Gender inequality in South Korea

302: 386:. She also says that she "suffered electrical torture, was beaten and was cut by a soldier's knife." She learned to submit, not wanting to be shocked or beaten again. Kim Bok-dong at age 14~15 in 1941, and her mother were lied to by Japanese authorities; Kim Bok-dong was told that she was to support the war efforts by working in a military clothing factory and would return in three years. If not, her family would be considered traitors. The Japanese authorities demanded that her mother, who could not read, sign a document. Her mother conceded to the demand, believing that her daughter would work in a factory in 446: 611: 4146: 709:

society that some women find it necessary to grow out their hair in order to attend job interviews. The escape the corset movement responds to this by encouraging women to boycott clothing and beauty industries. This has led to the cosmetic surgery sector losing money. To further fight these daily inequalities, a lot of women are also against the idea of marriage as in South Korea they would often be expected to abandon their careers to raise a child.

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parental supervision of children's education made women who pursued tertiary education to view further education as a tool for training children rather than pursuing a career. Although 74.9% of South Korea women (between the ages of 25 and 34) have completed tertiary education - a percentage that is much higher than the OECD average (50.7%) - the employment rate of women with tertiary education is the lowest in the OECD.

647:, the average fertility rate of which was 1.59 in 2020. That year, South Korea had been the only member to have a rate less than 1—a declining population. In 1970, the average age of first marriage for females was 23; by 2005 it was almost 28. The report shows that traditional Korean family and workplace cultures must change in order to prevent serious economic and societal problems due to extremely low fertility rates. 260: 51:(SIGI) focus on the origins of gender inequalities, such as laws and norms. South Korea is one of three OECD countries that did not receive a perfect SIGI score. While the SIGI did not give South Korea an overall ranking, the country was reported to have very low levels of discriminatory family code, low levels of restricted civil liberties, and medium levels of restricted resources and assets. 564:

part-time employment. The relatively high part-time employment rate for women can partly be attributed to traditional Confucian ideals of gender roles in Korea, in which women are expected to take on the responsibility of family duties and childcare. Part-time employment allows for reconciliation of professional and family life, especially for women, as explained in a 2002

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the victims aged between 17 and 22 had to deal with about 7 to 8 Japanese soldiers a day in small rooms that were separated from one another by cloth. Lee Yong-soo was sixteen when she was forced to become a comfort woman. She recalls that on average, she was forced into sexual relations with four to five men a day and did not have any rest even when she was

340:, guidelines that describe how a woman should behave in society. The Three Obediences require that women "obey the father before the marriage, obey the husband after marriage, and obey the first son after the death of the husband" while The Four Virtues require "(sexual) morality, proper speech, modest manner, and diligent work". 781:, is also vocal about gender inequality in Korea. She chooses stronger female characters to play in her dramas and works with female directors who share her views. Her actions are met with backlash such as petitions to forbid her films from being screened. There are several other celebrities that have similar situations such as 655:

From the 20th century to the modern era, access to tertiary education for women has risen but remains comparably lower than a number of developed countries, particularly those that have a higher proportion of educated women than men. The prevalence of a male-dominated working force, and the stringent

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In addition to the societal and familial expectations of women to be primary caregivers, the OECD report explains that "women tend to withdraw from the labour force once they have children, in part due to shortages of high quality early childhood education and care institutions." During the 1970s and

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in Japanese occupied territories for eight years, including Guangdong, Hong Kong, Singapore, Indonesia, and Malaysia. Kim Bok-dong was raped every day, especially from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Sundays. Many Koreans view these as atrocities and raise money for charities including many celebrities

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authors Han and Chu, "military establishments have depended upon and justified the systematic discrimination of women by promoting gendered notions of femininity and masculinity, weakness and strength, conquered and conqueror." Han and Chu call these prostitution as "military sexual slavery" and that

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In addition to differences in full- and part-time employment rates, gender inequality in Korea also manifests itself through industrial segregation. In a 1994 article, Monk-Turner and Turner observed that "farming and production absorbed 66.3 percent of all women workers," and "another 29 percent of

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Kim Hak Sun stated an officer harmed and threatened her by saying that she would be killed if she did not obey him. She was then brutally raped. Together with other 4 young Korean women, she had to be a "hygienic tool used by Japanese soldiers to satisfy their sexual desire." In the comfort station,

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The roles in each relationship were also prescribed individual duties which, for husband and wife, involved the husband acting as the bread-winner for the family while the wife was to stay at home, raise the children and maintain the household. The Three Bonds are an extension of these relationships

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star commented that "if a woman weighs over 50kg, she must be nuts". A 2016 national survey revealed that 72% of girls under 18 in South Korea compared to 36% of boys felt that they needed to lose weight. A similar study conducted by Dr Yuli Kim found that 1 in 3 South Korean women are predicted to

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in 2020, standards projected onto female idols fall into a greater cultural practice of inequality and a historical inequity between gendered roles within society. A further reflection of these standards has been projected by expectations of weight conformity imposed upon female idols and the "50kg

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wave of the late 2000s. The commodification of idols' bodies and practices surrounding idol-fan culture have allowed for the sexualisation of idols, disproportionately reflecting on women's beauty standards. Female idols' bodies have been subjected to scrutiny and objectification from both fans and

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The conversation of gender inequality is becoming increasingly prevalent in South Korean media partly due to the double standards male and female celebrities have to face regarding their body image. While some stars have spoken up on the matter, female celebrities tend to face much harsher backlash

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Despite the rising employment rate for women, the labor force in Korea is still highly segregated by gender, marked by full-time employment gender share and industrial differences. In 2017, women in Korea made up 39.5% of the full-time employment population, in contrast to the 62.7% gender share in

