436:
1982:
295:
2309:
1994:
2102:
The second edition, published in 1912, of the work in which Tönnies further promoted the concepts turned out to be an unexpected but lasting success after the first edition was published in 1887 with the subtitle "Treatise on
Communism and Socialism as Empirical Patterns of Culture". Seven more
2115:, and caused major changes in the field of sociology. The distinction between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft was a large part of the discussion and debate about what constitutes community, among heavily influenced social theorists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century such as
2217:
was "completely ideological" but that "one cannot fail to recognize in this book truly forceful thinking and an uncommon power of organization." Tönnies did not agree with
Durkheim's interpretation of his views, and in turn, when reviewing Durkheim's
2150:-based relationships, according to Weber, are rooted in "rational agreement by mutual consent", the best example of which is a commercial contract. To emphasize the fluidity and amorphousness of the relationship between
2213:, reproaching Tönnies for considering the second type of social organisation artificial and not expanding on the transition from the one type to the other. Durkheim stated that Tönnies's approach to understanding
386:
into two types. The
Gesellschaft is associated with modern society and rational self-interest, which weakens the traditional bonds of family and local community that typify the Gemeinschaft.
2103:
German editions followed, the last in 1935, and it became part of the general stock of ideas with which pre-1933 German intellectuals were quite familiar. The book sparked a revival of
2820:
Aldous, Joan; Durkheim, Emile; Tonnies, Ferdinand (May 1972). "An
Exchange Between Durkheim and Tonnies on the Nature of Social Relations, with an Introduction by Joan Aldous".
2594:
Aldous, Joan; Durkheim, Ămile; Tönnies, Ferdinand (May 1972). "An
Exchange Between Durkheim and Tönnies on the Nature of Social Relations, with an Introduction by Joan Aldous".
2698:
2243:
in their absence. (In the wartime propaganda this "virtuous woman" was an ideal contrasted to less desirable archetypes that was presented as immoral or unethical women).
2446:, East Lansing: Michigan State U.P. Loomis includes as an Introduction, representing Tönnies' "most recent thinking", his 1931 article "Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft" in
2239:
by providing the model for the dutiful wartime home maker supporting the war effort by sending their men (husbands and sons) to serve in the war, and maintaining the
2024:
2224:(1896), wrote that Durkheim failed to deal critically enough with the division of labor and that Durkheim's whole sociology was a modification of
325:
2049:"), or on the other hand as belonging to indirect interactions, impersonal roles, formal values, and beliefs based on such interactions (
1435:
2179:
477:
2722:
2017:
1565:
1123:
2568:
For more discussion see Waters and Waters 2015:3-6, in Weber's
Rationalism and Modern Society. New York: Palsgrave MacMillan
2296:, hrsg. v. Bettina Clausen und Dieter Haselbach, De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston 2019 (Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe, Band 2).
1113:
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1243:
1223:
1153:
535:
318:
2328:
2010:
821:
450:
417:
2732:
Waters, Tony; Waters, Dagmar (2010). "The new
Zeppelin University translation of Weber's 'Class, Status, Party'".
2431:, Leipzig: Fues's Verlag. An English translation of the 8th edition 1935 by Charles P. Loomis appeared in 1940 as
1493:
1819:
1103:
189:
2822:
2240:
1684:
894:
869:
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Weber's
Rationalism and Modern Society: New Translations on Politics, Bureaucracy, and Social Stratification
1727:
1624:
1523:
1203:
959:
311:
2099:. And it has been argued that he derived both categories from Hobbes's concepts of "concord" and "union".
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According to the dichotomy, social ties can be categorized, on one hand, as belonging to personal
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2142:, which was first published in 1921. Weber wrote in direct response to Tönnies, and argued that
487:
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Weber, Max (2010). "The distribution of power within the community: Classes, StÀnde, Parties".
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The 1935 edition was reprinted in 2005 by
Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt.
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is rooted in a "subjective feeling" that may be "affectual or traditional".
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Abhandlung des
Communismus und des Socialismus als empirischer Culturformen
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was proposed by Tönnies as a purely conceptual tool rather than as an
2359:
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self-sacrificing (virtuous) women were portrayed as the heart of the
2124:
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775:
707:
572:
387:
376:
365:
134:
2494:
Politics in Commercial Society: Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Adam Smith
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1856:
2581:, Tony Waters and Dagmar Waters eds. New York: Palsgrave MacMillan
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2791:
Weber, Max (23 April 2015). Waters, Tony; Waters, Dagmar (eds.).
