691:
345:(仏) added for the plural. For a plural generic antecedent such as "people (in general)", the referring pronoun will always be written as the masculine plural form unless the generic group is known to be inherently female (as in "women (in general)"), in which case the feminine form is used. For a singular generic antecedent such as "someone", the referring pronoun is always written as the masculine singular form unless the generic antecedent is known to be inherently female (as in "(an unspecified) woman").
635:
610:
581:
558:
36:
508:
531:
673:. Some writers prefer to alternate between male and female generic usage to provide clarity without the appearance of bias. Other speakers intentionally use female generic forms as a political or cultural statement against the conventional practice of generic use of the masculine form. A study of English language usage over the past twenty years shows that
1240:"This group of some 200 distinguished educators, writers, and public speakers enriches dictionary with their judgments concerning difficult or disputed usage. Most of its members are writers, editors, critics, or educators while others hold distinguished positions in law, government, diplomacy, medicine, science, business, and the arts." See
934:
The reforms involving gender are explicitly political in intent and represent a quest for social justice rather than a wish for more consistent logic. And unlike other political language reforms, which tend to be limited to individual names for ethnic groups, gender reforms involve basic grammatical
444:
In these examples, some speakers might mean that all nurses are female, or that all bosses are male, while others might intend the pronouns as generic and hence gender-unspecific. Ambiguity arises from the possibility that the listener might interpret the meaning differently from what the speaker
285:
is used to refer to grammatically feminine antecedents. Thus, for both generic and non-generic antecedents, the natural gender of the antecedent, whether known or unknown, is irrelevant, as the deciding factor for the choice of a referring pronoun is the grammatical gender of the antecedent.
387:
But difficulty arises in choosing a singular pronoun to refer to a single, unspecified human (whose gender is indeterminate, as the reference is equally to a hypothetical male or a hypothetical female). In particular, the overlap of generic use with
1516:
200:
Many languages share the following issue with
English: the generic antecedent is a representative individual of a class, whose gender is unknown or irrelevant, but pronouns are gender-specific. In languages such as English that distinguish
836:
Resistance remains strongest when the sentence refers to a specific individual whose gender is unknown, rather than to a generic individual representative of anyone: in our 2015 survey, 58 percent of the Panel found
929:
should be proscribed. Both these points of view have found many followers; however, they generally do not accurately describe the usage or rationale of the wide range of options common in the
English language.
951:. Some of these elements have been in the language for over a thousand years. It is not surprising, therefore, that the effort to undo them can often be a difficult and untidy business.
1467:
794:
269:
both the singular and plural pronouns in the third person are marked for grammatical gender, and the antecedent always has grammatical gender. The masculine form of "they",
1455:
1258:
273:, is always used when referring to a plural and grammatically masculine antecedent, while for plural antecedents that are grammatically feminine the feminine form
494:
What has become controversial among users of
English is the choice of pronoun to refer back to a generalized, and hence generic, singular antecedent such as
1300:
241:
were used for this purpose but, particularly since the nineteenth century, English style guides have frequently recommended the otherwise masculine
785:
There is historical precedent for the third option as well as popular contemporary usage. However, there are contemporary, as well as historical,
353:
If an antecedent is a thing, either specific or generic (such as a snowman), rather than a person, the appropriate pronoun to refer back to it is
1448:
1405:
1563:
2037:
1441:
209:
in nouns, normally masculine, but sometimes feminine, forms of pronouns are used for the generic reference, in what is called the
100:
747:
staffs well. (Making the antecedent plural, thus requiring the use of a plural pronoun, which in
English is not gender-specific)
2284:
229:
Unless there is reason to believe the speaker thinks ambitious academics are always female in the relevant context, the use of
72:
357:, and no difficulty arises. Likewise, if the antecedent is more than one thing, again either specific or generic, the pronoun
1201:
1133:
2259:
1103:
845:, was rejected by 48 percent (a substantial change from our 1996 survey, in which 80 percent rejected this same sentence).