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became South Korea's first female president in 2012, many viewed her election as a victory for gender equality in South Korea. Four years later, her scandal and impeachment nullified any progress made by her election and left many convinced that women are not fit to lead their country. Many experts

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while male idols are portrayed as the "hard male musculature symbolises Korean global might". This issue has only worsened with the popularisation of digital media such as YouTube and Twitter and the availability of idol content. With a particular emphasis on female idols, success is increasingly

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These daily inequalities and standards of femininity placed on women in South Korea are being challenged by the "escape the corset" movement. The norm for women is generally to have long hair, wear make-up and dress well, while the expectations for men are less rigid. This ideal is so prevalent in

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Economic Survey for Korea, it was observed that within the entrepreneurial sphere, "female entrepreneurs are concentrated in basic livelihood sectors, such as health and social welfare, accommodations and restaurants, other personal services and educational services, reflecting in part their more

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In their 2013 paper, Patterson and Walcutt found that gender inequality in the workplace stems from "a lack of legal enforcement, a weak punishment system, a tacit acceptance of the status quo by women, organizational cultural issues stemming from the traditional Korean mind-set that allow gender

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Korea ranks 114th in college enrollment, with 111 percent for men and 85 percent for women. There is a strange conclusion that 111 out of 100 Korean men go to college. Taking a leave of absence without leaving school is also treated as a university education period, because it is common to take a

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The 2017 report notes that all subindices (health and survival, education, economic participation and equality, and political empowerment) show improvement compared to 2006 (the date of the first publication of this yearly report). In comparison to other countries, South Korea scores highest on

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among all the OECD countries at 51 weeks, taking the leave is highly unpopular and unofficially discouraged within Korean companies, which forces women out of the workplace following the birth of a child. As a result, working parents – especially mothers – receive relatively little support for

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is a socio-political philosophy and belief system that has had a long-standing influence on South Korean society. Originating in China, Confucianism "largely defined the mainstream discourse on gender ... from the Han dynasty onward" and as a result has greatly impacted gender perceptions in

576:, agricultural sector employment had shrunk to around 5% for both men and women; 82.1% of women workers were concentrated in the service sector, with 11.5% in manufacturing and 1.4% in construction, in contrast to men with 61.9% in services, 20.8% in manufacturing, and 11.2% in construction. 936:

when a man murdered a woman he had never met before, claiming it was out of a general hatred for women. This incident shed light on the issue of violence against women within South Korean society, and encouraged increased amounts of discourse on the lack of gender equality and prevalent

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that later appeared in Confucian literature and emphasise the hierarchical nature of the relationships as follows; the ruler over the ruled, the father over the son and the husband over the wife. This core Confucian principle emphasises a woman's role as subservient to her husband.

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than any developed country and one of the lowest rates of female labor-force participation — 60% for women aged 25 to 54 versus 75% in the USA and 76% in the EU." The percentage of Korean women who say it is "necessary" to have children declined from 90% in 1991 to 58% in 2000.

351:. As a husband's role was deemed superior to that of the wife, men not only had control over inheritance matters, but "the right to grant a divorce was limited to the state and the husbands themselves". Husbands were able to grant a divorce base on the Seven Sins for women or 748:

novel talking about the daily gender inequalities experienced by women in South Korea. As a result, she experienced a huge backlash from male fans who expressed their anger and disappointment by burning merchandise. The book had sparked much controversy upon release as the

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The gap has improved by 7% since 2000, though the rate of improvement has been slower than in other OECD countries. The Korean gender pay gap has been called "the worst... among the industrialized countries." Korea also ranked the lowest for the eighth year in a row on the

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and opportunity for women. Women are often faced with questions regarding their marriage status, or whether they are planning to have children when applying for a job, and are even prompted with suggestions that jobs in "male dominated" fields aren't appropriate for them.

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In two decades, aside from the national trend of sectoral-shift away from agriculture for both men and women, the female working population remains highly clustered in certain industries, while the same pattern does not seem to apply for men. Furthermore, in the 2018

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ideals and has been perpetuated and deepened by historical practices and events, such as military sexual slavery and Park Geun-Hye's scandal. However, contemporary South Korea has made great strides in attempting to reduce gender inequality through legislation and

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in families, there is a strong cultural tendency to define females' roles as that of a wife, mother, and housekeeper. In 1998, a Korean Women's Development Institute survey found that majority of South Korean women did all of the housework in their homes.

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1980s, women left the workforce at a very "early stage in family formation." Currently, they are leaving the workforce later, usually right before or during their pregnancy. May notes that this trend could be due to women's growing financial independence.

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Women tend to occupy low-paying, non-regular jobs and are less likely to be promoted to higher managerial positions in the workplace; however, employment opportunities for women in South Korea have steadily increased in the past few decades. Before the

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In their 2001 article about gender differences in earnings among South Korean workers in 1988, Monk-Turner and Turner report that "all else equal, men earn from 33.6 percent to 46.9 percent more than women with comparable skills." In 2017, the

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The professional inequality in South Korea is atypically high among developed countries. This type of inequality can be seen in statistics concerning South Korea's wage gap, employment rates, occupational segregation, and parental leave.

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is the performance of child-like actions characterised by facial expressions, gestures, and voice tone in order to appear "cute". While this behaviour can be performed by both men and women, it is generally the women who are asked to do

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were also skeptical about watching Park Geun-hye as a female politician, saying she used her gender as an opportunity to influence conservative politics, and attempted to involve gender issues into seemingly unrelated political debates.

