2036:
1514:
1572:
959:
1106:. Dobzhansky examined the genetic diversity of wild populations and showed that, contrary to the assumptions of the population geneticists, these populations had large amounts of genetic diversity, with marked differences between sub-populations. The book also took the highly mathematical work of the population geneticists and put it into a more accessible form. Many more biologists were influenced by population genetics via Dobzhansky than were able to read the highly mathematical works in the original.
47:
1741:. That is, the alleles in the offspring are a random sample of those in the parents. Genetic drift may cause gene variants to disappear completely, and thereby reduce genetic variability. In contrast to natural selection, which makes gene variants more common or less common depending on their reproductive success, the changes due to genetic drift are not driven by environmental or adaptive pressures, and are equally likely to make an allele more common as less common.
942:
10197:
8847:
7562:
7176:
602:
10223:
10210:
8857:
1952:
1907:
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589:
1161:. In this view, many mutations are deleterious and so never observed, and most of the remainder are neutral, i.e. are not under selection. With the fate of each neutral mutation left to chance (genetic drift), the direction of evolutionary change is driven by which mutations occur, and so cannot be captured by models of change in the frequency of (existing) alleles alone.
1627:
shifts in continuous frequencies, as if the population is infinite. The occurrence of mutations in individuals is represented by a population-level "force" or "pressure" of mutation, i.e., the force of innumerable events of mutation with a scaled magnitude u applied to shifting frequencies f(A1) to f(A2). For instance, in the classic
2217:. Most current solutions to the paradox of variation invoke some level of selection at linked sites. For example, one analysis suggests that larger populations have more selective sweeps, which remove more neutral genetic diversity. A negative correlation between mutation rate and population size may also contribute.
1546:
epistasis. When deleterious mutations also have a smaller fitness effect on high fitness backgrounds, this is known as "synergistic epistasis". However, the effect of deleterious mutations tends on average to be very close to multiplicative, or can even show the opposite pattern, known as "antagonistic epistasis".
1894:, who argue that selection on linked sites is a more important stochastic force, doing the work traditionally ascribed to genetic drift by means of sampling error. The mathematical properties of genetic draft are different from those of genetic drift. The direction of the random change in allele frequency is
984:, Fisher showed that the continuous variation measured by the biometricians could be produced by the combined action of many discrete genes, and that natural selection could change allele frequencies in a population, resulting in evolution. In a series of papers beginning in 1924, another British geneticist,
2205:
in a population will be proportional to the product of the population size and the neutral mutation rate. The fact that levels of genetic diversity vary much less than population sizes do is known as the "paradox of variation". While high levels of genetic diversity were one of the original arguments
1635:
This concept of mutation pressure is mostly useful for considering the implications of deleterious mutation, such as the mutation load and its implications for the evolution of the mutation rate. Transformation of populations by mutation pressure is unlikely. Haldane argued that it would require
1545:
is more complex. Population genetics must either model this complexity in detail, or capture it by some simpler average rule. Empirically, beneficial mutations tend to have a smaller fitness benefit when added to a genetic background that already has high fitness: this is known as diminishing returns
1626:
This biological process of mutation is represented in population-genetic models in one of two ways, either as a deterministic pressure of recurrent mutation on allele frequencies, or a source of variation. In deterministic theory, evolution begins with a predetermined set of alleles and proceeds by
2176:
have two contrasting regimes. When the product of the beneficial mutation rate and population size is small, asexual populations follow a "successional regime" of origin-fixation dynamics, with adaptation rate strongly dependent on this product. When the product is much larger, asexual populations
1688:
The role of mutation as a source of novelty is different from these classical models of mutation pressure. When population-genetic models include a rate-dependent process of mutational introduction or origination, i.e., a process that introduces new alleles including neutral and beneficial ones,
1521:
of fitness as a function of the number of deleterious mutations. Synergistic epistasis is represented by the red line - each subsequent deleterious mutation has a larger proportionate effect on the organism's fitness. Antagonistic epistasis is in blue. The black line shows the non-epistatic case,
1862:
held the view that genetic drift plays at the most a minor role in evolution, and this remained the dominant view for several decades. No population genetics perspective have ever given genetic drift a central role by itself, but some have made genetic drift important in combination with another
1533:
means that the phenotypic and/or fitness effect of an allele at one locus depends on which alleles are present at other loci. Selection does not act on a single locus, but on a phenotype that arises through development from a complete genotype. However, many population genetics models of sexual
1585:
takes place within an individual, resulting in heritable changes to the genetic material. This process is often characterized by a description of the starting and ending states, or the kind of change that has happened at the level of DNA (e.g,. a T-to-C mutation, a 1-bp deletion), of genes or
1073:
provided the best explanation for the complexity they observed in the living world. During the modern synthesis, these ideas were purged, and only evolutionary causes that could be expressed in the mathematical framework of population genetics were retained. Consensus was reached as to which
2255:
sites are assumed to be neutral. Genes undergoing positive selection have an excess of divergent sites relative to polymorphic sites. The test can also be used to obtain a genome-wide estimate of the proportion of substitutions that are fixed by positive selection, α. According to the
1681:. Loss of sporulation in this case can occur by recurrent mutation, without requiring selection for the loss of sporulation ability. When there is no selection for loss of function, the speed at which loss evolves depends more on the mutation rate than it does on the
932:
provides the solution to how variation is maintained in a population with
Mendelian inheritance. According to this principle, the frequencies of alleles (variations in a gene) will remain constant in the absence of selection, mutation, migration and genetic drift.