79:
1905:
1572:
1367:
1342:
997:
53:
17:
1074:
1147:
Pauwels, Anne (2003). "Linguistic sexism and feminist linguistic activism". In Holmes, Janet; Meyerhoff Miriam (eds.).
762:, incorrect in formal English according to some sources, especially older or traditional ones, but accepted by others).
254:
1168:
1084:
119:
364:
When the antecedent is a specific person (whose gender is therefore known), the correct referring pronoun is either
86:
2264:
2254:
1992:
376:
is used, again without any difficulty arising. And when the antecedent is generic and plural, again the pronoun
2113:
1987:
1646:
1556:
372:, depending on the person's gender. When the antecedent is a specific group of two or more people, the pronoun
68:
57:
1765:
1586:
925:
in certain contexts, to making it valid or even mandatory in all. Other prescriptivists argue that generic
897:, is suitably singular and unspecific with respect to gender; but it can take only "one" as an antecedent.
1297:
884:
2279:
2269:
1651:
1218:
1124:
1057:
The
American Heritage Book of English Usage: A Practical and Authoritative Guide to Contemporary English
2274:
2133:
1795:
1616:
669:
Many recent style guides discourage generic constructions or accept approaches other than the generic
2294:
2138:
2088:
1850:
1739:
1549:
1101:'In Search of Gender Neutrality: Is Singular They a Cognitively Efficient Substitute for Generic He?'
994: â State of standing out as unusual or difficult in comparison to a more common or regular form
2198:
2057:
1636:
976:, also known as generic mood â Grammatical feature used to express general truths or aphorisms
1187:
Updating the New
International Version of the Bible: Notes from the Committee on Bible Translation
2193:
1734:
1402:
918:
626:
188:
The question of appropriate style for using pronouns to refer to such generic antecedents in the
152:
46:
329:
form of writing
Mandarin in the Latin alphabet, there is no distinction between "he" and "she" (
213:
usage of the pronoun. The context makes the generic intent of the usage clear in communication.
93:
2223:
1890:
1860:
1835:
1775:
1674:
1606:
1160:
935:
components like pronouns, basic grammatical rules like pronoun agreement, and basic words like
778:
677:
is now the most common way that modern speakers and writers refer back to generic antecedents.
662:
as a singular pronoun that can refer to both men and women (generic usage). Use of the generic
1186:
337:
in each case). However, when
Mandarin is written in characters, a gender distinction is made:
2118:
2012:
1977:
1865:
1840:
1684:
1601:
601:
1148:
333:
in each case), nor is there a distinction between "they (masculine)" and "they (feminine)" (
2103:
1910:
1689:
1012:
167:
8:
2188:
2153:
2098:
2042:
1945:
1930:
1900:
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1855:
1724:
1709:
1223:
596:
1395:
721:
Speakers opposed to gender role stereotyping often use one of the following strategies.
704:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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2158:
2128:
2093:
2073:
2002:
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The typical student in the program takes about six years to complete their course work
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2017:
1997:
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unacceptable. ⊠Panel members do seem to distinguish between singular nouns, such as
245:
as a singular generic pronoun. Since the middle of the twentieth century the use of
2218:
2143:
2032:
1810:
1478:
1464:
1060:
502:. Examples of accepted, disputed, and impossible constructions in English include:
322:
253:
is perceived as subtly biasing the listener to assume the antecedent is masculine.
189:
1433:
1198:
2022:
1925:
1820:
1785:
1409:
1304:
1205:
1107:
961:
266:
1100:
866:
staff well. (Issues: cumbersome if overused, have to place genders in an order.)
816:, and pronouns that are grammatically singular but semantically plural, such as
2208:
2203:
2123:
2007:
1885:
1780:
1621:
1526:
1420:
774:
289:
Some French speakers advocate the use of created gender-free pronouns, such as
202:
148:
1253:
192:
became politicized in the 1970s, and remains a matter of substantial dispute.