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is derived from deeply rooted patriarchal ideologies with specifically defined gender-roles. While it remains especially prevalent in South Korea's economy and politics, gender inequality has decreased in healthcare and education.

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leave of absence during the military period, which increases the education period. Women can take a leave of absence even if they are not in the military, so there is a slight gap from the reality (74% male and 75% female).

4121: 367:" by contracts with Korean brothels to serve for the Japanese Imperial Army. During the Korean War, the United States enlisted more than one million South Korean women into military prostitution. According to the 329:, a key teaching in Confucianism that describes the main basic relationships between people as follows; ruler and ruled, father and son, husband and wife, elder brother and younger brother and friend and friend. 916:

Gender-based violence is a result of the manifestation of unequal power relations between women and men. Gender-based crimes rely on inequalities of gender and further force women into a subordinate position.

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recorded the female employment rate to be around 56.1%, which is below the average (59.3%) for all OECD countries. The male employment rate is 75.9%, which is slightly higher than the OECD average (74.7%).

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The fertility rate continued to decline to a record low of 0.78 children per South Korean woman in 2022, down from a rate of 0.81 children per woman in 2021. This is the lowest rate of any country in the

2588: 602:. Public funding for parental leaves as well as the development of childcare programs have slowly gained ground in South Korea, where childcare and its economic sector had predominately been private. 700:

at work are perceived as more pleasant. The need for women to appear cute and delicate in order to be regarded as pleasant is an illustration of how gender inequality manifests itself in daily life.

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in 2020. The Glass Ceiling Index was determined by the country's performance on ten indicators such as wage gap, labor force participation, representation in senior jobs, paid maternity leave, etc.

44:. In their 2013 study, Branisa et al. explain that indices like the Global Gender Gap Index tend to be "outcome-focused", which means they focus on gender inequalities in agency and in well-being. 3870: 1909: 676:

Conventional ideals of femininity are constructed through a gender imbalance between men and women, which exhibits itself in everyday life. One example of this is women being expected to perform

355:(칠거지악); "disobeying one's parents-in-law, failure to produce a male heir, adultery, excessive jealousy towards other women in the household, serious disease, stealing, and talking excessively". 4116: 442:) was abolished. While gender equality in policymaking and governance has improved over the last few decades, gender equality in labor markets and the division of labor has remained stagnant. 4075: 3980: 3018: 4085: 3950: 4040: 4015: 3910: 3860: 2883: 4000: 3880: 343:

The Joseon dynasty saw a particular shift in gender roles as society transitioned from Buddhist to Confucian ideals. This resulted in the systems of marriage and kinship becoming

407:, the number of feminist movements greatly increased. The Korean government began to address gender equality issues in the late 20th century with the following legislative acts: 4070: 325:

Confucianism is an ideology that emphasises the importance of a social hierarchy in order to create a balanced and harmonious society. This hierarchy is illustrated through the

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During World War II, thousands of young Korean women (Japanese citizens at that time) were recruited, in some cases were sold by own parents, to work as prostitutes or "

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Health and Survival (84th), then Political Empowerment (90th), then Educational Attainment (105th), and ranks the lowest on Economic Participation and Equality (121st).

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In 2010, 93% of South Koreans surveyed believed women should have equal rights to men, and among them, 71% believe more changes are needed before that goal is achieved.

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Due to the various methods of calculating and measuring gender inequality, South Korea's gender inequality rankings vary across different reports. While the 2017

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is a global problem, and one that continues to pervade South Korean contemporary society. For example, women are statistically more likely to become a victim of

503:, a position that has not improved since the OECD first published this ranking in 2000. The gender pay gap in Korea is 34.6%, while the OECD average is 13.1%. 1327:

Patterson, Louise; Walcutt, Brandon (January 2013). "Korean workplace gender discrimination research analysis: a review of the literature from 1990 to 2010".

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claimed that her lowest weight was 40 kg, and that she achieved an 8 kg weight loss in just a week after drinking only three litres of tea a day.

378:, which has been described as having far-right political leanings, argued that comfort women during World War II should not be considered as "sex slaves". 4711: 3415: 3390: 2089: 660: 460:

Although women gained the rights to vote and run for election in 1948, women have historically been underrepresented in South Korean politics. When

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it has contributed to the patriarchal ideologies that perpetuate gender inequality in South Korea although the controversial Japanese publication

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countries that later adopted Confucian teachings, such as Korea, Japan and Vietnam. It was first brought to Korea in the fourth century and

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Monk-Turner, Elizabeth; Turner, Charlie G. (Oct 1994). "South Korean Labor Market Discrimination Against Women: Estimating Its Cost".

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Recently, to fight gender inequality in media representation, more K-dramas have started to include strong female characters such as

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in South Korea. In 2019, it was estimated that at least one woman was "killed or nearly killed by her male partner every 1.8 days".

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have openly discussed the drastic measures taken to lose weight, an expectation seen as imperative for all female idols to follow.

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Patterson, Louise; Walcutt, Brandon (2013-07-22). "Explanations for continued gender discrimination in South Korean workplaces".

2491: 1506: 1878: 622:, with men expected to do "male-type" work and women expected to do "women-type" work. Since males are expected to be the major 4192: 3218:"OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education, Books /OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education /OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education: Korea 2009" 2035: 1751: 960: 431: 761:, also read and commented on the book they did not receive as much backlash as female idols. The book was later turned into a 630:

As a consequence of household inequalities, South Korean women are marrying later and having fewer children. A 2007 report by

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Monk-Turner, Elizabeth; Turner, Charlie G. (January 2001). "Sex Differentials in Earnings in the South Korean Labor Market".

