Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette

6534: 2886: 2753:, removing the franchise from the middle class and dissolving the Chamber of Deputies. The decrees were published the following day. On 27 July, Parisians erected barricades throughout the city, and riots erupted. In defiance, the Chamber continued to meet. When Lafayette, who was at La Grange, heard what was going on, he raced into the city, and was acclaimed as a leader of the revolution. When his fellow deputies were indecisive, Lafayette went to the barricades, and soon the royalist troops were routed. Fearful that the excesses of the 1789 revolution were about to be repeated, deputies made Lafayette head of a restored National Guard, and charged him with keeping order. The Chamber was willing to proclaim him as ruler, but he refused a grant of power he deemed unconstitutional. He also refused to deal with Charles, who abdicated on 2 August. Many young revolutionaries sought a republic, but Lafayette felt this would lead to civil war, and chose to offer the throne to the duc d'Orleans, 1148:, came to Philadelphia to brief Congress on military affairs. Lafayette met him at a dinner on 5 August 1777; according to Leepson, "the two men bonded almost immediately." Washington was impressed by the young man's enthusiasm and was inclined to think well of a fellow Mason; Lafayette was simply in awe of the commanding general. General Washington took the Frenchman to view his military camp; when Washington expressed embarrassment at its state and that of the troops, Lafayette responded, "I am here to learn, not to teach." He became a member of Washington's staff, although confusion existed regarding his status. Congress regarded his commission as honorary, while he considered himself a full-fledged commander who would be given control of a division when Washington deemed him prepared. Washington told Lafayette that a division would not be possible as he was of foreign birth, but that he would be happy to hold him in confidence as "friend and father". 297: 285: 1689: 2863:, and he bought three slave plantations in Cayenne in 1785 and 1786 to put his ideas into practice, ordering that none of the 70 slaves on the plantations to be bought or sold. He never freed his slaves, and when the French authorities confiscated his properties in 1795, the 63 remaining slaves on the three plantations were sold by colonial officials in Cayenne. He spent his lifetime as an abolitionist, proposing that slaves be emancipated slowly as he recognized the crucial role that slavery played in many economies. Lafayette hoped that his ideas would be adopted by Washington to free slaves in the United States and spread from there. Washington eventually began implementing those practices on his own plantation in Mount Vernon, but he continued to own slaves until the day he died. In a letter to 2137: 764: 1107: 11336: 1028: 6682: 1797: 1012: 2273: 2048:

two men hiding under an altar at the event, accused of being either spies or of potentially planting explosives, eventually hung the men from lampposts and placed their heads on the ends of pikes. Lafayette rode into the Champ de Mars at the head of his troops to restore order, but they were met with the throwing of stones from the crowd. Indeed, an assassination attempt was made on Lafayette, however the gunman's pistol misfired at close range. The soldiers began to first fire above the crowd in order to intimidate and disperse them, which only led to retaliation and eventually the death of two volunteer chasseurs. The National Guard was ordered to

1895:, an armed force established to maintain order under the control of the Assembly military service as well as policing, traffic control, sanitization, lighting, among other matters of local administration. Lafayette proposed the name and the symbol of the group: a blue, white, and red cockade. This combined the red and blue colors of the city of Paris with the royal white, and originated the French tricolor. He faced a difficult task as head of the Guard; the king and many loyalists considered him and his supporters to be little better than revolutionaries, whereas many commoners felt that he was helping the king to keep power via this position. 11271: 11203: 260: 2568:. He was greeted by a group of Revolutionary War veterans who had fought alongside him many years before. New York erupted for four continuous days and nights of celebration. He then departed for what he thought would be a restful trip to Boston but instead found the route lined by cheering citizens, with welcomes organized in every town along the way. According to Unger, "It was a mystical experience they would relate to their heirs through generations to come. Lafayette had materialized from a distant age, the last leader and hero at the nation's defining moment. They knew they and the world would never see his kind again." 1869: 2579:) which might otherwise have been torn down, because they needed a location for a reception for him. Until that point, it had not been usual in the United States to build monuments, but Lafayette's visit set off a wave of construction—usually with him laying the cornerstone himself, in his capacity as mason. The arts benefited by his visit, as well, as many cities commissioned portraits for their civic buildings, and the likenesses were seen on innumerable souvenirs. Lafayette had intended to visit only the original 13 states during a four-month visit, but the stay stretched to 16 months as he visited all 24 states. 2722: 3132: 749: 1422: 3044: 3021: 1242: 273: 3068: 2032: 247: 1982: 2766: 1880: 1542: 897: 11077: 3056: 217: 2696:, where he laid the cornerstone for its public library. He celebrated his 68th birthday on 6 September at a reception with President John Quincy Adams at the White House, and departed the next day. He took gifts with him, besides the soil to be placed on his grave. Congress had voted him $ 200,000 (equal to $ 5,385,882 today) in gratitude for his services to the country at President Monroe's request, along with a large tract of public lands in Florida. He returned to France aboard a ship that was originally called the 2645: 1938: 2238:. Although Short and other U.S. envoys very much wanted to succor Lafayette for his services to their country, they knew that his status as a French officer took precedence over any claim to American citizenship. Washington, who was by then president, had instructed the envoys to avoid actions that entangled the country in European affairs, and the U.S. did not have diplomatic relations with either Prussia or Austria. They did send money for the use of Lafayette, and for his wife, whom the French had imprisoned. 10735: 2757:, who had lived in America and had far more of a common touch than did Charles. Lafayette secured the agreement of Louis-Philippe, who accepted the throne, to various reforms. The general remained as commander of the National Guard. This did not last long—the brief concord at the king's accession soon faded, and the conservative majority in the Chamber voted to abolish Lafayette's National Guard post on 24 December 1830. Lafayette went back into retirement, expressing his willingness to do so. 1133:, convened in Philadelphia, had been overwhelmed by French officers recruited by Deane, many of whom could not speak English or lacked military experience. Lafayette had learned some English en route and became fluent within a year of his arrival, and his Masonic membership opened many doors in Philadelphia. After Lafayette offered to serve without pay, Congress commissioned him a major general on 31 July 1777. Lafayette's advocates included the recently arrived American envoy to France, 3118: 2968:. Lafayette's hosts considered him a judge of how successful independence had become. According to cultural historian Lloyd Kramer, Lafayette "provided foreign confirmations of the self-image that shaped America's national identity in the early nineteenth century and that has remained a dominant theme in the national ideology ever since: the belief that America's Founding Fathers, institutions, and freedom created the most democratic, egalitarian, and prosperous society in the world". 2805: 2941: 1060:. De Broglie hoped to become a military and political leader in America, and he met Lafayette in Bordeaux and convinced him that the government actually wanted him to go. This was not true, though there was considerable public support for Lafayette in Paris, where the American cause was popular. Lafayette wanted to believe it, and pretended to comply with the order to report to Marseilles, going only a few kilometres east before turning around and returning to his ship. 44: 1347:, and Lee moved against the British flank on 28 June. However, he gave conflicting orders soon after fighting began, causing chaos in the American ranks. Lafayette sent a message to Washington to urge him to the front; upon his arrival, he found Lee's men in retreat. Washington relieved Lee, took command, and rallied the American force. After suffering significant casualties at Monmouth, the British withdrew in the night and successfully reached New York. 2350:. France's new ruler allowed Lafayette to remain, though originally without citizenship and subject to summary arrest if he engaged in politics, with the promise of eventual restoration of civil rights. Lafayette remained quietly at La Grange, and when Bonaparte held a memorial service in Paris for Washington, who had died in December 1799, Lafayette, though he had expected to be asked to deliver the eulogy, was not invited, nor was his name mentioned. 2331: 1167: 956: 2540: 3254:—that the Marquis de la Fayette and his Heirs male forever shall be and they and each of them are hereby deemed adjudged and taken to be natural born Citizens of this State and shall henceforth be instilled to all the Immunities, Rights and Privileges of natural born Citizens thereof, they and every one of them conforming to the Constitution and Laws of this State in the Enjoyment and Exercise of such Immunities, Rights and Privileges." 2583: 1370: 11301: 1300: 11246: 1523:, French ambassador in Philadelphia, describing how ill-supplied his troops were. As Lafayette hoped, la Luzerne sent his letter on to France with a recommendation of massive French aid, which, after being approved by the king, would play a crucial part in the battles to come. Washington, fearing a letter might be captured by the British, could not tell Lafayette that he planned to trap Cornwallis in a decisive campaign. 3090: 1003:, and spent three weeks in London. On his return to France, he went into hiding from his father-in-law (and superior officer), writing to him that he was planning to go to America. De Noailles was furious, and convinced Louis to issue a decree forbidding French officers from serving in America, specifically naming Lafayette. Vergennes may have persuaded the king to order Lafayette's arrest, though this is uncertain. 1324: 2109:

and on 28 June delivered a fiery speech before the Assembly denouncing the Jacobins and other radical groups. He was instead accused of deserting his troops. Lafayette called for volunteers to counteract the Jacobins; when only a few people showed up, he understood the public mood and hastily left Paris. Robespierre called him a traitor and the mob burned him in effigy. He was transferred to command of the

883:, who felt the couple, and especially her daughter, were too young. The matter was settled by agreeing not to mention the marriage plans for two years, during which time the two spouses-to-be would meet from time to time in casual settings and get to know each other better. The scheme worked; the two fell in love, and were happy together from the time of their marriage in 1774 until her death in 1807. 1316:, Pennsylvania. The next day, the British heard that he had made camp nearby and sent 5,000 men to capture him. General Howe led a further 6,000 soldiers on 20 May and ordered an attack on his left flank. The flank scattered, and Lafayette organized a retreat while the British remained indecisive. To feign numerical superiority, Lafayette ordered men to appear from the woods on an outcropping (now 2323:, was unwilling to have Lafayette return unless he swore allegiance, which he was not willing to do, as he believed it had come to power by unconstitutional means. As revenge, it had his remaining properties sold, leaving him a pauper. The family, soon joined by Georges Washington, who had returned from America, recuperated on a property near Hamburg belonging to Adrienne's aunt. Due to 2984:'s famous statement "Lafayette, we are here". This occurred at some cost to Lafayette's image in America; veterans returned from the front singing "We've paid our debt to Lafayette, who the hell do we owe now?" According to Anne C. Loveland, "Lafayette no longer served as a national hero-symbol" by the end of the war. In 2002, however, Congress voted to grant him honorary citizenship. 1382:

British elsewhere in America and even in Europe under the French flag, but he found little interest in his proposals. In October 1778, he requested permission from Washington and Congress to go home on leave. They agreed, with Congress voting to give him a ceremonial sword to be presented to him in France. His departure was delayed by illness, and he sailed for France in January 1779.

3104: 1358:, the other major British base in the north. Lafayette and General Greene were sent with a 3,000-man force to participate in the attack. Lafayette wanted to control a joint Franco-American force but was rebuffed by the admiral. On 9 August, the American land force attacked the British without consulting d'Estaing. The Americans asked d'Estaing to place his ships in 2920:

mankind rather than the interests of just one nation. During the French Revolution, Americans viewed him as an advocate for American ideals, seeking to transport them from New World to Old. This was reinforced by his position as surrogate son and disciple of George Washington, who was deemed the Father of His Country and the embodiment of American ideals. Novelist

2409:" ("I am all yours"). She died the next day. In the years after her death, Lafayette mostly remained quietly at La Grange, as Napoleon's power in Europe waxed and then waned. Many influential people and members of the public visited him, especially Americans. He wrote many letters, especially to Jefferson, and exchanged gifts as he had once done with Washington. 2089:, based at Metz, on 14 December 1791. Lafayette did his best to mold inductees and National Guardsmen into a cohesive fighting force, but found that many of his troops were Jacobin sympathizers and hated their superior officers. On 23 April 1792, Robespierre demanded that Lafayette step down. This emotion was common in the army, as demonstrated after the 1816:. The king appointed Lafayette to the body, which convened on 22 February 1787. In speeches, Lafayette decried those with connections at court who had profited from advance knowledge of government land purchases; he advocated reform. He called for a "truly national assembly", which represented the whole of France. Instead, the king chose to summon an 1519:. When he received no new orders from Washington, Lafayette began to move his troops north toward Philadelphia, only to be ordered to Virginia to assume military command there. An outraged Lafayette assumed he was being abandoned in a backwater while decisive battles took place elsewhere, and objected to his orders in vain. He also sent letters to 2928:

enhanced this popularity, as Americans saw him steering a middle course. Americans were naturally sympathetic to a republican cause, but also remembered Louis XVI as an early friend of the United States. When Lafayette fell from power in 1792, Americans tended to blame factionalism for the ouster of a man who was above such things in their eyes.

2346:(9 November 1799), Lafayette used the confusion caused by the change of regime to slip into France with a passport in the name of "Motier". Bonaparte expressed rage, but Adrienne was convinced he was simply posing, and proposed to him that Lafayette would pledge his support, then would retire from public life to a property she had reclaimed, 1465:

Rochambeau decided to wait for reinforcements before seeking battle with the British. This was unsatisfactory to Lafayette, who proposed grandiose schemes for the taking of New York City and other areas, and Rochambeau briefly refused to receive Lafayette until the young man apologized. Washington counseled the marquis to be patient.

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escapee monarchs. Five days later, Lafayette and the National Guard led the royal carriage back into Paris amidst a crowding mob calling for the heads of the monarchs as well as Lafayette. Lafayette had been responsible for the royal family's custody as leader of the National Guard, and he was thus blamed by extremists such as

1511:. The combined force was to try to trap British forces commanded by Benedict Arnold, with French ships preventing his escape by sea. If Lafayette was successful, Arnold was to be summarily hanged. British command of the seas prevented the plan, though Lafayette and a small part of his force was able to reach von Steuben in 2478:. The Chamber of Representatives, before it dissolved, appointed Lafayette to a peace commission that was ignored by the victorious allies who occupied much of France, with the Prussians taking over La Grange as a headquarters. Once the Prussians left in late 1815, Lafayette returned to his house, a private citizen again. 1084:, departing to America on 26 April 1777. The two-month journey to the New World was marked by seasickness and boredom. The ship's captain Lebourcier intended to stop in the West Indies to sell cargo, but Lafayette was fearful of arrest, so he bought the cargo to avoid docking at the islands. He landed on North Island near 3000:; he stated that "the king would still be sitting on his throne" if Napoleon had Lafayette's place during the French Revolution. They deemed Lafayette "an empty-headed political dwarf" and "one of the people most responsible for the destruction of the French monarchy". Gaines disagreed and noted that liberal and 1277:(fearsome horseman). In Valley Forge, he criticized the board's decision to attempt an invasion of Quebec in winter. The Continental Congress agreed, and Gates left the board. Meanwhile, treaties signed by America and France were made public in March 1778, and France formally recognized American independence. 3012:

The Marquis de Lafayette was far from perfect. He was sometimes vain, naive, immature, and egocentric. But he consistently stuck to his ideals, even when doing so endangered his life and fortune. Those ideals proved to be the founding principles of two of the world's most enduring nations, the United

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have also dissented from that view. Lloyd Kramer related 57 percent of the French deemed Lafayette the figure from the Revolution whom they most admired, in a survey taken just before the Revolution's bicentennial in 1989. Lafayette "clearly had more French supporters in the early 1990s than he could

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In March 1825, Lafayette began to tour the southern and western states. The general pattern of the trip was that he would be escorted between cities by the state militia, and he would enter each town through specially constructed arches to be welcomed by local politicians or dignitaries, all eager to

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President James Monroe and Congress invited Lafayette to visit the United States in 1824, in part to celebrate the nation's upcoming 50th anniversary. Monroe intended to have Lafayette travel on an American warship, but Lafayette felt that having such a vessel as transport was undemocratic and booked

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In June 1792, Lafayette criticized the growing influence of the radicals through a letter to the Assembly from his field post, and ended his letter by calling for their parties to be "closed down by force". He misjudged his timing, for the radicals were in full control in Paris. Lafayette went there,

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On his return, Lafayette found the American cause at a low ebb, rocked by several military defeats, especially in the south. Lafayette was greeted in Boston with enthusiasm, seen as "a knight in shining armor from the chivalric past, come to save the nation". He journeyed southwest and on 10 May 1780

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wrote in 1936: "Lafayette became a legendary figure and a symbol so early in his life, and successive generations have so willingly accepted the myth, that any attempt to deprive the young hero of his republican halo will probably be considered as little short of iconoclastic and sacrilegious." That

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for an audience with Emperor Francis, who granted permission for the three women to live with Lafayette in captivity. Lafayette, who had endured harsh solitary confinement since his escape attempt a year before, was astounded when soldiers opened his prison door to usher in his wife and daughters on

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almost enabled the king to escape from France on 20 June 1791. The king and queen had escaped from the Tuileries Palace, essentially under the watch of Lafayette and the National Guard. Being notified of their escape, Lafayette sent the Guard out in a multitude of directions in order to retrieve the

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Lafayette's reputation in France is more problematic. Thomas Gaines notes that the response to Lafayette's death was far more muted in France than in America, and suggested that this may have been because Lafayette was the last surviving hero of America's only revolution, whereas the changes in the

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Lafayette became an American icon in part because he was not associated with any particular region of the country; he was of foreign birth, did not live in America, and had fought in New England, the mid-Atlantic states, and the South, making him a unifying figure. His role in the French Revolution

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beginning in 1821, and by letter attempted to persuade American officials to ally with the Greeks. Louis' government considered arresting both Lafayette and Georges Washington, who was also involved in the Greek efforts, but were wary of the political ramifications if they did. Lafayette remained a

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in response to the scarcity of bread. Members of the National Guard followed the march, with Lafayette reluctantly leading them. At Versailles, the king accepted the Assembly's votes on the Declaration, but refused requests to go to Paris, and the crowd broke into the palace at dawn. Lafayette took

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and Lafayette were dispatched to calm the situation, and Lafayette then returned to Rhode Island to prepare the retreat made necessary by d'Estaing's departure. For these actions, he was cited by the Continental Congress for "gallantry, skill, and prudence". He wanted to expand the war to fight the

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was being prepared for her trip, and he sent word asking for information on his family's reaction. The response threw him into emotional turmoil, including letters from his wife and other relatives. Soon after departure, he ordered the ship turned around and returned to Bordeaux, to the frustration

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In the United States, President Jackson ordered that Lafayette receive the same memorial honors that had been bestowed on Washington at his death in December 1799. Both Houses of Congress were draped in black bunting for 30 days, and members wore mourning badges. Congress urged Americans to follow

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organized an event at the Champ de Mars on 17 July to gather signatures on a petition to the National Assembly that it either abolish the monarchy or allow its fate to be decided in a referendum. The assembled crowd was estimated to be anywhere from 10,000 to 50,000 people. The protesters, finding

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Bollman and Huger were captured and received short sentences, after which they were released, becoming international celebrities for their attempt to free Lafayette. See Lane, p. 218. They journeyed to America where they met with Washington and briefed him on conditions at Olmütz. See Unger, loc.