1756:
models of population genetics. Assuming genetic drift is the only evolutionary force acting on an allele, after t generations in many replicated populations, starting with allele frequencies of p and q, the variance in allele frequency across those populations is
2328:. In the absence of population structure, Hardy-Weinberg proportions are reached within 1–2 generations of random mating. More typically, there is an excess of homozygotes, indicative of population structure. The extent of this excess can be quantified as the
2268:
The simplest test for population structure in a sexually reproducing, diploid species, is to see whether genotype frequencies follow Hardy-Weinberg proportions as a function of allele frequencies. For example, in the simplest case of a single locus with two
1631:
model, the force of mutation pressure pushes the frequency of an allele upward, and selection against its deleterious effects pushes the frequency downward, so that a balance is reached at equilibrium, given (in the simplest case) by f = u/s.
2125:
to an allele under selection at a nearby locus. Linkage also slows down the rate of adaptation, even in sexual populations. The effect of linkage disequilibrium in slowing down the rate of adaptive evolution arises from a combination of the
1237:
Before the advent of population genetics, many biologists doubted that small differences in fitness were sufficient to make a large difference to evolution. Population geneticists addressed this concern in part by comparing selection to
6052:
Manlik, Oliver; Chabanne, Delphine; Daniel, Claire; Bejder, Lars; Allen, Simon J.; Sherwin, William B. (13 November 2018). "Demography and genetics suggest reversal of dolphin source–sink dynamics, with implications for conservation".
1026:
The work of Fisher, Haldane and Wright founded the discipline of population genetics. This integrated natural selection with
Mendelian genetics, which was the critical first step in developing a unified theory of how evolution worked.
1854:
2442:
One important aspect of such models is that selection is only strong enough to purge deleterious mutations and hence overpower mutational bias towards degradation if the selection coefficient s is greater than the inverse of the
1622:
suggest that if a mutation changes a protein produced by a gene, this will probably be harmful, with about 70 percent of these mutations having damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or weakly beneficial.
5029:
Boucher, Yan; Douady, Christophe J.; Papke, R. Thane; Walsh, David A.; Boudreau, Mary Ellen R.; Nesbø, Camilla L.; Case, Rebecca J.; Doolittle, W. Ford (2003). "Lateral Gene
Transfer and the Origins of Prokaryotic Groups".
1586:
proteins (e.g., a null mutation, a loss-of-function mutation), or at a higher phenotypic level (e.g., red-eye mutation). Single-nucleotide changes are frequently the most common type of mutation, but many other types of
1233:
at one or a small number of loci. In this way, natural selection converts differences in the fitness of individuals with different phenotypes into changes in allele frequency in a population over successive generations.
