69:
590:
186:
and/or insertion. Markers can exhibit two modes of inheritance, i.e. dominant/recessive or co-dominant. If the genetic pattern of homo-zygotes can be distinguished from that of hetero-zygotes, then a marker is said to be co-dominant. Generally co-dominant markers are more informative than the dominant markers.
297:
Genetic markers have also been used to measure the genomic response to selection in livestock. Natural and artificial selection leads to a change in the genetic makeup of the cell. The presence of different alleles due to a distorted segregation at the genetic markers is indicative of the difference
185:
Molecular genetic markers can be divided into two classes: a) biochemical markers which detect variation at the gene product level such as changes in proteins and amino acids and b) molecular markers which detect variation at the DNA level such as nucleotide changes: deletion, duplication, inversion
59:
was limited to identifying organisms by traditional phenotypes markers. This included genes that encoded easily observable characteristics, such as blood types or seed shapes. The insufficient number of these types of characteristics in several organisms limited the possible mapping efforts. This
290:. With the aid of genetic markers, researchers were able to provide conclusive evidence that the cancerous tumor cell evolved into a transmissible parasite. Furthermore, molecular genetic markers were used to resolve the issue of natural transmission, the breed of origin (
214:). It is known that pieces of DNA that lie near each other on a chromosome tend to be inherited together. This property enables the use of a marker, which can then be used to determine the precise inheritance pattern of the gene that has not yet been exactly localized.
39:. It can be described as a variation (which may arise due to mutation or alteration in the genomic loci) that can be observed. A genetic marker may be a short DNA sequence, such as a sequence surrounding a single base-pair change (
375:
Mehta, Sahil; Singh, Baljinder; Dhakate, Priyanka; Rahman, Mehzabin; Islam, Muhammad Aminul (2019). "5 Rice, Marker-Assisted
Breeding, and Disease Resistance". In Wani, Shabir Hussain (ed.).
286:) was. Many researchers hypothesized that virus like particles were responsible for transforming the cell, while others thought that the cell itself was able to infect other canines as an
529:
152:
60:
prompted the development of gene markers, which could identify genetic characteristics that are not readily observable in organisms (such as protein variation).
562:
540:
545:. AMS (Bioversity's Regional Office for the Americas), CIRAD, GCP, IPGRI, M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation. p. 85. Archived from
81:
166:
116:
102:
518:
95:
435:
411:
392:
356:
322:
283:
88:
454:, Kim SY, Fassati A, Weiss RA. Clonal origin and evolution of a transmissible cancer. Cell. 2006 Aug 11;126(3):477-87.
594:
464:
Gomez-Raya L, Olsen HG, Lingaas F, Klungland H, Våge DI, Olsaker I, Talle SB, Aasland M, Lien S (November 2002).
138:
40:
568:
546:
109:
614:
609:
260:
do not provide any information. Detection of the marker can be direct by RNA sequencing, or indirect using
275:
are RFLP, AFLP, RAPD, SSR. They can be used to create genetic maps of whatever organism is being studied.
159:
624:
131:
127:
327:
253:
451:
425:
218:
178:
8:
384:
145:
490:
465:
495:
431:
407:
398:
388:
380:
352:
238:
230:
222:
195:
377:
Disease
Resistance in Crop Plants : Molecular, Genetic and Genomic Perspectives
485:
477:
312:
249:
226:
481:
466:"The use of genetic markers to measure genomic response to selection in livestock"
534:. IPGRI, Rome, Italy and Institute for Genetic Diversity, Ithaca, New York, USA.
523:. IPGRI, Rome, Italy and Institute for Genetic Diversity, Ithaca, New York, USA.
402:
603:
291:
272:
44:
427:
Genetic
Mapping and Marker Assisted Selection: Basics, Practice and Benefits
619:
499:
248:
Genetic markers have to be easily identifiable, associated with a specific
234:
56:
28:
68:
317:
307:
257:
32:
287:
261:
242:
203:
199:
211:
194:
Genetic markers can be used to study the relationship between an
36:
589:
463:
268:
560:
229:
between individuals or populations. Uniparental markers (on
279:
207:
24:
16:
Gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome
278:
There was a debate over what the transmissible agent of
430:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 60–.
374:
423:
237:
DNA) are studied for assessing maternal or paternal
538:
370:
368:
346:
76:Some commonly used types of genetic markers are:
601:
561:Spooner D, van Treuren R, de Vicente MC (2005).
527:
516:
567:. CGN, IPGRI, USDA. p. 126. Archived from
365:
298:between selected and non-selected livestock.
35:that can be used to identify individuals or
457:
417:
531:Molecular Marker Learning Modules – Vol. 2
520:Molecular Marker Learning Modules – Vol. 1
564:Molecular markers for genebank management
489:
82:Restriction fragment length polymorphism
72:SFP discovery principle for gene probing
67:
167:Restriction site associated DNA markers
117:Single-strand conformation polymorphism
103:Random amplification of polymorphic DNA
602:
267:Some of the methods used to study the
96:Amplified fragment length polymorphism
323:Eukaryotic chromosome fine structure
294:), and the age of the canine tumor.
542:Molecular Markers for Allele Mining
539:de Vicente C, Glaszmann JC (2006).