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praised him for "foregoing the pleasures of Enjoyment of domestick Life and exposing himself to the Hardship and Dangers" of war when he fought "in the glorious cause of freedom". This view was shared by many contemporaries, establishing an image of Lafayette seeking to advance the freedom of all

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Lafayette remained outspoken against Charles' restrictions on civil liberties and the newly introduced censorship of the press. He made fiery speeches in the Chamber, denouncing the new decrees and advocating American-style representative government. He hosted dinners at La Grange, for Americans,

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Lafayette continued to work for order in the coming months. He and part of the National Guard left the Tuileries on 28 February 1791 to handle a conflict in Vincennes, and hundreds of armed nobles arrived at the Tuileries to defend the king while he was gone. However, there were rumors that these

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Yorktown was the last major land battle of the American Revolution, but the British still held several major port cities. Lafayette wanted to lead expeditions to capture them, but Washington felt that he would be more useful seeking additional naval support from France. Congress appointed him its

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to correct his spelling) to state officials to urge them to provide more troops and provisions to the Continental Army. This bore fruit in the coming months, as Lafayette awaited the arrival of the French fleet. However, when the fleet arrived, there were fewer men and supplies than expected, and

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troops continued to advance with their superior numbers, and Lafayette was shot in the leg. During the American retreat, Lafayette rallied the troops, allowing a more orderly pullback, before being treated for his wound. After the battle, Washington cited him for "bravery and military ardour" and

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In September 1775, when Lafayette turned 18, he returned to Paris and received the captaincy in the Dragoons he had been promised as a wedding present. In December, his first child, Henriette, was born. During these months, Lafayette became convinced that the American Revolution reflected his own

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on 14 July 1790 vowing to "be ever faithful to the nation, to the law, and to the king; to support with our utmost power the constitution decreed by the National Assembly, and accepted by the king." In the eyes of the royalist factions, Lafayette took a large risk holding a largely undisciplined

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Lafayette spoke publicly for the last time in the Chamber of Deputies on 3 January 1834. The next month, he collapsed at a funeral from pneumonia. He recovered, but the following May was wet, and he became bedridden after being caught in a thunderstorm. He died at age 76 on 20 May 1834 at 6 rue

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describing the event at the Champ de Mars as "Men, Women, and Children were massacred on the altar of the nation on the Field of the Federation". Immediately after the massacre, a crowd of rioters attacked Lafayette's home and attempted to harm his wife. The Assembly finalized a constitution in

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in 1789 and a staunch opponent of slavery. His work never specifically mentioned slavery, but he made his position clear on the controversial topic through letters addressed to friends and colleagues such as Washington and Jefferson. He proposed that slaves not be owned but rather work as free

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Frenchmen, and others; all came to hear his speeches on politics, freedom, rights, and liberty. He was popular enough that Charles felt he could not be safely arrested, but Charles' spies were thorough: one government agent noted "his seditious toasts ... in honor of American liberty".

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By what right do you dare accuse the nation of ... want of perseverance in the emperor's interest? The nation has followed him on the fields of Italy, across the sands of Egypt and the plains of Germany, across the frozen deserts of Russia. ... The nation has followed him in fifty

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declared him, de Pusy, and two others to be prisoners of state for their roles in the Revolution. The tribunal ordered them held until a restored French king could render final judgment on them. On 12 September 1792, pursuant to the tribunal's order, the prisoners were transferred to Prussian

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in support. The Spanish ships did not arrive until August 1779 and were met by a faster squadron of British ships that the combined French and Spanish fleet could not catch. In September, the invasion was abandoned, and Lafayette turned his hopes toward returning to America. In December 1779,

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and Thomas Jefferson gave him an opportunity to witness the implementation of a democratic system. His views on potential government structures for France were directly influenced by the American form of government, which was in turn influenced by the British form of government. For example,

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The Estates General convened on 5 May 1789; debate began on whether the delegates should vote by head or by Estate. If by Estate, then the nobility and clergy would be able to outvote the commons; if by head, then the larger Third Estate could dominate. Before the meeting, as a member of the

855:, and it was decided that he would carry on the family martial tradition. The comte, the boy's great-grandfather, enrolled the boy in a program to train future Musketeers. Lafayette's mother and grandfather died, on 3 and 24 April 1770 respectively, leaving Lafayette an income of 25,000 2023:. These accusations made Lafayette appear a royalist, damaged his reputation in the eyes of the public, and strengthened the hands of the Jacobins and other radicals in opposition to him. He continued to urge the constitutional rule of law, but he was drowned out by the mob and its leaders. 2019:, declaring in a speech directed towards Lafayette "You swore that the king would not leave. Either you sold out your country or you are stupid for having made a promise for a person whom you could not trust…. France can be free without you." He was further called a traitor to the people by 1734:, a portrait of Washington from the city of Boston, and a bust from the state of Virginia. Maryland's legislature honored him by making him and his male heirs "natural born Citizens" of the state, which made him a natural-born citizen of the United States after the 1789 ratification of the 1553:. In June 1781, Cornwallis received orders from London to proceed to the Chesapeake Bay and to oversee construction of a port, in preparation for an overland attack on Philadelphia. As the British column traveled, Lafayette sent small squads that would appear unexpectedly, attacking the 2668:

by steamboat when the vessel sank beneath him, and he was put in a lifeboat by his son and secretary, then taken to the Kentucky shore and rescued by another steamboat that was going in the other direction. Its captain insisted on turning around, however, and taking Lafayette to

2520:, where there was a garrison of French troops, and assume a major role in the revolutionary government. Warned that the royal government had found out about the conspiracy, he turned back on the road to Belfort, avoiding overt involvement. More successfully, he supported the 1998:, and it boosted Lafayette's popularity with the French people for his quick actions to protect the king. Nonetheless, the royal family were increasingly prisoners in their palace. The National Guard disobeyed Lafayette on 18 April and prevented the king from leaving for 597:. In the middle of the war, he returned home to France to lobby for an increase in French support for the American Revolution. He returned to America in 1780, and was given senior positions in the Continental Army. In 1781, troops under his command in Virginia blocked a 2128:. The Assembly abolished the monarchy—the king and queen would be beheaded in the coming months. On 14 August, the minister of justice, Danton, put out a warrant for Lafayette's arrest. Hoping to travel to the United States, Lafayette entered the Austrian Netherlands. 1311:

Faced with the prospect of French intervention, the British sought to concentrate their land and naval forces in New York City, and they began to evacuate Philadelphia in May 1778. Washington dispatched Lafayette with a 2,200-man force on 18 May to reconnoiter near

2284:, obtained passports for her and her daughters from Connecticut, which had granted the entire Lafayette family citizenship. Her son Georges Washington had been smuggled out of France and taken to the United States. Adrienne and her two daughters journeyed to 2776:

Lafayette grew increasingly disillusioned with Louis-Phillippe, who backtracked on reforms and denied his promises to make them. The retired general angrily broke with his king, a breach which widened when the government used force to suppress a strike in

2269:. This was the son of Benjamin Huger, whom Lafayette had stayed with upon his first arrival in America. With their help, Lafayette managed to escape from an escorted carriage drive in the countryside outside Olmütz, but he lost his way and was recaptured. 1476:

state. Lafayette saw no significant action, and in November, Washington disbanded the division, sending the soldiers back to their state regiments. The war continued badly for the Americans, with most battles in the south going against them, and General

2915:, and his views were taken very seriously by intellectuals and others on both sides of the Atlantic. His image in the United States was derived from his "disinterestedness" in fighting without pay for the freedom of a country that was not his own. 994:

The plan to send French officers (as well as other forms of aid) to America came to nothing when the British heard of it and threatened war. Lafayette's father-in-law, de Noailles, scolded the young man and told him to go to London and visit the

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argued that Lafayette, "who had grown up loathing the British for killing his father", felt that an American victory in the conflict would diminish Britain's stature internationally. Another historian noted that Lafayette had recently become a

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Lafayette believed in a bicameral legislature, as the United States had. The Jacobins detested the idea of a monarchy in France, which led the National Assembly to vote against it. This idea contributed to his fall from favor, especially when

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then appeared with her children, but she was told to send the children back in. She returned alone and people shouted to shoot her, but she stood her ground and no one opened fire. Lafayette kissed her hand, leading to cheers from the crowd.

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During a trip to Auvergne in 1807, Adrienne became ill, suffering from complications stemming from her time in prison. She became delirious but recovered enough on Christmas Eve to gather the family around her bed and to say to Lafayette:

1832:"Committee of Thirty", Lafayette agitated for voting by head, rather than estate. He could not get a majority of his own Estate to agree, but the clergy was willing to join with the commons, and on the 17th, the group declared itself the 1572:

to strike British troops on the north side with roughly 800 soldiers. Wayne found himself vastly outnumbered, and, instead of retreating, led a bayonet charge. The charge bought time for the Americans, and the British did not pursue. The

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was on the throne. As king, Charles intended to restore the absolute rule of the monarch, and his decrees had already prompted protest by the time Lafayette arrived. Lafayette was the most prominent of those who opposed the king. In the

1765:. Lafayette continued to work on lowering trade barriers in France to American goods, and on assisting Franklin and Jefferson in seeking treaties of amity and commerce with European nations. He also sought to correct the injustices that 2059:

Martial law was declared, and the leaders of the mob fled and went into hiding, such as Danton and Marat. Lafayette's reputation among many political clubs decreased dramatically, especially with articles in the press, such as the

2052:, wounding and killing an unknown number of people. Accounts from those close to Lafayette claim that around ten citizens were killed in the event, whereas other accounts propose fifty-four, and the sensational newspaper publisher 2156:, Austria's ally against France, had once received Lafayette, but that was before the French Revolution—the king now saw him as a dangerous fomenter of rebellion, to be interned to prevent him from overthrowing other monarchies. 2842:. He believed that traditional and revolutionary ideals could be melded together by having a democratic National Assembly work with a monarch, as France always had. His close relationships to American Founding Fathers such as 2152:, asked for rights of transit through Austrian territory on behalf of a group of French officers. This was initially granted, as it had been for others fleeing France, but was revoked when the famous Lafayette was recognized. 836:. Lafayette became marquis and Lord of Chavaniac, but the estate went to his mother. Perhaps devastated by the loss of her husband, she went to live in Paris with her father and grandfather, leaving Lafayette to be raised in 991:. When Lafayette heard that French officers were being sent to America, he demanded to be among them. He met Deane, and gained inclusion despite his youth. On 7 December 1776, Deane enlisted Lafayette as a major general. 2825:

under soil from Bunker Hill, which his son Georges Washington sprinkled upon him. King Louis-Philippe ordered a military funeral in order to keep the public from attending, and crowds formed to protest their exclusion.

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from Albany, New York. When Lafayette arrived in Albany, he found too few men to mount an invasion. He wrote to Washington of the situation, and made plans to return to Valley Forge. Before departing, he recruited the

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similar mourning practices. Later that year, former president John Quincy Adams gave a eulogy of Lafayette that lasted three hours, calling him "high on the list of the pure and disinterested benefactors of mankind".

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group at the Champs de Mars in fear for the safety of the king, whereas for Jacobins this solidified in their eyes Lafayette's royalist tendencies and an encouragement of the common people's support of the monarchy.

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nobles had come to take the king away and place him at the head of a counter-revolution. Lafayette quickly returned to the Tuileries and disarmed the nobles after a brief standoff. The event came to be known as the

2211:. On 17 May 1794, they were taken across the Austrian border, where a military unit was waiting to receive them. The next day, the Austrians delivered their captives to a barracks-prison, formerly a college of the 1437:. Lafayette would resume his position as a major general of American forces, serving as liaison between Rochambeau and Washington, who would be in command of both nations' forces. In March 1780, he departed from 1568:. Cornwallis sent only an advance guard to the south side of the river, hiding many of his other troops in the forest on the north side, hoping to ambush Lafayette. On 6 July, Lafayette ordered General "Mad" 2602:. He went to Mount Vernon in Virginia as he had 40 years before, this time viewing Washington's grave. He was at Yorktown on 19 October 1824 for the anniversary of Cornwallis's surrender, then journeyed to 2304:. Lafayette's captivity of over five years thus came to an end. The Lafayette family and their comrades in captivity left Olmütz under Austrian escort early on the morning of 19 September 1797, crossed the 1608:’s forces had charged Redoubt 10 in hand-to-hand combat. These two redoubts were key to breaking the British defenses. After a failed British counter-attack, Cornwallis surrendered on 19 October 1781. 987:. The king and his minister hoped that by supplying the Americans with arms and officers, they might restore French influence in North America, and exact revenge against Britain for France's defeat in the 2473:

On 22 June 1815, four days after Waterloo, Napoleon abdicated. Lafayette arranged for the former emperor's passage to America, but the British prevented this, and Napoleon ended his days on the island of

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if the king was harmed, led to the downfall of Lafayette, and of the royal family. A mob attacked the Tuileries on 10 August, and the king and queen were imprisoned at the Assembly, then taken to the

1460:. The general and his officers were delighted to hear that the large French force promised to Lafayette would be coming to their aid. Washington, aware of Lafayette's popularity, had him write (with 2885: 12613: 2924:

befriended Lafayette during his time in Paris in the 1820s. He admired his patrician liberalism and eulogized him as a man who "dedicated youth, person, and fortune to the principles of liberty."

9737: 1198:, which there was a heavy Continental Army presence, and then bringing British troops over land to the city. After the British outflanked the Americans, Washington sent Lafayette to join General 1596:, depriving Cornwallis of naval protection. On 14 September 1781, Washington's forces joined Lafayette's. On 28 September, with the French fleet blockading the British, the combined forces laid 2641:

be seen with him. There would be special events, visits to battlefields and historic sites, celebratory dinners, and time set aside for the public to meet the legendary hero of the Revolution.

2481:

Lafayette's homes, both in Paris and at La Grange, were open to any Americans who wished to meet the hero of their Revolution, and to many other people besides. Among those whom Irish novelist

12583: 9091: 999:, the French ambassador to Britain and Lafayette's uncle by marriage, which he did in February 1777. In the interim, he did not abandon his plans to go to America. Lafayette was presented to 11400: 7098: 3170: 12573: 12568: 12513: 6552: 3020: 2988:

French government had been far more chaotic. Lafayette's roles created a more nuanced picture of him in French historiography, especially in the French Revolution. 19th-century historian

2742:, the 70-year-old Lafayette was elected to the Chamber of Deputies again. Unhappy at the outcome, Charles dissolved the Chamber, and ordered a new election: Lafayette again won his seat. 1718:

where he called for "liberty of all mankind" and urged the abolition of slavery, and he urged the Pennsylvania Legislature to help form a federal union (the states were then bound by the

1738:. Lafayette later boasted that he had become an American citizen before the concept of French citizenship existed. Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Virginia also granted him citizenship. 12518: 11099: 3250:

article contained a facsimile and transcript of the Maryland act: " An Act to naturalize Major General the Marquis de la Fayette and his Heirs Male Forever. ... Be it enacted by the

7919: 6647: 5332: 1926:, a 688-page document accumulating evidence and analysis on the exact events and procedures of the March on Versailles, hoping to condemn those inciting the mob (in his mind being 1840:, where the excluded members swore not to separate until a constitution was established. The Assembly continued to meet, and on 11 July 1789, Lafayette presented a draft of the " 1377:

D'Estaing moved his ships north to Boston for repairs, where it faced an angry demonstration from Bostonians who considered the French departure from Newport to be a desertion.

6586: 2801:, to Lafayette's outrage. He returned to La Grange until the Chamber met in November 1832, when he condemned Louis-Phillippe for introducing censorship, as Charles X had. 12593: 3067: 2338:

Adrienne was able to go to Paris, and attempted to secure her husband's repatriation, flattering Bonaparte, who had returned to France after more victories. After Bonaparte's

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Frederick William decided that he could gain little by continuing to battle the unexpectedly successful French forces, and that there were easier pickings for his army in the

1320:) and to fire upon the British periodically. His troops simultaneously escaped via a sunken road, and he was then able to cross Matson's Ford with the remainder of his force. 2401:, President Jefferson asked him if he would be interested in the governorship, but Lafayette declined, citing personal problems and his desire to work for liberty in France. 805:

His non-Lafayette ancestors are also notable; his great-grandfather (his mother's maternal grandfather) was the Comte de La Rivière, until his death in 1770 commander of the

12478: 5354: 5571: 2370:, but Lafayette declined, saying he was too attached to America to act in relation to it as a foreign envoy. In 1802, he was part of the tiny minority that voted no in the 1625:

in The Hague, instructing them "to communicate and agree on everything with him". Congress also sent Louis XVI an official letter of commendation on the marquis's behalf.

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Lafayette reached Paris in February 1779 where he was placed under house arrest for eight days for disobeying the king by going to America. This was merely face-saving by

1828:. The Estates General, traditionally, cast one vote for each of the three Estates: clergy, nobility, and commons, meaning the much larger commons was generally outvoted. 12588: 6581: 1954:

As leader of the National Guard, Lafayette attempted to maintain order and steer a middle ground, even as the radicals gained increasing influence. He and Paris' mayor

12598: 1934:). However, the National Assembly thought condemning two significant revolutionaries would hurt the progress and public reception of the revolutionary administration. 12085: 7603: 5296: 7860: 3043: 9096: 2292:

Through diplomacy, the press, and personal appeals, Lafayette's sympathizers on both sides of the Atlantic made their influence felt, most importantly on the post-

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seeking glory in it. He was made a major general at age 19, but he was initially not given American troops to command. He fought with the Continental Army at the

2781:. Lafayette used his seat in the Chamber to promote liberal proposals, and his neighbors elected him mayor of the village of La Grange and to the council of the 1653:

Lafayette worked with Jefferson to establish trade agreements between the United States and France which aimed to reduce America's debt to France. He joined the

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elected him its first foreign member. Congress asked him to return to France to lobby for more men and supplies, but Lafayette refused, sending letters instead.

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were repeatedly offered by Bonaparte, but Lafayette again declined— though stating that he would gladly have accepted the honours from a democratic government.

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The National Assembly approved the Declaration on 26 August, but the king rejected it on 2 October. Three days later, a Parisian crowd led by women fishmongers

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on 22 January 1782. He witnessed the birth of his daughter, whom he named Marie-Antoinette Virginie upon Thomas Jefferson's recommendation. He was promoted to

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After Bunker Hill, Lafayette went to Maine and Vermont, thus visiting all of the states. He met again with John Adams, then went back to New York and then to

2512:, Lafayette lent his support to a number of conspiracies in France and other European countries, all of which came to nothing. He was involved in the various 868:. His duties, which included marching in military parades and presenting himself to King Louis, were mostly ceremonial and he continued his studies as usual. 8849: 8317: 8164: 6952: 6640: 4176: 11340: 4141: 2621:

With the roads becoming impassable, Lafayette stayed in Washington City for the winter of 1824–25, and thus was there for the climax of the hotly contested

1710:

Lafayette visited America in 1784–1785 where he enjoyed an enthusiastic welcome, visiting all the states. The trip included a visit to Washington's farm at

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recommended him for the command of a division in a letter to Congress, which was hastily evacuating, as the British occupied Philadelphia later that month.

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Clifford, Dale Lothrop. "The National Guard and the Parisian Community, 1789–1790." French Historical Studies 16, no. 4 (1990): 850. Accessed 18 May 2021.

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In 1824, Lafayette returned to the United States at a time when Americans were questioning the success of the republic in view of the disastrous economic

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Jefferson found a loophole allowing Lafayette to be paid, with interest, for his services as a major general from 1777 to 1783. An act was rushed through

1836:. The loyalist response was to lock out the group, including Lafayette, while those who had not supported the Assembly met inside. This action led to the 12362: 9452: 8307: 6776: 6670: 2871:, Lafayette wrote, "I would never have drawn my sword in the cause of America, if I could have conceived that thereby I was founding a land of Slavery." 2855: 1841: 1801: 621: 11752: 10653: 10608: 10515: 10462: 10393: 10263: 10237: 10154: 10051: 9978: 8981: 7924: 7914: 6935: 6835: 2367: 12633: 9061: 7929: 6903: 6840: 3145: 2572: 12638: 12060: 1072:

on 25 March 1777. However, Lafayette was not on board in order to avoid being identified by British spies or the French Crown; the vessel moored in

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legend has been used politically; the name and image of Lafayette were repeatedly invoked in 1917 to gain popular support for America's entry into

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the royal family onto the palace balcony and attempted to restore order, but the crowd insisted that the king and his family move to Paris and the

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was signed between Great Britain and the United States in 1783, which made the expedition unnecessary; Lafayette took part in those negotiations.

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on 1 March 1815 with a few hundred followers. Frenchmen flocked to his banner, and he took Paris later that month, causing Louis to flee to

879:, and the duke spoke to the boy's guardian (Lafayette's uncle, the new comte) to negotiate a deal. However, the arranged marriage was opposed by 6549: 12648: 12483: 12458: 11141: 9051: 2195:. Accordingly, he stopped armed hostilities with the Republic and turned the state prisoners back over to his erstwhile coalition partner, the 1394:; Lafayette was given a hero's welcome and was soon invited to hunt with the king. The American envoy was ill, so Benjamin Franklin's grandson 8327: 2561: 12563: 11487: 8287: 652:

and tried to steer a middle course through the years of revolution. In August 1792, radical factions ordered his arrest, and he fled to the

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in south-central France. He followed the family's martial tradition and was commissioned an officer at age 13. He became convinced that the

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that granted the vote to only 90,000 men in a nation of 25 million. Lafayette did not stand for election in 1814, remaining at La Grange.

