621:
609:
593:
544:
55:
557:
562:
580:
22:
165:
432:
1208:
262:
276:
1043:, and even Göring himself was stripped of his offices and expelled from the Nazi Party in Hitler's last days. Schörner ignominiously abandoned his command to save himself in the war's last days. Kluge, Witzleben and Rommel were either executed or forced to commit suicide for their real or imagined roles in the
923:
via field radio on 30 January 1943, a day before his army's inevitable surrender, in order to encourage him to continue to fight until death or commit suicide. In the promotion, Hitler noted that no German or, before that, Prussian field marshal had ever been captured alive.
1034:
following a fierce argument with Hitler over the future of the German surface fleet. Model, one of Hitler's most successful commanders, had nevertheless lost the Fuhrer's confidence by war's end and committed suicide to avoid capture and likely trial as a
932:("I have no intention of shooting myself for this Bavarian corporal.") A disappointed Hitler commented, "That's the last field marshal I make in this war!" Nevertheless, he appointed seven more, three on the very day following Paulus' surrender:
56:
341:) to senior rank without breaking the rule that only wartime field commanders could receive the rank of field marshal for a victory in a decisive battle or the capture of a fortification or major town. The equivalent of
1015:(€8897–17793 in 2021) per month in 1940. He also bestowed generous presents on his highest officers, with Leeb receiving 250,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁ (€1,112,067 in 2021) for his 65th birthday from Hitler.
1178:
324:
1018:
Promotion to the rank did not guarantee Hitler's ongoing favour, however. As the tide of the war turned, Hitler took out his frustrations on his top commanders, relieving most of the
1268:
within the Holy Roman Empire in 1631. It was then used nine further times in that century and seven times in the 18th century. It was used twice in the 19th century by the
997:
a field marshal and
Commander in chief of the German Air Force after Göring had fallen out of Hitler's favour, making Greim the last German field marshal in history.
1026:
and took no further active part in the war. Kleist, Manstein and
Sperrle were similarly retired in 1944 and Rundstedt and Weichs in March 1945. Grand Admiral
975:, one of Hitler's most loyal generals, was promoted to the rank; he was also the last German field marshal to receive a ceremonial marshal's baton.
1745:
1475:
353:
241:
1022:
of duty before the war's conclusion. Bock, Brauchitsch, Leeb, and List were all relieved of their posts in 1942 for perceived failures during
1780:
1143:
1031:
311:
had several privileges, such as elevation to nobility, equal protocol rank with
Cabinet ministers, the right of reporting directly to the
1907:
224:, other officers were promoted as required. Between 1914 and 1918, ten men attained this rank, of whom four were members of the reigning
1800:
1318:
1072:
1083:; the head-of-state council of the GDR) during wartime or for exceptional military achievement; no one ever held the rank, however.
1313:
496:
378:, when only five German officers (excluding honorary promotions to members of royal families and foreign officers) were designated
980:
468:
89:
1432:
979:, another loyal officer, was promoted on 5 April 1945. Three weeks later, he was made Commander-in-Chief of the German Army in
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159:
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807:
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298:
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147:
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338:
32:
1844:
1775:
1700:
403:
49:
489:
1558:
1229:
994:
811:
792:
770:
442:
1039:. Milch was relieved after conspiring unsuccessfully to have Göring removed from command of the
806:, Hitler promoted nine Army generals and three of the air force to the rank of field marshal on
1805:
1484:
957:
1225:
261:
1823:
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984:
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172:
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912:
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128:
894:
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543:
8:
1669:
1553:
839:
714:
383:
364:
1764:
1337:
Instruction (de: Adjustierungsvorschrift) of the k.u.k. Army as to 1871; Issue from 1911
1133:
886:
819:
211:
197:
25:
561:
556:
1790:
1269:
1126:
1122:
1004:
in Nazi
Germany was very rewarding as, apart from a yearly salary, Hitler introduced
900:
851:
399:
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101:
93:
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718:
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28:
21:
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328:
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312:
215:
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184:
109:
105:
62:
1153:, who holds supreme command authority over all soldiers. In wartime, during the
930:
Ich habe nicht die
Absicht, mich für diesen bayerischen Gefreiten zu erschießen.
206:("imperial and royal field marshal"). Both were based on prior usage during the
1570:
1047:
against Hitler. By war's end, only Keitel, Kesselring, Greim and Grand
Admiral
823:
815:
275:
139:
1048:
406:, was designated Grand Admiral. Not even such well-known German commanders as
1891:
1739:
1718:
1528:
1368:
1273:
1005:
710:
682:
668:
333:
294:
122:
78:
1117:, which were created in 1956. Currently, the highest military grades in the
1564:
1502:
1388:[Book review: Serving and earning. Hitlers presents to his elite].