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in Korea. The memorial united many South Korean women and encouraged them to take a stand against gender inequality.

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Kim, Hee-Kang (2009). "Analyzing the Gender Division of Labor: The Cases of the United States and South Korea".

812:. This is a big change from the typical "candy girl" image that has been seen so many times in K-dramas such as 5428: 4805: 4126: 4005: 762: 2732: 2260:

Ltd., Kopernio (2017). "President Park Geun-hye of South Korea: A Woman President without Women? | Kopernio".

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Han, Ju Hui Judy; Chun, Jennifer Jihye (2014). "Introduction: Gender and Politics in Contemporary Korea".

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Hoffman, Diane M. (1995). "Blurred Genders: The Cultural Construction of Male and Female in South Korea".

818:. The "candy girl" trope tells the story of a rich man who falls in love with a poor yet optimistic girl. 5086: 5081: 5044: 5039: 4953: 4800: 4768: 4679: 4642: 4422: 4025: 3990: 3925: 3905: 3895: 2438: 2217:

Oh, Kyung Jin (2016-07-02). "Women's political participation in South Korea and activist organizations".

885:, recent media attention has been drawn to the fixation of female idol weight loss, particularly after a 2036:"Korea, Republic of - Act on Equal Employment and Support for Work-Family Reconciliation (Act No. 3989)" 5263: 4933: 4706: 4588: 4507: 4258: 4185: 4010: 3985: 3965: 3900: 3875: 3865: 3850: 2203: 1448:

Shim, Woochan (2009). "Gender Balance With My Confucian Philosophy: My Own Experience of Empowerment".

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Another key teaching in Confucian literature that directly influences the subjugation of women are the

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Branisa, Boris; Klasen, Stephan; Ziegler, Maria; Drechsler, Denis; Jütting, Johannes (2013-12-11).

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all women work as clerical, sales, or service workers." In 2017, according to statistics from the

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artists and actors often face harsh criticism for speaking about gender inequality. For example,

33: 1773:"A Harvard Professor Called Wartime Sex Slaves 'Prostitutes.' One Pushed Back. (Published 2021)" 1507:"1.1 Joseon Dynasty and Confucianism - The Gendering of Modernity and Military Authoritarianism" 5351: 5333: 5301: 5283: 4991: 4963: 4915: 4892: 4852: 4672: 4565: 4527: 4502: 4437: 4433: 2052: 1145:"The Institutional Basis of Gender Inequality: The Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI)" 918: 530:, the employment rate of women was less than 30%. In their 2018 Economic Survey for Korea, the 1990: 1640: 1628: 4981: 4948: 4905: 4178: 3620: 2295: 2019: 1939: 1934:

Ok, Bogyean (2006). "Humanistic Globalization, Womanhood, and Comfort Women in South Korea".

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Gender and time use in a global context : the economics of employment and unpaid labor

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Women's political participation and representation in Asia : obstacles and challenges

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discrimination and a general lack of knowledge about EO regulations by many companies."

508: 268: 3697: 3670: 2759: 2090:"Gender Gap Index Rankings 2013 – South Korea – The Asian Philanthropy Advisory Network" 1219: 5311: 5248: 4517: 4469: 4291: 3519: 3496: 3345: 3273: 3137: 3089: 3063: 3055: 2909: 2803: 2710: 2676: 2384: 2342: 2277: 2242: 2197: 2168: 2149: 2141: 1777: 1729: 1688: 1680: 1488: 1352: 1301: 1272: 1264: 1172: 794: 735: 326: 2895: 663:

fields is being promoted. Tertiary institutions are being pushed to admit more women.

550:, South Korea is placed at number 124 out of 149 countries in the world in regards of 445: 5258: 5202: 5197: 4413: 4155: 3652: 3500: 3488: 3349: 3335: 3277: 3265: 3170: 3125: 3115: 3067: 3016:

THE AGING OF KOREA. Demographics and Retirement Policyin the Land of the Morning Calm

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notes these trends are "in many ways the worst of both worlds. Korea now has a lower

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In one particular article it was mentioned that women are often expected to perform

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in the workplace to "lighten the mood". It was further noted that females using

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Education at a Glance, Statistics /Education at a Glance /2017:OECD Indicators

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Although South Korea offers 12 weeks for maternity leave and the longest paid

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Neil Howe, Richard Jackson, Keisuke Nakashima, Hyejin Kwon and Jeehoon Park.

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Levi, Nicolas (2013). "The Impact of Confucianism in South Korea and Japan".

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MA, Li (2013). "Employment and Motherhood Entry in South Korea, 1978-2006".

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Staff, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (July 2002).

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was chosen as the national ideology during the Joseon dynasty (1392-1910).

314: 3698:"Pink elephant's 'Zootopia' protest aggravates Gangnam murder controversy" 3364:"Kim Ji-young, Born 1982: Feminist film reignites tensions in South Korea" 3331: 3051: 2124:

Park, Kyung-Ae (1999). "Political Representation and South Korean Women".

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Social ethics in a changing China : moral decay or ethical awakening?

5364: 5135: 4283: 4215: 4210: 4159: 3025:. Center for Strategic and International Studies. March 2007. Pages 37–38 1260: 882: 863: 808: 754: 623: 145:

South Korea's female to male ratios in the 2020 Global Gender Gap Report

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Within primary and secondary education, greater female participation in

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Prevention of Domestic Violence and Protection of the Victim Act (1997)

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Korean comfort women interrogated by sergeants in the U.S. Army in 1944

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South Korea's subindices rankings in the 2020 Global Gender Gap Report

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Disparities between male and female gender roles are prevalent in the

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Punishment of Sexual Violence and Protection of the Victim Act (1993)

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Act on Equal Employment and Reconciliation of Work and Family (1989)

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Gender inequality in South Korea is largely rooted in the country's

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had occurred only a few months earlier. While male idols, such as

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UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women.