1927: 9224: 9086: 9010: 8499: 8438: 5340: 1516: 602: 948:, and news of the revolt "fired his chivalric—and now Masonic—imagination with descriptions of Americans as 'people fighting for liberty 616:, where representatives met from the three traditional orders of French society: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. After the 12110: 11467: 10806: 9041: 8747: 7950: 7295: 2101:, where he was torn to pieces by the mob. One of the army commanders, Rochambeau, resigned. Lafayette, along with the third commander, 824:

Lafayette's father likewise died on the battlefield. On 1 August 1759, Michel de Lafayette was struck by a cannonball while fighting a

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That summer Washington placed Lafayette in charge of a division of troops. The marquis spent lavishly on his command, which patrolled

813:'s personal horse guard. Lafayette's paternal uncle Jacques-Roch died on 18 January 1734 while fighting the Austrians at Milan in the 11233: 8915: 8322: 7623: 7546: 7160: 996: 875:

was looking to marry off some of his five daughters. The young Lafayette, aged 14, seemed a good match for his 12-year-old daughter,

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In 1768, when Lafayette was 11, he was summoned to Paris to live with his mother and great-grandfather at the comte's apartments in

12628: 9687: 9081: 8267: 7833: 7260: 7187: 5318: 2793:, another opponent of Louis-Phillippe. He pleaded for calm, but there were riots in the streets and a barricade was erected at the 2622: 1101: 11644: 9315: 6572: 5362: 1948: 12413: 10856: 8312: 7138: 7090: 3202:. Only the one-word spelling is used in the United States. In France, the original two-word spelling is usually used. Biographer 774:

Lafayette's lineage was likely one of the oldest and most distinguished in Auvergne and, perhaps, in all of France. Males of the

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enjoyed a reputation for courage and chivalry and were noted for their contempt for danger. One of Lafayette's early ancestors,

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did their best to outdo one another in the celebrations honoring Lafayette. Philadelphia renovated the Old State House (today

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Lafayette, when captured, had tried to use the American citizenship he had been granted to secure his release, and contacted

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September, and Lafayette resigned from the National Guard in early October, with a semblance of constitutional law restored.

1833: 12125: 11669: 11177: 9729: 1931: 1844:" to the Assembly, written by himself in consultation with Jefferson. The next day, after the dismissal of Finance Minister 1515:. Von Steuben sent a plan to Washington, proposing to use land forces and French ships to trap the main British force under 1433:

Lafayette worked with Benjamin Franklin to secure the promise of 6,000 soldiers to be sent to America, commanded by General

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of the officers traveling with him. The army commander there ordered Lafayette to report to his father-in-law's regiment in

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member of the restored Chamber of Deputies until 1823, when new plural voting rules helped defeat his bid for re-election.

2429:. Lafayette was received by the new king, but the staunch republican opposed the new, highly restrictive franchise for the 1654: 1122: 880: 10876: 6442: 12643: 12463: 12100: 12055: 11228: 10380: 10141: 9396: 9156: 9036: 8859: 8302: 8292: 8282: 7180: 7046: 5288: 4121: 2449: 2231: 984: 277: 142: 11601: 11555: 1373:

A 1778 French military map showing the positions of generals Lafayette and Sullivan around Narragansett Bay on 30 August

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A more direct means of aiding the former general was an escape attempt sponsored by Alexander Hamilton's sister-in-law

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beliefs, saying "My heart was dedicated." The year 1776 saw delicate negotiations between American agents, including

912:. He continued his education, both at the riding school of Versailles, where his fellow students included the future 527: 17: 10841: 8834: 2469:

battles, in his defeats and in his victories, and in doing so we have to mourn the blood of three million Frenchmen.

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Bonaparte restored Lafayette's citizenship on 1 March 1800 and he was able to recover some of his properties. After

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After the marriage contract was signed in 1773, Lafayette lived with his young wife in his father-in-law's house in

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The British then marched from Philadelphia toward New York. The Continental Army followed and finally attacked at

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Lafayette left Boston for France on 18 December 1781 where he was welcomed as a hero, and he was received at the

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A Complete History of the Marquis de Lafayette: Major-General in the American Army in the War of the Revolution

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There was discontent in France among demobilized soldiers and others. Napoleon had been exiled only as far as

1796: 12618: 12488: 12403: 10926: 10401: 10245: 10224: 10162: 10082: 9945: 9680: 9600: 9565: 8717: 8676: 8008: 7642: 7558: 7531: 2509: 1670: 1508: 1438: 1235: 1011: 664: 49: 10836: 10826: 9513: 6792: 2105:, asked the Assembly to begin peace talks, concerned at what might happen if the troops saw another battle. 1970: 1943: 920:

in April 1773, the transfer from the royal regiment being done at the request of Lafayette's father-in-law.

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as king, but turned against him when the monarch became autocratic. He died on 20 May 1834 and is buried in

12528: 12523: 12115: 11802: 11699: 11190: 11167: 11112: 10998: 10941: 9828: 9760: 9111: 8932: 7541: 7282: 7017: 6923: 6908: 2591: 2430: 1666: 1593: 1415: 1406: 1336: 1317: 1125:, a wealthy landowner, and stayed with him for two weeks before departing for the revolutionary capital of 916:, and at the prestigious Académie de Versailles. He was given a commission as a lieutenant in the Noailles 840:

by his paternal grandmother, Mme de Chavaniac, who had brought the château into the family with her dowry.

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in 1781, the Revolutionary War's final major battle that secured American independence. After returning to

11107: 9910: 2598:, and was surprised by the simple clothing worn by President Monroe and the lack of any guards around the 2272: 862:

In May 1771, aged less than 14, Lafayette was commissioned an officer in the Musketeers, with the rank of

859:. Upon the death of an uncle, the 12-year-old Lafayette inherited a yearly income of 120,000 livres. 12217: 11842: 11737: 11616: 11596: 11507: 11436: 11258: 10756: 10523: 10216: 10069: 9557: 9141: 8509: 8458: 8209: 8088: 7968: 7802: 7588: 7329: 6709: 6559: 2896: 2818: 2180:

from 19 September to 22 December 1792. When victorious French revolutionary troops began to threaten the

1715: 1503:, in January 1781, Washington ordered Lafayette to re-form his force in Philadelphia and go south to the 1434: 1231: 1130: 593:, where he was wounded but managed to organize an orderly retreat, and he served with distinction in the 378: 12040: 11892: 10906: 10801: 10039: 8844: 8159: 2393:

in which Lafayette did not participate. The retired general remained relatively quiet, although he made

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met there every Monday and dined in company with Lafayette's family and the liberal nobility, including

1577:

was a victory for Cornwallis, but the American army was bolstered by the display of courage by the men.

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and signed by President Washington. These funds allowed both Lafayettes privileges in their captivity.

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Blakemore, Steven, and Fred Hembree. "Edmund Burke, Marie Antoinette, and the Procédure Criminelle."

3251: 2750: 2448:. Lafayette refused Napoleon's call to serve in the new government, but accepted election to the new 2257:, a British Member of Parliament who had served in the Continental Army. They hired as agent a young 1719: 605:

until other American and French forces could position themselves for the decisive siege of Yorktown.

12262: 11807: 11639: 11415: 10796: 2996:, Jean-François Fayard, and Alfred Fierro note Napoleon's deathbed comment about Lafayette in their 1999: 12503: 12075: 11922: 11877: 11207: 11202: 10946: 10776: 10766: 10579: 10563: 10441: 10356: 10203: 10187: 10090: 9864: 9428: 8194: 8179: 8128: 8103: 8073: 7993: 7983: 7794: 6744: 3668: 3013:

States and France. That is a legacy that few military leaders, politicians, or statesmen can match.

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Auricchio, Laura. The Marquis: Lafayette Reconsidered. New York, NY: Vintage Books, 2014, pp. 249.

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Auricchio, Laura. The Marquis: Lafayette Reconsidered. New York, NY: Vintage Books, 2014, pp. 247.

2726: 2554:. Louis XVIII did not approve of the trip and had troops disperse the crowd that gathered at 663:

secured his release in 1797, though he refused to participate in Napoleon's government. After the

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Lafayette would later initiate an investigation within the National Assembly on the now declared

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By August, Cornwallis had established the British at Yorktown, and Lafayette took up position on

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Once Adrienne was released from prison in France, she, with the help of U.S. Minister to France

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on 14 July 1790 where he, alongside the National Guard and the king, took the civic oath on the

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From Hamburg, Lafayette sent a note of thanks to General Bonaparte. The French government, the

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Lafayette's public standing continued to decline through the latter half of 1791. The radical

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on the Basque coast, and was supplied with 5,000 rifles and ammunition from the factories in

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describes him as a "mediocre idol", lifted by the mob far beyond what his talents deserved.

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presented Lafayette with the gold-encrusted sword commissioned by the Continental Congress.

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in 1831. The following year, he served as a pallbearer and spoke at the funeral of General

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or foraging parties, and giving the impression that his forces were larger than they were.

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Gloves portraying Lafayette, possibly commemorating his visit to the United States in 1824

2031: 1762: 1704: 8: 12272: 12202: 12050: 11980: 11837: 11817: 11782: 11757: 11689: 11390: 10916: 10300: 10179: 9937: 9849: 9624: 9616: 9592: 9351: 9178: 8824: 8581: 8204: 8083: 8063: 8048: 8028: 8013: 7784: 7583: 7313: 7217: 7038: 6611: 5895: 5801: 3203: 3074: 2965: 2734: 2693: 2482: 2327:, Lafayette could not go to America as he had hoped, making him a man without a country. 2117: 1981: 1955: 1643: 988: 913: 852: 837: 757: 738: 734: 726: 708: 578: 574: 570: 97: 11957: 11912: 6591: 6404: 6375: 5721: 5702: 5670: 1634: 1592:. Lafayette's containment trapped the British when the French fleet arrived and won the 1202:. Upon his arrival, Lafayette went with the Third Pennsylvania Brigade, under Brigadier 791: 636:

to establish basic principles of the democratic nation-state. He also advocated for the

550:. Lafayette was ultimately permitted to command Continental Army troops in the decisive 12468: 11732: 11497: 11462: 11313: 11275: 11270: 11018: 10936: 10931: 10677: 10669: 10364: 10324: 10136: 10029: 9793: 9768: 9712: 9695: 9533: 9116: 9076: 8646: 8601: 8123: 8113: 8043: 7506: 7369: 7339: 7155: 7078: 7054: 6975: 6941: 6729: 6569: 6208: 6104: 6002: 5576: 5532: 5435: 5310: 4480: 2981: 2549: 2457: 2422: 2398: 2300:

Bonaparte, negotiated the release of the state prisoners at Olmütz, as a result of the

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claimed over four hundred bodies had been disposed of into the river later that night.

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assembled between 700 and 1000 armed insurgents. The king had the royal army under the

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of 1830 and continues to be celebrated as a hero in both France and the United States.

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Early 19th-century depiction of Lafayette's prison reunion with his wife and daughters

2094: 1879: 1541: 12309: 12242: 12232: 12212: 11318: 10616: 10555: 10539: 10332: 9412: 9266: 9233: 8767: 8727: 8551: 8259: 8133: 8108: 8068: 8053: 8003: 7934: 7904: 7761: 7720: 7070: 7030: 6928: 6739: 6529: 6505: 6448: 6427: 6410: 6391: 6381: 6362: 6334: 6315: 6294: 6273: 6266: 6252: 6233: 6215: 6192: 6173: 6152: 6131: 6110: 6089: 6070: 6064: 6049: 6030: 6009: 5986: 5979: 5963: 5944: 5934: 5915: 5905: 5883: 5866: 5847: 5826: 5807: 5786: 5765: 5746: 5727: 5708: 5687: 5655: 5648: 5446: 3035: 3031: 2912: 2843: 2630: 2576: 2565: 2359: 2168: 2073:

Lafayette returned to his home province of Auvergne in October 1791. France declared

1837: 1820:, to convene in 1789. Lafayette was elected as a representative of the nobility (the 1597: 1536: 1532: 1496: 1207: 1141: 1134: 1111: 936: 909: 896: 864: 844: 783: 671:, a position which he held for most of the remainder of his life. In 1824, President 559: 551: 543: 415: 408: 252: 101: 11867: 11566: 9856: 9756: 9703: 6406:

Life of General Lafayette: With a Critical Estimate of His Character and Public Acts

2485:

met at table during her month-long stay at La Grange in 1818 were the Dutch painter

1366:

at sea. The fighting was inconclusive as a storm scattered and damaged both fleets.

1214:

Lafayette returned to the field in November after two months of recuperation in the

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of 1830, he declined an offer to become the French dictator. Instead, he supported

625: 612:

in 1787, convened in response to the fiscal crisis. He was elected a member of the

539: 480: 320: 53: 12156: 9259: 6600: 4589:

Unger, Harlow Giles. Lafayette. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2002, pp. 274.

2644: 2316:, and were officially turned over to the American consul in Hamburg on 4 October. 2184:, King Frederick William II transferred the prisoners east to the citadel at 458:

Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette, Marquis de La Fayette

12302: 12090: 11767: 11762: 11727: 11477: 11081: 11076: 10978: 10901: 10791: 10761: 10120: 9996: 9721: 9667: 9468: 9126: 8671: 8611: 8576: 8566: 7963: 7884: 7812: 7757: 7668: 7637: 7593: 7526: 7485: 7445: 7434: 7404: 6970: 6883: 6813: 6576: 6556: 6499: 6356: 6309: 6288: 6227: 6167: 6083: 6024: 5957: 5928: 5899: 5841: 5820: 5780: 5740: 5681: 4598:

Unger, Harlow Giles. Lafayette. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2002, p. 273.

4547: 4528:

Bokobza, Serge. "Liberty Versus Equality: The Marquis De La Fayette and France."

2972: 2822: 2809: 2716: 2453: 2418: 2379: 2293: 2102: 2053: 1959: 1937: 1770: 1588:, and who had orders to construct fortifications to protect the British ships in 1478: 1410: 1230:

in reconnaissance of British positions in New Jersey; with 300 soldiers, he

1215: 1069: 795: 730: 688: 680: 563: 465: 442: 131: 11947: 6501:

Adopted Son: Washington, Lafayette, and the Friendship that Saved the Revolution

5683:

Adopted Son: Washington, Lafayette, and the Friendship that Saved the Revolution

2950:

Lafayette in Two Worlds: Public Cultures and Identities in an Age of Revolutions

12372: 12314: 12120: 11942: 11722: 11442: 11305: 11300: 11250: 11245: 11065: 10253: 9487: 8722: 8616: 7618: 7450: 7439: 7384: 7359: 6918: 6845: 6798: 6525: 6348: 2989: 2798: 2786: 2754: 2686: 2634: 2590:

The towns and cities that he visited gave him enthusiastic welcomes, including

2564:

on 15 August 1824, accompanied by his son Georges Washington and his secretary

2498: 2494: 2493:, who sat alongside American tourists. Others who visited included philosopher 2224: 2125: 2016: 1995: 1974: 1845: 1402: 1191: 964: 960: 699:" for his accomplishments in the service of both France and the United States. 656:. He was captured by Austrian troops and spent more than five years in prison. 425: 2543:

1824 portrait by Ary Scheffer, now housed in the U.S. House of Representatives

2289:

15 October 1795. The family spent the next two years in confinement together.

931:, the Army of the East's commander. At dinner, both men discussed the ongoing 715:

Michel Louis Christophe Roch Gilbert Paulette du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette

12442: 12386: 12357: 12227: 12045: 11822: 11664: 11560: 11452: 11013: 10956: 9020: 8787: 8772: 8762: 8742: 8691: 8661: 8656: 8591: 8418: 8272: 7678: 7536: 7334: 7172: 6998: 6601:"Lafayette Triumphant: His 1824–1825 Tour and Reception in the United States" 6256: 5712: 3095: 2961: 2860: 2733:

When Lafayette arrived in France, Louis XVIII had been dead about a year and

2674: 2607: 2421:

that opposed Napoleon invaded France and restored the monarchy; the comte de

2188:, where they remained an entire year, from 4 January 1793 to 4 January 1794. 2177: 1754: 1723: 1682: 1589: 1569: 1261: 1203: 945: 799: 470: 301: 265: 121: 11852: 6605: 6237: 6074: 2804: 1749:

an important meeting place for Americans there. Benjamin Franklin, John and

1256:

in the winter of 1777–78, and shared the hardship of his troops. There, the

12393: 12338: 12252: 12207: 12035: 11917: 11709: 10866: 10851: 10821: 9015: 8732: 8712: 8686: 8606: 8413: 8358: 8343: 8189: 8174: 8169: 7698: 7628: 7429: 7414: 7308: 7276: 6714: 6487: 6414: 6366: 6219: 5919: 5811: 5803:

Essays, Historical, and Literary: Scenes and characters in American History

2916: 2502: 2486: 2475: 2460:, Lafayette called for his abdication. Responding to the emperor's brother 2440:, an island in the Tuscan archipelago; seeing an opportunity, he landed at 2394: 2363: 2281: 2262: 2204: 1711: 1694: 1581: 1485: 1469: 1378: 1270: 1257: 1253: 1246: 1245:

John Ward Dunsmore's 1907 depiction of Lafayette (right) and Washington at

1223: 1195: 1161: 1126: 940: 856: 672: 637: 383: 147: 6452: 6395: 5948: 5887: 5870: 5731: 1669:

and their establishment as tenant farmers in a 1783 letter to Washington,

538:), was a French nobleman and military officer who volunteered to join the 12247: 12105: 11995: 11772: 11742: 10891: 10211: 10004: 8782: 8737: 8641: 8561: 8448: 7848: 7843: 2993: 2977: 2599: 2426: 2343: 1035:

in the Basque Country, Spain commemorating La Fayette's departure in 1777

976: 968: 787: 742: 633: 315: 43: 12345: 5843:

Statue in Search of a Pedestal: a Biography of the Marquis de La Fayette

5762:

La Marine de Louis XVI: Nomenclature des Navires Français de 1774 à 1792

2689:. He also took some soil from Bunker Hill to be sprinkled on his grave. 2625:

in which no presidential candidate was able to secure a majority of the

12151: 11990: 11606: 10961: 9436: 8942: 8707: 8621: 8489: 7501: 7460: 7240: 5536: 4533: 3049:

175th anniversary of Lafayette's arrival in America in 1777, 1952 issue

2678: 2665: 2615: 2611: 2603: 2330: 2164: 1962:

whose intention was to provide balance to the influence of the radical

1891:

On 15 July, Lafayette was acclaimed commander-in-chief of the Parisian

1883:

Lafayette's saber as general of the Garde nationale, on display at the

1730:, some of whom he had met in 1778. He received an honorary degree from 1657:, a French abolitionist group which advocated for the abolition of the 1622: 1363: 1222:, and received command of the division previously led by Major General 1057: 1000: 833: 11858: 6062: 4387: 2707:

in honor of the battle where he shed his blood for the United States.

2681:

to Albany, considered a modern marvel. He laid the cornerstone of the

2265:, who acquired an assistant, a South Carolinian medical student named 1584:, stationing artillery surrounding the British, who were close to the 1350:

The French fleet arrived at Delaware Bay on 8 July 1778 under Admiral

1166: 955: 11985: 11631: 11542: 11125: 10494: 8819: 7578: 7424: 7099:

Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution

6146: 5880:

Lafayette: Between the American and the French Revolution (1783–1789)

3194:

His full name is rarely used; instead he is often referred to as the

3171:

Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution

2661: 2539: 2513: 2324: 2235: 2185: 2181: 2044: 1766: 1600:. On 14 October, Lafayette's 400 men on the American right took 1554: 1391: 980: 753: 718: 582: 9202: 6543: 5822:

For Liberty and Glory: Washington, La Fayette, and Their Revolutions

4163:

Lafayette Between the American and the French Revolution (1783–1789)

3073:

200th anniversary of Lafayette's arrival, 1977 issue as part of the

2907:

Throughout his life, Lafayette was an exponent of the ideals of the

2203:. Lafayette and his companions were initially sent to Neisse (today 2176:, where the Frenchmen remained in verminous individual cells in the 1642:. He worked on a combined French and Spanish expedition against the 12333: 12328: 12267: 12146: 12020: 10786: 8752: 7409: 7062: 5930:

The Revolutionary War and the Military History of the United States

5528: 2582: 2555: 2297: 2196: 2160: 1727: 1618: 1617:

advisor to America's envoys in Europe, Benjamin Franklin in Paris,

1369: 1137:, who by letter urged Congress to accommodate the young Frenchman. 1077: 1065: 1048: 1016: 818: 810: 660: 9330: 2637:

shook hands with Adams at the White House as Lafayette looked on.