2433:
Fundamental Concepts of Sociology (Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft)
2054:
2041:, and the roles, values, and beliefs based on such interactions (
974:
587:
373:
369:
237:
86:
2816:. A review of Ferdinand Tönnies' Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft.
2705:
Waters, Tony (2016). "Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft Societies".
2492:
Hont, Istvan (2015). Kapossy, BĂ©la; Sonenscher, Michael (eds.).
2167:
1740:
625:
279:
2631:
For Home and Country: World War I Propaganda on the Home Front
2197:. In a review of Tönnies's book in 1889, Durkheim interpreted
2076:
to accentuate the key elements of a historical social change.
2685:{TG}, critical edition, 24 vols., tom. II (forthcoming), ed.
2534:
247:
179:
2276:
highlights the ambivalent envy felt by those constructed by
2258:
turns the entire planet into an increasingly remote kind of
2542:
Promise of development: theories of change in Latin America
2083:
scholarâhe edited the standard modern editions of Hobbes's
1790:
721:
582:
2782:
Weber, Max (1978) . Roth, Guenter; Wittich, Claus (eds.).
2057:
as in association, corporation, including company, modern
2795:. Translated by Waters, Tony; Waters, Dagmar. New York:
2437:
Community and Association (Gemeinschaft und gesellschaft
2544:. Boulder, Colorado, USA: Westview Press, 1986. P. 221.
2193:
dichotomy, Tönnies was drawn into a sharp polemic with
2170:
forms of the German words. Weber's distinction between
2270:
by artificially reforging group bonds and identities.
401:
2819:
2593:
2442:, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul; and in 1957 as
2304:
2266:
seeks for a fictitious remaking of the qualities of
2510:(In German: "Grundbegriffe der reinen Soziologie").
2284:, even as they inevitably corrode their existence.
2475:Hobbes, Thomas (1889). Tönnies, Ferdinand (ed.).
2460:Hobbes, Thomas (1889). Tönnies, Ferdinand (ed.).
2397:
2854:
2693:et al., Berlin/New York (de Gruyter): 1998â ),
2661:Tönnies, Ferdinand (2001). Harris, Jose (ed.).
2633:. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 68â71.
2018:
398:. Weber wrote in direct response to Tönnies.
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2294:Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft. 1880-1935.
2185:Having put forward his conception of the
372:", are categories which were used by the
16:Types of social ties by Ferdinand Tönnies
2506:Published with a more abstract subtitle
2180:three-component theory of stratification
2158:, Weber modified the terms in German to
2707:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology
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2496:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP. p. 6.
2462:The Elements of Law Natural and Politic
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2392:Globalisation, Democracy and Terrorism
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2481:. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co.
2464:. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co.
1566:Christian Democratic Union of Germany
1124:Lectures on the Philosophy of History
359:
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2540:Peter F. Klarén, Thomas J. Bossert.
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2709:(1 ed.). Wiley. pp. 1â4.
1114:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
13:
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2045:, German, commonly translated as "
14:
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2786:. University of California Press.
2409:
2381:
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2053:, German, commonly translated as
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2478:Behemoth or the Long Parliament
2138:were also used by Max Weber in
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2734:Journal of Classical Sociology
2665:. Cambridge University Press.