1297:
1197:
1108:
1068:
1044:
1036:
1027:
972:
878:
866:). The holders of this rank had the right to a “direct presentation to the
859:
855:
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730:
697:
357:
134:
1682:
1507:
1453:
1264:
The rank of Field
Marshal was first used in the northern German State of
375:
971:
From 1944 to 1945, three more men would reach this rank. In early 1944,
337:) was created in order to promote William, Prince of Prussia (the later
1689:
1595:
1581:
1540:
1412:"Ethiopia gets its first Field Marshal General – New Business Ethiopia"
1289:
1138:
1113:
1012:
456: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1236:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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431:
1850:
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1075:
on 25 March 1982. A general could be appointed to this rank by the
1758:
1630:
1831:
1640:
1624:
1611:
1534:
1433:"Ethiopia awards rank of Field Marshal to General Berhanu Jula"
176:
1857:
786:
Grand
Admirals. (Another promotion, that of Austrian General
143:
367:—became the first Prussian princes appointed to the rank of
1675:
1386:"Dienen und Verdienen. Hitlers Geschenke an seine Eliten"
1198:
Electorate (1356–1806) and
Kingdom of Saxony (1806–1918)
768:, Hitler distributed the rank more widely, promoting 25
1296:
promotion ceremony, that saw the rank be introduced to
1157:, that supreme command authority is transferred to the
928:
Paulus surrendered the following day anyway, claiming,
246:
1192:
374:
The exalted nature of the rank was underscored during
153:
1284:
The rank of Field
Marshal General was first used in
1051:
were still in positions of military responsibility.
16:
Military rank throughout German and Austrian history
1142:is, in peacetime, according to Article 65a of the
1011:for generals in the range of 2,000 to 4,000
745:was promoted to the newly created higher rank of
708:with the promotion of the Reich Minister of War,
418:received marshal's batons or Grand Admiral rank.
1889:
242:List of field marshals of the Holy Roman Empire
1107:no longer exist in the new German (until 1990
1469:
1144:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
904:("commander-in-chief of Army Group North").
717:(20 April 1936), and the Aviation Minister,
701:
680:
666:
652:
533:
68:, "marshal, stable master, groom"; English:
1288:in 2022. On 8 January 2022, Prime Minister
1781:Marshal of the Mongolian People's Republic
1483:
1476:
1462:
1437:Welcome to Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C
950:). Later that same month, Hitler promoted
578:
349:("general admiral" or "admiral-general").
1801:Marshal of the German Democratic Republic
1319:Comparative officer ranks of World War II
1252:Learn how and when to remove this message
1073:Marshal of the German Democratic Republic
737:remained the highest military rank until
733:during the Second World War, the rank of
516:Learn how and when to remove this message
116:was used. The rank was the equivalent to
1373:Stalingrad, The Fateful Siege: 1942–1943
1314:Comparative officer ranks of World War I
1067:(DDR) (German Democratic Republic, i.e.
163:
20:
873:In 1942, three other men were promoted—
1890:
790:, was honorary.) Four weeks after the
231:
88:) was a rank in the armies of several
1457:
983:. On 25 April, just five days before
363:—who had commanded armies during the
48:
1201:
454:adding citations to reliable sources
425:
247:Kingdom of Prussia and German Empire
1193:Other states to have used the title
960:to the rank for his service in the
345:in the German Navy was the rank of
154:Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary
13:
1908:Five-star officers of Nazi Germany
721:(4 February 1938), to the rank of
191:("imperial field marshal") and in
14:
1919:
1796:Marshal of the Russian Federation
1375:. New York: Penguin Books. p. 381
1086:
1294:Ethiopian National Defense Force
1206:
981:Hitler's last will and testament
619:
607:
591:
560:
555:
542:
430:
354:Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia
274:
260:
1348:Encyclopedia of the Third Reich
1065:Deutsche Demokratische Republik
1054:
700:reintroduced the rank into the
441:needs additional citations for
421:
402:. Only a single naval officer,
287:Generalfeldmarschall until 1918
160:List of Austrian field marshals
1425:
1404:
1378:
1362:
1353:
1340:
1331:
1:
1359:Snyder, Louis (1994) , p. 112
1187:Führungsstab der Streitkräfte
897:(30 June) for his success as
238:List of German field marshals
204:Császári és királyi tábornagy
50:[ɡenəʁaːlˈfɛltmaʁʃal]
1272:after it became part of the
938:Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist
198:Kaiserlicher und königlicher
7:
1696:First marshal of the empire
1307:
1279:
1232:the claims made and adding
1151:Federal Minister of Defence
10:
1924:
1174:Armed Forces Command Staff
964:and the later part of the
780:officers in total and two
235:
189:Kaiserlicher Feldmarschall
157:
98:Reichsgeneralfeldmarschall
1903:Field marshals of Germany
1898:Military ranks of Germany
1660:
1653:
1523:
1516:
1491:
1163:Inspector General of the
1000:Financially, the rank of
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662:
648:
640:
632:
602:
586:
577:
553:
541:
530:
339:William I, German Emperor
315:, and a constant escort.