2120:, which warned that Paris would be destroyed by the Austrians and 2085:

on 30 June 1791, received command of one of the three armies, the

1299: 1206:, and attempted to rally the unit to face the attack. British and 7455: 5863:

Lady-in-waiting; the Romance of Lafayette and Aglaé de Hunolstein

2517: 2305: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2121: 1863: 1678: 1601: 917: 675:

invited him to the United States as the nation's guest, where he

12614:

Peace commissioners of the French Provisional Government of 1815

6460:

Wright, Esmond (October 1957). "Lafayette: Hero of two worlds".

5437:

Political Justice in a Republic: James Fenimore Cooper's America

2606:

to meet with his old friend Jefferson—and Jefferson's successor

1907:. The king came onto the balcony and the crowd started chanting 6570:

The Marquis de Lafayette collection, Cleveland State University

3283:

Carlier Jeannie, Lafayette, Héros des deux Mondes, Payot, 1988.

3214:. Other historians differ on the spelling of Lafayette's name: 2610:, who arrived unexpectedly. He had also dined with 89-year-old 2594:, the first city named in his honor. He visited the capital in 2441: 2313: 2285: 1323: 1073: 1032: 555: 11401:

François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt

6169:

Emblem of Liberty: The Image of Lafayette in the American Mind

923:

In 1775, Lafayette took part in his unit's annual training in

12584:

Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Bourbon Restoration

11335: 6290:

George Washington and Benedict Arnold: A Tale of Two Patriots

6081: 6026:

A Necessary Evil?: Slavery and the Debate of the Constitution

4160: 2445: 2173: 2172:

custody. The party traveled to the Prussian fortress-city of

2098: 2081:(today's Belgium) began. Lafayette, who had been promoted to 1922:, which led to the production of the Procédure Criminelle by 1405:, with himself to have a major command in the French forces. 489: 117: 6229:

Memoirs, Correspondence and Manuscripts of General Lafayette

2425:(brother of the executed Louis XVI) took the throne as 2039:

with Lafayette ordering his troops to fire on the protesters

1646:

in 1782, as no formal peace treaty had yet been signed. The

1409:

was now France's ally against Britain and sent ships to the

794:

in 1429. According to legend, another ancestor acquired the

679:

in the union and met a rapturous reception. During France's

12574:

Members of the 2nd Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy

12569:

Members of the 1st Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy

12514:

French military personnel of the American Revolutionary War

6655: 6311:

Marquis de Lafayette:French Hero of the American Revolution

6125: 5668: 2778: 2437: 1825: 1781: 1638:, skipping numerous ranks, and he was made a Knight of the 1484:

Lafayette spent the first part of the winter of 1780–81 in

1043:

lacked funds for his voyage, so he bought the sailing ship

924: 901: 501: 495: 81:

Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette

12519:

French military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars

11375: 2685:

in Massachusetts in June 1825 after hearing an oration by

1726:

in New York to participate in peace negotiations with the

1280: 1273:

to the American side. The Oneida referred to Lafayette as

1110:

An illustration of the Marquis de Lafayette first meeting

11215: 7604:

Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms

6535:

Works by or about Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette

6127:

Lafayette:Lessons in Leadership from the Idealist General

3669:"From Geo. Washington to Benj. Harrison, August 19, 1777" 1331:

by Michel Capitaine du Chesnoy, aide-de-camp to Lafayette

1307:

by Michel Capitaine du Chesnoy, aide-de-camp to Lafayette

632:, which was authored primarily by Jefferson, and invoked 516: 2817:

d'Anjou-Saint-Honoré in Paris (now 8 rue d'Anjou in the

2093:, when the routed French troops dragged their commander 1549:

Lafayette evaded Cornwallis' attempts to capture him in

569:

Lafayette was born into a wealthy land-owning family in

6594:

The Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries

6582:

Lafayette College, The Marquis de Lafayette Collections

5981:

George Washington and Slavery – A Documentary Portrayal

5738: 3061:

200th anniversary of the birth of Lafayette, 1957 issue

1969:

Lafayette helped organize and lead the assembly at the

1151: 1047:

with his own money for 112,000 pounds. He journeyed to

900:

Statue of Lafayette in front of the Governor Palace in

7215: 6347: 6063:

La Fayette Villaume Ducoudray Holstein, Henri (1824).

5704:

Recollections of the Private Life of General Lafayette

5700: 3008:

Marc Leepson concluded his study of Lafayette's life:

2535:

Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States

1958:

instituted a political club on 12 May 1790 called the

1856:

surround Paris. On 14 July, the fortress known as the

963:

print of Lafayette (center) being introduced by Baron

608:

Lafayette returned to France and was appointed to the

12594:

Members of the National Constituent Assembly (France)

6251:. Vol. I. Anne Cary Morris. C. Scribner's Sons. 528: 519: 510: 492: 483: 12479:

Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

12131:

List of people associated with the French Revolution

6587:

Marquis de Lafayette Collection, Library of Congress

6377:

The Marquis de La Fayette in the American Revolution

3085: 1339:

in central New Jersey. Washington appointed General

513: 504: 486: 12363:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

9453:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

6777:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

6671:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

6592:Martha Joanna Lamb, Lafayette letters from prison, 6565:

The Cornell University Library Lafayette Collection

4177:

JFK Slipped on Historical Data In Churchill Tribute

2998:

Histoire et dictionnaire de la Révolution française

2856:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

2673:. From there, he went generally northeast, viewing 2374:that made Bonaparte consul for life. A seat in the 2144:Lafayette was taken prisoner by the Austrians near 1842:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