2579:Rationalism and Modern Society
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2577:Weber 2015:37-58 in Weber's
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364:), generally translated as "
7:
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1825:Junge Freiheit
1822:
1817:
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1426:von Schleicher
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1077:
1075:von Treitschke
1072:
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920:JĂŒnger (Ernst)
917:
912:
910:von Hildebrand
907:
902:
897:
892:
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334:
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2684:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2672:0-521-56119-1
2668:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2647:(2000) p. 145
2646:
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2349:Social action
2347:
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2279:
2275:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2256:globalization
2253:
2252:Eric Hobsbawm
2247:Globalization
2244:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2216:
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2208:
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2200:
2196:
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2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2130:The concepts
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:Thomas Hobbes
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1934:Pan-Germanism
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
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1677:Organizations
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1083:
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1071:
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1063:
1061:
1060:Strauss (Leo)
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
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1031:
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876:
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871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
844:Intellectuals
841:
840:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
812:
811:
806:
804:
801:
797:
796:German Empire
794:
793:
792:
791:
786:
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778:
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772:
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764:
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673:
669:
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664:
662:
659:
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654:
651:
650:
645:
642:
641:
640:In Treue fest
636:
634:
631:
628:
627:
622:
620:
619:Germanisation
617:
615:
614:
610:
608:
607:
603:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
564:
563:
554:
551:
549:
546:
545:
544:
541:
537:
534:
533:
532:
531:Revolutionary
529:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
515:
512:
508:
505:
504:
503:
502:Paternalistic
500:
498:
495:
491:
490:
486:
485:
484:
481:
479:
476:
472:
471:Ritter School
469:
467:
464:
463:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
442:
441:
437:
433:
432:
429:
424:
423:
419:
415:
414:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
378:
375:
371:
367:
362:
357:
356:
350:
342:
341:
329:
324:
322:
317:
315:
310:
309:
307:
306:
301:
296:
291:
290:
289:
288:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
270:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
224:
223:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
132:
126:
125:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
97:Nationalistic
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
74:
68:
67:
60:
57:
55:
52:
50:
47:
45:
42:
40:
37:
36:
30:
29:
26:
21:
20:
2827:
2821:
2792:
2783:
2758:
2754:
2737:
2733:
2706:
2694:
2687:Lars Clausen
2680:
2662:
2644:
2639:
2630:
2624:
2599:
2595:
2578:
2573:
2564:
2555:
2549:
2541:
2536:
2527:
2520:
2515:
2507:
2502:
2493:
2487:
2477:
2470:
2461:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2399:
2391:
2365:
2358:
2293:
2282:Gemeinschaft
2281:
2278:Gesellschaft
2277:
2272:
2268:Gemeinschaft
2267:
2260:Gesellschaft
2259:
2250:
2237:Gemeinschaft
2236:
2230:
2219:
2215:Gesellschaft
2214:
2207:Gesellschaft
2206:
2199:Gemeinschaft
2198:
2191:Gesellschaft
2190:
2187:Gemeinschaft
2186:
2184:
2176:Gesellschaft
2175:
2172:Gemeinschaft
2171:
2163:
2159:
2156:Gesellschaft
2155:
2152:Gemeinschaft
2151:
2148:Gesellschaft
2147:
2144:Gemeinschaft
2143:
2139:
2136:Gesellschaft
2135:
2132:Gemeinschaft
2131:
2129:
2117:Georg Simmel
2101:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2062:
2051:Gesellschaft
2050:
2043:Gemeinschaft
2042:
2036:
1965:Ăberfremdung
1911:
1879:
1830:Kreuzzeitung
1739:
1654:German Party
1610:
1609:
1584:Centre Party
1544:
1416:von Radowitz
1359:von Bismarck
1290:Commentators
1272:
1262:
1252:
1242:
1232:
1222:
1212:
1202:
1192:
1182:
1172:
1168:(1918, 1922)
1162:
1152:
1142:
1134:Degeneration
1132:
1122:
1112:
1102:
850:Benedict XVI
789:
766:
751:20 July plot
715:Subsidiarity
689:Sittlichkeit
611:
606:Gemeinschaft
605:
604:
519:Cameralistic
488:
407:Gesellschaft
406:
403:Gemeinschaft
402:
396:Gesellschaft
395:
392:Gemeinschaft
391:
355:Gesellschaft
354:
353:
340:Gemeinschaft
339:
338:
337:
267:
242:
82:Conservative
44:Body politic
2602:(6): 1191.