1689:
then the properties of mutation may have a more direct impact on the rate and direction of evolution, even if the rate of mutation is very low. That is, the spectrum of mutation may become very important, particularly
1330:
means that the phenotypic and/or fitness effect of one allele at a locus depends on which allele is present in the second copy for that locus. Consider three genotypes at one locus, with the following fitness values
2451:. Drift barrier theory predicts that species with large effective population sizes will have highly streamlined, efficient genetic systems, while those with small population sizes will have bloated and complex
1164:
The origin-fixation view of population genetics generalizes this approach beyond strictly neutral mutations, and sees the rate at which a particular change happens as the product of the mutation rate and the
1065:. Authors such as Beatty have asserted that population genetics defines the core of the modern synthesis. For the first few decades of the 20th century, most field naturalists continued to believe that
1985:
is the exchange of genes between populations or species, breaking down the structure. Examples of gene flow within a species include the migration and then breeding of organisms, or the exchange of
1023:
and argued that genetic drift and inbreeding could drive a small, isolated sub-population away from an adaptive peak, allowing natural selection to drive it towards different adaptive peaks.
1744:
The effect of genetic drift is larger for alleles present in few copies than when an allele is present in many copies. The population genetics of genetic drift are described using either
1117:, continued throughout the 1930s and 1940s to empirically demonstrate the power of selection due to ecological factors including the ability to maintain genetic diversity through genetic
2463:. However, somewhat paradoxically, species with large population sizes might be so tolerant to the consequences of certain types of errors that they evolve higher error rates, e.g. in
2346:, which is a measure of the proportion of genetic variance that can be explained by population structure. Genetic population structure can then be related to geographic structure, and
1317:
1609:
within a population. Duplications are a major source of raw material for evolving new genes. Other types of mutation occasionally create new genes from previously noncoding DNA.
1157:. Fisher and Wright had some fundamental disagreements about the relative roles of selection and drift. The availability of molecular data on all genetic differences led to the
1651:
are no longer useful when animals live in the darkness of caves, and tend to be lost. An experimental example involves the loss of sporulation in experimental populations of
853:. Traditionally a highly mathematical discipline, modern population genetics encompasses theoretical, laboratory, and field work. Population genetic models are used both for
2057:, as when one bacteria acquires resistance genes it can rapidly transfer them to other species. Horizontal transfer of genes from bacteria to eukaryotes such as the yeast
2360:, and so sequences from more neutrally evolving portions of genomes are therefore selected for such analyses. It can be used to infer the relationships between species (
1679:
3953:"Average time until fixation of a mutant allele in a finite population under continued mutation pressure: Studies by analytical, numerical, and pseudo-sampling methods"
8579:
318:
1636:
high mutation rates unopposed by selection, and Kimura concluded even more pessimistically that even this was unlikely, as the process would take too long (see
2141:
Linkage is a problem for population genetic models that treat one gene locus at a time. It can, however, be exploited as a method for detecting the action of
7400:
7139:
7004:
1997:. Population genetic models can be used to identify which populations show significant genetic isolation from one another, and to reconstruct their history.
1763:
1125:. Ford's work, in collaboration with Fisher, contributed to a shift in emphasis during the modern synthesis towards natural selection as the dominant force.
1644:
1637:
6444:
730:
1948:
to one another than those randomly selected from the general population. This is described as the extent to which a population is genetically structured.
4724:
Buston, P. M.; Pilkington, J. G.; et al. (2007). "Are clownfish groups composed of close relatives? An analysis of microsatellite DNA vraiation in
2049:
Horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of genetic material from one organism to another organism that is not its offspring; this is most common among
9068:
8925:
2773:; Brandvain, Yaniv; Dhole, Sumit; Fitzpatrick, Courtney L.; Goldberg, Emma E.; Stern, Caitlin A.; Van Cleve, Jeremy; Yeh, D. Justin (9 December 2014).
6320:
3513:
Kouyos, Roger D.; Silander, Olin K.; Bonhoeffer, Sebastian (June 2007). "Epistasis between deleterious mutations and the evolution of recombination".
8893:
2651:
1713:
4336:
4162:
1655:. Sporulation is a complex trait encoded by many loci, such that the mutation rate for loss of the trait was estimated as an unusually high value,
4771:
Repaci, V.; Stow, A. J.; Briscoe, D. A. (2007). "Fine-scale genetic structure, co-founding and multiple mating in the
Australian allodapine bee (
6351:
1133:
The original, modern synthesis view of population genetics assumes that mutations provide ample raw material, and focuses only on the change in
633:
6401:
8328:
7628:
3118:
McCandlish, David M.; Stoltzfus, Arlin (September 2014). "Modeling
Evolution Using the Probability of Fixation: History and Implications".
2448:
1616:
for new mutations, only a minority of mutations are beneficial. Mutations with gross effects are typically deleterious. Studies in the fly
241:
1879:
claims that most genetic differences within and between populations are caused by the combination of neutral mutations and genetic drift.