27:
Representatives of classes in a situation in which gender is typically unknown
2248:
1895:
1870:
1704:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1156:
1006:
973:
893:
843:
A person at that level should not have to keep track of the hours they put in
759:
2163:
2083:
1950:
1830:
1714:
1694:
1488:
1363:
1338:
832:
update, the dictionary reported "their resistance has declined over time":
233:
in this sentence must be interpreted as a generic use. Traditionally both
2078:
2052:
1935:
1699:
1626:
979:
786:
389:
854:
Options other than generic pronouns, rephrasing in the plural, or using
2228:
1875:
1641:
1596:
1591:
1521:
1277:
The
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition
1015: â Pronoun that is associated with a particular grammatical person
991:
392:
634:
609:
580:
557:
277:
of "they" is used. Likewise, in the singular the third person pronoun
2027:
1845:
1770:
1749:
1679:
1631:
1611:
967:
163:
1052:
35:
1940:
1729:
160:
136:
140:
1388:
982: â Use of the pronoun you to refer to an unspecified person
858:
can be well suited to some contexts, but problematic in others.
808:
with singular antecedents. Eighty-two percent find the sentence
624:(especially if used repeatedly) and recommended against by the
326:
156:
144:
970: â Quality of a word with identical female and male forms
887:, xe, and many others â have been accepted into the language.)
507:
1805:
361:
is used to refer back to it, and again no difficulty arises.
249:
for this purpose has been discouraged, partly because use of
1380:
Helge LĂždrup. "Norwegian
Anaphors without Visible Binders."
1355:. Edited by M. Kanazawa and others. Stanford: CSLI: 171â199.
1298:'The Epicene Pronouns: A Chronology of the Word That Failed'
530:
281:
is used to refer to grammatically masculine antecedents and
1416:. Edited by Stefan MĂŒller. Lisbon: CSLI Publications, 2005.
1262:, Fourth edition, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000).
829:
790:
170:
in boldface and the referring pronoun in italics) include "
839:
We thank the anonymous reviewer for their helpful comments
341:
is written as ä» or ć„č for "he" or "she" respectively, with
147:
is typically unknown or irrelevant. These mostly arise in
658:
English guidelines before the 1980s supported the use of
599:, for example); condemned by some older sources, such as
1259:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
135:
are representatives of classes, referred to in ordinary
1571:
1017:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1002:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
841:
unacceptable. A sentence with a generic antecedent,
1463:
553:(singular pronoun cannot have a plural antecedent.)
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1394:Anna Pycha, Constance Milbrath and Stephen Eyre. "
964: â Sentence that resists simple formalization
1425:CĂrculo de lingĂŒĂstica aplicada a la comunicaciĂłn
1398:." Oakland: Linguistics Society of America, 2005.
195:
2246:
2038:Segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT)
1360:Studies in the Semantics of Generic Noun Phrases
666:, however, has been decreasing since the 1960s.
873:does, it is good. (Issue: written option only.)
576:generic, or are all members of the group male?)
1122:
804:Most of the Usage Panelists reject the use of
448:
1557:
1449:
348:
301:("they (masculine) and they (feminine)") and
1126:Gender in English pronouns: Myth and reality
313:("those (feminine) and those (masculine)").
1318:The American Heritage Book of English Usage
1099:Julie Foertsch and Morton Ann Gernsbacher,
988: â Pronoun without a definite referent
605:, but endorsed by many modern style guides.
1564:
1550:
1456:
1442:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
879:will be happy and so will they. (Issue:
380:is used and is not problematic, because
1146:
14:
2247:
1072:
1009: â Gender-neutral English pronoun
1993:Discourse representation theory (DRT)
1545:
1437:
1412:Implications for Binding Theory." In
1182:
1180:
1079:. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
849:
1414:Proceedings of the HPSG05 Conference
1401:Jeffrey T. Runner and Elsi Kaiser. "
1396:Anaphora in African-American English
684:
453:Speakers of all languages use words
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
1906:Quantificational variability effect
1573:Formal semantics (natural language)
1368:University of Massachusetts Amherst
1351:"(In)definites and genericity." In
1343:University of Massachusetts Amherst
1217:"A person can't help their birth."
1151:The Handbook of Language and Gender
1134:Albert-Ludwigs-UniversitÀt Freiburg
998:Quantificational variability effect
680:
395:has led to controversy in English.