424:N Manikanda Boopathi (2012-12-12).
284:canine transmissible venereal tumor
245:markers are used for all ancestry.
89:Simple sequence length polymorphism
13:
510:
14:
636:
583:
347:Benjamin A. Pierce (2013-12-27).
202:cause (for example, a particular
588:
217:Genetic markers are employed in
528:de Vicente C, Fulton T (2004).
517:de Vicente C, Fulton T (2003).
349:Genetics: A Conceptual Approach
444:
340:
139:Single nucleotide polymorphism
41:single nucleotide polymorphism
1:
333:
110:Variable number tandem repeat
50:
210:that results in a defective
43:, SNP), or a long one, like
7:
482:10.1093/genetics/162.3.1381
387:. pp. 83–112/xii+307.
301:
160:Diversity Arrays Technology
153:Single feature polymorphism
31:with a known location on a
10:
641:
219:genealogical DNA testing
63:
328:Repeated sequence (DNA)
189:
351:. Macmillan Learning.
132:Simple sequence repeat
73:
597:at Wikimedia Commons
179:Sequence-tagged sites
71:
615:Genomics techniques
610:Genetics techniques
146:Short tandem repeat
130:polymorphism, (or
74:
625:Molecular biology
593:Media related to
437:978-81-322-0958-4
412:978-3-030-20728-1
394:978-3-030-20727-4
381:Cham, Switzerland
358:978-1-4641-0946-1
223:genetic genealogy
196:inherited disease
632:
592:
579:
577:
576:
557:
555:
554:
535:
524:
504:
503:
493:
461:
455:
448:
442:
441:
421:
415:
406:
372:
363:
362:
344:
313:Molecular marker
227:genetic distance
176:
175:
165:RAD markers (or
126:
125:
55:For many years,
640:
639:
635:
634:
633:
631:
630:
629:
600:
599:
595:Genetic markers
586:
574:
572:
552:
550:
513:
511:Further reading
508:
507:
462:
458:
449:
445:
438:
422:
418:
395:
373:
366:
359:
345:
341:
336:
304:
192:
173:
172:
123:
122:
66:
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
638:
628:
627:
622:
617:
612:
585:
584:External links
582:
581:
580:
558:
536:
525:
512:
509:
506:
505:
456:
443:
436:
416:
393:
364:
357:
338:
337:
335:
332:
331:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
303:
300:
191:
188:
183:
182:
170:
163:
156:
149:
142:
135:
128:Microsatellite
120:
113:
106:
99:
92:
85:
65:
62:
52:
49:
45:minisatellites
21:genetic marker
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
637:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
605:
598:
596:
591:
571:on 2008-05-03
570:
566:
565:
559:
549:on 2007-12-04
548:
544:
543:
537:
533:
532:
526:
522:
521:
515:
514:
501:
497:
492:
487:
483:
479:
476:(3): 1381–8.
475:
471:
467:
460:
453:
447:
439:
433:
429:
428:
420:
413:
409:
404:
400:
396:
390:
386:
382:
378:
371:
369:
360:
354:
350:
343:
339:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
305:
299:
295:
293:
292:phylogenetics
289:
285:
281:
276:
274:
273:phylogenetics
270:
265:
263:
259:
255:
252:, and highly
251:
246:
244:
240:
236:
235:Y chromosomal
232:
231:mitochondrial
228:
225:to determine
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
187:
180:
171:
168:
164:
161:
157:
154:
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
121:
118:
114:
111:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
78:
77:
70:
61:
58:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
587:
573:. Retrieved
569:the original
563:
551:. Retrieved
547:the original
541:
530:
519:
473:
469:
459:
452:Pritchard JK
446:
426:
419:
376:
348:
342:
296:
277:
266:
247:
216:
193:
184:
75:
57:gene mapping
54:
29:DNA sequence
20:
18:
318:DNA marking
308:Marker gene
258:homozygotes
254:polymorphic
604:Categories
575:2007-12-12
553:2007-12-12
450:Murgia C,
403:1110184027
334:References
256:, because
51:Background
33:chromosome
288:allograft
262:allozymes
243:Autosomal
158:DArT (or
115:SSCP (or
108:VNTR (or
101:RAPD (or
94:AFLP (or
87:SSLP (or
80:RFLP (or
500:12454081
470:Genetics
385:Springer
302:See also
239:lineages
204:mutation
198:and its
151:SFP (or
144:STR (or
137:SNP (or
491:1462338
212:protein
200:genetic
177:(using
37:species
498:
488:
434:
410:
401:
391:
355:
269:genome
250:locus
206:of a
64:Types
23:is a
496:PMID
432:ISBN
408:ISBN
399:OCLC
389:ISBN
353:ISBN
280:CTVT
221:for
208:gene
190:Uses
25:gene
620:DNA
486:PMC
478:doi
474:162
271:or
233:or
174:STS
124:SSR
27:or
606::
494:.
484:.
472:.
468:.
397:.
383::
379:.
367:^
264:.
241:.
47:.
19:A
578:.
556:.
502:.
480::
440:.
414:.
405:.
361:.
282:(
181:)
169:)
162:)
155:)
148:)
141:)
134:)
119:)
112:)
105:)
98:)
91:)
84:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