928:. But with blending inheritance, genetic variance would be rapidly lost, making evolution by natural or sexual selection implausible. The
782:
6369:
7425:
6885:
756:
552:
2232:
Population genetics models are used to infer which genes are undergoing selection. One common approach is to look for regions of high
1004:
could be larger than Fisher assumed, leading to more rapid adaptive evolution as a camouflage strategy following increased pollution.
9769:
6767:
4805:
Su, H.; Qu, L.-J.; He, K.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, J; Chen, Z.; Gu, H. (2003). "The Great Wall of China: a physical barrier to gene flow?".
980:
3006:
Provine, William B. (1978). "The role of mathematical population geneticists in the evolutionary synthesis of the 1930s and 1940s".
10057:
9659:
8832:
8287:
6941:
6727:
360:
2260:, this number should be near zero. High numbers have therefore been interpreted as a genome-wide falsification of neutral theory.
2209:
It is clear that levels of genetic diversity vary greatly within a species as a function of local recombination rate, due to both
1647:
is possible under some circumstances and has long been suggested as a possible cause for the loss of unused traits. For example,
992:
under a broad range of conditions. Haldane also applied statistical analysis to real-world examples of natural selection, such as
7547:
6878:
3442:
1922:
to population B, which has fewer of the dominant alleles, and through mating incorporates its alleles into the other population.
7638:
6694:
6552:
66:
6162:
2399:
By assuming that there are loci that control the genetic system itself, population genetic models are created to describe the
9629:
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9403:
9283:
8886:
8595:
8355:
6449:
4577:
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4459:
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2872:
2833:
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2496:
2357:
2257:
2198:
1876:
1694:
1158:
547:
2356:
relates genetic diversity in a sample to demographic history of the population from which it was taken. It normally assumes
2008:. If a significant proportion of individuals or gametes migrate, it can also change allele frequencies, e.g. giving rise to
9749:
8957:
7952:
7405:
7124:
6936:
494:
4115:"The roles of mutation accumulation and selection in loss of sporulation in experimental populations of Bacillus subtilis"
3656:
M., Long; Betrán, E.; Thornton, K.; Wang, W. (November 2003). "The origin of new genes: glimpses from the young and old".
1229:, so population genetic models assume relatively simple relationships to predict the phenotype and hence fitness from the
9529:
9454:
9381:
9357:
9305:
8678:
7598:
7249:
17:
10189:
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7114:
6897:
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3055:
1102:
701:
626:
355:
186:
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7159:
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6394:
6088:
Gutenkunst, Ryan N.; Hernandez, Ryan D.; Williamson, Scott H.; Bustamante, Carlos D.; McVean, Gil (23 October 2009).
3871:
3097:
2969:
2941:
2206:
in favor of neutral theory, the paradox of variation has been one of the strongest arguments against neutral theory.
1402:– a group of closely related organisms which, if sexual, are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring
706:
8407:
1019:
on small, relatively isolated populations that exhibited genetic drift. In 1932 Wright introduced the concept of an
10202:
9809:
9594:
9386:
8879:
8412:
8010:
5797:
2408:
1964:
1554:
88:
9804:
9784:
9497:
9242:
8950:
8945:
8918:
8657:
8647:
8571:
7846:
6958:
6909:
6853:
6489:
4925:"How species evolve collectively: implications of gene flow and selection for the spread of advantageous alleles"
2251:) to the divergence between species (substitutions) at two types of sites; one assumed to be neutral. Typically,
1062:
1056:
834:
775:
345:
313:
10062:
10022:
9977:
9684:
9507:
9077:
9014:
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8652:
8432:
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6858:
6494:
2646:
2551:
2511:
2182:
1628:
1251:
1166:
865:
567:
350:
1932:
Because of physical barriers to migration, along with the limited tendency for individuals to move or spread (
1918:
to another population through immigration of individuals. In this example, one of the birds from population A
1418:– the collective genetic information contained within a population of sexually reproducing organisms; ignores
1074:
evolutionary factors might influence evolution, but not as to the relative importance of the various factors.