121:
69:
33:Franz Joseph I of Austria
1845:Supreme Allied Commander
1776:Marshal of the air force
1701:General of the Air Force
1324:
404:Henning von Holtzendorff
183:The rank existed in the
1559:Domestic of the Schools
1346:Snyder, Louis (1994) .
1032:retired in January 1943
995:Robert Ritter von Greim
812:Walther von Brauchitsch
788:Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli
82:; often abbreviated to
1806:Field marshal (Uganda)
1485:Highest military ranks
1302:Chief of General Staff
1186:
1071:) created the rank of
1061:National People's Army
958:Wolfram von Richthofen
751:. The equivalent of a
702:
681:
667:
653:
534:
465:"Generalfeldmarschall"
332:
180:
36:
1706:General of the Armies
1020:Generalfeldmarschalls
942:Maximilian von Weichs
899:Oberbefehlshaber der
531:General field marshal
318:In 1854, the rank of
167:
75:field marshal general
71:general field marshal
31:, awarded to Emperor
24:
1712:Generalfeldmarschall
1665:Admiral of the fleet
1146:(constitution), the
1111:) Armed Forces, the
1093:Generalfeldmarschall
1024:Operation Barbarossa
1002:Generalfeldmarschall
987:, Adolf Hitler made
966:Battle of Stalingrad
944:(all members of the
926:Generalfeldmarschall
921:Generalfeldmarschall
844:Walter von Reichenau
753:Generalfeldmarschall
735:Generalfeldmarschall
723:Generalfeldmarschall
535:Generalfeldmarschall
450:improve this article
412:Erich von Falkenhayn
396:Hermann von Eichhorn
388:August von Mackensen
380:Generalfeldmarschall
369:Generalfeldmarschall
309:Generalfeldmarschall
299:Imperial German Army
41:Generalfeldmarschall
1670:Admiral of the Navy
1554:Constable of France
911:, commander of the
891:Siege of Sevastopol
840:Erwin von Witzleben
761:("grand admiral").
715:Werner von Blomberg
384:Paul von Hindenburg
365:Franco-Prussian War
232:Germany and Prussia
1292:presided over the
1217:possibly contains
1159:Federal Chancellor
1134:Commander-in-Chief
1013:ℛ︁ℳ︁
977:Ferdinand Schörner
889:(30 June) for the
887:Erich von Manstein
881:(22 June) for the
820:Gerd von Rundstedt
181:
129:Kaiserliche Marine
37:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1791:Marshal of Poland
1649:
1648:
1392:(in German). 1999
1270:Kingdom of Saxony
1262:
1261:
1254:
1219:original research
919:, to the rank of
901:Heeresgruppe Nord
895:Georg von Küchler
852:Albert Kesselring
836:Günther von Kluge
766:Kaiser Wilhelm II
690:
689:
526:
525:
518:
500:
400:Remus von Woyrsch
361:Friedrich Wilhelm
301:and later in the
226:Habsburg-Lorraine
208:Holy Roman Empire
148:NATO naval forces
102:Habsburg monarchy
94:Holy Roman Empire
1915:
1771:Marshal of Italy
1658:
1657:
1589:Magister militum
1521:
1520:
1478:
1471:
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1234:inline citations
1210:
1209:
1202:
1181:
1170:chief of defence
1168:is the military
1155:State of Defence
962:Crimean campaign
909:Friedrich Paulus
907:Hitler promoted
828:Wilhelm von Leeb
804:Battle of France
755:in the navy was
707:
694:Second World War
686:
677:Equivalent ranks
672:
658:
649:Next higher rank
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623:
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408:Erich Ludendorff
327:
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264:
173:k.u.k. Army
142:, comparable to
125:
81:
60:
59:
58:
52:
47:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1877:
1839:Reichsmarschall
1786:Marshal of Peru
1645:
1512:
1498:General officer
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1177:
1089:
1057:
1009:fringe benefits
985:his own suicide
883:siege of Tobruk
877:('Desert Fox')
748:Reichsmarschall
663:Next lower rank
655:Reichsmarschall
620:
618:
617:
608:
606:
592:
590:
573:
571:
554:
549:
532:
522:
511:
505:
502:
459:
457:
447:
435:
424:
416:Reinhard Scheer
343:colonel-general
323:
320:colonel general
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284:
283:
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265:
256:
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244:
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193:Austria-Hungary
185:Austrian Empire
162:
156:
110:Austria-Hungary
106:Austrian Empire
63:Old High German
54:
53:
45:
29:marshal's baton
17:
12:
11:
5:
1921:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
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1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
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1756:
1753:Jenderal besar
1749:
1746:Chom Thap Thai
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1573:
1571:Grand Domestic
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1561:
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1369:Beevor, Antony
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1350:, pp. 111, 112
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1212:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1172:and heads the
1105:Generaladmiral
1088:
1087:Modern Germany
1085:
1056:
1053:
824:Fedor von Bock
816:Wilhelm Keitel
743:Hermann Göring
