in the Kuhn's theory of
5255:
Howard, M. P., Jadrich, R. B., Lindquist, B. A., Khabaz, F., Bonnecaze, R. T., Milliron, D. J., Truskett, T. M. (28 September 2019). "Structure and phase behavior of polymer-linked colloidal gels".
2412:
3879:
This provides the starting point to examining the swelling equilibrium of a gel network immersed in solvent. It can be shown that gel swelling is the competition between two forces, one is the
2667:
5367:
Zia, R. N., Landrum, B. J., Russel, W. B. (September 2014). "A micro-mechanical study of coarsening and rheology of colloidal gels: Cage building, cage hopping, and
Smoluchowski's ratchet".
3618:
3363:
4247:
5949:
Kutvonen A, Rossi G, Puisto SR, Rostedt NK, Ala-Nissila T (December 2012). "Influence of nanoparticle size, loading, and shape on the mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites".
968:(shrinkage of the xerogel due to a small amount of viscous flow) which results in a denser and more robust solid, the density and porosity achieved depend on the sintering conditions.
1941:{\displaystyle f_{\text{gel}}(\lambda _{1},\lambda _{2},\lambda _{3})=f_{\text{net}}(\lambda _{1},\lambda _{2},\lambda _{3})+f_{\text{mix}}(\lambda _{1},\lambda _{2},\lambda _{3}).}
6442:
4076:
3869:{\displaystyle f_{\text{gel}}(\lambda _{1},\lambda _{2},\lambda _{3})={\frac {G_{0}}{2}}(\lambda _{1}^{2}+\lambda _{2}^{2}+\lambda _{3}^{2})+{\frac {\phi _{0}}{\phi }}f(\phi ).}
699:
Polyionic polymers are polymers with an ionic functional group. The ionic charges prevent the formation of tightly coiled polymer chains. This allows them to contribute more to
4239:
946:
is a solid formed from a gel by drying with unhindered shrinkage. Xerogels usually retain high porosity (15–50%) and enormous surface area (150–900 m/g), along with very small
4809:
secretes an enzymatic gel that rests on the outer surface of this animal and helps prevent other organisms from establishing colonies on the surface of these whales' bodies.
4791:
4739:
4710:
4681:
4652:
4607:
4578:
4529:
4500:
4195:
4625:
theory. As a starting point we can neglect the electrostatic interactions among ions. Then at equilibrium, some of the weak acid sites in the gel would dissociate to form
3966:
3939:
3912:
3463:
3211:
3184:
3157:
1511:
1484:
1457:
1430:
1300:
1273:
1246:
4762:
4471:
4197:
is the mean-square fluctuation in end-to-end distance of one strand. The modulus of the gel is then this single-strand elastic energy multiplied by strand number density
2964:
4033:
2486:
2439:
2297:
3993:
3492:
2250:
7288:
1330:
5699:
Van Esch J, Schoonbeek F, De Loos M, Veen EM, Kellogg RM, Feringa BL (1999). "Low molecular weight gelators for organic solvents". In Ungaro R, Dalcanale E (eds.).
3433:
3393:
2602:
2513:
2459:
2270:
2141:
1684:
1432:, that is assumed constant during the swelling process for simplicity of treatment. The swollen state of the gel is now completely characterized by stretch factors
1219:
3413:
1102:
1079:
1059:
4867:
Additionally, the gel acts as a processing aid when the cable is being constructed, keeping the fibers central whilst the tube material is extruded around it.
4613:
degree of ionization. This ion partitioning inside and outside the gel is analogous to the partitioning of ions across a semipemerable membrane in classical
4084:
2890:
energy density of the final swollen gel, the second is associated with the initial gel and the third is of the pure solvent prior to mixing. Substitution of
6435:
5316:
Lu, P. J., Zaccarelli, E., Ciulla, F., Schofield, A. B., Sciortino, F., Weitz, D. A. (May 2008). "Gelation of particles with short-range attraction".
6397:
5724:
Visintin RF, Lapasin R, Vignati E, D'Antona P, Lockhart TP (July 2005). "Rheological behavior and structural interpretation of waxy crude oil gels".
5549:
Warren DS, Sutherland SP, Kao JY, Weal GR, Mackay SM (2017-04-20). "The
Preparation and Simple Analysis of a Clay Nanoparticle Composite Hydrogel".
6360:
1187:
shrink to roughly its original size. This gel volume change can alternatively be introduced by applying external forces. If a uniaxial compressive
6514:
6428:
4391:
5457:
Johnson, L. C., Zia, R. N., Moghimi, E., Petekidis, G. (July 2019). "Influence of structure on the linear response rheology of colloidal gels".
2106:{\displaystyle f_{\text{net}}(\lambda _{1},\lambda _{2},\lambda _{3})={\frac {G_{0}}{2}}(\lambda _{1}^{2}+\lambda _{2}^{2}+\lambda _{3}^{2}-3),}
997:– they become fluid when agitated, but resolidify when resting. In general, gels are apparently solid, jelly-like materials. It is a type of
6012:"Experimental Investigation of Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Silica Nanoparticle-Reinforced Poly(acrylamide) Nanocomposite Hydrogels"
3626:
2150:
1689:
1593:
1520:
878:
of the structurant molecules. (An example of formation of an undesired thermoreversible network is the occurrence of wax crystallization in
2893:
2302:
1182:. But one key difference is that gel contains an additional solvent phase and hence is capable of having significant volume changes under
4881:
4859:
is added to their formula. This approach is common in the manufacture of a wide range of products, from foods to paints and adhesives.
560:
797:
to the liquid state. Chemomechanical polymers are mostly also hydrogels, which upon stimulation change their volume and can serve as
155:
2518:
1110:
3883:
of the polymer solution that favors the take in of solvent and expansion, the other is the restoring force of the polymer network
1191:
is applied to a gel, some solvent contained in the gel would be squeezed out and the gel shrinks in the applied-stress direction.
683:
or other junctions that remain intact within the extending fluid. Virtually any fluid can be used as an extender including water (
2607:
1335:
6121:
2370:
703:
in their stretched state, because the stretched-out polymer takes up more space. This is also the reason gel hardens. See
604:
system, which exhibits no flow when in the steady state, although the liquid phase may still diffuse through this system.
6799:
4946:
4839:(degradable) and permanent implants (non-degradable). A review article on the subject discusses the use of hydrogels for
2876:{\displaystyle V_{g0}f_{\text{mix}}(\lambda _{1}\lambda _{2}\lambda _{3})=\lambda _{1}\lambda _{2}\lambda _{3}f(\phi )-,}
98:
93:
4931:
4921:
1659:
is most often defined as the free energy difference after and before the swelling normalized by the initial gel volume
6242:
6156:
6083:
5843:
Pernetti M, van
Malssen KF, Flöter E, Bot A (2007). "Structuring of edible oils by alternatives to crystalline fat".
4984:
3436:
3214:
2887:
2217:
325:
140:
103:
4351:{\displaystyle G(\phi )\sim {\frac {kT}{b^{3}}}{\frac {\phi }{N}}{\frac {(\lambda R_{0})^{2}}{R_{\text{ref}}^{2}}}.}
4621:
The coupling between the ion partitioning and polyelectrolyte ionization degree is only partially by the classical
3968:
define the equilibrium gel volume. In solving the force balance equation, graphical solutions are often preferred.
3500:
3223:
659:
Gels consist of a solid three-dimensional network that spans the volume of a liquid medium and ensnares it through
187:
600:
that can have properties ranging from soft and weak to hard and tough. Gels are defined as a substantially dilute
6282:"Effect of Charge Regulation and Conformational Equilibria in the Stretching Properties of Weak Polyelectrolytes"
3887:
that favors shrinkage. At equilibrium, the two effects exactly cancel each other in principle and the associated
663:
effects. This internal network structure may result from physical bonds such as polymer chain entanglements (see
7392:
6880:
5708:
5686:
5032:
4794:
553:
6977:
6820:
6374:
6185:
Landsgesell, Jonas; Hebbeker, Pascal; Rud, Oleg; Lunkad, Raju; Košovan, Peter; Holm, Christian (2020-04-28).
4911:
4901:
1302:
in the three orthogonal directions during swelling after being immersed in a solvent phase of initial volume
1194:
To study the gel mechanical state in equilibrium, a good starting point is to consider a cubic gel of volume
310:
1030:
7351:
7313:
6656:
6472:
732:, in particular the emergence of elastic behaviour. The particles can show attractive interactions through
5922:
Carrow JK, Gaharwar AK (November 2014). "Bioinspired
Polymeric Nanocomposites for Regenerative Medicine".
3439:
energy parameter. Because in a network, the polymer length is effectively infinite, we can take the limit
7402:
7265:
5057:
4886:
4038:
340:
135:
130:
108:
5808:
Carretti E, Dei L, Weiss RG (2005). "Soft matter and art conservation. Rheoreversible gels and beyond".