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professionals within the industry. Female idols are regarded as

5123: 4391: 4386: 4359: 4335: 4315: 3416:"'Candy girl' no more – has K-drama finally embraced feminism?" 1962: 842: 585:

limited access to financing and their educational background."

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placed Korea in the last position of all OECD countries for

3598: 3391:"The Korean celebrities making a stand against misogynists" 2092:. 2014-10-09. Archived from the original on October 9, 2014 2024:. World Bank Publications. pp. 13–. GGKEY:P8TJK7JKF2Z. 1988: 1046: 1044: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1032: 1030: 644: 581: 565: 531: 496: 439: 3594:"[구스뉴스+] '갓생' 살기 위해 마르고 싶다는 프로아나…우리 사회가 바꿔야 할 것들" 1003:

Contemporary South Korean Society: A Critical Perspective

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ranks South Korea 118th out of 144 countries in its 2017

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Declaration on the elimination of violence against women

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Politics of North Korea#Political parties and elections

3082:"South Korea's world lowest fertility rate drops again" 2754: 2752: 881:

Although extreme diets are considered the norm for all

721: 666: 3755:. Korean Women's Development Institute. Archived from 3516:"Lose Weight: Diet Tips from f(x) Members | Channel-K" 3466: 3207: 2931:"A Long Way To Go For Gender Equality In South Korea" 3725:"Murder at Gangnam Station: A Year Later | ké radar" 2749: 2084: 2082: 2080: 854:

reliant on the public approval of one's appearance.

4200: 3467:Holliday, Ruth; Elfving-Hwang, Joanna (June 2012). 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 859:

South Korean women having undergone plastic surgery

2760:"Incidence of FTPT employment - common definition" 2540: 2492:"S. Korea reflects lag in gender equality: Column" 2465:"Earnings and wages - Gender wage gap - OECD Data" 2167: 2925: 2923: 2884:"Enhancing dynamism in SMEs and entrepreneurship" 2789: 2358: 2077: 1989:Laura C. Nelson; Cho Haejoang (29 January 2016). 1851:"Wartime Victim Makes Heartfelt Plea for Redress" 1600:Morgan, Jason; University, Reitaku (2023-02-11). 1322: 1320: 1318: 840:industry and have been highlighted following the 765:and this too received much hate from the public. 650: 36:ranks South Korea 10th out of 160 countries, the 5405: 2776: 2650: 2622:. London: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. 1599: 1326: 1050: 5107:International adoption of South Korean children 4419:United States Army Military Government in Korea 4407:Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 2021:Why is Son Preference Declining in South Korea? 1984: 1982: 1980: 1450:Reflections: Narratives of Professional Helping 1290: 1288: 1286: 3651:. United Nations Dept. of Public Information. 3109: 2920: 2011: 1315: 1242: 1240: 1224:Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project 1138: 1136: 1134: 1109: 1107: 632:Center for Strategic and International Studies 4186: 3793: 3779: 3239: 3237: 3110:Connelly, Rachel; Kongar, Ebru (2017-07-10). 2726: 2724: 1879:"Former Comfort Woman Visits Bronze Memorial" 1077:, SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. 978–981, 902:) groups has been cited as a social problem. 703: 3326:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2733:"Gender Inequality Makes South Korea Poorer" 2617: 1977: 1818: 1371:"Women in the Teaching of Chinese Religions" 1283: 618:Confucian family values support traditional 4838:South Korea and weapons of mass destruction 4748:North Korea and weapons of mass destruction 4604:List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea 3645:Assembly., United Nations. General (1997). 3315: 3313: 3033: 3031: 2792:American Journal of Economics and Sociology 2620:Routledge handbook of modern Korean history 1995:Routledge Handbook of Modern Korean History 1658: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1528: 1526: 1237: 1131: 1104: 1075:Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society 718:for doing so than their male counterparts. 558: 267:It has been suggested that this section be 183:Legislators, senior officials and managers 4193: 4179: 3786: 3772: 3234: 3142:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2721: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 996: 994: 862:rule". Famous female idols such as singer 821: 712: 468: 227:Years with female head of state (last 50) 3753:"Women In Korea : Gender Statistics" 3644: 3244:Puzar, Aljosa; Hong, Yewon (2018-06-06). 3243: 1904: 1876: 1723: 1576: 1565:International Review of Law and Economics 4831:List of political parties in South Korea 3310: 3250:The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 3028: 2981:Women, work and care in the Asia-Pacific 2972: 1797: 1647: 1626: 1561:"Contracting for sex in the Pacific War" 1558: 1535:"Women's Life during the Chosŏn Dynasty" 1523: 1294: 1068: 905: 609: 472: 444: 390:. Instead, she was put into militarized 300: 4736:State Affairs Commission of North Korea 4584:Administrative divisions of South Korea 4551:Administrative divisions of North Korea 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2687: 2486: 2484: 2433: 2431: 2313: 2018:Woojin Chung; Monica Das Gupta (2007). 1770: 1662: 1542:International Journal of Korean History 1246: 991: 934:Gangnam Station murder occurred in 2016 605: 358: 83:Economic Participation and Opportunity 5406: 4468: 3290: 2730: 1749: 1071:"Gender Inequality and Discrimination" 961:Ministry of Gender Equality and Family 432:Ministry of Gender Equality and Family 5152: 5065: 5030:Science and technology in South Korea 4880: 4821:Presidential elections in South Korea 4624: 4599:List of special cities of South Korea 4467: 4228: 4174: 3767: 3448:The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus 2824: 1771:Kim, Youmi; Ives, Mike (2021-02-26). 1745: 1743: 850:properties of the national collective 672:Expectations of gendered role playing 411:Sexual Equality Employment Act (1987) 338:Three Obediences and the Four Virtues 271:out into another article titled 5153: 4826:Legislative elections in South Korea 4229: 3156: 2997: 2983:. New York: Routledge. p. 214. 2881: 2481: 2428: 2401: 2259: 2123: 1848: 1447: 1393: 971:, hidden camera crime in South Korea 722:Media discourse on gender inequality 667:Gender inequalities in everyday life 434:was established and the patrilineal 253: 49:Social Institutions and Gender Index 24: 3319: 3037: 2978: 2703:Population (English Edition, 2002-) 2589:"OECD Economic Surveys: Korea 2018" 1705: 1532: 1466: 1295:Sang-Hun, Choe (21 November 2016). 1053:"The Global Gender Gap Report 2017" 1000: 153:South Korea's female to male ratio 13: 5419:Human rights abuses in South Korea 4977:Economic inequality in South Korea 4972:Automotive industry in South Korea 4901:Automotive industry in North Korea 2827:OECD Employment Outlook, June 2002 2804:10.1111/j.1536-7150.1994.tb02615.x 2700: 2216: 1933: 1898: 1870: 1740: 1627:Ramseyer, Mark (January 4, 2022). 1412: 726:In the South Korean media, female 14: 5440: 5015:Financial services in South Korea 4987:Telecommunications in South Korea 4911:Telecommunications in North Korea 3745: 2896:10.1787/eco_surveys-kor-2018-8-en 2888:OECD Economic Surveys: Korea 2018 1991:"Women, gender and social change" 1936:ProQuest Dissertations Publishing 588: 574:International Labour Organization 194:Enrollment in tertiary education 5097:Gender inequality in South Korea 5066: 4774:Foreign relations of South Korea 4648:Foreign relations of North Korea 4154: 4145: 4144: 2219:Asian Journal of Women's Studies 1849:Kang, K. Connie (21 July 2007). 1798:Nishioka, Tsutomu (2017-11-23). 1559:Ramseyer, J. Mark (2021-03-01). 956:Gender inequality in North Korea 912:Domestic violence in South Korea 680:(애교) by friends and colleagues. 455: 258: 5020:Fishing industry in South Korea 4843:National Assembly (South Korea) 4201:Index of Korea-related articles 3717: 3690: 3663: 3638: 3613: 3586: 3557: 3533: 3513: 3507: 3460: 3408: 3383: 3356: 3284: 3183: 3150: 3103: 3074: 2948: 2875: 2851: 2818: 2644: 2508: 2457: 2395: 2352: 2288: 2253: 2210: 2160: 2117: 2028: 1950: 1927: 1842: 1791: 1764: 1750:Curtis, Paula R. (2021-05-30). 1699: 1620: 1593: 1552: 1499: 1460: 1441: 1419:. Brookings Institution Press. 1406: 1387: 1363: 828:Cosmetic surgery in South Korea 417:Mother-Child Welfare Act (1991) 309: 216:Women in ministerial positions 161:Wage equality for similar work 4806:Republic of Korea Armed Forces 4112:British Indian Ocean Territory 3621:"Violence and gender equality" 2404:The Pursuit of Gender Equality 1877:Mikailian, Arin (6 May 2015). 