10282:
10277:
10134:
9819:
9799:
9736:
9187:
9056:
8997:
8850:
8437:
8181:
7920:
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619:
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2177:
follow a "concurrent mutations" regime with adaptation rate less dependent on the product, characterized by
10272:
9982:
9754:
9574:
9197:
9165:
9073:
8790:
8292:
7506:
7149:
7119:
7104:
7054:
6720:
6424:
6387:
4539:
Barton, Nicholas H.; Briggs, Derek E. G.; Eisen, Jonathan A.; Goldstein, David B.; Patel, Nipam H. (2007).
2591:
2156:, linkage is complete, and population genetic equations can be derived and solved in terms of a travelling
929:
860:
What sets population genetics apart from newer, more phenotypic approaches to modelling evolution, such as
537:
6346:
6090:"Inferring the Joint Demographic History of Multiple Populations from Multidimensional SNP Frequency Data"
1261:
10256:
10228:
9794:
9029:
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7059:
7039:
6784:
6762:
6469:
6365:
2521:
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1975:. Gene flow is hindered by mountain ranges, oceans and deserts or even human-made structures such as the
1613:
690:
593:
4276:
10242:
9689:
9559:
9539:
9318:
9063:
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7730:
7254:
7076:
6992:
6777:
2631:
2244:
1945:
768:
650:
93:
6340:
1752:
describing changes in allele frequency. These approaches are usually applied to the Wright-Fisher and
1209:
of survival and reproduction in a particular environment. The fitness is normally given by the symbol
10109:
10080:
9967:
9881:
9789:
9764:
9589:
9554:
9330:
8350:
8147:
7957:
7725:
7618:
7410:
7395:
7049:
6921:
6848:
6828:
6590:
6464:
3272:(1927). "A Mathematical Theory of Natural and Artificial Selection, Part V: Selection and Mutation".
2864:
2858:
2531:
2481:
2444:
2388:
2127:
1682:
1590:
are possible, and they occur at widely varying rates that may show systematic asymmetries or biases (
1247:
823:
459:
434:
414:
394:
71:
8479:
10002:
9886:
9759:
9579:
9512:
9374:
9347:
9202:
8977:
8940:
8773:
8637:
8609:
8584:
8541:
8444:
8377:
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8125:
8093:
8066:
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7234:
7099:
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7069:
6946:
6914:
6642:
6216:
5642:
Corbett-Detig, Russell B.; Hartl, Daniel L.; Sackton, Timothy B.; Barton, Nick H. (10 April 2015).
3061:
2526:
2464:
2428:
2416:
2377:
2065:
2059:
2044:
1994:
861:
449:
444:
419:
374:
340:
334:
323:
8257:
4230:"Mutation bias can shape adaptation in large asexual populations experiencing clonal interference"
2435:
for a species may be a trade-off between the damage from a high deleterious mutation rate and the
10166:
10007:
9873:
9699:
9679:
9669:
9484:
9464:
9335:
9323:
9313:
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993:
562:
469:
464:
409:
370:
171:
1658:
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8137:
7735:
7207:
6980:
6963:
6926:
6816:
6439:
6211:
6149:
Sniegowski, P. (2000). "The evolution of mutation rates: separating causes from consequences".
2676:
2671:
2626:
2541:
2404:
2400:
2365:
2248:
2233:
2110:
2035:
2016:
1693:, predictable differences in the rates of occurrence for different types of mutations, because
1419:
1206:
1118:
881:
474:
429:
251:
146:
8323:
2900:
2894:
2004:. Migration into a population can introduce new genetic variants, potentially contributing to
10151:
10114:
10012:
9921:
9916:
9891:
9619:
9599:
9449:
9369:
9342:
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9041:
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8551:
8546:
8531:
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8039:
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7782:
7740:
7542:
7376:
7341:
7034:
6801:
6681:
6575:
6570:
6474:
4330:
4156:
3797:"Prevalence of positive selection among nearly neutral amino acid replacements in Drosophila"
2691:
2616:
2606:
2516:
2506:
2468:
2054:
2001:
1940:), natural populations rarely all interbreed as may be assumed in theoretical random models (