980:
porous structure. A wide range of nanoparticles, such as carbon-based, polymeric, ceramic, and metallic
7293:
6862:
6266:
5761:"Lecithin organogels as a potential phospholipid-structured system for topical drug delivery: a review"
4536:
4532:
4200:
335:
164:
7341:
7270:
6857:
6804:
6638:
6346:
1755:
naturally assumes two contributions of radically different physical origins, one associated with the
1034:
616:
546:
88:
6896:
4767:
4715:
4686:
4657:
4628:
4583:
4554:
4505:
4476:
4173:
7260:
6634:
3122:{\displaystyle f_{\text{mix}}(\lambda _{1},\lambda _{2},\lambda _{3})={\frac {\phi _{0}}{\phi }}-.}
303:
3944:
3917:
3890:
3442:
3189:
3162:
3135:
1489:
1462:
1435:
1392:
1278:
1251:
1224:
850:
phase entrapped in a three-dimensionally cross-linked network. The liquid can be, for example, an
7331:
7298:
7252:
7097:
6929:
6661:
6582:
6509:
6451:
6010:
Zaragoza J, Babhadiashar N, O'Brien V, Chang A, Blanco M, Zabalegui A, et al. (2015-08-24).
4806:
4745:
4622:
4614:
4454:
1025:
are moved further apart from each other. Due to the polymer strands between crosslinks acting as
976:
628:
405:
400:
174:
2367:
since the number of monomers remains the same while the gel volume has increased by a factor of
7326:
7280:
7222:
7128:
6995:
6602:
6476:
4936:
4006:
2464:
2417:
2275:
786:
759:
755:
623:). In this way, gels are a dispersion of molecules of a liquid within a solid medium. The word
286:
3978:
3468:
2226:
958:
conditions, the network does not shrink and a highly porous, low-density material known as an
7387:
7336:
7217:
6630:
6355:
5502:"Brownian Dynamics Simulation of Colloidal Gels as Matrix for Controlled Release Application"
3996:
1514:
1183:
1006:
632:
500:
320:
315:
6187:"Grand-Reaction Method for Simulations of Ionization Equilibria Coupled to Ion Partitioning"
5517:
1305:
7181:
7026:
6944:
6889:
6809:
6794:
6597:
6293:
6198:
6023:
5968:
5817:
5558:
5513:
5466:
5415:
5376:
5325:
5274:
5211:
5154:
5097:
5078:
Zaccarelli, E. (15 August 2007). "Colloidal gels: equilibrium and non-equilibrium routes".
4548:
3884:
3418:
3371:
2587:
2491:
2444:
2255:
2119:
1662:
1197:
871:
763:
169:
63:
31:
17:
4365:(through differentiation of the free energy) to give the same equation as we found above.
8:
7234:
6971:
6852:
6847:
6567:
6463:
6420:
6350:
5526:
5501:
5133:"Direct link between mechanical stability in gels and percolation of isostatic particles"
5109:
4896:
1756:
998:
955:
510:
78:
6297:
6281:
6202:
6186:
6027:
5972:
5821:
5677:
Terech P. (1997) "Low-molecular weight organogelators", pp. 208–268 in: Robb I.D. (ed.)
5562:
5470:
5419:
5380:
5329:
5278:
5215:
5158:
5101:
7308:
7102:
7057:
6754:
6499:
6327:
6260:
6046:
6011:
5992:
5958:
5899:
5874:
5785:
5760:
5660:
5620:
5593:
5531:
5482:
5439:
5349:
5298:
5264:
5232:
5199:
5175:
5144:
5132:
5113:
5087:
4836:
4580:
in the system is constrained and hence, there will be a partitioning of salts ions and
4160:{\displaystyle F_{\text{ela}}\sim kT{\frac {(\lambda R_{0})^{2}}{R_{\text{ref}}^{2}}},}
3398:
1188:
1087:
1064:
1044:
725:
473:
456:
415:
239:
5403:
7382:
7158:
7153:
6991:
6732:
6494:
6331:
6319:
6248:
6238:
6214:
6162:
6152:
6127:
6117:
6089:
6079:
6051:
5984:
5904:
5790:
5741:
5704:
5682:
5664:
5625:
5574:
5535:
5486:
5431:
5341:
5302:
5290:
5254:
5237:
5180:
5028:
5005:
4980:
4951:
4000:
2272:
is polymer volume fraction. Suppose the initial gel has a polymer volume fraction of
1952:
1760:
1587:
1179:
1082:
768:
466:
430:
249:
244:
6407:
5996:
5643:
Bemmelen JM (1907). "Der
Hydrogel und das kristallinische Hydrat des Kupferoxydes".
5117:
73:
7092:
6411:
6402:
6309:
6301:
6206:
6041:
6031:
5976:
5931:
5894:
5886:
5852:
5825:
5780:
5772:
5733:
5652:
5615:
5605:
5566:
5521:
5474:
5423:
5384:
5353:
5333:
5282:
5227:
5219:
5170:
5162:
5105:
4926:
4856:
4844:
4840:
4805:
Some species secrete gels that are effective in parasite control. For example, the
4362:
3880:
2221:
914:
847:
420:
390:
330:
145:
5443:
5427:
5401:
4535:
with other ions in the systems. This is effectively a reacting system governed by
964:
is produced. Heat treatment of a xerogel at elevated temperature produces viscous
6982:
6666:
6530:
6305:
6280:
Blanco, Pablo M.; Madurga, Sergio; Mas, Francesc; Garcés, Josep L. (2019-11-12).
6210:
6036:
5315:
5198:
Whitaker, K., Varga, Z., Hsiao, L., Solomon, M., Swan, J., Furst, E. (May 2019).
4610:
4448:
4378:
851:
790:
733:
704:
660:
493:
435:
385:
212:
5856:
5570:
5456:
83:
7043:
6676:
5223:
5052:
5048:
4820:
1026:
527:
380:
123:
6375:"Injectable Hydrogel-based Medical Devices: "There's always room for Jell-O"1"
7397:
7376:
7186:
7108:
7077:
6842:
6671:
6406:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
6323:
6218:
6131:
5578:
5200:"Colloidal gel elasticity arises from the packing of locally glassy clusters"
4891:
4540:
4443:
is immersed in a salt solution of physiological concentration. The degree of
2144:
981:
886:
875:
859:
840:
832:
805:. The first appearance of the term 'hydrogel' in the literature was in 1894.
668:
425:
234:
229:
207:
6415:
6252:
6166:
6093:
5130:
874:
properties and firmness of the organogel. Often, these systems are based on
867:
7227:
7163:
7148:
7123:
6961:
6681:
6055:
5988:
5935:
5908:
5794:
5745:
5629:
5435:
5345:
5294:
5241:
5184:
5166:
4941:
4916:
4544:
4433:{\displaystyle {\text{HA}}\rightleftharpoons {\text{A}}^{-}+{\text{H}}^{+}}
1033:(which is just a polymer network, without solvent). This is so because the
808:
517:
461:
410:
395:
219:
202:
6111:
901:
885:
Organogels have potential for use in a number of applications, such as in
780:
is a network of polymer chains that are hydrophilic, sometimes found as a
607:
7321:
7209:
7082:
7038:
7016:
7003:
6934:
6904:
6838:
6687:
6626:
6455:
6232:
6146:
6073:
5610:
5197:
4956:
4832:
1038:
897:
855:
680:
597:
532:
478:
266:
254:
46:
5402:
Manley, S., Skotheim, J. M., Mahadevan, L., Weitz, D. A. (3 June 2005).
5337:
3213:
and hence can be dropped in subsequent analysis. Now we make use of the
7243:
7205:
7176:
6736:
6710:
6572:
6314:
5656:
5009:
4444:
1022:
994:
863:
822:
601:
375:
355:
197:
6524:
5980:
5890:
5737:
5478:
5388:
5286:
4551:
technologies. Due to the elastic nature of the gel, the dispersion of
4368:
3685:{\displaystyle f_{\text{mix}}(\lambda _{1},\lambda _{2},\lambda _{3})}
2209:{\displaystyle f_{\text{mix}}(\lambda _{1},\lambda _{2},\lambda _{3})}
1748:{\displaystyle f_{\text{gel}}(\lambda _{1},\lambda _{2},\lambda _{3})}
1652:{\displaystyle f_{\text{gel}}(\lambda _{1},\lambda _{2},\lambda _{3})}
1579:{\displaystyle f_{\text{gel}}(\lambda _{1},\lambda _{2},\lambda _{3})}
6815:
6705:
6557:
6547:
5829:
5776:
5366:
4824:
4812:
4382:
965:
879:
798:
700:
672:
350:
281:
271:
224:
68:
6009:
2951:{\displaystyle \phi =\phi _{0}/\lambda _{1}\lambda _{2}\lambda _{3}}
2360:{\displaystyle \phi =\phi _{0}/\lambda _{1}\lambda _{2}\lambda _{3}}
1005:, materials with exceptional properties including very low density,
870:
dimensions of the structurant are important characteristics for the
7357:
7346:
7138:
7118:
7113:
7087:
7031:
6924:
6914:
6909:
6612:
6577:
6562:
6504:
5499:
5269:
5149:
4906:
4863:
4374:
3972:
3132:
Note that the second term is independent of the stretching factors
947:
777:
749:
729:
684:
645:
637:
620:
578:
505:
483:
345:
5963:
5723:
5092:
4712:
and salt cations inside the gel. But because the concentration of
7143:
7072:
7011:
6956:
6951:
6919:
6759:
6715:
6592:
4876:
4828:
2661:. The free energy density change in this mixing step is given as
1018:
1002:
960:
951:
802:
794:
781:
721:
688:
676:
664:
7065:
7133:
7053:
6966:
6786:
6697:
6587:
6552:
6539:
5131:
Tsurusawa, H., Leocmach, M., Russo, J., Tanaka, H. (May 2019).