1802:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

622:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

498: 12589:Members of the Chamber of Representatives (France) 6265: 6207: 6001: 5978: 5647: 5434: 5361:. George Washington's Mount Vernon. Archived from 2528: 1769:in France had endured since the revocation of the 1362:, but he refused and sought to defeat the British 648:, he was appointed commander-in-chief of France's 12599:Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars 6904:List of places named for the Marquis de Lafayette 6082:de La Fuye, Maurice; Émile Albert Babeau (1956). 5894: 4156: 4154: 3312: 3310: 3146:List of places named for the Marquis de Lafayette 2077:on 20 April 1792, and preparations to invade the 1354:, with whom General Washington planned to attack 628:'s assistance. This document was inspired by the 12440: 11289:Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen 6526:Works by Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette 6210:Adrienne, the Life of the Marquise de La Fayette 5459: 5249: 4241:Adrienne: The Life of the Marquise de La Fayette 4165:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 146–147. 2881:Honors and memorials to the Marquis de Lafayette 2296:French government. A young, victorious general, 469:; 6 September 1757 – 20 May 1834), known in the 6610:, 30 November 1813 From the Collections at the 5252:"On Bunker Hill, a boost in La Fayette profile" 4628: 3554:"Motier, Mario Pablo José Roque Ibo Gilbert de" 1947:, 14 July 1790; French School, 18th century at 1804:", proposed to the Estates-General by Lafayette 1252:Lafayette stayed at Washington's encampment at 721:, and Marie Louise Jolie de La Rivière, at the 9331:Significant civil and political events by year 9052:Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War 7202: 6546:, site of the French Society of the Cincinnati 5387:Colored Americans in the Wars of 1776 and 1812 4151: 3981: 3979: 3529:"Siguiendo la estela del marqués de Lafayette" 3307: 2656:Lafayette visited General Jackson at his home 2633:as president; that evening, runner-up General 1985:Lafayette as a lieutenant general in 1791, by 1864:National Guard, Versailles, and Day of Daggers 1808:On 29 December 1786, King Louis XVI called an 929:Charles François de Broglie, Marquis of Ruffec 12579:Members of the American Philosophical Society 9218: 7188: 6641: 6361:. Vol. 1 (3 ed.). Richard Bentley. 5086: 5084: 4610: 4532:83, no. 1 (2009): 118. Accessed 18 May 2021. 3960: 3958: 3956: 2325:conflict between the United States and France 1232:defeated a numerically superior Hessian force 1194:rather than approaching the city through the 1170:Lafayette wounded at the Battle of Brandywine 904:, where he decided to join the American cause 12384: 12343: 12319: 12300: 11284:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick 4191: 4189: 3513: 3511: 2964:and the sectional conflict resulting in the 1872:Lafayette at the balcony of Versailles with 1545:A map of key sites in the Battle of Yorktown 1264:, asked Lafayette to prepare an invasion of 48:A portrait of Lafayette in the uniform of a 12534:French prisoners of war in the 18th century 9971: 8165:Washington's crossing of the Delaware River 6085:The Apostle of Liberty: A Life of Lafayette 4420: 3976: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3573: 1450: 667:of 1814, he became a liberal member of the 11488:Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth 9225: 9211: 9042:African Americans in the Revolutionary War 7296:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness 7195: 7181: 6648: 6634: 6268:A Concise History of the French Revolution 6248:The Diary and Letters of Gouverneur Morris 6048:. The University of North Carolina Press. 5976: 5877: 5860: 5441:. University of California Press. p. 5432: 5081: 4438: 4332: 4330: 3953: 3352: 3350: 3206:says that Lafayette spelled his name both 3190: 3188: 2725:Lafayette and duc d'Orléans on balcony of 2026: 1182:, on 11 September 1777. British commander 873:Jean-Paul-François de Noailles, Duc d'Ayen 713:Lafayette was born on 6 September 1757 to 42: 11753:Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau 11411:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau 11234:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany 6402: 6232:. Vol. 3. Saunders and Otley. 1837. 6144: 5959:George Washington: Biographical Companion 5785:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. 5759: 5739:Crowdy, Terry; Patrice Courcelle (2004). 5355:"Marquis de Lafayette's Plan for Slavery" 5337:Lafayette College – Lafayette and Slavery 5311:"Declaration of the Rights of Man – 1789" 5209: 5207: 4186: 4142:Churchill Acceptance 'Honors Us Far More' 3609: 3607: 3508: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3300: 3298: 2821:). He was buried next to his wife at the 1429:that brought Lafayette to America in 1780 630:United States Declaration of Independence 27:French general and politician (1757–1834) 12634:People of the War of the First Coalition 12185: 9469:Nationalization of the Church properties 6328: 6165: 6022: 5999: 5955: 5719: 5701:Cloquet, Jules; Isaiah Townsend (1835). 5619: 5617: 5152: 5150: 4546:Thiers, Marie Joseph L. Adolphe (1845). 4355: 4353: 4351: 4169: 3582: 3499: 3230:, similar to his ancestor, the novelist 2884: 2803: 2764: 2760: 2720: 2643: 2614:, the other living former president, at 2581: 2538: 2456:. There, after Napoleon's defeat at the 2353: 2329: 2271: 2135: 2030: 1980: 1936: 1878: 1867: 1795: 1782:Assembly of Notables and Estates-General 1687: 1540: 1526: 1456:had a joyous reunion with Washington at 1420: 1368: 1322: 1298: 1240: 1165: 1105: 1102:France in the American Revolutionary War 1026: 1010: 1006: 954: 895: 886: 762: 747: 581:cause was noble, and he traveled to the 180: 12539:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette 12414:Historiography of the French Revolution 11685:Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville 11396:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette 7139:Michel du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette 7091:Lafayette in the Somewhat United States 6831:1824–25 Grand Tour of the United States 6657:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette 6492:Lafayette in the Somewhat United States 6205: 6123: 5782:Oxford history of the French Revolution 5742:French Revolutionary Infantry 1789–1802 5510: 5243: 4714: 4712: 4327: 4134: 3347: 3185: 2516:plots, and agreed to go to the city of 1447:, arriving in Boston on 27 April 1780. 1281:Barren Hill, Monmouth, and Rhode Island 558:, Lafayette became a key figure in the 466:[ʒilbɛʁdymɔtjemaʁkid(ə)lafajɛt] 14: 12441: 11421:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 11376:Other significant figures and factions 9047:Dogs in the American Revolutionary War 6459: 6440: 6333:. University of South Carolina Press. 6286: 6244: 6186: 6043: 5926: 5839: 5818: 5598: 5596: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5359:George Washington Digital Encyclopedia 5299:from the original on 26 November 2022. 5204: 5120: 4642: 4640: 4545: 4161:Gottschalk, Louis Reichenthal (1950). 4114: 3604: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3340: 3338: 3319: 3295: 3277: 3234:; however, his immediate family wrote 2412: 1481:abandoning them for the British side. 1121:Upon his arrival, Lafayette met Major 1091: 12649:Continental Army officers from France 12639:Politicians from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 12484:Founding Fathers of the United States 12459:19th-century heads of state of France 12289: 12184: 11468:François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy 11374: 11224:James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez 11163:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 11121:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth 10724: 9970: 9601:Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary 9329: 9232: 9206: 8959: 8884: 8812: 8383: 7719: 7553:Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania 7214: 7176: 6629: 6497: 6421: 6373: 6307: 6263: 5799: 5778: 5679: 5645: 5614: 5321:from the original on 10 January 2024. 5147: 4393: 4348: 4078: 3526: 2749:On 25 July 1830, the king signed the 2710: 2068: 2005: 1848:(who was seen as a reformer), lawyer 1611: 1495:After the Continental victory at the 464: 176: 11622:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux 11034:Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno 10725: 9821:Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III 9162:Daughters of the American Revolution 8960: 7512:Declaration of Rights and Grievances 6358:The History of the French Revolution 6102: 6066:Memoirs of Gilbert Motier La Fayette 5669:An Officer in the Late Army (1858). 5383: 4709: 4682: 4664: 4549:The history of the French revolution 4534:http://www.jstor.org/stable/25613910 2368:French minister to the United States 2148:when another former French officer, 1776: 1655:Society of the Friends of the Blacks 1507:to link up with troops commanded by 1152:Brandywine, Valley Forge, and Albany 847:. The boy was sent to school at the 640:, in keeping with the philosophy of 255:(1771–1777, 1781–1791, 1814/15–1830) 12559:Liberal Party (Bourbon Restoration) 12549:Knights of the Order of Saint Louis 12494:French anti–death penalty activists 12290: 11229:Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth 9157:Children of the American Revolution 9037:Timeline of the American Revolution 6482:The Marquis: Lafayette Reconsidered 5650:The Paris Years of Thomas Jefferson 5593: 5403: 4637: 4388:https://www.jstor.org/stable/286325 3643: 3527:Murga, Aitziber (3 February 2020). 3359: 3335: 2838:Lafayette was a firm believer in a 2797:. The king forcefully crushed this 2201:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 1385: 1343:to lead the attacking force at the 1023:set sail to Pasaia on 25 March 1777 659:Lafayette returned to France after 620:was formed, he helped to write the 24: 12419:Influence of the French Revolution 12409:Symbolism in the French Revolution 11173:Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen 11134:Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc 9389:Convocation of the Estates General 7818:European allies of King George III 7674:British credit crisis of 1772–1773 7609:Committee of Secret Correspondence 7271:No taxation without representation 6958:Lafayette Square Historic District 6948:Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C. 6474: 6109:(Kindle ed.). Da Capo Press. 5723:Madame de Lafayette and Her Family 4481:10.1111/j.1540-6563.2001.tb01934.x 4475:63, no. 3 (Spring 2001): 505–520. 4197:"Lafayette: Citizen of Two Worlds" 2215:, in the fortress-city of Olmütz, 1190:by moving troops south by ship to 1174:Lafayette first saw combat at the 891: 786:, had been a companion-at-arms of 25: 12660: 12564:Mayors of places in Île-de-France 12061:Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes 11793:Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville 11095:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen 10877:François Christophe de Kellermann 10116:Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees) 9184:Museum of the American Revolution 6519: 6504:. Random House Publishing Group. 6151:. Alan Hoffman. Lafayette Press. 5720:Crawford, Mary MacDermot (1907). 5250:Kathleen McKenna (10 June 2007). 2911:, especially on human rights and 2002:where he planned to attend Mass. 11788:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai 11695:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours 11665:Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot 11556:Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière 11334: 11299: 11269: 11244: 11201: 11075: 10952:Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise 10733: 9505:Civil Constitution of the Clergy 9072:Continental Currency dollar coin 9057:Women in the American Revolution 7133:Georges Washington de La Fayette 6680: 6621:University of Maryland Libraries 6544:Société des Cincinnati de France 6447:. Holt, Rhinehart, and Winston. 5985:. University of Missouri Press. 5626: 5605: 5584: 5564: 5555: 5546: 5504: 5495: 5486: 5477: 5468: 5426: 5417: 5394: 5377: 5347: 5325: 5303: 5281: 5272: 5234: 5225: 5216: 5195: 5186: 5177: 5168: 5159: 5138: 5129: 5111: 5102: 5093: 5072: 5063: 5054: 5045: 5036: 5027: 5018: 5009: 5000: 4991: 4982: 4973: 4964: 4955: 4946: 4937: 4928: 4919: 4910: 4901: 4892: 4883: 4874: 4865: 4856: 4847: 4838: 4829: 4820: 4811: 4802: 4793: 4784: 4775: 4766: 4757: 4748: 4739: 4730: 4721: 4700: 4691: 4673: 4658: 4649: 4619: 4601: 4592: 4583: 4574: 4565: 4556: 4539: 4522: 4513: 4504: 4495: 4486: 4465: 4456: 4447: 4429: 4411: 4402: 4380: 4371: 4362: 4339: 4318: 4309: 4300: 3257: 3130: 3116: 3102: 3088: 3066: 3054: 3042: 3019: 2939: 2854:Lafayette was the author of the 1949:Musée de la Révolution française 983:and his foreign minister, Comte 479: 295: 283: 271: 258: 245: 215: 12629:People of the French Revolution 12126:Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil 11873:Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne 11798:Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas 11009:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier 11004:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer 10984:Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon 10812:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine 9730:Marie Antoinette is guillotined 9167:Sons of the American Revolution 7024:Lafayette (We Hear You Calling) 6106:General and Madame de Lafayette 5927:Greene, Francis Vinton (1911). 5882:. University of Chicago Press. 5511:Chinard, Gilbert (June 1936). " 4291: 4282: 4273: 4264: 4255: 4246: 4233: 4224: 4215: 4122:"Lafayette, Citizen of America" 4105: 4096: 4087: 4069: 4060: 4051: 4042: 4033: 4024: 4015: 4006: 3997: 3988: 3967: 3944: 3935: 3926: 3917: 3908: 3899: 3890: 3881: 3872: 3863: 3854: 3845: 3836: 3827: 3818: 3809: 3800: 3791: 3782: 3773: 3764: 3755: 3746: 3737: 3728: 3719: 3710: 3701: 3692: 3683: 3661: 3652: 3634: 3625: 3616: 3564: 3546: 3520: 3490: 3481: 3472: 3463: 3454: 3445: 3436: 3427: 3418: 3409: 3400: 3391: 3382: 3373: 3241: 2948:interview with Lloyd Kramer on 2548:passage on the merchant packet 2529:Grand tour of the United States 2508:During the first decade of the 2154:Frederick William II of Prussia 1714:on 17 August. He addressed the 1665:. He urged the emancipation of 1441:for America aboard the frigate 817:; upon his death, the title of 172: 12399:Women in the French Revolution 12001:Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien 11178:Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló 10842:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino 10471:French invasion of Switzerland 9067:Continental currency banknotes 8155:Staten Island Peace Conference 6314:. The Rosen Publishing Group. 5646:Adams, William Howard (1997). 5638: 3286: 2808:The grave of Lafayette in the 2193:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1924:Jean-Baptiste-Charles Chabroud 1490:American Philosophical Society 821:passed to his brother Michel. 809:, or "Black Musketeers", King 13: 1: 12404:Incroyables and merveilleuses 12223:Pierre Claude François Daunou 12011:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé 11142:Maximilian Baillet de Latour 11113:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze 10410:Naval Engagement off Brittany 10163:Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies 10137:Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees) 9946:Constitution of the Year VIII 9681:Committee of General Security 9566:National Legislative Assembly 9421:National Constituent Assembly 8885: 7861:German supporters of Congress 7559:Massachusetts Circular Letter 7066:(1997 documentary miniseries) 6550:French Founding Father at the 6287:Palmer, Dave Richard (2006). 5764:(in French). Éditions Ancre. 4230:Gaines, pp. 198–199, 204, 206 3558:Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia 3271: 3166:of 1779, currently in service 2874: 2562:Lafayette arrived at New York 2389:the Emperor Napoleon after a 1942:The oath of Lafayette at the 702: 618:National Constituent Assembly 61: 12322:Liberté, égalité, fraternité 12116:Charles Alexandre de Calonne 12006:Louis Henri, Prince of Condé 11903:Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte 11803:Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier 11493:Charles Malo François Lameth 11168:Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich 10999:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr 10942:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey 10142:Second Battle of Wissembourg 9829:Constitution of the Year III 7542:Committees of correspondence 6924:Lafayette Hill, Pennsylvania 6909:Fayetteville, North Carolina 6873:Château de la Grange-Bléneau 6422:Unger, Harlow Giles (2002). 6331:Lafayette: Prisoner of State 6272:. Rowman & Littlefield. 6029:. Rowman & Littlefield. 6004:Lafayette, Man in the Middle 5846:. Dodd, Mead & Company. 5433:McWilliams, John P. (1972). 5390:. Philadelphia: H T Kealing. 5213:Clary, pp. 443–445, 447, 448 3252:General Assembly of Maryland 3226:. Contemporaries often used 3005:muster in the early 1790s". 2892:Château de la Grange-Bléneau 2592:Fayetteville, North Carolina 2334:Château de la Grange-Bléneau 2234:, United States minister in 1693:Lafayette and Washington at 1594:Battle of the Virginia Capes 1560:On 4 July, the British left 1416:Georges Washington Lafayette 1318:Lafayette Hill, Pennsylvania 1144:, commander in chief of the 815:War of the Polish Succession 695:. He is sometimes known as " 227:The Hero of the Two Worlds ( 7: 12218:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb 11843:Antoine Christophe Saliceti 11778:Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois 11738:Louis Antoine de Saint-Just 11617:Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet 11602:Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve 11597:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud 11406:Isaac René Guy le Chapelier 11259:William V, Prince of Orange 10129:First Battle of Wissembourg 10086:(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793) 9802:Closing of the Jacobin Club 9671:(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794) 9628:(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795) 9488:Abolition of the Parlements 9461:Women's March on Versailles 9179:Charters of Freedom Rotunda 8384: 8210:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 8195:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781 7969:Capture of Fort Ticonderoga 7624:Declaration of Independence 7589:Second Continental Congress 6782:Women's March on Versailles 6560:New-York Historical Society 6380:. J.B. Lippincott Company. 6374:Tower, Charlemagne (1894). 6245:Morris, Gouverneur (1888). 5933:. Charles Scribner's Sons. 5572:"U.S. honors an old friend" 4853:Spalding, pp. 66–69, 84–124 3081: 2819:8th arrondissement of Paris 2131: 1716:Virginia House of Delegates 1521:the Chevalier de la Luzerne 1435:Jean-Baptiste de Rochambeau 1131:Second Continental Congress 1039:Lafayette learned that the 933:revolt against British rule 354:Lieutenant Général (France) 10: 12665: 12644:University of Paris alumni 12464:Burials at Picpus Cemetery 12353:French Republican calendar 11908:Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel 11533:Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac 10887:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos 10837:Charles François Dumouriez 10827:Jacques François Dugommier 10641:League of Armed Neutrality 10474:(28 January – 17 May 1798) 10426:Battle of the Bay of Cádiz 10249:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) 10228:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795) 9892:Second Congress of Rastatt 9676:Committee of Public Safety 9663:(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795) 9062:Financial costs of the war 7569:First Continental Congress 7420:Royal Proclamation of 1763 7365:Second Rockingham ministry 7204:American Revolutionary War 7018:1825 Samuel Morse painting 6809:War of the First Coalition 6441:Wright, Constance (1959). 6403:Tuckerman, Bayard (1889). 6329:Spalding, Paul S. (2010). 6145:Levasseur, August (2006). 5977:Hirschfeld, Fritz (1997). 5901:Lafayette Comes to America 5878:Gottschalk, Louis (1950). 5861:Gottschalk, Louis (1939). 5513:Lafayette Comes to America 4201:Cornell University Library 3631:Unger, loc. 864, 1023–1053 2878: 2833: 2714: 2664:. He was traveling up the 2532: 2450:Chamber of Representatives 2150:Jean-Xavier Bureau de Pusy 1785: 1564:and prepared to cross the 1530: 1501:Province of South Carolina 1284: 1155: 1095: 1086:Georgetown, South Carolina 752:Lafayette's birthplace in 706: 697:The Hero of the Two Worlds 691:in Paris, under soil from 548:American Revolutionary War 438:War of the First Coalition 369:American Revolutionary War 12554:Legion of Honour refusals 12474:Continental Army generals 12368:Cult of the Supreme Being 12296: 12285: 12191: 12180: 12139: 11973: 11966: 11851: 11708: 11630: 11541: 11528:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard 11434: 11383:Patriotic Society of 1789 11381: 11370: 11332: 11297: 11267: 11242: 11199: 11186:Karl Philipp Sebottendorf 11108:Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg 11073: 11064: 11042: 10747: 10731: 10720: 10689: 10652: 10625:Convention of Alessandria 10607: 10514: 10461: 10392: 10262: 10236: 10153: 10050: 9977: 9966: 9922: 9911:Law of 22 Floréal Year VI 9903: 9876: 9813: 9749: 9644: 9577: 9526: 9480: 9372:What Is the Third Estate? 9363: 9336: 9325: 9240: 9029: 8998: 8974: 8970: 8955: 8916:Constitutional Convention 8896:Society of the Cincinnati 8891: 8880: 8805: 8700: 8544: 8537: 8482: 8401: 8394: 8390: 8379: 8336: 8258: 8244: 8218: 8185:Carlisle Peace Commission 8147: 8019:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga 7948: 7873: 7826: 7793: 7756: 7749: 7745: 7715: 7684:Hutchinson letters affair 7651: 7634:Articles of Confederation 7494: 7481:Proclamation of Rebellion 7393: 7345:First Rockingham ministry 7322: 7289:All men are created equal 7228: 7224: 7210: 7161:Honorary U.S. citizenship 7148: 7117: 7010: 6892: 6859: 6823: 6753: 6689: 6678: 6663: 6575:10 September 2015 at the 6494:(Riverhead, 2015). Print. 6426:. John Wiley & Sons. 6189:The Philadelphia Campaign 5819:Gaines, James R. (2007). 5760:Demerliac, Alain (2004). 5654:. Yale University Press. 