316:
24:
1353:Quantifiers, Deduction and Context
1327:
1177:
25:
2306:
1374:
1242:The American Heritage Usage Panel
891:The indefinite personal pronoun,
789:that discourage this option. In
1421:Determiners as Modified Pronouns
1403:Binding in Picture Noun Phrases:
1279:. HarperCollins Publishers. 2022
797:The American Heritage Dictionary
733:staff well. (Use of the pronoun
689:
633:
608:
579:
556:
529:
506:
34:
1382:Journal of Germanic Linguistics
1310:
1290:
1265:
1247:
1234:
151:and are particularly common in
45:needs additional citations for
1988:Combinatory categorial grammar
1211:
1191:
1140:
1116:
1093:
1066:
1046:
1041:Journal of English Linguistics
1029:
549:is the intended antecedent of
196:Treatment in various languages
139:by another word (most often a
13:
1:
2285:Language varieties and styles
1766:Antecedent-contained deletion
1389:http://journals.cambridge.org
1335:Reference to Kinds in English
1123:Susanne Wagner (2004-07-22).
1022:
921:argue from the valid use of
7:
2260:English usage controversies
1387:(2007): 1â22. Available at
1219:William Makepeace Thackeray
1073:Spevak, Olga (2014-06-15).
955:
912:
883:of the invented pronouns â
773:staff well. (Rare use of a
483:Example of generalization:
476:Example of generalization:
465:Example of distinction: My
449:Approaches taken in English
143:), in a situation in which
10:
2311:
1647:Syntaxâsemantics interface
1037:'The Rise of Epicene They'
349:Gender in English pronouns
2181:
2139:Question under discussion
2089:Conversational scoreboard
2066:
1970:
1963:
1866:Intersective modification
1851:Homogeneity (linguistics)
1758:
1667:
1660:
1579:
1512:
1474:
1199:'Gender-Neutral Pronouns'
698:This section needs to be
260:
2199:Distributional semantics
1061:Houghton Mifflin Company
1000: â formal semantics
384:is not gender-specific.
221:will publish as soon as
185:spends in this market".
174:of Knowledge appreciate
2265:Gender-neutral language
2255:Gender-neutral pronouns
2194:Computational semantics
1931:Subsective modification
1735:Propositional attitudes
1468:gender-neutral pronouns
627:Chicago Manual of Style
2224:Philosophy of language
1861:Inalienable possession
1841:Free choice inferences
1836:Faultless disagreement
1607:Generalized quantifier
953:
847:
826:
779:gender-neutral pronoun
537:people get hungry, so
514:people get hungry, so
2119:Plural quantification
2013:Inquisitive semantics
1978:Alternative semantics
1159:: Blackwell. p.
1111:Psychological Science
932:
834:
802:
654:specific or generic?)
616:one gets thirsty, so
602:The Elements of Style
587:one gets thirsty, so
564:one gets thirsty, so
457:to make distinctions
178:encyclopedia", "the
166:. Examples (with the
2104:Function application
1911:Responsive predicate
1901:Privative adjectives
1013:Third-person pronoun
862:A boss should treat
758:staff well. (Use of
257:have been proposed.
255:Various alternatives
205:in pronouns but not
69:"Generic antecedent"
54:improve this article
2189:Cognitive semantics
2154:Strawson entailment
2099:Existential closure
2043:Situation semantics
1946:Temperature paradox
1916:Rising declaratives
1881:Modal subordination
1856:Hurford disjunction
1816:Discourse relations
1358:Wilkinson, Karina.
1132:(Doctoral thesis).
814:the typical student
737:to expected gender)
407:gets adequate rest.
403:should ensure that
133:Generic antecedents
18:Generic antecedents
2280:Grammatical number
2270:Grammatical gender
2234:Semantics of logic
2159:Strict conditional
2129:Quantifier raising
2094:Downward entailing
2074:Autonomy of syntax
2003:Generative grammar
1983:Categorial grammar
1921:Scalar implicature
1826:Epistemic modality
1801:De dicto and de re
1408:2006-09-18 at the
1303:2006-12-03 at the
1204:2008-10-15 at the
1113:8 (1997): 106â111.