1738:
1606:
1602:
1535:
1523:
1438:
1222:
1077:
1001:
905:
877:
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850:
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572:
454:
399:
365:
278:
1513:
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7259:
6997:
6772:
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2596:
2586:
2460:
2373:
2221:
2214:
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2131:
1705:
1534:
species are "single locus" models, where the fitness of an individual is calculated as the
1327:
925:
869:
815:
807:
424:
196:
81:
38:
8367:
8237:
4112:
3366:"Soft sweeps: molecular population genetics of adaptation from standing genetic variation"
2009:
8:
10171:
9721:
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2424:
2210:
2178:
2135:
2118:
2102:
2005:
1976:
1956:
1701:
1114:
1061:
The mathematics of population genetics were originally developed as the beginning of the
997:
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893:
751:
741:
514:
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439:
404:
288:
191:
51:
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5713:
5275:"Evolution and horizontal transfer of dUTPase-encoding genes in viruses and their hosts"
5227:
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9352:
9268:
9175:
9155:
9009:
8987:
8982:
8768:
8720:
8713:
8310:
8222:
8083:
8044:
7868:
7812:
7802:
7762:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7584:
7481:
7366:
7361:
7336:
6661:
6657:
6517:
6355:
6295:
6260:
6237:
6174:
6126:
6101:
6089:
6070:
6029:
5996:
5972:
5939:
5920:
5871:
5732:
5670:
5643:
5624:
5542:
5518:"Beneficial Mutation Selection Balance and the Effect of Linkage on Positive Selection"
5517:
5493:
5470:
5458:
5434:
5407:
5383:
5358:
5255:
5011:
4957:
4924:
4900:
4869:
4857:
4838:
4753:
4701:
4670:
4658:
4619:
4594:
4569:
4516:
4491:
4451:
4313:
4278:
4277:
A. V. Cano, H. Rozhonova, A. Stoltzfus, D. M. McCandlish and J. L. Payne (2022-02-10).
4254:
4229:
4205:
4180:
4139:
4114:
4090:
4057:
4038:
4030:
3913:
3888:
3839:
3796:
3777:
3725:
3700:
3681:
3633:
3608:
3490:
3465:
3390:
3365:
3341:
3316:
3297:
3246:
3221:
3197:
3162:
3143:
2801:
2774:
2486:
2113:
with genes at other loci, especially with genes located nearby on the same chromosome.
1849:{\displaystyle V_{t}\approx pq\left(1-\exp \left\{-{\frac {t}{2N_{e}}}\right\}\right).}
1749:
1571:
1089:
1028:
921:
557:
489:
273:
201:
166:
5299:
5274:
5188:
5152:
5110:"Genome fragment of Wolbachia endosymbiont transferred to X chromosome of host insect"
5109:
3987:
3952:
2746:
2439:
costs of maintaining systems to reduce the mutation rate, such as DNA repair enzymes.
10222:
10215:
10209:
9992:
9987:
9901:
9703:
9444:
9411:
9278:
9139:
9087:
9046:
9024:
8992:
8856:
8810:
8536:
8484:
8262:
8078:
7979:
7942:
7937:
7893:
7888:
7841:
7807:
7565:
7496:
7486:
7476:
7310:
7200:
7009:
6985:
6890:
6811:
6806:
6652:
6647:
6585:
6512:
6504:
6479:
6300:
6229:
6194:
6166:
6131:
6034:
6016:
5977:
5959:
5912:
5907:
5890:
5863:
5838:
Smith, N. G. C.; Eyre-Walker, A. (2002). "Adaptive protein evolution in
Drosophila".
5820:
5778:
5737:
5675:
5616:
5572:
5566:
5547:
5498:
5439:
5388:
5339:
5304:
5247:
5239:
5211:
5192:
5157:
5139:
5090:
5055:
5047:
5003:
4998:
4981:
4962:
4948:
4905:
4830:
4822:
4788:
4745:
4741:
4706:
4688:
4624:
4573:
4544:
4521:
4455:
4428:
4373:
4318:
4259:
4210:
4144:
4095:
3992:
3918:
3867:
3844:
3826:
3769:
3730:
3673:
3638:
3589:
3584:
3549:
3530:
3495:
3421:
3413:
3395:
3346:
3251:
3202:
3184:
3135:
3093:
3065:
3015:
2965:
2937:
2904:
2868:
2829:
2806:
2696:
2656:
2581:
2546:
2536:
2501:
2420:
2369:
2353:
2347:
2161:
2142:
1745:
1709:
1542:
1441:
and h is the dominance coefficient. The value of h yields the following information:
1250:. When this criterion is met, the probability that a new advantageous mutant becomes
1202:
1182:
1142:
1085:
1020:
958:
917:
913:
746:
658:
258:
136:
126:
121:
6241:
6178:
6074:
5693:
Sung, W.; Ackerman, M. S.; Miller, S. F.; Doak, T. G.; Lynch, M. (17 October 2012).