5517:Journal of Modern History 3517:Demerliac, p. 190 no 1887 3160:(2014), a replica of the 2938: 2933: 2890:Lafayette in the Park of 2770:Mort du général Lafayette 2751:Ordinances of Saint-Cloud 1720:Articles of Confederation 1180:Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania 591:Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania 451: 361: 344: 334: 308: 240: 235: 223: 211: 201: 190: 154: 138: 127: 107: 76: 71: 41: 34: 12076:Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target 12041:Joséphine de Beauharnais 11923:Stanislas-Marie Maillard 11893:François-Nicolas Vincent 11878:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette 11052:Charles-Alexandre Linois 10947:Jean Victor Marie Moreau 10927:François Séverin Marceau 10907:François Joseph Lefebvre 10802:Jean-Étienne Championnet 10777:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 10772:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte 10767:Alexandre de Beauharnais 10757:Eustache Charles d'Aoust 10479:French Invasion of Egypt 10357:Second Battle of Bassano 10091:Battle of Kaiserslautern 9865:Conspiracy of the Equals 9558:The Constitution of 1791 9429:Storming of the Bastille 8180:Entry of France into war 7795:Kingdom of Great Britain 7074:(2002 television series) 6982:Lafayette College statue 6745:Franco-American alliance 6498:Clary, David A. (2007). 6000:Holbrook, Sabra (1977). 5956:Grizzard, Frank (2002). 5840:Gerson, Noel B. (1976). 5825:. W.W. Norton & Co. 5384:Nell, William C (1902). 3292:Gottschalk, pp. 153–154. 3178: 2791:Jean Maximilien Lamarque 2618:, his home near Boston. 2366:offered him the post of 2251:Angelica Schuyler Church 1701:Thomas Prichard Rossiter 1451:Second voyage to America 1401:Lafayette pushed for an 1098:Franco-American alliance 877:Marie Adrienne Françoise 780:Gilbert de Lafayette III 769:Marie Adrienne Francoise 646:storming of the Bastille 229:Le Héros des Deux Mondes 12624:People from Haute-Loire 12604:Musketeers of the Guard 12056:Jacques-Donatien Le Ray 11928:Charles-Philippe Ronsin 11888:Antoine-François Momoro 11883:Charles-Philippe Ronsin 11700:François de Neufchâteau 11650:Charles-François Lebrun 11592:Jean Baptiste Treilhard 11473:Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas 11349:Luis Firmin de Carvajal 11155:Rudolf Ritter von Otto 11150:Karl Mack von Leiberich 10782:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 10596:Second Battle of Zurich 10487:Irish Rebellion of 1798 10333:First Battle of Bassano 10171:Second Battle of Boulou 9972:Revolutionary campaigns 9930:Coup of 30 Prairial VII 9845:Council of Five Hundred 9633:First republic declared 9569:(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792) 9550:Declaration of Pillnitz 9274:Constitutional monarchy 8911:Ratification Day (1784) 8236:Second Anglo-Mysore War 7920:Northern after Saratoga 7900:New York and New Jersey 7574:Continental Association 7471:Conciliatory Resolution 7330:Pitt–Newcastle ministry 7303:Consent of the governed 7047:La Révolution française 6772:National Guard (France) 6767:Estates General of 1789 6617:Lafayette Family papers 6607:Thomas Jefferson Letter 6484:(Vintage, 2014). Print. 6308:Payan, Gregory (2002). 6206:Maurois, André (1961). 6166:Loveland, Anne (1971). 6046:Lafayette in Two Worlds 6023:Kaminsky, John (2005). 5865:. Johns Hopkins Press. 5779:Doyle, William (1990). 5707:. Baldwin and Cradock. 5542:(subscription required) 5268:(subscription required) 4130:(subscription required) 3034:, honors Lafayette and 3028:Lafayette silver dollar 2859:tenants on the land of 2840:constitutional monarchy 2385:In 1804, Bonaparte was 2027:Champs de Mars massacre 1792:Estates-General of 1789 1414:Adrienne gave birth to 1396:William Temple Franklin 1238:, on 24 November 1777. 614:Estates General of 1789 326:National Guard (France) 12385: 12344: 12320: 12301: 11813:Prieur de la Côte-d'Or 11808:Jean-Pierre-André Amar 11718:Maximilien Robespierre 11551:Jacques Pierre Brissot 11416:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès 10847:Louis-Charles de Flers 10832:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas 10797:Jean François Carteaux 10572:First Battle of Zurich 10535:(20 Mar – 21 May 1799) 10490:(23 May – 23 Sep 1798) 10450:Treaty of Campo Formio 10196:Glorious First of June 10124:(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793) 10083:Expedition to Sardinia 9761:Desmoulins guillotined 9696:Assassination of Marat 9688:Fall of the Girondists 9660:Revolutionary Tribunal 9652:Execution of Louis XVI 9542:Champ de Mars massacre 9445:Abolition of Feudalism 9172:Sons of the Revolution 8901:Treaty of Paris (1783) 8231:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War 8226:Cherokee–American wars 7839:Franco-American Treaty 7694:Philadelphia Tea Party 7664:Treaty of Paris (1763) 7643:Confederation Congress 7236:American Enlightenment 7127:Adrienne de La Fayette 6804:Champ de Mars massacre 6735:Battle of Green Spring 6725:Battle of Rhode Island 6555:6 October 2007 at the 6293:. Regnery Publishing. 6264:Neely, Sylvia (2008). 6187:Martin, David (2003). 6130:. Palgrave Macmillan. 6124:Leepson, Marc (2011). 6044:Kramer, Lloyd (1996). 5515:by Louis Gottschalk". 5289:"Marquis De Lafayette" 4120:Speare, Morris Edmund 3015: 2904: 2897:Louise-Adéone Drölling 2849:Maximilien Robespierre 2813: 2773: 2730: 2653: 2587: 2571:New York, Boston, and 2544: 2471: 2335: 2302:Treaty of Campo Formio 2277: 2163:, then transferred to 2159:Lafayette was held at 2141: 2040: 2037:Champ de Mars massacre 2021:Maximilien Robespierre 1990: 1951: 1888: 1876: 1814:France's fiscal crisis 1805: 1707: 1685:to house the project. 1575:Battle of Green Spring 1546: 1458:Morristown, New Jersey 1430: 1374: 1332: 1308: 1295:Battle of Rhode Island 1249: 1226:. He assisted General 1171: 1118: 1036: 1024: 971: 905: 771: 760: 595:Battle of Rhode Island 579:American revolutionary 431:Champ de Mars massacre 404:Battle of Green Spring 394:Battle of Rhode Island 12258:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 11523:Jean-Charles Pichegru 11503:Jean-François Rewbell 10989:Jean-Charles Pichegru 10872:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 10862:Jacques Maurice Hatry 10633:Battle of Hohenlinden 10506:(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798) 10341:Battle of Emmendingen 10288:Battle of Castiglione 10175:(30 Apr – 1 May 1794) 10106:Battle of Hondschoote 9777:Thermidorian Reaction 9741:(throughout the year) 9514:Fête de la Fédération 9440:(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789) 9424:(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791) 9408:(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790) 9117:Washington's Birthday 8922:The Federalist Papers 8906:Evacuation Day (1783) 7959:Lexington and Concord 7659:French and Indian War 7599:Olive Branch Petition 6869:(birthplace and home) 6793:Fête de la Fédération 6720:Battle of Barren Hill 5745:. Osprey Publishing. 5680:Clary, David (2007). 5675:. J. & H. Miller. 5552:Loveland, pp. 154–157 5231:Unger, loc. 9301–9393 5222:Unger, loc. 8117–8295 5144:Unger, loc. 8008–8069 5135:Unger, loc. 8006–8038 5108:Unger, loc. 7961–7990 5099:Unger, loc. 7904–7968 5078:Unger, loc. 7913–7937 5069:Unger, loc. 7840–7868 5051:Unger, loc. 7791–7819 5024:Unger, loc. 7737–7753 4997:Unger, loc. 7695–7720 4988:Unger, loc. 7664–7695 4925:Unger, loc. 7403–7435 4916:Unger, loc. 7309–7403 4907:Unger, loc. 7151–7309 4898:Spalding, pp. 173–227 4880:Spalding, pp. 140–156 4808:Unger, loc. 6460–6475 4270:Unger, loc. 4963–4978 4252:Unger, loc. 4710–4766 4175:Folliard, Edward T. " 4140:Cornell, Douglas B. " 4066:Unger, loc. 3824–3840 4021:Unger, loc. 3714–3730 4003:Unger, loc. 3526–3585 3950:Unger, loc. 3033–3134 3941:Unger, loc. 2982–3011 3196:Marquis de La Fayette 3010: 2922:James Fenimore Cooper 2888: 2879:Further information: 2869:mayor of Philadelphia 2807: 2772:by Gondelfinger, 1834 2768: 2761:Final years and death 2727:Hôtel de Ville, Paris 2724: 2647: 2585: 2542: 2466: 2397:addresses. After the 2354:Retreat from politics 2333: 2275: 2267:Francis Kinloch Huger 2263:Justus Erich Bollmann 2139: 2034: 1984: 1971:Fête de la Fédération 1944:Fête de la Fédération 1940: 1900:marched to Versailles 1882: 1871: 1799: 1691: 1671:who was a slave owner 1661:and equal rights for 1544: 1531:Further information: 1527:Virginia and Yorktown 1424: 1372: 1356:Newport, Rhode Island 1326: 1305:Battle of Barren Hill 1302: 1287:Battle of Barren Hill 1285:Further information: 1244: 1169: 1156:Further information: 1109: 1068:on the shores of the 1030: 1014: 1007:Departure for America 958: 899: 887:Departure from France 766: 751: 707:Further information: 677:visited all 24 states 389:Battle of Barren Hill 335:Years of service 290:French First Republic 58:Charles Willson Peale 12619:People from Auvergne 12489:French abolitionists 12186:Influential thinkers 11933:Jean-François Varlet 11833:Jean-Lambert Tallien 11828:Jean Bon Saint-André 11655:Pierre-Joseph Cambon 11577:Marquis de Condorcet 11426:Nicolas de Condorcet 11191:Dagobert von Wurmser 11024:Louis-Gabriel Suchet 10967:Pierre-Jacques Osten 10882:Jean-Baptiste Kléber 10817:Louis-Nicolas Davout 10807:Chapuis de Tourville 10349:Battle of Schliengen 10296:Battle of Theiningen 10217:Battle of Aldenhoven 10101:Battle of Wattignies 10070:Battle of Neerwinden 9884:Coup of 18 Fructidor 9397:Death of the Dauphin 9122:Jefferson's Birthday 9112:Pulaski Memorial Day 8119:Guilford Court House 7770:Continental Congress 7547:Committees of safety 7522:Daughters of Liberty 7517:Virginia Association 7266:Rights of Englishmen 6994:Lafayette Escadrille 6936:New York City statue 6914:Lafayette, Louisiana 6879:Lafayette Land Grant 6867:Château de Chavaniac 6836:New York City parade 6761:Assembly of Notables 6710:Battle of Gloucester 6705:Battle of Brandywine 6697:French frigate 6148:Lafayette in America 6103:Lane, Jason (2003). 5800:Fiske, John (1902). 5611:Gaines, pp. 349, 440 5333:"La Belle Gabrielle" 5201:Leepson, pp. 166–167 4979:Unger, pp. 7603–7633 4745:Leepson, pp. 151–153 4736:Leepson, pp. 150–151 4706:Leepson, pp. 146–148 4679:Unger, pp. 6207–6238 4607:Gaines, pp. 345, 346 4510:Leepson, pp. 138–139 4492:Leepson, pp. 136–140 4399:Leepson, pp. 132–135 4093:Leepson, pp. 120–121 3788:Holbrook, pp. 28, 29 3770:Greene, pp. 140, 141 3752:Palmer, pp. 276, 277 3533:Noticias de Gipuzkoa 3304:Clary, pp. 7, 8 3232:Madame de La Fayette 3138:North America portal 3124:United States portal 2909:Age of Enlightenment 2795:Place de la Bastille 2700:but was renamed the 2683:Bunker Hill Monument 2671:Louisville, Kentucky 2464:, Lafayette argued: 2407:Je suis toute à vous 2079:Austrian Netherlands 2062:Revolutions de Paris 2010:A plot known as the 1858:Bastille was stormed 1810:Assembly of Notables 1788:Assembly of Notables 1663:free people of color 1659:Atlantic slave trade 1640:Order of Saint Louis 1630:Palace of Versailles 1176:Battle of Brandywine 1158:Battle of Brandywine 1114:on 5 August 1777 by 1041:Continental Congress 985:Charles de Vergennes 828:-German army at the 807:Mousquetaires du Roi 723:Château de Chavaniac 654:Austrian Netherlands 638:abolition of slavery 610:Assembly of Notables 587:Battle of Brandywine 575:province of Auvergne 379:Battle of Gloucester 374:Battle of Brandywine 351:Major general (U.S.) 206:Order of Saint Louis 179:; died 161:Adrienne de Noailles 94:Château de Chavaniac 12529:French slave owners 12524:French philhellenes 12273:Mary Wollstonecraft 12051:Jean Sylvain Bailly 11838:Pierre Louis Prieur 11783:Jean-Henri Voulland 11758:Jacques-Louis David 11690:Jean Joseph Mounier 11391:Jean Sylvain Bailly 11029:Belgrand de Vaubois 10917:Jean-Antoine Marbot 10857:Emmanuel de Grouchy 10662:Treaty of Lunéville 10301:Battle of Neresheim 10246:Siege of Luxembourg 10225:Siege of Luxembourg 10180:Battle of Tourcoing 10111:Siege of Bellegarde 9938:Coup of 18 Brumaire 9850:Council of Ancients 9625:National Convention 9617:September Massacres 9593:Brunswick Manifesto 9585:France declares war 9352:Assembly of Vizille 8250:colony or location) 8205:Newburgh Conspiracy 8064:Sullivan Expedition 7584:Provincial Congress 7375:Fox–North coalition 7314:Settler colonialism 7261:Freedom of religion 7218:American Revolution 6841:Philadelphia parade 6690:American Revolution 6612:Library of Congress 6444:Madame de Lafayette 6088:. Thomas Yoseloff. 5726:. J. Pot & Co. 5492:Loveland, pp. 36–37 5474:Loveland, pp. 21–23 5423:Loveland, pp. 17–18 5126:Kramer, pp. 190–191 5090:Clary, pp. 443, 444 5042:Kramer, pp. 100–105 4835:Spalding, pp. 34–35 4817:Spalding, pp. 32–33 4799:Spalding, pp. 26–29 4790:Spalding, pp. 21–25 4781:Spalding, pp. 16–18 4221:Holbrook, pp. 67–68 4128:, 7 September 1919. 4111:Gaines, pp. 201–202 4084:Kaminsky, pp. 34–35 3985:Holbrook, pp. 53–54 3964:Gaines, pp. 153–155 3671:. National Archives 3640:Unger, loc. 940–955 3601:Holbrook, pp. 15–16 3505:Holbrook, pp. 19–20 3487:Unger, loc. 604–682 3469:Unger, loc. 581–598 3460:Unger, loc. 565–581 3415:Unger, loc. 491–506 3370:Gottschalk, pp. 3–5 3204:Louis R. Gottschalk 3075:Bicentennial Series 2980:, culminating with 2966:Missouri Compromise 2952:, 15 September 1996 2510:Bourbon Restoration 2497:, American scholar 2483:Sydney, Lady Morgan 2431:Chamber of Deputies 2413:Bourbon restoration 2140:Lafayette in prison 2118:Brunswick Manifesto 1987:Joseph-Désiré Court 1956:Jean Sylvain Bailly 1860:by the insurgents. 1743:Hôtel de La Fayette 1741:Lafayette made the 1644:British West Indies 1403:invasion of Britain 1337:Monmouth Courthouse 1188:occupy Philadelphia 1092:American Revolution 1015:Plaza Lafayette in 997:Marquis de Noailles 853:University of Paris 838:Chavaniac-Lafayette 790:'s army during the 727:Chavaniac-Lafayette 709:House of La Fayette 669:Chamber of Deputies 665:Bourbon Restoration 421:March on Versailles 12111:Loménie de Brienne 12086:Madame de Lamballe 12021:Napoléon Bonaparte 11818:Prieur de la Marne 11733:Camille Desmoulins 11587:Marie Jean Hérault 11463:Jean-Sifrein Maury 11458:Arnaud de La Porte 11314:Alexander Korsakov 11100:Count of Clerfayt 11019:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 10932:Auguste de Marmont 10787:Napoléon Bonaparte 10678:Algeciras campaign 10670:Treaty of Florence 10548:Battle of Stockach 10381:Ireland expedition 10365:Battle of Calliano 10325:Battle of Rovereto 10317:Battle of Würzburg 9769:Law of 22 Prairial 9738:Anti-clerical laws 9713:The Death of Marat 9534:Flight to Varennes 9152:Semiquincentennial 9077:Libertas Americana 7507:Stamp Act Congress 7397:Acts of Parliament 7370:Shelburne ministry 7340:Grenville ministry 7156:Order of Lafayette 7055:Jefferson in Paris 6988:Los Angeles statue 6976:Lafayette Memorial 6942:LaFayette Fountain 6730:Battle of Monmouth 6480:Auricchio, Laura. 6008:. Atheneum Books. 5577:The New York Times 4718:Andress, pp. 72–75 4359:Doyle, pp. 112–113 4324:de La Fuye, p. 83. 4102:Hirschfeld, p. 126 4012:Clary, pp. 330–338 3932:Leepson, pp. 82–83 3923:Leepson, pp. 78–79 3914:Leepson, pp. 77–78 3878:Leepson, pp. 74–75 3815:Leepson, pp. 67–68 3806:Leepson, pp. 62–67 3707:Leepson, pp. 34–35 3496:Unger, pp. 709–740 3451:Leepson, pp. 12–13 3424:Leepson, pp. 10–11 3248:The New York Times 3174:, a 2021 biography 3002:Marxist historians 2982:Charles E. Stanton 2905: 2814: 2774: 2731: 2711:Revolution of 1830 2654: 2588: 2545: 2489:and the historian 2458:Battle of Waterloo 2399:Louisiana Purchase 2336: 2278: 2255:John Barker Church 2240:Secretary of State 2167:where a coalition 2142: 2091:Battle of Marquain 2087:Army of the Centre 2083:Lieutenant General 2069:Conflict and exile 2041: 2012:Flight to Varennes 2006:Flight to Varennes 1991: 1952: 1889: 1877: 1850:Camille Desmoulins 1806: 1773:a century before. 1732:Harvard University 1722:). He visited the 1708: 1612:Hero of two worlds 1606:Alexander Hamilton 1547: 1513:Yorktown, Virginia 1505:Colony of Virginia 1462:Alexander Hamilton 1431: 1375: 1345:Battle of Monmouth 1333: 1329:Battle of Monmouth 1309: 1291:Battle of Monmouth 1250: 1172: 1119: 1037: 1025: 972: 906: 849:Collège du Plessis 772: 767:Lafayette's wife, 761: 661:Napoleon Bonaparte 399:Battle of Monmouth 196:Georges Washington 12544:House of Noailles 12509:French marquesses 12499:French Freemasons 12436: 12435: 12432: 12431: 12310:Cockade of France 12281: 12280: 12243:Antoine Lavoisier 12233:Benjamin Franklin 12213:Anacharsis Cloots 12176: 12175: 12172: 12171: 12096:Louis de Breteuil 11938:Theophile Leclerc 11366: 11365: 11362: 11361: 11319:Alexander Suvorov 11060: 11059: 10994:Józef Poniatowski 10912:Étienne Macdonald 10716: 10715: 10617:Battle of Marengo 10580:Battle of Trebbia 10564:Battle of Cassano 10556:Battle of Magnano 10540:Battle of Ostrach 10442:Battle of Neuwied 10204:Battle of Fleurus 10188:Battle of Tournay 10065:War in the Vendée 10001:Royalist Revolts 9962: 9961: 9519: 9495:Abolition of the 9413:Tennis Court Oath 9405:National Assembly 9234:French Revolution 9200: 9199: 9196: 9195: 9192: 9191: 8951: 8950: 8938:Shays's Rebellion 8876: 8875: 8872: 8871: 8868: 8867: 8801: 8800: 8768:Richard Henry Lee 8533: 8532: 8375: 8374: 8371: 8370: 8367: 8366: 8219:Related conflicts 8089:Connecticut Farms 7869: 7868: 7762:Thirteen Colonies 7711: 7710: 7707: 7706: 7170: 7169: 7110:(2024 miniseries) 6929:Lafayette College 6875:(home and museum) 6754:French Revolution 6740:Siege of Yorktown 6530:Project Gutenberg 6511:978-0-5539-0342-3 6433:978-0-4713-9432-7 6387:978-0-8369-5998-7 6340:978-1-5700-3911-9 6321:978-0-8239-5733-0 6300:978-1-5969-8020-4 6279:978-0-7425-3411-7 6198:978-0-3068-1258-3 6191:. Da Capo Press. 6179:978-0-8071-2462-8 6158:978-0-9787-2240-1 6137:978-0-2301-0504-1 6116:978-1-5897-9018-6 6095:978-0-8010-5555-3 6069:. Charles Wiley. 6036:978-0-9456-1233-9 6015:978-0-6893-0585-6 5992:978-0-8262-1135-4 5969:978-1-5760-7082-6 5940:978-0-7222-8008-9 5911:978-1-4067-2793-7 5896:Gottschalk, Louis 5853:978-0-3960-7341-3 5832:978-0-3930-6138-3 5792:978-0-1928-5221-2 5752:978-1-8417-6660-7 5693:978-0-5538-0435-5 5661:978-0-3000-8261-6 5400:Kramer, pp. 15–16 4754:Spalding, pp. 1–3 4552:. pp. 61–62. 4530:The French Review 4368:Tuckerman, p. 230 4336:Gerson, pp. 81–83 4315:Tuckerman, p. 213 4306:Doyle, pp. 74, 90 4288:Tuckerman, p. 210 4261:Tuckerman, p. 198 4146:Sumter Daily Item 4057:Tuckerman, p. 154 3036:George Washington 3032:Charles E. Barber 2958: 2957: 2913:civic nationalism 2861:plantation owners 2844:George Washington 2740:elections of 1827 2631:John Quincy Adams 2627:Electoral College 2577:Independence Hall 2566:Auguste Levasseur 2199:Austrian monarch 2169:military tribunal 2113:on 12 July 1792. 2111:Army of the North 2050:fire on the crowd 2035:Depiction of the 1838:Tennis Court Oath 1834:National Assembly 1812:, in response to 1777:French Revolution 1759:Clermont-Tonnerre 1705:Louis Rémy Mignot 1675:slave plantations 1598:siege to Yorktown 1537:Siege of Yorktown 1533:Yorktown campaign 1509:Baron von Steuben 1497:Battle of Cowpens 1142:George Washington 1135:Benjamin Franklin 1112:George Washington 1088:on 13 June 1777. 937:Thirteen Colonies 845:Luxembourg Palace 784:Marshal of France 560:French Revolution 552:Siege of Yorktown 544:George Washington 542:, led by General 455: 454: 416:French Revolution 409:Siege of Yorktown 302:Kingdom of France 278:Kingdom of France 253:Kingdom of France 122:Kingdom of France 102:Kingdom of France 98:Auvergne Province 36:Gilbert du Motier 18:General Lafayette 16:(Redirected from 12656: 12390: 12378:Temple of Reason 12349: 12325: 12306: 12287: 12286: 12238:Thomas Jefferson 12182: 12181: 12101:de Chateaubriand 12031:Joseph Bonaparte 12026:Lucien Bonaparte 12016:Marie Antoinette 11971: 11970: 11958:Sylvain Maréchal 11913:François Hanriot 11748:Louis Philippe I 11675:Louis Philippe I 11670:Philippe Égalité 11612:Olympe de Gouges 11582:Charlotte Corday 11572:Étienne Clavière 11372: 11371: 11354:Antonio Ricardos 11339: 11338: 11324:Andrei Rosenberg 11304: 11303: 11274: 11273: 11249: 11248: 11219:Ralph Abercromby 11206: 11205: 11181: 11158: 11145: 11137: 11129: 11116: 11103: 11080: 11079: 11071: 11070: 10975: 10922:Marcellin Marbot 10745: 10744: 10738: 10737: 10726:Military leaders 10722: 10721: 10709: 10701: 10697:Treaty of Amiens 10682: 10674: 10666: 10645: 10637: 10629: 10621: 10600: 10599:(25–26 Sep 1799) 10592: 10584: 10583:(17–20 Jun 1799) 10576: 10568: 10567:(27–28 Apr 1799) 10560: 10552: 10544: 10543:(20–21 Mar 1799) 10536: 10528: 10524:Second Coalition 10507: 10499: 10491: 10483: 10475: 10454: 10446: 10438: 10434:Treaty of Leoben 10430: 10422: 10421:(14–15 Jan 1797) 10418:Battle of Rivoli 10414: 10406: 10402:Italian campaign 10385: 10377: 10376:(15–17 Nov 1796) 10373:Battle of Arcole 10369: 10361: 10353: 10345: 10337: 10329: 10321: 10313: 10309:Battle of Amberg 10305: 10292: 10284: 10280:Battle of Lonato 10276: 10272:Italian campaign 10250: 10229: 10221: 10208: 10200: 10192: 10184: 10176: 10167: 10146: 10145:(26–27 Dec 1793) 10133: 10125: 10087: 10079: 10075:Battle of Famars 10043: 9968: 9967: 9950: 9942: 9934: 9915: 9896: 9888: 9869: 9861: 9841: 9833: 9825: 9806: 9798: 9790: 9781: 9773: 9765: 9742: 9734: 9726: 9718: 9708: 9700: 9692: 9672: 9664: 9656: 9637: 9629: 9621: 9613: 9605: 9597: 9589: 9570: 9562: 9554: 9546: 9538: 9537:(20–21 Jun 1791) 9517: 9509: 9501: 9492: 9473: 9465: 9457: 9449: 9441: 9433: 9425: 9417: 9409: 9401: 9393: 9385: 9377: 9356: 9348: 9344:Day of the Tiles 9327: 9326: 9227: 9220: 9213: 9204: 9203: 9142:Sesquicentennial 9102:Independence Day 9006:Founding Fathers 8972: 8971: 8957: 8956: 8882: 8881: 8810: 8809: 8542: 8541: 8399: 8398: 8392: 8391: 8381: 8380: 8256: 8255: 8251: 8079:Cape St. Vincent 7754: 7753: 7747: 7746: 7717: 7716: 7689:Boston Tea Party 7614:Halifax Resolves 7564:Suffolk Resolves 7355:Grafton ministry 7350:Chatham ministry 7246:Colonial history 7226: 7225: 7212: 7211: 7197: 7190: 7183: 7174: 7173: 6965:Lafayette dollar 6684: 6664:Principal author 6650: 6643: 6636: 6627: 6626: 6539:Internet Archive 6515: 6469: 6456: 6437: 6418: 6399: 6370: 6353:Frederic Shoberl 6344: 6325: 6304: 6283: 6271: 6260: 6241: 6223: 6213: 6202: 6183: 6162: 6141: 6120: 6099: 6078: 6059: 6040: 6019: 6007: 5996: 5984: 5973: 5952: 5923: 5891: 5874: 5857: 5836: 5815: 5796: 5775: 5756: 5735: 5716: 5697: 5686:. Bantam Books. 