1212: 1183: 1062: 651:Special opportunity inequality 423:Women's Development Act (1995) 398: 1: 5424:Women's rights in South Korea 5102:Low birth rate in South Korea 4858:Constitutional Court of Korea 4794:Prime Minister of South Korea 4668:Heads of state of North Korea 4663:Supreme Leader of North Korea 4594:List of cities in South Korea 4561:Special cities of North Korea 4556:List of cities in North Korea 4299:Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea 3262:10.1080/14442213.2018.1477826 2231:10.1080/12259276.2016.1205382 1665:The Journal of Korean Studies 1005:. Routledge. pp. 18–27. 985: 980:Women's rights in South Korea 568:Employment Outlook analysis. 520: 156:Average female to male ratio 5414:Gender inequality by country 5274:Korean pottery and porcelain 5183:Globalization in South Korea 4625: 2665:10.1080/13602381.2013.818805 2653:Asia Pacific Business Review 2321:OECD Employment Outlook 2021 2126:The Journal of Asian Studies 1341:10.1080/13602381.2012.697774 1329:Asia Pacific Business Review 1161:10.1080/13545701.2013.850523 614:A Korean family in the 1800s 7: 5087:Demographics of South Korea 5082:Demographics of North Korea 5045:1997 Asian financial crisis 5040:Trade unions in South Korea 4954:Rason Special Economic Zone 4881: 4801:Human rights in South Korea 4769:Constitution of South Korea 4680:Human rights in North Korea 4643:Constitution of North Korea 4423:Soviet Civil Administration 3571:(in Korean). Archived from 1993:. In Michael J Seth (ed.). 1115:"Human Development Reports" 944: 489: 74:(0 = imparity, 1 = parity) 10: 5445: 5264:Traditional music of Korea 4934:Agriculture in North Korea 4779:Relations with North Korea 4741:President of State Affairs 4653:Relations with South Korea 4589:Environment of South Korea 4508:List of mountains in Korea 4443:COVID-19 pandemic in North 4259:Timeline of Korean history 3795:Gender inequality in Asia 1997:. Routledge. p. 335. 1578:10.1016/j.irle.2020.105971 1396:Acta Asiatica Varsoviensia 1083:10.4135/9781412956260.n365 909: 866:and members of girl group 825: 704:Escape the corset movement 274:Gender inequality in Korea 247: 243: 5332: 5324:Propaganda in North Korea 5282: 5234: 5165: 5161: 5148: 5072: 5061: 4962: 4891: 4887: 4876: 4784:Government of South Korea 4761: 4753:Supreme People's Assembly 4658:Government of North Korea 4635: 4631: 4620: 4574: 4541: 4480: 4476: 4463: 4402:Korea under Japanese rule 4351:North–South States Period 4267: 4254:List of monarchs of Korea 4249:Military history of Korea 4241: 4237: 4224: 4206: 4140: 4099: 4059: 3801: 2548:"The glass-ceiling index" 2373:10.1080/13545700010028374 2274:10.1017/s1743923x17000204 2109:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 923:intimate partner violence 803:Strong woman Do Bong Soon 775:actress that appeared in 369:Journal of Korean Studies 250:History of women in Korea 5385:Sexuality in South Korea 5342:Education in South Korea 5292:Education in North Korea 5226:Tattooing in South Korea 5035:Squatting in South Korea 5025:Miracle on the Han River 4997:Transport in South Korea 4921:Transport in North Korea 4848:Judiciary of South Korea 4816:Elections in South Korea 4789:President of South Korea 4695:Elections in North Korea 4576:Geography of South Korea 4543:Geography of North Korea 4498:List of islands of Korea 4320:Four Commanderies of Han 3861:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 3485:10.1177/1357034X12440828 3420:South China Morning Post 3395:South China Morning Post 3320:Lie, John (2019-12-31). 2618:Seth, Michael J. (ed.). 2412:10.1787/9789264281318-en 1473:Race, Gender & Class 778:When the Camellia Blooms 559:Occupational segregation 405:democratization of Korea 172:Estimated earned income 42:Global Gender Gap Report 5375:Marriage in South Korea 5347:Religion in South Korea 5297:Religion in North Korea 4811:Politics of South Korea 4707:Workers' Party of Korea 4690:Politics of North Korea 4513:List of rivers of Korea 4327:Three Kingdoms of Korea 4122:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 3602:(in Korean). 2021-04-15 2302:(in Korean). 2017-03-21 951:Feminism in South Korea 832:Korean beauty standards 822:Body standards in K-pop 741:Kim Ji-young, born 1982 713:Inequality in the media 469:Professional inequality 97:Educational Attainment 68:(out of 144 countries) 34:Gender Inequality Index 5352:Smoking in South Korea 5334:Culture of South Korea 5302:Smoking in North Korea 5284:Culture of North Korea 4992:Tourism in South Korea 4964:Economy of South Korea 4916:Tourism in North Korea 4893:Economy of North Korea 4853:Supreme Court of Korea 4673:Premier of North Korea 4566:Geology of North Korea 4528:Geology of South Korea 4503:List of lakes of Korea 4438:History of North Korea 4434:History of South Korea 2296:"박근혜의 실패는 여성 정치의 실패인가" 2202:: CS1 maint: others ( 1706:Lee, Na Young (2007). 1533:Han, Hee-sook (2004). 1069:Parziale, Amy (2008), 1051:World Economic Forum. 919:Violence against women 751:Gangnam Station murder 738:commented on the book 615: 552:economic participation 482: 452: 306: 125:Political Empowerment 5429:Sexism in South Korea 4982:Energy in South Korea 4949:Mining in North Korea 4906:Energy in North Korea 3332:10.1525/9780520958944 3291:Edraki, Farz (2019). 3222:www.oecd-ilibrary.org 3052:10.1353/apr.2009.0022 2596:www.oecd-ilibrary.org 2262:Politics & Gender 1677:10.1353/jks.2014.0024 1467:Gao, Xiongya (2003). 1413:He, Huaihong (2015). 910:Further information: 906:Gender-based violence 826:Further information: 613: 476: 448: 304: 5380:Media of South Korea 5357:Sport in South Korea 5307:Sport in North Korea 5092:Aging of South Korea 4685:Korean People's Army 4367:Later Three Kingdoms 4036:United Arab Emirates 2979:Lee, Joohee (2017). 1261:10.1353/ks.1995.0019 975:Women in South Korea 606:Household inequality 548:World Economic Forum 359:Wartime prostitution 205:Women in parliament 111:Health and Survival 38:World Economic Forum 5244:Korean architecture 5221:Korean tea ceremony 5188:Korean martial arts 4939:North Korean famine 4063:limited recognition 3293:"Escape the Corset" 3167:10.1787/eag-2017-en 2935:The Huffington Post 2882:OECD (2018-06-20). 2402:OECD (2017-10-04). 2329:10.1787/5a700c4b-en 1914:The Washington Post 1195:www.genderindex.org 509:Glass Ceiling Index 146: 59: 5249:Korean calligraphy 4518:Provinces of Korea 4470:Geography of Korea 4292:Jin (Korean state) 3473:Body & Society 3090:Seoul, South Korea 3021:2018-11-04 at the 2731:Stangarone, Troy. 2361:Feminist Economics 1778:The New York Times 1302:The New York Times 1149:Feminist Economics 857:With 20% of young 734:of the girl group 616: 483: 453: 327:Five Relationships 307: 144: 57: 5401: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5259:Korean literature 5203:Religion in Korea 5198:Korean philosophy 5144: 5143: 5057: 5056: 5053: 5052: 4872: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4712:General Secretary 4616: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4459: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4414:Division of Korea 4168: 4167: 4105:other territories 3341:978-0-520-95894-4 3040:Asian Perspective 2004:978-1-317-81149-7 1908:(22 April 2015). 1906:Constable, Pamela 1884:Los Angeles Times 1856:Los Angeles Times 1830:NAVER Newslibrary 1426:978-0-8157-2573-2 1001:Cho, Uhn (2013). 