4683:
and salt cations leading to a relatively high concentration of
4609:
inside and outside the gel, which is intimately coupled to the
844:
522:
923:
27:
Highly viscous liquid exhibiting a kind of semi-solid behavior
7021:
6746:
6648:
6607:
6486:
5698:
4816:
2577:{\displaystyle (\lambda _{1}\lambda _{2}\lambda _{3}-1)V_{0}}
1168:{\displaystyle F_{\text{ela}}\sim kT{\frac {R^{2}}{Nb^{2}}}.}
1001:. By replacing the liquid with gas it is possible to prepare
836:
584:
6184:
5872:
5842:
5500:
Meidia, H., Irfachsyad, D., Gunawan, D. (12 November 2019).
4974:
1017:
A gel is in essence the mixture of a polymer network and a
935:
926:
488:
276:
150:
6769:
6450:
5948:
932:
573:
6885:
6830:
5701:
Supramolecular science: where it is and where it is going
2654:{\displaystyle \lambda _{1}\lambda _{2}\lambda _{3}V_{0}}
2147:
of the initial state. On the other hand, the mixing term
1686:, that is, a free energy difference density. The form of
1382:{\displaystyle \lambda _{1}\lambda _{2}\lambda _{3}V_{0}}
5506:
IOP Conference Series: Materials
Science and Engineering
4977:
Gels
Handbook: Fundamentals, Properties and Applications
5873:
Gaharwar AK, Peppas NA, Khademhosseini A (March 2014).
5548:
4539:
modulated by electrostatic effects, and is relevant in
6279:
4078:
and the elastic energy of one stand can be written as
3217:
free energy for a polymer-solvent solution that reads
2299:, the polymer volume fraction after swelling would be
5875:"Nanocomposite hydrogels for biomedical applications"
5591:
4862:
In fiber optic communications, a soft gel resembling
4770:
4748:
4718:
4689:
4660:
4631:
4586:
4557:
4508:
4479:
4457:
4394:
4250:
4203:
4176:
4087:
4041:
4009:
3981:
3947:
3920:
3893:
3701:
3629:
3503:
3471:
3445:
3421:
3401:
3374:
3226:
3192:
3165:
3138:
2967:
2896:
2670:
2610:
2590:
2521:
2494:
2467:
2447:
2420:
2373:
2305:
2278:
2258:
2229:
2153:
2122:
1964:
1772:
1692:
1665:
1596:
1523:
1492:
1465:
1438:
1395:
1338:
1308:
1281:
1254:
1227:
1200:
1113:
1090:
1067:
1047:
929:
920:
5594:"Smart hydrogels for advanced drug delivery systems"
2886:
where on the right-hand side, the first term is the
2407:{\displaystyle \lambda _{1}\lambda _{2}\lambda _{3}}
1012:
938:
6234:
Electrostatic effects in soft matter and biophysics
4369:
Modified Donnan equilibrium of polyelectrolyte gels
917:
5845:Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science
4785:
4756:
4733:
4704:
4675:
4646:
4601:
4572:
4523:
4494:
4465:
4432:
4400:
4350:
4233:
4189:
4159:
4070:
4027:
3987:
3960:
3933:
3906:
3868:
3692:and addition of the network contribution leads to
3684:
3612:
3486:
3457:
3427:
3407:
3387:
3357:
3205:
3178:
3151:
3121:
2950:
2875:
2653:
2596:
2576:
2507:
2480:
2453:
2433:
2406:
2359:
2291:
2264:
2244:
2208:
2135:
2105:
1940:
1747:
1678:
1651:
1578:
1505:
1478:
1451:
1424:
1381:
1324:
1294:
1267:
1240:
1213:
1167:
1096:
1073:
1053:
728:network of particles in a fluid medium, providing
5645:Zeitschrift für Chemie und Industrie der Kolloide
4654:that electrostatically attracts positive charged
4385:groups that can ionize according to the reaction
1763:of the network with the solvent. Hence, we write
7374:
6361:National Council for Science and the Environment
6344:
5807:
5703:. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 233–259.
3971:In an alternative, scaling approach, suppose an
2584:to become a solution with polymer concentration
2414:. As the polymer volume fraction decreases from
6071:
1759:of the polymer network, and the other with the
1009:, and excellent thermal insulation properties.
5921:
5681:. Glasgow: Blackie Academic and Professional,
5077:
4855:Many substances can form gels when a suitable
6436:
6072:Rubinstein, Michael; Colby, Ralph H. (2003).
5868:
5866:
3613:{\displaystyle f(\phi )={\frac {kT}{v_{c}}}.}
3358:{\displaystyle f(\phi )={\frac {kT}{v_{c}}},}
1586:. For analogy to the historical treatment of
554:
627:was coined by 19th-century Scottish chemist
5758:
5598:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
4999:
1332:. The final deformed volume of gel is then
6443:
6429:
6151:. S. F. Edwards. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
5863:
5404:"Gravitational Collapse of Colloidal Gels"
4882:2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid
1513:and hence it is of interest to derive the
971:
561:
547:
6313:
6045:
6035:
5962:
5898:
5784:
5619:
5609:
5525:
5268:
5231:
5174:
5148:
5091:
889:, cosmetics, art conservation, and food.
156:Nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization
5642:
5002:Supramolecular Polymer Networks and Gels
4843:replacement, cartilage replacement, and
896:
807:
767:
606:
583:
572:
6116:. Oxford: Oxford University Press USA.
4815:existing naturally in the body include
4800:
2515:is mixed with a pure solvent of volume
2461:, a polymer solution of concentration
902:https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.X06700
644:The process of forming a gel is called
14:
7375:
4975:Khademhosseini A.; Demirci U. (2016).
1389:and the total volume of the system is
6424:
6345:Dee EM, McGinley M, Hogan CM (2010).
6180:
6178:
6176:
6105:
6103:
6067:
6065:
5022:
3623:Substitution of this expression into
694:
6377:. Orthoworld.com. September 15, 2010
5924:Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics
5592:Bordbar-Khiabani A, Gasik M (2022).
5080:Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter
4361:This modulus can then be equated to
1021:phase. Upon stretching, the network
772:Hydrogel of a superabsorbent polymer
6800:Heated humidified high-flow therapy
6144:
6109:
6078:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5759:Kumar R, Katare OP (October 2005).
5025:Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers
4947:Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
4071:{\displaystyle (\lambda R_{0})^{2}}
3995:in all three directions. Under the
1178:This is the origin of both gel and
1029:, gels demonstrate elasticity like
24:
7064:
7002:
6895:
6403:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
6173:
6100:
6062:
5053:"Online Etymology Dictionary: gel"
5047:
4932:Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
4922:Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion
4003:in the gel increases from initial
3452:
1517:as a function of them, denoted as
812:IUPAC definition for a polymer gel
45:
25:
7414:
6391:
4473:and due to the charged nature of
4234:{\displaystyle \nu =\phi /Nb^{3}}
1013:Thermodynamics of gel deformation
715:
141:Controlled radical polymerization
7242:
6768:
6529:
6523:
5879:Biotechnology and Bioengineering
913:
6367:
6338:
6273:
6225:
6138:
6003:
5951:The Journal of Chemical Physics
5942:
5915:
5836:
5801:
5752:
5717:
5692:
5671:
5636:
5585:
5542:
5493:
5450:
5395:
5360:
5257:The Journal of Chemical Physics
4979:. World Scientific Pub Co Inc.
4850:
3999:approximation, the mean-square
843:) solid material composed of a
6148:The theory of polymer dynamics
5527:10.1088/1757-899X/553/1/012011
5309:
5248:
5191:
5124:
5110:10.1088/0953-8984/19/32/323101
5071:
5041:
5016:
4993:
4968:
4786:{\displaystyle {\text{A}}^{-}}
4734:{\displaystyle {\text{H}}^{+}}
4705:{\displaystyle {\text{H}}^{+}}
4676:{\displaystyle {\text{H}}^{+}}
4647:{\displaystyle {\text{A}}^{-}}
4602:{\displaystyle {\text{H}}^{+}}
4573:{\displaystyle {\text{A}}^{-}}
4524:{\displaystyle {\text{A}}^{-}}
4495:{\displaystyle {\text{H}}^{+}}
4318:
4301:
4260:
4254:
4190:{\displaystyle R_{\text{ref}}}
4127:
4110:
4059:
4042:
3975:gel is stretch by a factor of
3860:
3854:
3828:
3774:
3751:
3712:
3679:
3640:
3604:
3601:
3589:
3577:
3565:
3556:
3544:
3541:
3513:
3507:
3481:
3475:
3449:
3349:
3346:
3334:
3322:
3310:
3301:
3289:
3264:
3236:
3230:
3113:
3110:
3104:
3095:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3061:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3017:
2978:
2867:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2813:
2807:
2794:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2727:
2694:
2561:
2522:
2239:
2233:
2222:concentrated polymer solutions
2203:
2164:
2097:
2037:
2014:
1975:
1932:
1893:
1877:
1838:
1822:
1783:
1742:
1703:
1646:
1607:
1573:
1534:
679:) (chemical gels), as well as
654:
13:
1:
6568:Effervescent powder or tablet
5551:Journal of Chemical Education
5428:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.218302
4962:
4912:Gel permeation chromatography
4902:Gel filtration chromatography
4764:are both dissociated to form
3415:is polymer strand length and
1221:that is stretched by factors
988:
816:
104:Flory–Huggins solution theory
7352:Patient-controlled analgesia
6657:Orally disintegrating tablet
6306:10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01160
6211:10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00260
6037:10.1371/journal.pone.0136293
3961:{\displaystyle \lambda _{3}}
3934:{\displaystyle \lambda _{2}}
3907:{\displaystyle \lambda _{1}}
3458:{\displaystyle N\to \infty }
3206:{\displaystyle \lambda _{3}}
3179:{\displaystyle \lambda _{2}}
3152:{\displaystyle \lambda _{1}}
1506:{\displaystyle \lambda _{3}}
1479:{\displaystyle \lambda _{2}}
1452:{\displaystyle \lambda _{1}}
1425:{\displaystyle V_{0}+V_{s0}}
1295:{\displaystyle \lambda _{3}}
1268:{\displaystyle \lambda _{2}}
1241:{\displaystyle \lambda _{1}}
743:
736:or through polymeric links.