1106:2007-06-21 at the
1043:32 (2004): 79â104.
986:Indefinite pronoun
850:Other alternatives
469:thinks..., but my
219:ambitious academic
207:grammatical gender
2275:Personal pronouns
2242:
2241:
2214:Logic translation
2177:
2176:
2169:Universal grinder
2149:Squiggle operator
2109:Meaning postulate
2048:Supervaluationism
2018:Intensional logic
1998:Dynamic semantics
1959:
1958:
1791:Crossover effects
1740:Tenseâaspectâmood
1720:Lexical semantics
1539:
1538:
1197:Michael Quinion,
719:
718:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
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2295:Sociolinguistics
2219:Linguistics wars
2144:Semantic parsing
2033:Montague grammar
1968:
1967:
1811:Deontic modality
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1652:Truth conditions
1587:Compositionality
1580:Central concepts
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681:Modern solutions
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595:Long in use (by
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414:should maintain
323:Mandarin Chinese
317:Mandarin Chinese
190:English language
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2023:Lambda calculus
1955:
1926:Sloppy identity
1886:Opaque contexts
1821:Donkey anaphora
1786:Counterfactuals
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1527:Spivak pronouns
1508:
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1410:Wayback Machine
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1333:Carlson, Greg.
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1328:Further reading
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962:Donkey sentence
958:
919:prescriptivists
915:
852:
795:Usage Panel of
715:
709:
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703:
694:
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683:
461:to generalize:
451:
429:diet carefully.
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149:generalizations
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2008:Glue semantics
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1971:Formal systems
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1781:Conservativity
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1419:Marta LujĂĄn. "
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1309:
1296:Dennis Baron,
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1233:
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1190:
1176:
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1139:
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1035:Mark Balhorn,
1027:
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412:police officer
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2034:
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2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
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2006:
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1999:
1996:
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1966:
1962:
1952:
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1929:
1927:
1924:
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1899:
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1894:
1892:
1891:Performatives
1889:
1887:
1884:
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1879:
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1872:
1871:Logophoricity
1869:
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1705:Evidentiality
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1320:, work cited.
1319:
1316:'Gender', in
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1007:Singular they
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981:
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974:Gnomic aspect
972:
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769:should treat
768:
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710:February 2021
701:
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435:
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424:
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344:
340:
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332:
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325:, and in the
324:
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312:
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276:
272:
268:
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110:February 2015
102:
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71: â
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2164:Type shifter
2134:Quantization
2084:Continuation
1951:Veridicality
1831:Exhaustivity
1796:Cumulativity
1715:Indexicality
1695:Definiteness
1690:Conditionals
1617:Logical form
1427:
1424:
1413:
1384:
1381:
1364:Ph.D. Thesis
1359:
1352:
1349:De Swart, H.
1339:Ph.D. Thesis
1334:
1317:
1312:
1292:
1281:. Retrieved
1276:
1267:
1257:
1249:
1236:
1222:
1213:
1193:
1150:
1142:
1125:
1118:
1110:
1095:
1076:Noun Valency
1075:
1068:
1056:
1048:
1040:
1031:
948:
944:
940:
936:
933:
926:
922:
917:Some modern
916:
905:
901:
892:
890:
880:
876:
870:
863:
855:
853:
842:
838:
835:
827:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
803:
796:
787:style guides
784:
770:
766:
755:
751:
744:
740:
734:
730:
726:
720:
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699:
674:
670:
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663:
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647:
643:
639:
625:
621:
617:
613:
600:
592:
588:
584:
573:
569:
565:
561:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
523:
519:
515:
511:
500:every parent
499:
495:
493:
490:believes....