815:Boys Over Flowers 546:According to the 481:in OECD countries 291: 290: 286: 237: 236: 138: 137: 47:Indices like the 25:Gender statistics 18:gender inequality 5436: 5312:Arirang Festival 5212: 5193:Korean mythology 5163: 5162: 5155:Culture of Korea 5150: 5149: 5063: 5062: 5006: 5002:South Korean won 4930: 4926:North Korean won 4889: 4888: 4878: 4877: 4633: 4632: 4622: 4621: 4523:Regions of Korea 4493:Korean Peninsula 4478: 4477: 4465: 4464: 4344:Gaya confederacy 4239: 4238: 4231:History of Korea 4226: 4225: 4195: 4188: 4181: 4172: 4171: 4158: 4148: 4147: 4117:Christmas Island 3803:Sovereign states 3788: 3781: 3774: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3736: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3711: 3703:The Korea Herald 3694: 3688: 3687: 3685: 3684: 3676:The Korea Herald 3667: 3661: 3660: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3632: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3607: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3580: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3551: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3527: 3518:. Archived from 3511: 3505: 3504: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3454: 3440: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3427: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3402: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3317: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3241: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3228: 3214: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3201: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3141: 3133: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3097: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3035: 3026: 3012: 2995: 2994: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2966: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2927: 2918: 2917: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2869: 2859:"Summary Report" 2855: 2849: 2848: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2787: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2770: 2756: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2743: 2728: 2719: 2718: 2698: 2685: 2684: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2615: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2602: 2593: 2585: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2566: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2534: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2503: 2502: 2488: 2479: 2478: 2476: 2475: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2452: 2451: 2435: 2426: 2425: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2307: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2201: 2193: 2173: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2108: 2100: 2098: 2097: 2086: 2075: 2074: 2072: 2063: 2050: 2049: 2047: 2046: 2032: 2026: 2025: 2015: 2009: 2008: 1986: 1975: 1974: 1972: 1971: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1837: 1836: 1822: 1816: 1815: 1813: 1812: 1795: 1789: 1788: 1786: 1785: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1759: 1758: 1747: 1738: 1737: 1727: 1725:10.2307/20459155 1712:Feminist Studies 1703: 1697: 1696: 1660: 1645: 1644: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1615: 1614: 1597: 1591: 1590: 1580: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1539: 1530: 1521: 1520: 1518: 1517: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1464: 1458: 1457: 1445: 1439: 1438: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1391: 1385: 1384: 1382: 1381: 1367: 1361: 1360: 1324: 1313: 1312: 1310: 1309: 1292: 1281: 1280: 1244: 1235: 1234: 1232: 1231: 1216: 1210: 1209: 1207: 1206: 1197:. 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5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5361:Cultural icons 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5338: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5288: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5240: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5178:Korean cuisine 5175: 5169: 5167: 5159: 5158: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5126: 5116: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5084: 5079: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5059: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4968: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4897: 4895: 4885: 4884: 4874: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4860: 4855: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4834: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4797: 4796: 4791: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4744: 4743: 4733: 4726: 4725: 4724: 4719: 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453–481. 1698: 1671:(2): 245–255. 1646: 1619: 1592: 1551: 1522: 1498: 1479:(3): 114–125. 1459: 1440: 1425: 1405: 1386: 1362: 1314: 1282: 1249:Korean Studies 1236: 1211: 1182: 1130: 1103: 1091: 1061: 1026: 1011: 989: 987: 984: 983: 982: 977: 972: 964: 958: 953: 946: 943: 907: 904: 823: 820: 723: 720: 714: 711: 705: 702: 673: 670: 668: 665: 652: 649: 636:fertility rate 607: 604: 590: 589:Parental leave 587: 560: 557: 522: 519: 501:gender pay gap 491: 488: 470: 467: 457: 454: 428: 427: 424: 421: 418: 415: 412: 400: 397: 392:sexual slavery 360: 357: 311: 308: 289: 288: 266: 264: 257: 248:Main article: 245: 242: 235: 234: 231: 228: 224: 223: 220: 217: 213: 212: 209: 206: 202: 201: 198: 195: 191: 190: 187: 184: 180: 179: 176: 173: 169: 168: 165: 162: 158: 157: 154: 151: 136: 135: 132: 129: 126: 122: 121: 118: 115: 112: 108: 107: 104: 101: 98: 94: 93: 90: 87: 84: 80: 79: 78:Average score 76: 70: 64: 26: 23: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5441: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5386: 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3247: 3240: 3238: 3223: 3219: 3213: 3211: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3178: 3176:9789264279766 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3157:OECD (2017). 3153: 3145: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3121:9781137568373 3117: 3113: 3106: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3034: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3017: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2992: 2990:9781315652467 2986: 2982: 2975: 2961: 2957: 2956:"Data - OECD" 2951: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2924: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2905:9789264300811 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2864: 2860: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2836:9789264197787 2832: 2828: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2765: 2761: 2755: 2753: 2738: 2734: 2727: 2725: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2629:9781315816722 2625: 2621: 2614: 2612: 2597: 2590: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2552:The Economist 2549: 2543: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2520:The Economist 2517: 2511: 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