7:
5857:10.1016/j.cocis.2007.07.002
5571:10.1021/acs.jchemed.6b00389
5058:Online Etymology Dictionary
4887:Agarose gel electrophoresis
4870:
4757:{\displaystyle {\text{HA}}}
4466:{\displaystyle {\text{pH}}}
1007:high specific surface areas
892:
170:Condensation polymerization
136:Free-radical polymerization
131:Chain-growth polymerization
10:
7419:
6863:Relative analgesia machine
5224:10.1038/s41467-019-10039-w
4857:thickener or gelling agent
4533:electrostatic interactions
4451:is then controlled by the
2216:is usually treated by the
1104:is approximately given by
950:size (1–10 nm). When
820:
753:
747:
611:IUPAC definition for a gel
165:Step-growth polymerization
29:
7307:
7279:
7251:
7240:
7204:
7171:
7052:
6990:
6943:
6879:
6829:
6785:
6766:
6745:
6731:
6696:
6647:
6625:
6538:
6521:
6485:
6471:
6462:
6347:"Long-finned pilot whale"
5000:Seiffert S., ed. (2015).
4028:{\displaystyle R_{0}^{2}}
2481:{\displaystyle \phi _{0}}
2434:{\displaystyle \phi _{0}}
2292:{\displaystyle \phi _{0}}
2218:Flory-Huggins free energy
1081:between crosslinks to an
6452:Routes of administration
3988:{\displaystyle \lambda }
3487:{\displaystyle f(\phi )}
2245:{\displaystyle f(\phi )}
1590:and mixing free energy,
710:
6978:Extra-amniotic infusion
6583:Molecular encapsulation
6515:Osmotic delivery system
6510:Time release technology
6416:10.1351/goldbook.X06700
5518:2019MS&E..553a2011M
5408:Physical Review Letters
5023:Ferry, John D. (1980).
4807:long-finned pilot whale
1515:deformation free energy
977:Nanocomposite hydrogels
972:Nanocomposite hydrogels
615:Gels are mostly liquid
175:Addition polymerization
109:Coil–globule transition
7281:Central nervous system
7069:
7007:
6935:Mucoadhesive microdisc
6900:
6265:: CS1 maint: others (
5936:10.1002/macp.201400427
5679:Specialist surfactants
5167:10.1126/sciadv.aav6090
4937:Radial immunodiffusion
4787:
4758:
4735:
4706:
4677:
4648:
4603:
4574:
4525:
4496:
4467:
4434:
4352:
4235:
4191:
4161:
4072:
4029:
3989:
3962:
3935:
3908:
3870:
3686:
3614:
3488:
3459:
3429:
3409:
3389:
3359:
3207:
3180:
3153:
3123:
2952:
2877:
2655:
2598:
2578:
2509:
2482:
2455:
2435:
2408:
2361:
2293:
2266:
2246:
2210:
2137:
2107:
1942:
1749:
1680:
1653:
1580:
1507:
1480:
1453:
1426:
1383:
1326:
1325:{\displaystyle V_{s0}}
1296:
1269:
1242:
1215:
1169:
1098:
1075:
1055:
1037:penalty to stretch an
905:
813:
773:
760:Self-healing hydrogels
756:Superabsorbent polymer
707:for more information.
667:) (physical gels) or
612:
589:
581:
287:Self-healing hydrogels
50:
7393:Drug delivery devices
7124:Transfersome vesicles
7068:
7006:
6983:Intravesical infusion
6899:
6356:Encyclopedia of Earth
5204:Nature Communications
4788:
4759:
4736:
4707:
4678:
4649:
4604:
4575:
4537:acid-base equilibrium
4526:
4497:
4468:
4435:
4353:
4236:
4192:
4162:
4073:
4030:
3990:
3963:
3936:
3909:
3871:
3687:
3615:
3489:
3460:
3430:
3428:{\displaystyle \chi }
3410:
3390:
3388:{\displaystyle v_{c}}
3360:
3208:
3181:
3154:
3124:
2953:
2878:
2656:
2599:
2597:{\displaystyle \phi }
2579:
2510:
2508:{\displaystyle V_{0}}
2483:
2456:
2454:{\displaystyle \phi }
2436:
2409:
2362:
2294:
2267:
2265:{\displaystyle \phi }
2247:
2211:
2138:
2136:{\displaystyle G_{0}}
2108:
1943:
1750:
1681:
1679:{\displaystyle V_{0}}
1654:
1581:
1508:
1481:
1454:
1427:
1384:
1327:
1297:
1270:
1243:
1216:
1214:{\displaystyle V_{0}}
1170:
1099:
1076:
1056:
954:removal occurs under
900:
811:
785:Hydrogels are highly
771:
730:mechanical properties
610:
587:
576:
501:Cookware and bakeware
453:Industrial production
321:X-ray crystallography
49:
6810:Metered-dose inhaler
6795:Anesthetic vaporizer
5611:10.3390/ijms23073665
4801:Animal-produced gels
4795:computer simulations
4768:
4746:
4716:
4687:
4658:
4629:
4584:
4555:
4506:
4477:
4455:
4392:
4248:
4201:
4174:
4085:
4039:
4007:
3979:
3945:
3918:
3891:
3699:
3627:
3501:
3469:
3443:
3419:
3399:
3372:
3224:
3190:
3163:
3136:
2965:
2894:
2668:
2608:
2588:
2519:
2492:
2465:
2445:
2418:
2371:
2303:
2276:
2256:
2227:
2151:
2120:
1962:
1770:
1690:
1663:
1594:
1521:
1490:
1463:
1436:
1393:
1336:
1306:
1279:
1252:
1225:
1198:
1111:
1088:
1065:
1045:
764:Hydrogel agriculture
577:An upturned vial of
32:Gel (disambiguation)
30:For other uses, see
7235:Transdermal implant
7195:(into tissue/blood)
6972:Intrauterine device
6853:Anaesthetic machine
6848:Oxygen concentrator
6298:2019MaMol..52.8017B
6203:2020MaMol..53.3007L
6113:Soft matter physics
6028:2015PLoSO..1036293Z
5973:2012JChPh.137u4901K
5822:2005SMat....1...17C
5563:2017JChEd..94.1772W
5471:2019JRheo..63..583J
5459:Journal of Rheology
5420:2005PhRvL..94u8302M
5381:2014JRheo..58.1121Z
5369:Journal of Rheology
5338:10.1038/nature06931
5330:2008Natur.453..499L
5279:2019JChPh.151l4901H
5216:2019NatCo..10.2237W
5159:2019SciA....5.6090T
5102:2007JPCM...19F3101Z
5027:. New York: Wiley.
4897:Gel electrophoresis
4342:
4151:
4024:
4001:end-to-end distance
3827:
3809:
3791:
3395:is monomer volume,
2090:
2072:
2054:
1757:elastic deformation
1083:end-to-end distance
999:non-Newtonian fluid
474:Protective Coatings
89:Mark–Houwink theory
7403:Physical chemistry
7347:Nanocell injection
7070:
7008:
6901:
6755:Dry-powder inhaler
5657:10.1007/BF01830147
4783:
4754:
4731:
4702:
4673:
4644:
4599:
4570:
4521:
4492:
4463:
4430:
4348:
4328:
4231:
4187:
4157:
4137:
4068:
4025:
4010:
3985:
3958:
3931:
3904:
3866:
3813:
3795:
3777:
3682:
3610:
3484:
3455:
3425:
3405:
3385:
3355:
3203:
3176:
3149:
3119:
2948:
2873:
2651:
2594:
2574:
2505:
2478:
2451:
2431:
2404:
2357:
2289:
2262:
2242:
2206:
2133:
2103:
2076:
2058:
2040:
1938:
1745:
1676:
1649:
1576:
1503:
1476:
1449:
1422:
1379:
1322:
1292:
1265:
1238:
1211:
1165:
1094:
1071:
1051:
993:Many gels display
906:
839:thermoreversible (
814:
795:gel-sol transition
774:
724:gel consists of a
695:Polyionic polymers
613:
590:
582:
51:
7370:
7369:
7366:
7365:
7197:
7159:Transdermal spray
7154:Transdermal patch
7144:Medicated shampoo
6875:
6874:
6871:
6870:
6858:Medical inhalants
6805:Medical inhalants
6733:Respiratory tract
6727:
6726:
6621:
6620:
6359:. Washington DC:
6292:(21): 8017–8031.