719:Hermann Göring
688:
687:
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674:
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603:Service branch
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567:Arabesque and
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547:
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538:
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523:
438:
436:
429:
423:
420:
392:Karl von Bülow
347:Generaladmiral
307:, the rank of
286:
285:
281:Shoulder badge
280:
273:
272:
266:
259:
258:
257:
253:
252:
251:
250:
248:
245:
233:
230:
218:held the rank
155:
152:
140:five-star rank
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1920:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
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1819:General (YPA)
1817:
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1814:Field Marshal
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1740:Grand marshal
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1728:Generalissimo
1726:
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1724:Soviet Union
1723:
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1719:Generalissimo
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1529:Amir al-umara
1526:
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467: –
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461:Find sources:
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439:This section
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295:Prussian Army
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254:Rank insignia
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169:Feldmarschall
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123:Grand Admiral
119:
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114:Feldmarschall
111:
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1565:Dux bellorum
1563:
1546:
1539:
1527:
1503:Flag officer
1440:. Retrieved
1436:
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1406:
1394:. Retrieved
1389:
1380:
1372:
1364:
1355:
1347:
1342:
1333:
1298:Birhanu Jula
1283:
1263:
1248:
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1100:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1080:
1069:East Germany
1064:
1058:
1055:East Germany
1045:20 July plot
1040:
1037:war criminal
1028:Erich Raeder
1019:
1017:
1001:
999:
988:
973:Walter Model
970:
951:
945:
929:
925:
920:
906:
898:
879:Erwin Rommel
874:
872:
863:
860:Hugo Sperrle
856:Erhard Milch
847:
832:Wilhelm List
808:19 July 1940
802:had won the
797:
791:
783:Kriegsmarine
781:
775:
769:
763:
756:
752:
746:
734:
731:Nazi Germany
726:
722:
709:
698:Adolf Hitler
691:
598:Nazi Germany
512:
503:
493:
486:
479:
472:
460:
448:Please help
443:verification
440:
422:Nazi Germany
379:
373:
368:
358:Crown Prince
351:
346:
342:
317:
308:
302:
292:
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188:
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135:Kriegsmarine
133:
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84:
83:
74:
70:
65:
40:
39:
38:
18:
1810:Yugoslavia
1683:Dayuanshuai
1508:Air officer
1109:West German
1101:Großadmiral
1049:Karl Dönitz
934:Ernst Busch
875:Wüstenfuchs
758:Großadmiral
692:Before the
683:Großadmiral
615:German Army
572:(1942–1945)
376:World War I
146:in today's
118:Großadmiral
112:, the rank
1892:Categories
1690:Dai-gensui
1596:Megas doux
1582:Ispahsalar
1541:Autokrator
1290:Abiy Ahmed
1226:improve it
1165:Bundeswehr
1139:Bundeswehr
1119:Bundeswehr
1114:Bundeswehr
917:Stalingrad
476:newspapers
236:See also:
221:ex officio
158:See also:
120:(English:
100:); in the
66:marahscalc
1865:Yuanshuai
1607:Rigsmarsk
1602:Polemarch
1576:Imperator
1548:Beylerbey
1276:in 1871.
1230:verifying
1179:‹See Tfd›
1081:Staatsrat
1041:Luftwaffe
990:Luftwaffe
953:Luftwaffe
864:Luftwaffe
799:Luftwaffe
777:Luftwaffe
739:July 1940
727:Wehrmacht
725:. In the
704:Wehrmacht
641:Abolished
633:Formation
627:Luftwaffe
569:Epaulette
548:Rank flag
506:July 2022
352:In 1870,
325:‹See Tfd›
304:Wehrmacht
268:Epaulette
228:dynasty.
126:) in the
1851:Taewonsu
1636:Sparapet
1618:Serasker
1442:13 March
1417:13 March
1396:19 March
1371:(1998).
1308:See also
1286:Ethiopia
1280:Ethiopia
1242:May 2022
1148:civilian
1006:tax free
993:General
956:General
913:6th Army
92:and the
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26:Prussian
1872:Marshal
1824:Marshal
1765:Mareşal
1759:Marshal
1733:Marshal
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764:Unlike
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587:Country
490:scholar
313:monarch
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212:Emperor
171:of the
61:; from
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1654:Modern
1641:Hetman
1625:Shōgun
1612:Sardar
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893:, and
868:Führer
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497:JSTOR
483:books
414:, or
144:OF-10
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