5676: 5665: 5653: 5633: 5630: 5624: 5621: 5612: 5609: 5603: 5600: 5591: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5568: 5562: 5561:Loveland, p. 160 5559: 5553: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5540: 5508: 5502: 5499: 5493: 5490: 5484: 5481: 5475: 5472: 5466: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5440: 5430: 5424: 5421: 5415: 5412: 5401: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5365:on 20 March 2017 5351: 5345: 5344: 5339:. Archived from 5329: 5323: 5322: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5293:Encyclopedia.com 5285: 5279: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5247: 5241: 5238: 5232: 5229: 5223: 5220: 5214: 5211: 5202: 5199: 5193: 5190: 5184: 5181: 5175: 5174:Unger, loc. 8089 5172: 5166: 5165:Unger, loc. 7982 5163: 5157: 5154: 5145: 5142: 5136: 5133: 5127: 5124: 5118: 5117:Unger, loc. 7990 5115: 5109: 5106: 5100: 5097: 5091: 5088: 5079: 5076: 5070: 5067: 5061: 5060:Unger, loc. 7839 5058: 5052: 5049: 5043: 5040: 5034: 5031: 5025: 5022: 5016: 5015:Unger, loc. 7737 5013: 5007: 5004: 4998: 4995: 4989: 4986: 4980: 4977: 4971: 4968: 4962: 4961:Crawford, p. 318 4959: 4953: 4950: 4944: 4943:Holbrook, p. 146 4941: 4935: 4934:Unger, loc. 7539 4932: 4926: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4899: 4896: 4890: 4889:Holbrook, p. 129 4887: 4881: 4878: 4872: 4869: 4863: 4860: 4854: 4851: 4845: 4844:Unger, loc. 6649 4842: 4836: 4833: 4827: 4826:Unger, loc. 6553 4824: 4818: 4815: 4809: 4806: 4800: 4797: 4791: 4788: 4782: 4779: 4773: 4772:Unger, loc. 6458 4770: 4764: 4761: 4755: 4752: 4746: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4728: 4727:Broadwell, p. 36 4725: 4719: 4716: 4707: 4704: 4698: 4697:Broadwell, p. 28 4695: 4689: 4686: 4680: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4665:Woodward, W. E. 4662: 4656: 4653: 4647: 4644: 4635: 4632: 4626: 4625:Unger, loc. 6188 4623: 4617: 4616:Holbrook, p. 100 4614: 4608: 4605: 4599: 4596: 4590: 4587: 4581: 4578: 4572: 4569: 4563: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4543: 4537: 4526: 4520: 4517: 4511: 4508: 4502: 4499: 4493: 4490: 4484: 4469: 4463: 4462:Unger, loc. 5729 4460: 4454: 4451: 4445: 4442: 4436: 4433: 4427: 4424: 4418: 4415: 4409: 4406: 4400: 4397: 4391: 4384: 4378: 4375: 4369: 4366: 4360: 4357: 4346: 4343: 4337: 4334: 4325: 4322: 4316: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4298: 4297:Unger, loc. 5026 4295: 4289: 4286: 4280: 4277: 4271: 4268: 4262: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4244: 4237: 4231: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4193: 4184: 4181:Sarasota Journal 4173: 4167: 4166: 4158: 4149: 4148:, 10 April 1963. 4138: 4132: 4131: 4118: 4112: 4109: 4103: 4100: 4094: 4091: 4085: 4082: 4076: 4073: 4067: 4064: 4058: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4013: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3995: 3992: 3986: 3983: 3974: 3973:Unger, loc. 3430 3971: 3965: 3962: 3951: 3948: 3942: 3939: 3933: 3930: 3924: 3921: 3915: 3912: 3906: 3905:Unger, loc. 2730 3903: 3897: 3896:Unger, loc. 2685 3894: 3888: 3887:Unger, loc. 2670 3885: 3879: 3876: 3870: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3852: 3851:Unger, loc. 2583 3849: 3843: 3840: 3834: 3831: 3825: 3822: 3816: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3798: 3797:Fiske, pp. 89–92 3795: 3789: 3786: 3780: 3777: 3771: 3768: 3762: 3761:Unger, loc. 1827 3759: 3753: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3725:Grizzard, p. 175 3723: 3717: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3650: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3632: 3629: 3623: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3602: 3599: 3580: 3577: 3571: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3524: 3518: 3515: 3506: 3503: 3497: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3479: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3452: 3449: 3443: 3440: 3434: 3431: 3425: 3422: 3416: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3398: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3380: 3379:Leepson, pp. 8–9 3377: 3371: 3368: 3357: 3356:Clary, pp. 11–13 3354: 3345: 3342: 3333: 3330: 3317: 3314: 3305: 3302: 3293: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3245: 3239: 3192: 3151:LaFayette Motors 3140: 3135: 3134: 3133: 3126: 3121: 3120: 3119: 3112: 3110:Biography portal 3107: 3106: 3105: 3098: 3093: 3092: 3091: 3070: 3058: 3046: 3023: 2943: 2942: 2931: 2930: 2901:Musée de l'armée 2865:Matthew Clarkson 2558:to see him off. 2522:Greek Revolution 2491:Augustin Thierry 2312:border north of 2253:and her husband 1912:Marie Antoinette 1905:Tuileries Palace 1885:Musée de l'Armée 1874:Marie Antoinette 1635:maréchal de camp 1386:Return to France 1360:Narragansett Bay 1228:Nathanael Greene 1184:Sir William Howe 1146:Continental Army 1116:Currier and Ives 1080:. He joined the 1064:set sail out of 989:Seven Years' War 951: 830:Battle of Minden 792:Siege of Orléans 776:Lafayette family 626:Thomas Jefferson 562:of 1789 and the 540:Continental Army 535: 531: 526: 525: 522: 521: 518: 515: 512: 507: 506: 503: 500: 497: 494: 491: 488: 485: 468: 463: 321:Continental Army 300: 299: 298: 288: 287: 286: 276: 275: 274: 264: 262: 261: 251: 249: 248: 236:Military service 219: 184: 182: 178: 174: 114: 91:6 September 1757 90: 88: 72:Personal details 66: 63: 54:Continental Army 46: 32: 31: 21: 12664: 12663: 12659: 12658: 12657: 12655: 12654: 12653: 12504:French generals 12439: 12438: 12437: 12428: 12303:La Marseillaise 12292: 12291:Cultural impact 12277: 12187: 12168: 12135: 12091:Madame du Barry 12081:Catherine Théot 12071:Thérésa Tallien 11962: 11953:Gracchus Babeuf 11898:François Chabot 11855: 11847: 11768:Georges Couthon 11763:Marquis de Sade 11728:Jean-Paul Marat 11704: 11660:Bertrand Barère 11626: 11537: 11518:Boissy d'Anglas 11513:Madame de Staël 11478:Antoine Barnave 11446: 11439: 11430: 11377: 11358: 11333: 11328: 11298: 11293: 11268: 11263: 11243: 11238: 11200: 11195: 11179: 11156: 11143: 11135: 11127: 11114: 11101: 11090:József Alvinczi 11074: 11056: 11038: 10979:Nicolas Oudinot 10969: 10902:Claude Lecourbe 10897:Charles Leclerc 10792:Guillaume Brune 10762:Pierre Augereau 10732: 10727: 10712: 10707: 10705:Treaty of Paris 10699: 10685: 10680: 10672: 10664: 10648: 10643: 10635: 10627: 10619: 10603: 10598: 10590: 10582: 10574: 10566: 10558: 10550: 10542: 10534: 10526: 10510: 10505: 10497: 10489: 10481: 10473: 10457: 10452: 10444: 10436: 10428: 10420: 10412: 10404: 10388: 10383: 10375: 10367: 10359: 10351: 10343: 10335: 10327: 10319: 10311: 10303: 10290: 10282: 10274: 10258: 10248: 10232: 10227: 10219: 10206: 10198: 10190: 10182: 10174: 10165: 10149: 10144: 10131: 10123: 10121:Siege of Toulon 10085: 10077: 10060:First Coalition 10046: 10037: 9973: 9958: 9948: 9940: 9932: 9918: 9913: 9899: 9894: 9886: 9872: 9867: 9859: 9839: 9831: 9823: 9809: 9804: 9796: 9788: 9779: 9771: 9763: 9745: 9740: 9732: 9724: 9722:Law of Suspects 9716: 9706: 9698: 9690: 9670: 9668:Reign of Terror 9662: 9654: 9640: 9635: 9627: 9619: 9611: 9603: 9595: 9587: 9573: 9568: 9560: 9552: 9544: 9536: 9522: 9507: 9499: 9490: 9476: 9471: 9463: 9455: 9448:(4–11 Aug 1789) 9447: 9439: 9431: 9423: 9415: 9407: 9399: 9391: 9383: 9381:Réveillon riots 9375: 9359: 9354: 9346: 9332: 9321: 9236: 9231: 9201: 9188: 9127:Von Steuben Day 9025: 8994: 8966: 8947: 8887: 8864: 8806:Colonial allies 8797: 8696: 8529: 8490:King George III 8478: 8386: 8363: 8332: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8240: 8214: 8143: 8124:Lochry's Defeat 8009:Assunpink Creek 7999:Fort Washington 7944: 7878: 7876: 7865: 7856:Hortalez et Cie 7827:Colonial allies 7822: 7789: 7758:United Colonies 7741: 7703: 7669:Boston Massacre 7647: 7638:Perpetual Union 7594:United Colonies 7527:Sons of Liberty 7490: 7398: 7396: 7395:Related British 7389: 7318: 7220: 7216:Origins of the 7206: 7201: 7171: 7166: 7144: 7113: 7082:(2015 musical, 7006: 6971:Mount Lafayette 6895: 6888: 6884:Picpus Cemetery 6855: 6819: 6814:July Revolution 6787:Society of 1789 6749: 6685: 6676: 6659: 6654: 6577:Wayback Machine 6557:Wayback Machine 6522: 6512: 6477: 6475:Further reading 6472: 6434: 6388: 6341: 6322: 6301: 6280: 6226: 6214:. McGraw-Hill. 6199: 6180: 6159: 6138: 6117: 6096: 6056: 6037: 6016: 5993: 5970: 5941: 5912: 5854: 5833: 5793: 5772: 5753: 5694: 5662: 5641: 5636: 5632:Leepson, p. 176 5631: 5627: 5622: 5615: 5610: 5606: 5601: 5594: 5589: 5585: 5580:. 30 July 2002. 5570: 5569: 5565: 5560: 5556: 5551: 5547: 5541: 5509: 5505: 5500: 5496: 5491: 5487: 5483:Loveland, p. 39 5482: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5465:Loveland, p. 16 5464: 5460: 5453: 5431: 5427: 5422: 5418: 5413: 5404: 5399: 5395: 5382: 5378: 5368: 5366: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5295:. 18 May 2018. 5287: 5286: 5282: 5278:Leepson, p. 172 5277: 5273: 5267: 5260: 5258: 5248: 5244: 5239: 5235: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5212: 5205: 5200: 5196: 5192:Leepson, p. 166 5191: 5187: 5183:Gleeson, p. 166 5182: 5178: 5173: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5156:Leepson, p. 164 5155: 5148: 5143: 5139: 5134: 5130: 5125: 5121: 5116: 5112: 5107: 5103: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5082: 5077: 5073: 5068: 5064: 5059: 5055: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5032: 5028: 5023: 5019: 5014: 5010: 5005: 5001: 4996: 4992: 4987: 4983: 4978: 4974: 4969: 4965: 4960: 4956: 4952:Kennedy, p. 210 4951: 4947: 4942: 4938: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4830: 4825: 4821: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4763:Spalding, p. 15 4762: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4722: 4717: 4710: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4683: 4678: 4674: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4544: 4540: 4527: 4523: 4519:Cloquet, p. 305 4518: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4453:Leepson, p. 136 4452: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4408:Leepson, p. 135 4407: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4206: 4204: 4195: 4194: 4187: 4174: 4170: 4159: 4152: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4119: 4115: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4079: 4075:Holbrook, p. 65 4074: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4048:Holbrook, p. 63 4047: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4030:Holbrook, p. 56 4029: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3994:Holbrook, p. 43 3993: 3989: 3984: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3842:Cloquet, p. 155 3841: 3837: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3734:Cloquet, p. 203 3733: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3698:Holbrook, p. 23 3697: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3674: 3672: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3605: 3600: 3583: 3579:Holbrook, p. 17 3578: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3537: 3535: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3388:Unger, loc. 425 3387: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3360: 3355: 3348: 3344:Unger, loc. 383 3343: 3336: 3331: 3320: 3316:Officer, p. 171 3315: 3308: 3303: 3296: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3268: 3262: 3258: 3246: 3242: 3193: 3186: 3181: 3136: 3131: 3129: 3122: 3117: 3115: 3108: 3103: 3101: 3094: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3077: 3071: 3062: 3059: 3050: 3047: 3038: 3024: 2973:Gilbert Chinard 2940: 2934:External videos 2883: 2877: 2836: 2823:Picpus Cemetery 2810:Picpus Cemetery 2763: 2719: 2717:July Revolution 2713: 2677:and taking the 2596:Washington City 2537: 2531: 2454:Charter of 1815 2415: 2380:Legion of Honor 2356: 2294:Reign of Terror 2178:central citadel 2134: 2103:Nicolas Luckner 2095:Théobald Dillon 2071: 2054:Jean-Paul Marat 2029: 2008: 1960:Society of 1789 1866: 1818:Estates General 1794: 1786:Main articles: 1784: 1779: 1771:Edict of Nantes 1763:Madame de Staël 1753:, and John and 1667:American slaves 1648:Treaty of Paris 1621:in Madrid, and 1614: 1539: 1529: 1517:Lord Cornwallis 1479:Benedict Arnold 1453: 1425:French frigate 1411:English Channel 1388: 1297: 1283: 1164: 1154: 1104: 1096:Main articles: 1094: 1009: 949: 927:, where he met 894: 892:Finding a cause 889: 881:the duke's wife 865:sous-lieutenant 796:crown of thorns 731:Le Puy-en-Velay 711: 705: 689:Picpus Cemetery 681:July Revolution 603:Lord Cornwallis 564:July Revolution 533: 529: 509: 482: 478: 461: 447: 443:July Revolution 357: 339: 330: 296: 294: 293: 284: 282: 281: 272: 270: 269: 259: 257: 256: 246: 244: 186: 170: 166: 163: 146: 139:Political party 132:Picpus Cemetery 116: 112: 92: 86: 84: 83: 82: 67: 64: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12662: 12652: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12609:Occitan people 12606: 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11977: 11975: 11968: 11964: 11963: 11961: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11943:Claire Lacombe 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11868:Jacques Hébert 11864: 11862: 11849: 11848: 11846: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11723:Georges Danton 11720: 11714: 11712: 11706: 11705: 11703: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11636: 11634: 11628: 11627: 11625: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11567:Henri Grégoire 11563: 11558: 11553: 11547: 11545: 11539: 11538: 11536: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11508:Camille Jordan 11505: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11449: 11447: 11435: 11432: 11431: 11429: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11387: 11385: 11379: 11378: 11368: 11367: 11364: 11363: 11360: 11359: 11357: 11356: 11351: 11345: 11343: 11330: 11329: 11327: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11310: 11308: 11295: 11294: 11292: 11291: 11286: 11280: 11278: 11265: 11264: 11262: 11261: 11255: 11253: 11240: 11239: 11237: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11212: 11210: 11197: 11196: 11194: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11152: 11147: 11139: 11131: 11123: 11118: 11110: 11105: 11097: 11092: 11086: 11084: 11068: 11062: 11061: 11058: 11057: 11055: 11054: 11048: 11046: 11040: 11039: 11037: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10753: 10751: 10742: 10729: 10728: 10718: 10717: 10714: 10713: 10711: 10710: 10702: 10693: 10691: 10687: 10686: 10684: 10683: 10675: 10667: 10658: 10656: 10650: 10649: 10647: 10646: 10638: 10630: 10622: 10613: 10611: 10605: 10604: 10602: 10601: 10593: 10588:Battle of Novi 10585: 10577: 10575:(4–7 Jun 1799) 10569: 10561: 10553: 10545: 10537: 10529: 10520: 10518: 10512: 10511: 10509: 10508: 10500: 10492: 10484: 10476: 10467: 10465: 10459: 10458: 10456: 10455: 10447: 10439: 10431: 10423: 10415: 10407: 10398: 10396: 10390: 10389: 10387: 10386: 10378: 10370: 10368:(6–7 Nov 1796) 10362: 10354: 10346: 10338: 10330: 10322: 10314: 10306: 10298: 10293: 10285: 10283:(3–4 Aug 1796) 10277: 10268: 10266: 10260: 10259: 10257: 10256: 10254:Peace of Basel 10251: 10242: 10240: 10234: 10233: 10231: 10230: 10222: 10214: 10209: 10201: 10193: 10185: 10177: 10168: 10159: 10157: 10151: 10150: 10148: 10147: 10139: 10134: 10126: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10096:Siege of Mainz 10093: 10088: 10080: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10056: 10054: 10048: 10047: 10045: 10044: 10032: 10027: 10025:Siege of Mainz 10022: 10017: 10016: 10015: 10012: 10007: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9983: 9981: 9975: 9974: 9964: 9963: 9960: 9959: 9957: 9956: 9951: 9943: 9935: 9926: 9924: 9920: 9919: 9917: 9916: 9907: 9905: 9901: 9900: 9898: 9897: 9889: 9880: 9878: 9874: 9873: 9871: 9870: 9862: 9857:13 Vendémiaire 9854: 9853: 9852: 9847: 9834: 9826: 9817: 9815: 9811: 9810: 9808: 9807: 9799: 9791: 9782: 9774: 9766: 9753: 9751: 9747: 9746: 9744: 9743: 9735: 9727: 9719: 9709: 9704:Levée en masse 9701: 9693: 9685: 9684: 9683: 9678: 9665: 9657: 9648: 9646: 9642: 9641: 9639: 9638: 9630: 9622: 9614: 9609:10th of August 9606: 9598: 9590: 9581: 9579: 9575: 9574: 9572: 9571: 9563: 9555: 9547: 9539: 9530: 9528: 9524: 9523: 9521: 9520: 9510: 9502: 9493: 9491:(Feb–Jul 1790) 9484: 9482: 9478: 9477: 9475: 9474: 9466: 9458: 9450: 9442: 9434: 9426: 9418: 9410: 9402: 9394: 9386: 9378: 9367: 9365: 9361: 9360: 9358: 9357: 9349: 9340: 9338: 9334: 9333: 9323: 9322: 9320: 9319: 9312: 9305: 9298: 9291: 9284: 9277: 9270: 9263: 9256: 9249: 9241: 9238: 9237: 9230: 9229: 9222: 9215: 9207: 9198: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9190: 9189: 9187: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9175: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9132:Minor holidays 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9033: 9031: 9027: 9026: 9024: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9002: 9000: 8996: 8995: 8993: 8992: 8984: 8978: 8976: 8968: 8967: 8965: 8964: 8963:Related topics 8953: 8952: 8949: 8948: 8946: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8933:Bill of Rights 8930: 8925: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8892: 8889: 8888: 8878: 8877: 8874: 8873: 8870: 8869: 8866: 8865: 8863: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8816: 8814: 8807: 8803: 8802: 8799: 8798: 8796: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8704: 8702: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8548: 8546: 8539: 8535: 8534: 8531: 8530: 8528: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8486: 8484: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8405: 8403: 8396: 8388: 8387: 8377: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8369: 8368: 8365: 8364: 8362: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8340: 8338: 8337:Loyal colonies 8334: 8333: 8331: 8330: 8325: 8323:South Carolina 8320: 8315: 8310: 8308:North Carolina 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8264: 8262: 8260:Rebel colonies 8253: 8245: 8242: 8241: 8239: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8222: 8220: 8216: 8215: 8213: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8200:Sint Eustatius 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8160:"First Salute" 8157: 8151: 8149: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8104:Kings Mountain 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7994:Harlem Heights 7991: 7986: 7984:Valcour Island 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7955: 7953: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7881: 7879: 7874: 7871: 7870: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7852: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7830: 7828: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7799: 7797: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7766: 7764: 7751: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7739: 7736: 7733: 7730: 7727: 7724: 7713: 7712: 7709: 7708: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7655: 7653: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7645: 7640: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7619:Lee Resolution 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7537:Black Patriots 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7498: 7496: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7401: 7399: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7387: 7385:Black Loyalist 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7360:North ministry 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7326: 7324: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7299: 7292: 7285: 7280: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7232: 7230: 7222: 7221: 7208: 7207: 7200: 7199: 7192: 7185: 7177: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7164: 7158: 7152: 7150: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7136: 7130: 7123: 7121: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7111: 7103: 7095: 7087: 7075: 7071:Liberty's Kids 7067: 7059: 7051: 7043: 7035: 7027: 7020: 7014: 7012: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7004: 6996: 6991: 6985: 6979: 6973: 6968: 6962: 6961: 6960: 6955: 6945: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6919:Fort Lafayette 6916: 6911: 6900: 6898: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6870: 6863: 6861: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6853: 6852: 6851: 6843: 6838: 6827: 6825: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6817: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6799:Day of Daggers 6796: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6757: 6755: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6693: 6691: 6687: 6686: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6674: 6667: 6665: 6661: 6660: 6653: 6652: 6645: 6638: 6630: 6624: 6623: 6614: 6603: 6598: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6567: 6562: 6547: 6541: 6532: 6521: 6520:External links 6518: 6517: 6516: 6510: 6495: 6485: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6470: 6468:(10): 653–661. 6457: 6438: 6432: 6419: 6409:. Dodd, Mead. 6400: 6386: 6371: 6345: 6339: 6326: 6320: 6305: 6299: 6284: 6278: 6261: 6242: 6224: 6203: 6197: 6184: 6178: 6163: 6157: 6142: 6136: 6121: 6115: 6100: 6094: 6079: 6060: 6054: 6041: 6035: 6020: 6014: 5997: 5991: 5974: 5968: 5953: 5939: 5924: 5910: 5904:. Read Books. 5892: 5875: 5858: 5852: 5837: 5831: 5816: 5797: 5791: 5776: 5770: 5757: 5751: 5736: 5717: 5698: 5692: 5677: 5666: 5660: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5634: 5625: 5623:Gaines, p. 440 5613: 5604: 5592: 5590:Gaines, p. 447 5583: 5563: 5554: 5545: 5529:10.1086/468441 5503: 5501:Kramer, p. 185 5494: 5485: 5476: 5467: 5458: 5452:978-0520021754 5451: 5425: 5416: 5414:Loveland, p. 9 5402: 5393: 5376: 5346: 5343:on 9 May 2023. 5324: 5315:Avalon Project 5302: 5280: 5271: 5242: 5233: 5224: 5215: 5203: 5194: 5185: 5176: 5167: 5158: 5146: 5137: 5128: 5119: 5110: 5101: 5092: 5080: 5071: 5062: 5053: 5044: 5035: 5026: 5017: 5008: 5006:Gaines, p. 427 4999: 4990: 4981: 4972: 4963: 4954: 4945: 4936: 4927: 4918: 4909: 4900: 4891: 4882: 4873: 4864: 4855: 4846: 4837: 4828: 4819: 4810: 4801: 4792: 4783: 4774: 4765: 4756: 4747: 4738: 4729: 4720: 4708: 4699: 4690: 4688:Andress, p. 61 4681: 4672: 4657: 4648: 4636: 4634:Andress, p. 51 4627: 4618: 4609: 4600: 4591: 4582: 4573: 4564: 4555: 4538: 4521: 4512: 4503: 4494: 4485: 4464: 4455: 4446: 4437: 4428: 4419: 4417:Hampson, p. 89 4410: 4401: 4392: 4379: 4370: 4361: 4347: 4338: 4326: 4317: 4308: 4299: 4290: 4281: 4272: 4263: 4254: 4245: 4232: 4223: 4214: 4185: 4183:, 25 May 1973. 