6123:978-0-19-150350-4
5981:10.1063/1.4767517
5891:10.1002/bit.25160
5765:AAPS PharmSciTech
5738:10.1021/la050705k
5557:(11): 1772–1779.
5479:10.1122/1.5082796
5389:10.1122/1.4892115
5324:(7194): 499–503.
5287:10.1063/1.5119359
4952:Void (composites)
4775:
4752:
4723:
4694:
4665:
4636:
4591:
4562:
4513:
4484:
4461:
4422:
4407:
4398:
4343:
4335:
4296:
4286:
4184:
4152:
4144:
4095:
3849:
3772:
3709:
3637:
3539:
3408:{\displaystyle N}
3275:
3262:
3038:
2975:
2691:
2161:
2035:
1972:
1953:rubber elasticity
1890:
1835:
1780:
1700:
1604:
1588:rubber elasticity
1531:
1180:rubber elasticity
1160:
1121:
1097:{\displaystyle R}
1074:{\displaystyle b}
1061:monomers of size
1054:{\displaystyle N}
734:osmotic depletion
687:), oil, and air (
571:
570:
484:Consumer products
16:(Redirected from
7410:
7246:
7202:
7201:
7193:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6743:
6742:
6672:Sublingual drops
6645:
6644:
6533:
6527:
6483:
6482:
6469:
6468:
6445:
6438:
6431:
6422:
6421:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6382:
6371:
6365:
6364:
6349:. In Saundry P,
6342:
6336:
6335:
6317:
6277:
6271:
6270:
6264:
6256:
6229:
6223:
6222:
6197:(8): 3007–3020.
6182:
6171:
6170:
6145:Doi, M. (1986).
6142:
6136:
6135:
6110:Doi, M. (2013).
6107:
6098:
6097:
6069:
6060:
6059:
6049:
6039:
6007:
6001:
6000:
5966:
5946:
5940:
5939:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5902:
5870:
5861:
5860:
5851:(4–5): 221–231.
5840:
5834:
5833:
5830:10.1039/B501033K
5805:
5799:
5798:
5788:
5777:10.1208/pt060240
5756:
5750:
5749:
5721:
5715:
5714:
5696:
5690:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5640:
5634:
5633:
5623:
5613:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5546:
5540:
5539:
5529:
5497:
5491:
5490:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5375:(5): 1121–1157.
5364:
5358:
5357:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5272:
5252:
5246:
5245:
5235:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5178:
5152:
5137:Science Advances
5128:
5122:
5121:
5095:
5075:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5020:
5014:
5013:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4972:
4927:Paste (rheology)
4845:synthetic tissue
4841:nucleus pulposus
4792:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4773:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4721:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4692:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4663:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4634:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4589:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4560:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4511:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4482:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4449:polyelectrolytes
4439:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4405:
4399:
4396:
4379:polyelectrolytes
4363:osmotic pressure
4357:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4341:
4336:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4316:
4315:
4299:
4297:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4275:
4267:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4217:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4150:
4145:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4125:
4124:
4108:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4057:
4056:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4023:
4018:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3881:osmotic pressure
3875:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3850:
3845:
3844:
3835:
3826:
3821:
3808:
3803:
3790:
3785:
3773:
3768:
3767:
3758:
3750:
3749:
3737:
3736:
3724:
3723:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3665:
3664:
3652:
3651:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3528:
3520:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3276:
3268:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3251:
3243:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3094:
3093:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3024:
3016:
3015:
3003:
3002:
2990:
2989:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2937:
2936:
2927:
2926:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2845:
2844:
2835:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2806:
2805:
2790:
2789:
2762:
2761:
2752:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2726:
2725:
2716:
2715:
2706:
2705:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2620:
2619:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2554:
2553:
2544:
2543:
2534:
2533:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2393:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2189:
2188:
2176:
2175:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2089:
2084:
2071:
2066:
2053:
2048:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2021:
2013:
2012:
2000:
1999:
1987:
1986:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1931:
1930:
1918:
1917:
1905:
1904:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1876:
1875:
1863:
1862:
1850:
1849:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1821:
1820:
1808:
1807:
1795:
1794:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1728:
1727:
1715:
1714:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1632:
1631:
1619:
1618:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1559:
1558:
1546:
1545:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1405:
1404:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1368:
1367:
1358:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1263:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1144:
1143:
1134:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1027:entropic springs
945:
944:
941:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
563:
556:
549:
467:Applied coatings
304:Characterization
37:
36:
21:
7418:
7417:
7413:
7412:
7411:
7409:
7408:
7407:
7373:
7372:
7371:
7362:
7342:Intraperitoneal
7314:musculoskeletal
7312:
7303:
7275:
7271:Intra-articular
7247:
7238:
7198:
7192:
7191:
7167:
7048:
6986:
6939:
6884:
6867:
6825:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6764:
6723:
6692:
6617:
6534:
6528:
6519:
6473:Digestive tract
6458:
6449:
6394:
6389:
6380:
6378:
6373:
6372:
6368:
6343:
6339:
6278:
6274:
6258:
6257:
6245:
6231:
6230:
6226:
6183:
6174:
6159:
6143:
6139:
6124:
6108:
6101:
6086:
6075:Polymer physics
6070:
6063:
6022:(8): e0136293.
6008:
6004:
5947:
5943:
5920:
5916:
5871:
5864:
5841:
5837:
5806:
5802:
5771:(2): E298-310.
5757:
5753:
5722:
5718:
5711:
5697:
5693:
5676:
5672:
5641:
5637:
5590:
5586:
5547:
5543:
5498:
5494:
5455:
5451:
5400:
5396:
5365:
5361:
5314:
5310:
5253:
5249:
5196:
5192:
5143:(5): eaav6090.
5129:
5125:
5076:
5072:
5063:
5061:
5046:
5042:
5035:
5021:
5017:
4998:
4994:
4987:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4873:
4853:
4803:
4777:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4725:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4696:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4667:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4638:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4611:polyelectrolyte
4593:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4564:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4515:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4486:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4424:
4419:
4418:
4409:
4404:
4403:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4381:decorated with
4371:
4337:
4332:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4307:
4300:
4298:
4288:
4280:
4276:
4268:
4266:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4225:
4221:
4213:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4181:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4146:
4141:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4116:
4109:
4107:
4092:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4048:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4019:
4014:
4008:
4005:
4004:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3952:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3925:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3898:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3840:
3836:
3834:
3822:
3817:
3804:
3799:
3786:
3781:
3763:
3759:
3757:
3745:
3741:
3732:
3728:
3719:
3715:
3706:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3673:
3669:
3660:
3656:
3647:
3643:
3634:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3533:
3529:
3521:
3519:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3267:
3256:
3252:
3244:
3242:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3170:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3143:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3089:
3085:
3029:
3025:
3023:
3011:
3007:
2998:
2994:
2985:
2981:
2972:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2816:
2801:
2797:
2785:
2781:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2733:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2697:
2688:
2684:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2568:
2564:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2283:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2197:
2193:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2167:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2085:
2080:
2067:
2062:
2049:
2044:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2008:
2004:
1995:
1991:
1982:
1978:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1926:
1922:
1913:
1909:
1900:
1896:
1887:
1883:
1871:
1867:
1858:
1854:
1845:
1841:
1832:
1828:
1816:
1812:
1803:
1799:
1790:
1786:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1736:
1732:
1723:
1719:
1710:
1706:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1640:
1636:
1627:
1623:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1567:
1563:
1554:
1550:
1541:
1537:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1413:
1409:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1015:
991:
974:
916:
912:
895:
887:pharmaceuticals
852:organic solvent
833:non-crystalline
825:
819:
791:smart materials
766:
752:
746:
718:
713:
705:polyelectrolyte
697:
661:surface tension
657:
651:
567:
538:
537:
449:
441:
440:
371:
363:
362:
306:
296:
295:
213:Polyisobutylene
194:Functional type
190:
180:
179:
126:
116:
115:
59:
40:Polymer science
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7416:
7406:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7368:
7367:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7360:
7355:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7318:
7316:
7305:
7304:
7302:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7285:
7283:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7261:Intracavernous
7257:
7255:
7249:
7248:
7241:
7239:
7237:
7232:
7231:
7230:
7220:
7215:
7213:
7199:
7190:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7173:
7172:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7063:
7061:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7046:
7044:Nutrient enema
7041:
7036:
7035:
7034:
7029:
7019:
7014:
7001:
6999:
6988:
6987:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6947:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6894:
6892:
6877:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6835:
6833:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6791:
6789:
6783:
6782:
6767:
6765:
6763:
6762:
6757:
6751:
6749:
6740:
6729:
6728:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6702:
6700:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6685:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6653:
6651:
6642:
6623:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6544:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6522:
6520:
6518:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6491:
6489:
6480:
6466:
6460:
6459:
6448:
6447:
6440:
6433:
6425:
6419:
6418:
6393:
6392:External links
6390:
6388:
6387:
6366:
6337:
6286:Macromolecules
6272:
6243:
6224:
6191:Macromolecules
6172:
6157:
6137:
6122:
6099:
6084:
6061:
6002:
5957:(21): 214901.