2519:In German:
2404:Waters 2016
2339:Normal type
2105:corporatist
1944:Remigration
1524:Wackenroder
1509:von Savigny
1494:Böckenförde
1466:von Westarp
1369:von Gerlach
1343:Politicians
1015:von Salomon
817:The Junkers
656:Medievalism
633:Imperialism
598:Meritocracy
593:Aristocracy
543:Romanticism
514:Prussianism
497:Neue Rechte
483:Nationalist
377:sociologist
24:Corporatism
2857:Categories
2655:References
2209:as having
2201:as having
2070:ideal type
1843:Der TĂŒrmer
1499:von Gierke
1471:Wilhelm II
1446:von Storch
1431:Stresemann
1421:Rauschning
1364:Fehrenbach
1296:Kubitschek
1097:Literature
1045:Sloterdijk
731:Volksgeist
672:Patriotism
666:Organicism
661:Monarchism
613:Geopolitik
567:Principles
478:Monarchism
445:Ideologies
117:Tripartite
107:Solidarist
54:Solidarity
49:Organicism
2775:1468-795X
2616:145630674
2360:Verstehen
2226:Spencer's
2125:Max Weber
2089:Leviathan
2074:Max Weber
2066:dichotomy
2047:community
1833:(Defunct)
1786:(Defunct)
1436:vom Stein
1406:von Papen
1380:Hugenberg
1375:Goerdeler
1306:Safranski
1065:Steinbuch
990:von Ranke
935:Koselleck
900:Heidegger
870:von Galen
776:Freikorps
767:ErklÀrung
708:Sonderweg
573:Authority
524:Socialist
409:dichotomy
388:Max Weber
366:community
175:Mussolini
160:MacIntyre
135:Aristotle
77:Christian
2301:See also
2095:and the
1857:Die Welt
1441:Stoecker
1354:Ancillon
1349:Adenauer
1331:WeiĂmann
1311:Sarrazin
1080:Voegelin
1055:Spengler
1050:Spaemann
1040:Sieferle
1030:Schlegel
1025:Schelsky
985:Plessner
880:Gogarten
489:Völkisch
451:Agrarian
418:a series
145:Durkheim
33:Concepts
2844:2776225
2055:society
1810:COMPACT
1783:Antaios
1611:Defunct
1541:Parties
1529:Wagener
1514:Schmitt
1488:Jurists
1456:Wagener
1451:Strauss
1326:StĂŒrmer
1070:Tönnies
1035:Schmitt
1020:Scheler
975:Novalis
865:Gadamer
788:German
745:History
588:Elitism
461:Liberal
370:society
238:Fascism
200:Tönnies
190:Salazar
155:Khaldƫn
112:Statist
92:Liberal
87:Fascist
71:Schools
2842:
2803:
2773:
2721:
2669:
2614:
2205:, and
2168:gerund
2162:, and
1805:Cicero
1741:PEGIDA
1649:(DNVP)
1545:Active
1476:Winnig
1461:Weidel
1389:
1373:
1278:(2017)
1268:(2010)
1258:(1969)
1248:(1966)
1238:(1963)
1228:(1951)
1218:(1939)
1208:(1932)
1198:(1931)
1188:(1929)
1178:(1919)
1158:(1918)
1148:(1913)
1138:(1892)
1128:(1837)
1118:(1820)
1108:(1806)
1010:RĂŒstow
980:Pieper
965:MĂŒller
945:Löwith
940:Lorenz
930:Klages
905:Herder
890:Hamann
885:Görres
875:Gehlen
860:Freyer
855:BlĂŒher
670:
649:Kultur
626:Heimat
374:German
352:) and
280:Syndic
215:Weaver
205:Vargas
170:MĂŒller
140:Dreher
129:People
102:Social
2840:JSTOR
2612:S2CID
2375:Notes
2059:state
1777:Media
1665:(DVP)
1641:(DkP)
1633:(FKP)
1620:(BVP)
1605:(REP)
1592:(ĂDP)
1577:(CSU)
1569:(CDU)
1553:(AFD)
1519:Stahl
1504:Möser
1411:Petry
1316:Stein
1085:Weber
1005:Röpke
970:Nolte
950:LĂŒbbe
915:Hoppe
895:Hegel
790:Reich
536:Young
248:Guild
210:Volpi
195:Spann
180:Plato
150:Hegel
2801:ISBN
2771:ISSN
2719:ISBN
2667:ISBN
2241:home
2174:and
2154:and
2134:and
2123:and
2087:and
1798:Cato
1791:Bild
1657:(DP)
1561:(BD)
1401:Merz
1396:Krah
1391:Kohl
1385:Jung
1301:Kuby
1244:Envy
955:Mann
769:2018
722:Volk
583:Duty
466:Ordo
394:and
368:and
165:Mill
2832:doi
2763:doi
2742:doi
2711:doi
2695:see
2604:doi
2231:In
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2828:77
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2799:.
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2759:10
2757:.
2738:10
2736:.
2717:.
2689:,
2610:.
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2598:.
2586:^
2411:^
2383:^
2182:.
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420:on
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2744::
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2189:â
2026:e
2019:t
2012:v
405:â
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327:e
320:t
313:v
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