4168: 4150: 4133: 4126:New York Times 4113: 4104: 4095: 4086: 4077: 4068: 4059: 4050: 4041: 4032: 4023: 4014: 4005: 3996: 3987: 3975: 3966: 3952: 3943: 3934: 3925: 3916: 3907: 3898: 3889: 3880: 3871: 3869:Leepson, p. 72 3862: 3853: 3844: 3835: 3833:Leepson, p. 70 3826: 3817: 3808: 3799: 3790: 3781: 3779:Gaines, p. 112 3772: 3763: 3754: 3745: 3743:Leepson, p. 43 3736: 3727: 3718: 3709: 3700: 3691: 3682: 3660: 3651: 3649:Leepson, p. 33 3642: 3633: 3624: 3622:Cloquet, p. 37 3615: 3613:Glathaar, p. 3 3603: 3581: 3572: 3570:Leepson, p. 26 3563: 3545: 3519: 3507: 3498: 3489: 3480: 3471: 3462: 3453: 3444: 3435: 3433:Leepson, p. 12 3426: 3417: 3408: 3399: 3397:Leepson, p. 10 3390: 3381: 3372: 3358: 3346: 3334: 3318: 3306: 3294: 3285: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3266: 3256: 3240: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3167: 3153: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3127: 3113: 3099: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3078: 3072: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3041: 3039: 3030:, designed by 3025: 3018: 2990:Jules Michelet 2956: 2955: 2936: 2935: 2876: 2873: 2835: 2832: 2799:June Rebellion 2787:Seine-et-Marne 2762: 2759: 2755:Louis-Philippe 2729:, 31 July 1830 2715:Main article: 2712: 2709: 2687:Daniel Webster 2635:Andrew Jackson 2533:Main article: 2530: 2527: 2499:George Ticknor 2495:Jeremy Bentham 2414: 2411: 2355: 2352: 2225:Czech Republic 2133: 2130: 2075:war on Austria 2070: 2067: 2028: 2025: 2017:Georges Danton 2007: 2004: 1996:Day of Daggers 1975:Champs de Mars 1909:"Vive le Roi!" 1893:National Guard 1865: 1862: 1854:duc de Broglie 1846:Jacques Necker 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1747:rue de Bourbon 1613: 1610: 1604: 9 after 1528: 1525: 1452: 1449: 1387: 1384: 1282: 1279: 1218:settlement of 1192:Chesapeake Bay 1186:made plans to 1153: 1150: 1123:Benjamin Huger 1093: 1090: 1008: 1005: 965:Johann de Kalb 961:Alonzo Chappel 893: 890: 888: 885: 871:At this time, 851:, part of the 704: 701: 685:Louis-Philippe 650:National Guard 642:natural rights 453: 452: 449: 448: 446: 445: 440: 435: 434: 433: 428: 426:Day of Daggers 423: 413: 412: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 365: 363: 359: 358: 356: 355: 352: 348: 346: 342: 341: 336: 332: 331: 329: 328: 323: 318: 312: 310: 309:Branch/service 306: 305: 242: 238: 237: 233: 232: 225: 221: 220: 213: 209: 208: 203: 199: 198: 192: 188: 187: 168: 164: 159: 158: 156: 152: 151: 140: 136: 135: 129: 125: 124: 115:(aged 76) 109: 105: 104: 80: 78: 74: 73: 69: 68: 65: 1779–80 47: 39: 38: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12661: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12446: 12444: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12389: 12388: 12387:Sans-culottes 12383: 12379: 12376: 12375: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12358:Metric system 12356: 12354: 12351: 12348: 12347: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12324: 12323: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12305: 12304: 12299: 12298: 12295: 12288: 12284: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12198: 12194: 12193: 12190: 12183: 12179: 12165: 12162: 12158: 12157:Panthéon Club 12155: 12153: 12150: 12149: 12148: 12145: 12144: 12142: 12138: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12046:Joachim Murat 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11978: 11976: 11972: 11969: 11965: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11865: 11863: 11861: 11860: 11854: 11850: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11823:Gilbert Romme 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11715: 11713: 11711: 11707: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11645:de Cambacérès 11643: 11641: 11638: 11637: 11635: 11633: 11629: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11564: 11562: 11561:Madame Roland 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11548: 11546: 11544: 11540: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11498:André Chénier 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11453:Grace Elliott 11451: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11444: 11438: 11433: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11388: 11386: 11384: 11380: 11373: 11369: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11346: 11344: 11342: 11337: 11331: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11311: 11309: 11307: 11302: 11296: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11281: 11279: 11277: 11272: 11266: 11260: 11257: 11256: 11254: 11252: 11247: 11241: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11214: 11213: 11211: 11209: 11204: 11198: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11140: 11138: 11132: 11130: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11087: 11085: 11083: 11078: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11063: 11053: 11050: 11049: 11047: 11045: 11041: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11014:Joseph Souham 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10973: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10957:Joachim Murat 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10937:André Masséna 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10754: 10752: 10750: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10736: 10730: 10723: 10719: 10708:(25 Jun 1802) 10706: 10703: 10700:(25 Mar 1802) 10698: 10695: 10694: 10692: 10688: 10679: 10676: 10673:(18 Mar 1801) 10671: 10668: 10663: 10660: 10659: 10657: 10655: 10651: 10642: 10639: 10634: 10631: 10628:(15 Jun 1800) 10626: 10623: 10620:(14 Jun 1800) 10618: 10615: 10614: 10612: 10610: 10606: 10597: 10594: 10591:(15 Aug 1799) 10589: 10586: 10581: 10578: 10573: 10570: 10565: 10562: 10557: 10554: 10551:(25 Mar 1799) 10549: 10546: 10541: 10538: 10533: 10532:Siege of Acre 10530: 10525: 10522: 10521: 10519: 10517: 10513: 10504: 10503:Peasants' War 10501: 10496: 10493: 10488: 10485: 10480: 10477: 10472: 10469: 10468: 10466: 10464: 10460: 10453:(17 Oct 1797) 10451: 10448: 10445:(18 Apr 1797) 10443: 10440: 10437:(17 Apr 1797) 10435: 10432: 10429:(25 Jan 1797) 10427: 10424: 10419: 10416: 10413:(13 Jan 1797) 10411: 10408: 10403: 10400: 10399: 10397: 10395: 10391: 10382: 10379: 10374: 10371: 10366: 10363: 10358: 10355: 10352:(26 Oct 1796) 10350: 10347: 10344:(19 Oct 1796) 10342: 10339: 10334: 10331: 10326: 10323: 10318: 10315: 10312:(24 Aug 1796) 10310: 10307: 10304:(11 Aug 1796) 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10289: 10286: 10281: 10278: 10273: 10270: 10269: 10267: 10265: 10261: 10255: 10252: 10247: 10244: 10243: 10241: 10239: 10235: 10226: 10223: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10207:(26 Jun 1794) 10205: 10202: 10197: 10194: 10191:(22 May 1794) 10189: 10186: 10183:(18 May 1794) 10181: 10178: 10172: 10169: 10166:(24 Apr 1794) 10164: 10161: 10160: 10158: 10156: 10152: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10132:(13 Oct 1793) 10130: 10127: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10084: 10081: 10078:(23 May 1793) 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10057: 10055: 10053: 10049: 10041: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10002: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9984: 9982: 9980: 9976: 9969: 9965: 9955: 9952: 9949:(24 Dec 1799) 9947: 9944: 9939: 9936: 9933:(18 Jun 1799) 9931: 9928: 9927: 9925: 9921: 9914:(11 May 1798) 9912: 9909: 9908: 9906: 9902: 9893: 9890: 9885: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9875: 9866: 9863: 9858: 9855: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9842: 9838: 9835: 9832:(22 Aug 1795) 9830: 9827: 9822: 9819: 9818: 9816: 9812: 9805:(11 Nov 1794) 9803: 9800: 9795: 9792: 9789:(28 Jul 1794) 9786: 9783: 9780:(27 Jul 1794) 9778: 9775: 9772:(10 Jun 1794) 9770: 9767: 9762: 9758: 9755: 9754: 9752: 9748: 9739: 9736: 9733:(16 Oct 1793) 9731: 9728: 9725:(17 Sep 1793) 9723: 9720: 9715: 9714: 9710: 9707:(23 Aug 1793) 9705: 9702: 9699:(13 Jul 1793) 9697: 9694: 9689: 9686: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9673: 9669: 9666: 9661: 9658: 9655:(21 Jan 1793) 9653: 9650: 9649: 9647: 9643: 9636:(22 Sep 1792) 9634: 9631: 9626: 9623: 9618: 9615: 9612:(10 Aug 1792) 9610: 9607: 9602: 9599: 9596:(25 Jul 1792) 9594: 9591: 9588:(20 Apr 1792) 9586: 9583: 9582: 9580: 9576: 9567: 9564: 9559: 9556: 9553:(27 Aug 1791) 9551: 9548: 9545:(17 Jul 1791) 9543: 9540: 9535: 9532: 9531: 9529: 9525: 9518:(14 Jul 1790) 9516: 9515: 9511: 9508:(12 Jul 1790) 9506: 9503: 9500:(23 Jun 1790) 9498: 9494: 9489: 9486: 9485: 9483: 9479: 9470: 9467: 9462: 9459: 9456:(26 Aug 1789) 9454: 9451: 9446: 9443: 9438: 9435: 9432:(14 Jul 1789) 9430: 9427: 9422: 9419: 9416:(20 Jun 1789) 9414: 9411: 9406: 9403: 9400:(4 June 1789) 9398: 9395: 9390: 9387: 9384:(28 Apr 1789) 9382: 9379: 9374: 9373: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9362: 9355:(21 Jul 1788) 9353: 9350: 9345: 9342: 9341: 9339: 9335: 9328: 9324: 9318: 9317: 9313: 9311: 9310: 9306: 9304: 9303: 9299: 9297: 9296: 9292: 9290: 9289: 9285: 9283: 9282: 9278: 9276: 9275: 9271: 9269: 9268: 9264: 9262: 9261: 9260:Ancien Régime 9257: 9255: 9254: 9250: 9248: 9247: 9243: 9242: 9239: 9235: 9228: 9223: 9221: 9216: 9214: 9209: 9208: 9205: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9107:Patriots' Day 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9084: 9083: 9082:Commemoration 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9028: 9022: 9021:Yankee Doodle 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9003: 9001: 8997: 8991: 8990: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8979: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8962: 8961: 8958: 8954: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8923: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8893: 8890: 8883: 8879: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8850:de Rochambeau 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8811: 8808: 8804: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8699: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8549: 8547: 8543: 8540: 8536: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8481: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8400: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8382: 8378: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8335: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8293:New Hampshire 8291: 8289: 8288:Massachusetts 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8257: 8254: 8243: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8217: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8152: 8150: 8146: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7952: 7947: 7941: 7940:Naval battles 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7882: 7880: 7875:Campaigns and 7872: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7836: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7825: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7792: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7737: 7734: 7731: 7728: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7718: 7714: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7679:Gaspee affair 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7650: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7554: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7493: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7392: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7335:Bute ministry 7333: 7331: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7304: 7300: 7297: 7293: 7290: 7286: 7284: 7283:Spirit of '76 7281: 7279: 7278: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7256:Republicanism 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7198: 7193: 7191: 7186: 7184: 7179: 7178: 7175: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7147: 7140: 7137: 7134: 7131: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7120: 7116: 7109: 7108: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7088: 7085: 7081: 7080: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7044: 7041: 7040: 7036: 7033: 7032: 7028: 7026:" (1918 song) 7025: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7009: 7003: 7002: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6989: 6986: 6983: 6980: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6966: 6963: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6949: 6946: 6943: 6940: 6937: 6934: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6906: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6874: 6871: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6858: 6850: 6849: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6822: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6794: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6752: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6700: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6688: 6683: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6651: 6646: 6644: 6639: 6637: 6632: 6631: 6628: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6609: 6608: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6596:, pp. 353–376 6595: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6548: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6513: 6507: 6503: 6502: 6496: 6493: 6489: 6488:Vowell, Sarah 6486: 6483: 6479: 6478: 6467: 6463: 6462:History Today 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6445: 6439: 6435: 6429: 6425: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6407: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6383: 6379: 6378: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6359: 6354: 6350: 6349:Thiers, M. A. 6346: 6342: 6336: 6332: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6313: 6312: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6292: 6291: 6285: 6281: 6275: 6270: 6269: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6249: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6230: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6212: 6211: 6204: 6200: 6194: 6190: 6185: 6181: 6175: 6172:. LSU Press. 6171: 6170: 6164: 6160: 6154: 6150: 6149: 6143: 6139: 6133: 6129: 6128: 6122: 6118: 6112: 6108: 6107: 6101: 6097: 6091: 6087: 6086: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6067: 6061: 6057: 6055:0-8078-2258-2 6051: 6047: 6042: 6038: 6032: 6028: 6027: 6021: 6017: 6011: 6006: 6005: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5983: 5982: 5975: 5971: 5965: 5961: 5960: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5936: 5932: 5931: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5907: 5903: 5902: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5845: 5844: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5824: 5823: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5806:. Macmillan. 5805: 5804: 5798: 5794: 5788: 5784: 5783: 5777: 5773: 5771:2-9063-8123-3 5767: 5763: 5758: 5754: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5724: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5699: 5695: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5667: 5663: 5657: 5652: 5651: 5644: 5643: 5629: 5620: 5618: 5608: 5599: 5597: 5587: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5567: 5558: 5549: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5507: 5498: 5489: 5480: 5471: 5462: 5454: 5448: 5444: 5439: 5438: 5429: 5420: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5397: 5389: 5388: 5380: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5328: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5306: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5275: 5257: 5253: 5246: 5237: 5228: 5219: 5210: 5208: 5198: 5189: 5180: 5171: 5162: 5153: 5151: 5141: 5132: 5123: 5114: 5105: 5096: 5087: 5085: 5075: 5066: 5057: 5048: 5039: 5033:Kramer, p. 93 5030: 5021: 5012: 5003: 4994: 4985: 4976: 4970:Clary, p. 438 4967: 4958: 4949: 4940: 4931: 4922: 4913: 4904: 4895: 4886: 4877: 4871:Clary, p. 418 4868: 4862:Clary, p. 413 4859: 4850: 4841: 4832: 4823: 4814: 4805: 4796: 4787: 4778: 4769: 4760: 4751: 4742: 4733: 4724: 4715: 4713: 4703: 4694: 4685: 4676: 4668: 4661: 4652: 4643: 4641: 4631: 4622: 4613: 4604: 4595: 4586: 4577: 4571:Jones, p. 445 4568: 4562:Doyle, p. 148 4559: 4551: 4550: 4542: 4535: 4531: 4525: 4516: 4507: 4501:Thiers, p. vi 4498: 4489: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4459: 4450: 4444:Clary, p. 392 4441: 4435:Doyle, p. 122 4432: 4423: 4414: 4405: 4396: 4389: 4383: 4377:Crowdy, p. 42 4374: 4365: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4342: 4333: 4331: 4321: 4312: 4303: 4294: 4285: 4276: 4267: 4258: 4249: 4242: 4236: 4227: 4218: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4190: 4182: 4178: 4172: 4164: 4157: 4155: 4147: 4143: 4137: 4127: 4123: 4117: 4108: 4099: 4090: 4081: 4072: 4063: 4054: 4045: 4039:Clary, p. 350 4036: 4027: 4018: 4009: 4000: 3991: 3982: 3980: 3970: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3947: 3938: 3929: 3920: 3911: 3902: 3893: 3884: 3875: 3866: 3860:Clary, p. 257 3857: 3848: 3839: 3830: 3824:Clary, p. 243 3821: 3812: 3803: 3794: 3785: 3776: 3767: 3758: 3749: 3740: 3731: 3722: 3716:Gaines, p. 75 3713: 3704: 3695: 3689:Clary, p. 100 3686: 3670: 3664: 3658:Gaines, p. 70 3655: 3646: 3637: 3628: 3619: 3610: 3608: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3576: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3549: 3534: 3530: 3523: 3514: 3512: 3502: 3493: 3484: 3475: 3466: 3457: 3448: 3439: 3430: 3421: 3412: 3406:Lane, pp. 7–8 3403: 3394: 3385: 3376: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3353: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3332:Gaines, p. 33 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3313: 3311: 3301: 3299: 3289: 3280: 3276: 3260: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3191: 3189: 3184: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3165: 3164: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3128: 3125: 3114: 3111: 3100: 3097: 3096:France portal 3086: 3076: 3069: 3064: 3057: 3052: 3045: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3022: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3009: 3006: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2962:Panic of 1819 2953: 2951: 2947: 2937: 2932: 2929: 2925: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2893: 2887: 2882: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2831: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2771: 2767: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2741: 2736: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2708: 2706: 2705: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2675:Niagara Falls 2672: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2658:The Hermitage 2651: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2623:1824 election 2619: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2608:James Madison 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2584: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2552: 2541: 2536: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2504: 2501:, and writer 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2470: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2417:In 1814, the 2410: 2408: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2332: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2274: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2232:William Short 2228: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2138: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2112: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2066: 2063: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2038: 2033: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1950: 1946: 1945: 1939: 1935: 1933: 1932:Duc d'Orléans 1929: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1894: 1886: 1881: 1875: 1870: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1822:Second Estate 1819: 1815: 1811: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1755:Abigail Adams 1752: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1724:Mohawk Valley 1721: 1717: 1713: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1696: 1690: 1686: 1684: 1683:French Guiana 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1609: 1607: 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The 1074:Pasaia 1033:Pasaia 979:, and 857:livres 556:France 530:LA(H)F 304:(1830) 292:(1792) 263: 250: 202:Awards 175: 155:Spouse 12424:Films 11341:Spain 10974:] 10042:] 10035:Namur 10020:Lille 9997:Valmy 8743:Henry 8692:Wayne 8612:Jones 8592:Gates 8582:Clark 8572:Barry 8562:Allen 8510:North 8414:Brant 7440:Stamp 7425:Sugar 7135:(son) 5533:JSTOR 5261:5 May 3538:4 May 3264:7031. 3179:Notes 2446:Ghent 2310:Saxon 2207:) in 2174:Wesel 2099:Lille 1407:Spain 1178:near 959:1879 826:Anglo 741:(now 725:, in 624:with 589:near 183:) 171:( 167: 118:Paris 11856:and 11440:and 10690:1802 10654:1801 10609:1800 10516:1799 10463:1798 10394:1797 10264:1796 10238:1795 10155:1794 10052:1793 9979:1792 9923:1799 9904:1798 9877:1797 9759:and 9750:1794 9645:1793 9578:1792 9527:1791 9481:1790 9364:1789 9337:1788 9087:film 8987:The 8788:Rush 8687:Ward 8622:Knox 8449:Gage 7849:Navy 7844:Army 7780:Navy 7775:Army 7636:and 7410:Iron 6860:Life 6506:ISBN 6449:OCLC 6428:ISBN 6411:OCLC 6392:OCLC 6382:ISBN 6363:OCLC 6335:ISBN 6316:ISBN 6295:ISBN 6274:ISBN 6253:OCLC 6234:OCLC 6216:OCLC 6193:ISBN 6174:ISBN 6153:ISBN 6132:ISBN 6111:ISBN 6090:ISBN 6071:OCLC 6050:ISBN 6031:ISBN 6010:ISBN 5987:ISBN 5964:ISBN 5945:OCLC 5935:ISBN 5916:OCLC 5906:ISBN 5884:OCLC 5867:OCLC 5848:ISBN 5827:ISBN 5808:OCLC 5787:ISBN 5766:ISBN 5747:ISBN 5728:OCLC 5709:OCLC 5688:ISBN 5656:ISBN 5447:ISBN 5371:2017 5263:2008 4209:2012 3677:2020 3540:2021 3210:and 2779:Lyon 2702:USS 2648:USS 2438:Elba 1826:Riom 1790:and 1761:and 1703:and 1535:and 1160:and 1100:and 925:Metz 902:Metz 782:, a 532:-ee- 345:Rank 340:1830 181:1807 177:1774 108:Died 77:Born 11216:Sir 8753:Jay 7456:Tea 6528:at 5525:doi 4477:doi 3198:or 2785:of 2660:in 2342:of 2227:). 2097:to 1677:in 1234:in 952:". 832:in 745:). 737:of 473:as 12445:: 10972:fr 10040:fr 6490:. 6464:. 6390:. 6351:; 5943:. 5914:. 5616:^ 5595:^ 5574:. 5531:. 5519:. 5443:41 5405:^ 5357:. 5335:. 5317:. 5313:. 5291:. 5254:. 5206:^ 5149:^ 5083:^ 4711:^ 4639:^ 4350:^ 4329:^ 4199:. 4188:^ 4179:" 4153:^ 4144:" 4124:, 3978:^ 3955:^ 3606:^ 3584:^ 3556:. 3531:. 3510:^ 3361:^ 3349:^ 3337:^ 3321:^ 3309:^ 3297:^ 3218:, 3187:^ 2899:, 2505:. 1966:. 1681:, 1418:. 1289:, 802:. 756:, 534:ET 523:-/ 490:ɑː 173:m. 120:, 100:, 96:, 62:c. 60:, 9226:e 9219:t 9212:v 7760:/ 7305:" 7301:" 7298:" 7294:" 7291:" 7287:" 7196:e 7189:t 7182:v 7086:) 7022:" 6649:e 6642:t 6635:v 6514:. 6466:7 6455:. 6436:. 6417:. 6398:. 6369:. 6343:. 6324:. 6303:. 6282:. 6259:. 6240:. 6222:. 6201:. 6182:. 6161:. 6140:. 6119:. 6098:. 6077:. 6058:. 6039:. 6018:. 5995:. 5972:. 5951:. 5922:. 5890:. 5873:. 5856:. 5835:. 5814:. 5795:. 5774:. 5755:. 5734:. 5715:. 5696:. 5664:. 5539:. 5527:: 5521:8 5455:. 5373:. 5265:. 4669:. 4536:. 4483:. 4479:: 4390:. 4211:. 3679:. 3560:. 3542:. 3238:. 2405:" 2308:- 1800:" 950:' 520:f 517:æ 514:l 511:ˌ 508:, 505:t 502:ɛ 499:ˈ 496:i 493:f 487:l 484:ˌ 481:/ 477:( 460:( 231:) 89:) 85:( 20:)

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Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette

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