5941:
5930:(3): 248–264.
5914:
5862:
5835:
5800:
5751:
5732:(14): 6240–9.
5716:
5709:
5691:
5670:
5651:(7): 213–214.
5635:
5584:
5541:
5492:
5465:(4): 583–608.
5449:
5414:(21): 218302.
5394:
5359:
5308:
5263:(12): 124901.
5247:
5190:
5123:
5086:(32): 323101.
5070:
5040:
5033:
5015:
4992:
4985:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4872:
4869:
4852:
4849:
4821:vitreous humor
4802:
4799:
4780:
4728:
4699:
4670:
4641:
4596:
4567:
4518:
4489:
4441:
4440:
4427:
4417:
4412:
4402:
4370:
4367:
4359:
4358:
4347:
4340:
4331:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4303:
4295:
4292:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4271:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4180:
4168:
4167:
4156:
4149:
4140:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4091:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4022:
4017:
4013:
3997:affine network
3984:
3955:
3951:
3928:
3924:
3901:
3897:
3877:
3876:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3705:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3633:
3621:
3620:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3424:
3404:
3382:
3378:
3366:
3365:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3200:
3196:
3173:
3169:
3146:
3142:
3130:
3129:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2971:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2884:
2883:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2614:
2593:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2502:
2498:
2475:
2471:
2450:
2428:
2424:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2377:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2286:
2282:
2261:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2157:
2130:
2126:
2114:
2113:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1968:
1949:
1948:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1776:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1673:
1669:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1527:
1500:
1496:
1473:
1469:
1446:
1442:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1342:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1289:
1285:
1262:
1258:
1235:
1231:
1208:
1204:
1176:
1175:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1117:
1093:
1070:
1050:
1014:
1011:
990:
987:
973:
970:
894:
891:
818:
815:
748:Main article:
745:
742:
717:
716:Colloidal gels
714:
712:
709:
696:
693:
669:chemical bonds
656:
653:
569:
568:
566:
565:
558:
551:
543:
540:
539:
536:
535:
530:
528:Plastic bottle
525:
520:
515:
514:
513:
511:Food Container
508:
498:
497:
496:
486:
481:
476:
471:
470:
469:
464:
454:
450:
447:
446:
443:
442:
439:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
361:
360:
359:
358:
353:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
307:
302:
301:
298:
297:
294:
293:
292:
291:
290:
289:
274:
269:
264:
260:
259:
258:
257:
252:
247:
242:
235:Vinyl polymers
232:
227:
222:
217:
216:
215:
210:
205:
195:
191:
188:Classification
186:
185:
182:
181:
178:
177:
172:
167:
161:
160:
159:
158:
153:
148:
138:
133:
127:
122:
121:
118:
117:
114:
113:
112:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
84:Phase behavior
81:
76:
71:
66:
60:
57:
56:
53:
52:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7415:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7380:
7378:
7359:
7356:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7332:Intramuscular
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7319:
7317:
7315:
7310:
7306:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7289:Intracerebral
7287:
7286:
7284:
7282:
7278:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7258:
7256:
7254:
7250:
7245:
7236:
7233:
7229:
7226:
7225:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7207:
7203:
7200:
7196:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7174:
7170:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7109:Iontophoresis
7107:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7078:Topical cream
7076:
7074:
7071:
7067:
7062:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7024:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7009:
7005:
7000:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6946:
6942:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6902:
6898:
6893:
6891:
6887:
6882:
6878:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6843:Nasal cannula
6840:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6832:
6828:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6788:
6784:
6771:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6748:
6744:
6741:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6699:
6695:
6689:
6686:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6654:
6652:
6650:
6646:
6643:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6541:
6537:
6532:
6526:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6488:
6484:
6481:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6446:
6441:
6439:
6434:
6432:
6427:
6426:
6423:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6404:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6376:
6370:
6362:
6358:
6357:
6352:
6348:
6341:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6276:
6268:
6262:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6244:1-4020-0196-7
6240:
6236:
6235:
6228:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6181:
6179:
6177:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6158:0-19-851976-1
6154:
6150:
6149:
6141:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6119:
6115:
6114:
6106:
6104:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6085:0-19-852059-X
6081:
6077:
6076:
6068:
6066:
6057:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6006:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5945:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5918:
5910:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5885:(3): 441–53.
5884:
5880:
5876:
5869:
5867:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5839:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5804:
5796:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5755:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5720:
5712:
5706:
5702:
5695:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5639:
5631:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5588:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5545:
5537:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5512:(1): 012011.
5511:
5507:
5503:
5496:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5453:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5398:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5363:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5312:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5251:
5243:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5194:
5186:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5127:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5074:
5060:
5059:
5054:
5050:
5044:
5036:
5030:
5026:
5019:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4996:
4988:
4986:9789814656108
4982:
4978:
4971:
4967:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4892:Food rheology
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4868:
4865:
4860:
4858:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4808:
4798:
4796:
4778:
4726:
4697:
4668:
4639:
4624:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4594:
4565:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4541:drug delivery
4538:
4534:
4516:
4487:
4450:
4446:
4425:
4415:
4410:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4366:
4364:
4345:
4338:
4329:
4322:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4293:
4290:
4281:
4277:
4272:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4178:
4154:
4147:
4138:
4131:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4089:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4063:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4002:
3998:
3982:
3974:
3969:
3953:
3949:
3926:
3922:
3899:
3895:
3886:
3882:
3863:
3857:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3703:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3631:
3607:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3478:
3472:
3446:
3438:
3437:Flory-Huggins
3422:
3402:
3380:
3376:
3352:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3272:
3269:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:Flory-Huggins
3198:
3194:
3171:
3167:
3144:
3140:
3116:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3073:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2969:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2889:
2888:Flory–Huggins
2870:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2698:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2591:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2526:
2500:
2496:
2473:
2469:
2448:
2426:
2422:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2375:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2284:
2280:
2259:
2236:
2230:
2223:
2219:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2155:
2146:
2145:shear modulus
2128:
2124:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1966:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1774:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1694:
1671:
1667:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1598:
1589:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1525:
1516:
1498:
1494:
1471:
1467:
1444:
1440:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1287:
1283:
1260:
1256:
1233:
1229:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1091:
1084:
1068:
1048:
1040:
1039:ideal polymer
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
986:
983:
982:nanomaterials
978:
969:
967:
963:
962:
957:
956:supercritical
953:
949:
943:
911:
903:
899:
890:
888:
883:
881:
877:
876:self-assembly
873:
869:
865:
861:
860:vegetable oil
857:
853:
849:
846:
842:
841:thermoplastic
838:
834:
830:
824:
810:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
779:
770:
765:
761:
757:
751:
741:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
708:
706:
702:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
652:
649:
647:
642:
640:
639:
634:
630:
629:Thomas Graham
626:
622:
618:
609:
605:
603:
599:
595:
586:
580:
575:
564:
559:
557:
552:
550:
545:
544:
542:
541:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
512:
509:
507:
504:
503:
502:
499:
495:
492:
491:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
468:
465:
463:
460:
459:
458:
455:
452:
451:
445:
444:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
373:
367:
366:
357:
354:
352:
349:
348:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
305:
300:
299:
288:
285:
284:
283:
280:
279:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
262:
261:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
237:
236:
233:
231:
230:Polycarbonate
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
214:
211:
209:
208:Polypropylene
206:
204:
201:
200:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
184:
183:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
162:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
143:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
128:
125:
120:
119:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
86:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
61:
55:
54:
48:
44:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
7388:Dosage forms
7337:Intraosseous
7327:Intracardiac
7266:Intravitreal
7228:Injector pen
7223:Subcutaneous
7194:
7164:Jet injector
7149:Dermal patch
6962:Vaginal ring
6930:Insufflation
6682:Effervescent
6456:dosage forms
6401:
6379:. Retrieved
6369:
6354:
6340:
6289:
6285:
6275:
6233:
6227:
6194:
6190:
6147:
6140:
6112:
6074:
6019:
6015:
6005:
5954:
5950:
5944:
5927:
5923:
5917:
5882:
5878:
5848:
5844:
5838:
5813:
5809:
5803:
5768:
5764:
5754:
5729:
5725:
5719:
5700:
5694:
5678:
5673:
5648:
5644:
5638:
5601:
5597:
5587:
5554:
5550:
5544:
5509:
5505:
5495:
5462:
5458:
5452:
5411:
5407:
5397:
5372:
5368:
5362:
5321:
5317:
5311:
5260:
5256:
5250:
5207:
5203:
5193:
5140:
5136:
5126:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5062:. Retrieved
5056:
5043:
5024:
5018:
5004:. Springer.