487:
484:
477:
470:
466:
458:
454:
452:
443:
437:
433:
426:
422:
415:
411:
404:
400:
393:stereotyping
386:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
363:
358:
354:
352:
342:
338:
334:
330:
320:
310:
306:
302:
299:ils et elles
298:
294:
290:
288:
282:
278:
274:
270:
264:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
228:
222:
218:
217:Example: An
210:
199:
187:
182:
179:
175:
171:
132:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2079:Context set
2053:Type theory
1936:Subtrigging
1700:Disjunction
1627:Proposition
1522:neopronouns
1484:generic she
1224:Vanity Fair
1059:, (Boston:
980:Generic you
777:; also see
597:Shakespeare
526:is plural.)
480:believe....
440:staff well.
390:gender role
157:theoretical
2249:Categories
2229:Pragmatics
1876:Mirativity
1642:Speech act
1597:Entailment
1592:Denotation
1517:neologisms
1479:generic he
1283:2024-08-28
1155:. Malden,
1023:References
992:Markedness
864:her or his
642:is tired,
593:Acceptable
547:all people
524:All people
520:Acceptable
496:any parent
445:intended.
321:In spoken
168:antecedent
80:newspapers
2028:Mereology
1964:Formalism
1846:Givenness
1771:Cataphora
1759:Phenomena
1750:Vagueness
1680:Ambiguity
1632:Reference
1612:Intension
1602:Extension
968:Epicenity
828:By their
800:wrote:
618:he or she
543:Incorrect
164:discourse
161:strategic
2290:Pronouns
2182:See also
2067:Concepts
1941:Telicity
1776:Coercion
1730:Negation
1725:Modality
1675:Anaphora
1406:Archived
1301:Archived
1227:, 1848,
1202:Archived
1104:Archived
1063:, 1996).
1053:'Gender'
956:See also
913:Opinions
822:everyone
735:opposite
648:Disputed
646:sleeps.
640:a person
630:, et al.
620:drinks.
570:Disputed
568:drinks.
473:says....
418:fitness.
180:customer
153:abstract
137:language
1685:Binding
1465:English
1430:(2002).
1370:, 1991.
1345:, 1977.
1307:, 2006.
1208:, 2002.
700:updated
622:Awkward
591:drink.
478:Parents
307:ceulles
303:celleux
211:generic
172:readers
141:pronoun
94:scholar
2114:Monads
1661:Topics
1273:"They"
1254:'They'
1167:
1083:
949:female
941:father
818:anyone
793:, the
741:Bosses
541:eats.
488:parent
471:father
467:mother
423:dancer
327:pinyin
267:French
261:French
145:gender
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1806:De se
1710:Focus
1668:Areas
1637:Scope
1229:c. 41
1130:(PDF)
1055:, in
906:one's
871:(s)he
756:their
745:their
638:When
518:eat.
498:, or
401:nurse
335:tÄmen
291:illes
275:elles
176:their
101:JSTOR
87:books
1165:ISBN
1081:ISBN
947:and
945:male
923:they
908:own.
885:thon
881:none
877:Thon
856:they
830:2022
820:and
806:they
791:2000
767:boss
752:boss
727:boss
675:they
650:(Is
614:Each
589:they
585:Each
572:(Is
562:Each
516:they
455:both
434:boss
382:they
378:they
374:they
359:they
343:-men
309:for
297:for
283:elle
239:they
237:and
225:can.
73:news
2058:TTR
1499:who
1494:one
1423:."
1161:563
937:man
902:One
894:one
869:If
771:eir
731:her
652:she
644:she
551:she
545:if
539:she
535:All
512:All
485:Any
459:and
438:his
427:her
416:his
405:she
370:she
368:or
305:or
295:els
293:or
271:ils
265:In
231:she
223:she
183:who
159:or
56:by
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1489:it
1385:19
1366:.
1362:.
1341:.
1337:.
1275:.
1256:,
1221:,
1179:^
1163:.
1157:MA
1039:,
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939:,
927:he
781:.)
765:A
750:A
725:A
671:he
664:he
660:he
574:he
566:he
432:A
421:A
410:A
399:A
366:he
355:it
339:tÄ
331:tÄ
279:il
251:he
247:he
243:he
235:he
155:,
1565:e
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1551:v
1457:e
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1443:v
1428:9
1391:.
1286:.
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1173:.
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708:(
702:.
522:(
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117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
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