5001:
4995:
4976:
4970:
4942:Silicone gel
4917:Hydrocolloid
4861:
4854:
4851:Applications
4823:of the eye,
4811:
4804:
4620:
4545:desalination
4543:, sea water
4442:
4372:
4360:
4169:
3970:
3878:
3622:
3367:
3131:
2885:
2143:denotes the
2115:
1950:
1193:
1177:
1016:
992:
975:
959:
909:
907:
884:
828:
826:
775:
738:
719:
698:
681:crystallites
658:
650:
643:
636:
624:
614:
602:cross-linked
593:
591:
518:Vinyl record
462:Blow molding
448:Applications
220:Polyurethane
203:Polyethylene
64:Architecture
7322:Intravenous
7309:Circulatory
7294:Intrathecal
7218:Intradermal
7210:transdermal
7177:Parenterals
7083:Topical gel
7039:Murphy drip
7017:Suppository
6905:Nasal spray
6839:Oxygen mask
6688:Chewing gum
6627:Oral mucosa
6351:Cleveland C
6315:2445/156380
5810:Soft Matter
5604:(7): 3665.
5210:(1): 2237.
4957:Soft matter
4833:blood clots
4373:Consider a
3494:reduces to
2604:and volume
2488:and volume
1184:deformation
1035:free energy
856:mineral oil
675:bonds (see
655:Composition
533:Plastic bag
479:3D printing
267:Homopolymer
255:Polystyrene
79:Degradation
7377:Categories
7182:Injections
6945:Urogenital
6881:Ophthalmic
6737:inhalation
6711:Toothpaste
6639:sublingual
6603:Suspension
6573:Herbal tea
6381:2013-05-19
5710:079235656X
5687:0751403407
5270:1907.04874
5150:1804.04370
5064:2013-12-09
5034:0471048941
5010:B00VR5CMW6
4963:References
4445:ionization
3885:elasticity
1023:crosslinks
995:thixotropy
989:Properties
864:solubility
837:non-glassy
823:Organogels
821:See also:
817:Organogels
754:See also:
726:percolated
598:semi-solid
588:Silica gel
494:Whitewalls
416:Staudinger
386:MacDiarmid
370:Scientists
356:Viscometry
198:Polyolefin
74:Morphology
58:Properties
7187:infusions
7119:Liposomes
6915:Eye drops
6910:Ear drops
6821:Vaporizer
6816:Nebulizer
6706:Mouthwash
6635:sublabial
6558:Electuary
6548:Decoction
6332:208747045
6324:0024-9297
6261:cite book
6219:0024-9297
6132:851159840
5964:1212.4335
5816:(1): 17.
5665:197928622
5579:0021-9584
5536:210251780
5487:189985243
5303:195886583
5093:0705.3418
4825:cartilage
4813:Hydrogels
4779:−
4640:−
4566:−
4517:−
4411:−
4401:⇌
4383:weak acid
4305:λ
4291:ϕ
4264:∼
4258:ϕ
4211:ϕ
4205:ν
4114:λ
4099:∼
4046:λ
3983:λ
3973:isotropic
3950:λ
3923:λ
3896:λ
3858:ϕ
3847:ϕ
3838:ϕ
3815:λ
3797:λ
3779:λ
3743:λ
3730:λ
3717:λ
3671:λ
3658:λ
3645:λ
3599:ϕ
3596:−
3587:ϕ
3584:χ
3575:ϕ
3572:−
3563:
3554:ϕ
3551:−
3511:ϕ
3479:ϕ
3453:∞
3450:→
3423:χ
3344:ϕ
3341:−
3332:ϕ
3329:χ
3320:ϕ
3317:−
3308:
3299:ϕ
3296:−
3284:ϕ
3281:
3270:ϕ
3234:ϕ
3195:λ
3168:λ
3141:λ
3099:−
3087:ϕ
3074:−
3056:−
3050:ϕ
3036:ϕ
3027:ϕ
3009:λ
2996:λ
2983:λ
2958:leads to
2940:λ
2930:λ
2920:λ
2905:ϕ
2898:ϕ
2847:−
2838:λ
2828:λ
2818:λ
2799:ϕ
2776:−
2770:ϕ
2755:λ
2745:λ
2735:λ
2719:λ
2709:λ
2699:λ
2633:λ
2623:λ
2613:λ
2592:ϕ
2556:−
2547:λ
2537:λ
2527:λ
2470:ϕ
2449:ϕ
2423:ϕ
2396:λ
2386:λ
2376:λ
2349:λ
2339:λ
2329:λ
2314:ϕ
2307:ϕ
2281:ϕ
2260:ϕ
2237:ϕ
2195:λ
2182:λ
2169:λ
2092:−
2078:λ
2060:λ
2042:λ
2006:λ
1993:λ
1980:λ
1924:λ
1911:λ
1898:λ
1869:λ
1856:λ
1843:λ
1814:λ
1801:λ
1788:λ
1734:λ
1721:λ
1708:λ
1638:λ
1625:λ
1612:λ
1565:λ
1552:λ
1539:λ
1495:λ
1468:λ
1441:λ
1361:λ
1351:λ
1341:λ
1284:λ
1257:λ
1230:λ
1125:∼
966:sintering
880:petroleum
829:organogel
799:actuators
787:absorbent
782:colloidal
744:Hydrogels
722:colloidal
701:viscosity
685:hydrogels
673:disulfide
457:Extrusion
436:Braconnot
426:Baekeland
406:de Gennes
391:Shirakawa
351:Rheometry
282:Hydrogels
272:Copolymer
263:Structure
225:Polyester
124:Synthesis
69:Tacticity
7383:Colloids
7358:PIC line
7299:Epidural
7139:Lip balm
7114:Hydrogel
7105:solution
7088:Liniment
7073:Ointment
7032:Hydrogel
7027:Solution
7012:Ointment
6952:Ointment
6925:Hydrogel
6920:Ointment
6716:Ointment
6677:Lozenges
6667:Lollipop
6613:Tincture
6598:Solution
6578:Hydrogel
6563:Emulsion
6505:Pastille
6353:(eds.).
6253:48383405
6167:59185784
6094:50339757
6056:26301505
6016:PLOS ONE
5997:26096794
5989:23231257
5909:24264728
5795:16353989
5746:15982026
5726:Langmuir
5630:35409025
5436:16090356
5346:18497820
5295:31575167
5242:31110184
5185:31172025
5118:17294391
5049:Harper D
4907:Gel pack
4871:See also
4864:hair gel
4847:models.
4837:implants
4549:dialysis
4377:made of
4375:hydrogel
4241:to give
2252:, where
1041:segment
1003:aerogels
893:Xerogels
868:particle
778:hydrogel
750:Hydrogel
677:thiomers
671:such as
665:polymers
646:gelation
638:gelatine
633:clipping
579:hair gel
506:Bakelite
421:Goodyear
346:Rheology
7058:topical
6996:enteral
6957:Pessary
6787:Liquids
6760:Smoking
6698:Liquids
6593:Softgel
6540:Liquids
6500:Capsule
6477:enteral
6408:xerogel
6294:Bibcode
6199:Bibcode
6047:4547727
6024:Bibcode
5969:Bibcode
5900:3924876
5818:Bibcode
5786:2750543
5621:8998863
5559:Bibcode
5514:Bibcode
5467:Bibcode
5416:Bibcode
5377:Bibcode
5354:4409873
5326:Bibcode
5275:Bibcode
5233:6527676
5212:Bibcode
5176:6544450
5155:Bibcode
5098:Bibcode
4877:Aerogel
4829:tendons
4447:of the
3435:is the
1019:solvent
961:aerogel
952:solvent
910:xerogel
872:elastic
848:organic
803:sensors
689:aerogel
617:by mass
431:Hayward
411:Ziegler
401:Edwards
7253:Organs
7134:Lotion
7054:Dermal
6992:Rectal
6967:Douche
6747:Solids
6684:tablet
6649:Solids
6631:buccal
6588:Powder
6553:Elixir
6495:Tablet
6487:Solids
6330:
6322:
6251:
6241:
6217:
6165:
6155:
6130:
6120:
6092:
6082:
6054:
6044:
5995:
5987:
5907:
5897:
5793:
5783:
5744:
5707:
5685:
5663:
5628:
5618:
5577:
5534:
5485:
5444:903595
5442:
5434:
5352:
5344:
5318:Nature
5301:
5293:
5240:
5230:
5183:
5173:
5116:
5031:
5008:
4983:
4819:, the
4623:Donnan
4615:Donnan
4170:where
3368:where
2116:where
1761:mixing
1189:stress
1031:rubber
862:. The
845:liquid
762:, and
523:Kevlar
381:Heeger
7129:Cream
7093:Paste
7022:Enema
6974:(IUD)
6890:nasal
6812:(MDI)
6720:Spray
6608:Syrup
6398:IUPAC
6328:S2CID
5993:S2CID
5959:arXiv
5661:S2CID
5532:S2CID
5483:S2CID
5440:S2CID
5350:S2CID
5299:S2CID
5265:arXiv
5145:arXiv
5114:S2CID
5088:arXiv
4817:mucus
858:, or
831:is a
711:Types
635:from
596:is a
489:Tires
396:Natta
376:Flory
7398:Gels
7354:pump
7206:Skin
7103:DMSO
7098:Film
6886:otic
6841:and
6662:Film
6464:Oral
6320:ISSN
6267:link
6249:OCLC
6239:ISBN
6215:ISSN
6163:OCLC
6153:ISBN
6128:OCLC
6118:ISBN
6090:OCLC
6080:ISBN
6052:PMID
5985:PMID
5905:PMID
5791:PMID
5742:PMID
5705:ISBN
5683:ISBN
5626:PMID
5575:ISSN
5432:PMID
5342:PMID
5291:PMID
5238:PMID
5181:PMID
5029:ISBN
5006:ASIN
4981:ISBN
4831:and
4547:and
4502:and
3941:and
3465:and
3186:and
1486:and
1275:and
948:pore
866:and
621:tack
316:FTIR
277:Gels
250:PVAc
151:RAFT
146:ATRP
99:LCST
94:UCST
18:Gels
6831:Gas
6412:doi
6410:".
6310:hdl
6302:doi
6207:doi
6042:PMC
6032:doi
5977:doi
5955:137
5932:doi
5928:216
5895:PMC
5887:doi
5883:111
5853:doi
5826:doi
5781:PMC
5773:doi
5734:doi
5653:doi
5616:PMC
5606:doi
5567:doi
5522:doi
5510:553
5475:doi
5424:doi
5385:doi
5334:doi
5322:453
5283:doi
5261:151
5228:PMC
5220:doi
5171:PMC
5163:doi
5106:doi
4334:ref
4183:ref
4143:ref
4094:ela
4035:to
3708:gel
3636:mix
2974:mix
2690:mix
2441:to
2220:of
2160:mix
1971:net
1889:mix
1834:net
1779:gel
1699:gel
1603:gel
1530:gel
1120:ela
924:ɪər
882:.)
827:An
801:or
631:by
625:gel
594:gel
341:DMA
336:TGA
331:NMR
326:DSC
311:GPC
245:PVA
240:PVC
7379::
6888:,
6637:,
6633:,
6454:,
6400:,
6326:.
6318:.
6308:.
6300:.
6290:52
6288:.
6284:.
6263:}}
6259:{{
6247:.
6213:.
6205:.
6195:53
6193:.
6189:.
6175:^
6161:.
6126:.
6102:^
6088:.
6064:^
6050:.
6040:.
6030:.
6020:10
6018:.
6014:.
5991:.
5983:.
5975:.
5967:.
5953:.
5926:.
5903:.
5893:.
5881:.
5877:.
5865:^
5849:12
5847:.
5824:.
5812:.
5789:.
5779:.
5767:.
5763:.
5740:.
5730:21
5728:.
5659:.
5647:.
5624:.
5614:.
5602:23
5600:.
5596:.
5573:.
5565:.
5555:94
5553:.
5530:.
5520:.
5508:.
5504:.
5481:.
5473:.
5463:63
5461:.
5438:.
5430:.
5422:.
5412:94
5410:.
5406:.
5383:.
5373:58
5371:.
5348:.
5340:.
5332:.
5320:.
5297:.
5289:.
5281:.
5273:.
5259:.
5236:.
5226:.
5218:.
5208:10
5206:.
5202:.
5179:.
5169:.
5161:.
5153:.
5139:.
5135:.
5112:.
5104:.
5096:.
5084:19
5082:.
5055:.
5051:.
4827:,
4797:.
4751:HA
4531:,
4460:pH
4397:HA
3914:,
3560:ln
3305:ln
3278:ln
3159:,
1955::
1459:,
1248:,
933:dʒ
927:oʊ
908:A
854:,
835:,
776:A
758:,
720:A
648:.
641:.
592:A
7311:,
7212:)
7208:(
7060:)
7056:(
6998:)
6994:(
6883:,
6779:0
6775:0
6739:)
6735:(
6641:)
6629:(
6479:)
6475:(
6444:e
6437:t
6430:v
6414::
6384:.
6363:.
6334:.
6312::
6304::
6296::
6269:)
6255:.
6221:.
6209::
6201::
6169:.
6134:.
6096:.
6058:.
6034::
6026::
5999:.
5979::
5971::
5961::
5938:.
5934::
5911:.
5889::
5859:.
5855::
5832:.
5828::
5820::
5814:1
5797:.
5775::
5769:6
5748:.
5736::
5713:.
5689:.
5667:.
5655::
5649:1
5632:.
5608::
5581:.
5569::
5561::
5538:.
5524::
5516::
5489:.
5477::
5469::
5446:.
5426::
5418::
5391:.
5387::
5379::
5356:.
5336::
5328::
5305:.
5285::
5277::
5267::
5244:.
5222::
5214::
5187:.
5165::
5157::
5147::
5141:5
5120:.
5108::
5100::
5090::
5067:.
5037:.
5012:.
4989:.
4774:A
4727:+
4722:H
4698:+
4693:H
4669:+
4664:H
4635:A
4595:+
4590:H
4561:A
4512:A
4488:+
4483:H
4426:+
4421:H
4416:+
4406:A
4346:.
4339:2
4330:R
4323:2
4319:)
4313:0
4309:R
4302:(
4294:N
4282:3
4278:b
4273:T
4270:k
4261:)
4255:(
4252:G
4227:3
4223:b
4219:N
4215:/
4208:=
4179:R
4155:,
4148:2
4139:R
4132:2
4128:)
4122:0
4118:R
4111:(
4105:T
4102:k
4090:F
4064:2
4060:)
4054:0
4050:R
4043:(
4021:2
4016:0
4012:R
3954:3
3927:2
3900:1
3864:.
3861:)
3855:(
3852:f
3842:0
3832:+
3829:)
3824:2
3819:3
3811:+
3806:2
3801:2
3793:+
3788:2
3783:1
3775:(
3770:2
3765:0
3761:G
3755:=
3752:)
3747:3
3739:,
3734:2
3726:,
3721:1
3713:(
3704:f
3680:)
3675:3
3667:,
3662:2
3654:,
3649:1
3641:(
3632:f
3608:.
3605:]
3602:)
3593:1
3590:(
3581:+
3578:)
3569:1
3566:(
3557:)
3548:1
3545:(
3542:[
3535:c
3531:v
3526:T
3523:k
3517:=
3514:)
3508:(
3505:f
3482:)
3476:(
3473:f
3447:N
3403:N
3381:c
3377:v
3353:,
3350:]
3347:)
3338:1
3335:(
3326:+
3323:)
3314:1
3311:(
3302:)
3293:1
3290:(
3287:+
3273:N
3265:[
3258:c
3254:v
3249:T
3246:k
3240:=
3237:)
3231:(
3228:f
3199:3
3172:2
3145:1
3117:.
3114:]
3111:)
3108:0
3105:(
3102:f
3096:)
3091:0
3083:(
3080:f
3077:[
3071:]
3068:)
3065:0
3062:(
3059:f
3053:)
3047:(
3044:f
3041:[
3031:0
3021:=
3018:)
3013:3
3005:,
3000:2
2992:,
2987:1
2979:(
2970:f
2944:3
2934:2
2924:1
2915:/
2909:0
2901:=
2871:,
2868:]
2865:)
2862:0
2859:(
2856:f
2853:)
2850:1
2842:3
2832:2
2822:1
2814:(
2811:+
2808:)
2803:0
2795:(
2792:f
2787:0
2783:V
2779:[
2773:)
2767:(
2764:f
2759:3
2749:2
2739:1
2731:=
2728:)
2723:3
2713:2
2703:1
2695:(
2686:f
2680:0
2677:g
2673:V
2647:0
2643:V
2637:3
2627:2
2617:1
2570:0
2566:V
2562:)
2559:1
2551:3
2541:2
2531:1
2523:(
2501:0
2497:V
2474:0
2427:0
2400:3
2390:2
2380:1
2353:3
2343:2
2333:1
2324:/
2318:0
2310:=
2285:0
2240:)
2234:(
2231:f
2204:)
2199:3
2191:,
2186:2
2178:,
2173:1
2165:(
2156:f
2129:0
2125:G
2101:,
2098:)
2095:3
2087:2
2082:3
2074:+
2069:2
2064:2
2056:+
2051:2
2046:1
2038:(
2033:2
2028:0
2024:G
2018:=
2015:)
2010:3
2002:,
1997:2
1989:,
1984:1
1976:(
1967:f
1936:.
1933:)
1928:3
1920:,
1915:2
1907:,
1902:1
1894:(
1885:f
1881:+
1878:)
1873:3
1865:,
1860:2
1852:,
1847:1
1839:(
1830:f
1826:=
1823:)
1818:3
1810:,
1805:2
1797:,
1792:1
1784:(
1775:f
1743:)
1738:3
1730:,
1725:2
1717:,
1712:1
1704:(
1695:f
1672:0
1668:V
1647:)
1642:3
1634:,
1629:2
1621:,
1616:1
1608:(
1599:f
1574:)
1569:3
1561:,
1556:2
1548:,
1543:1
1535:(
1526:f
1499:3
1472:2
1445:1
1418:0
1415:s
1411:V
1407:+
1402:0
1398:V
1375:0
1371:V
1365:3
1355:2
1345:1
1318:0
1315:s
1311:V
1288:3
1261:2
1234:1
1207:0
1203:V
1163:.
1155:2
1151:b
1147:N
1141:2
1137:R
1131:T
1128:k
1116:F
1092:R
1069:b
1049:N
942:/
939:l
936:ɛ
930:ˌ
921:z
918:ˈ
915:/
904:.
562:e
555:t
548:v
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