5628:
5290:
5259:
5015:
4842:
4757:
4042:
3685:
3301:
3147:
3092:(. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 338–341.
2964:(. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 295–298.
9421:
9362:
9151:
9094:
8402:
7969:
7947:
7755:
7526:
7501:
6611:
6522:
6290:
6280:
6221:
6158:
6121:
6111:
6062:
6024:
6008:
5967:
5951:
5924:
5902:
5875:
5855:
5812:
5768:
5727:
5717:
5665:
5655:
5608:
5537:
5529:
5488:
5480:
5429:
5419:
5378:
5370:
5331:
5322:
Poole, A.; Penny, D. (2007). "Evaluating hypotheses for the origin of eukaryotes".
5294:
5286:
5231:
5184:
5147:
5129:
5082:
5039:
4993:
4952:
4944:
4895:
4887:
4814:
4784:
4737:
4696:
4680:
4614:
4606:
4511:
4503:
4418:
4363:
4308:
4298:
4249:
4241:
4200:
4192:
4134:
4126:
4085:
4077:
4022:
4010:
3982:
3972:
3908:
3900:
3834:
3816:
3781:
3761:
3720:
3712:
3665:
3628:
3620:
3579:
3569:
3522:
3485:
3477:
3385:
3377:
3336:
3328:
3289:
3269:
3241:
3233:
3192:
3174:
3127:
2929:
2796:
2786:
2711:
2078:
2073:, which appear to have received a range of genes from bacteria, fungi, and plants.
1990:
1887:
1871:
held that the combination of population structure and genetic drift was important.
1734:
1598:
1425:
1186:
1134:
1040:
989:
985:
842:
293:
9293:
8247:
1429:– the frequency or proportion of a particular allele of a gene within a population
10161:
10052:
10017:
9926:
9814:
9708:
9664:
9644:
9517:
9233:
9212:
8967:
8763:
8387:
8214:
8203:
8157:
8100:
8049:
7829:
7633:
7386:
6838:
6429:
6359:
6335:
6116:
5955:
5660:
5424:
4610:
3466:"Biased Estimates of Diminishing-Returns Epistasis? Empirical Evidence Revisited"
2854:
2791:
2701:
2686:
2237:
2146:
2122:
1968:
1944:). There is usually a geographic range within which individuals are more closely
1895:
1190:
1036:
1012:
246:
236:
98:
6012:
5533:
5484:
5374:
4891:
4684:
4507:
4130:
3481:
3381:
3237:
3179:
2933:
2339:
subpopulations. The degree of population structure can then be calculated using
2069:
may also have occurred. An example of larger-scale transfers are the eukaryotic
9654:
9634:
9544:
9237:
9129:
9004:
8603:
8475:
8417:
7777:
7772:
7710:
7688:
7516:
7456:
7356:
6736:
6676:
6666:
6580:
6459:
5816:
5644:"Natural Selection Constrains Neutral Diversity across A Wide Range of Species"
3554:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3526:
2928:. Science and Philosophy. Vol. 2. Springer Netherlands. pp. 125–135.
2770:
2556:
2340:
2220:
Life history affects genetic diversity more than population history does, e.g.
2165:
1883:
1500:
1097:
1093:
1032:
328:
231:
5086:
4659:"Genetic Draft and Quasi-Neutrality in Large Facultatively Sexual Populations"
4423:
4398:
4081:
3904:
3293:
2775:"Not Just a Theory—The Utility of Mathematical Models in Evolutionary Biology"
1538:
of the contributions from each of its loci—effectively assuming no epistasis.
1015:
experiments, focused on combinations of interacting genes, and the effects of
46:
10266:
10156:
10099:
10089:
9649:
9469:
9429:
9425:
9416:
9259:
9228:
9217:
9207:
9134:
9036:
8930:
8805:
8683:
8642:
8488:
8242:
7910:
7905:
6616:
6606:
6562:
6326:
6020:
5963:
5243:
5143:
5051:
4826:
4692:
4181:"The loss of adaptive plasticity during long periods of environmental stasis"
3830:
3188:
2636:
2621:
2571:
2432:
2412:
2381:
2090:
2077:
can also carry DNA between organisms, allowing transfer of genes even across
1868:
1859:
1753:
1725:
1690:
1591:
1490:
1239:
1146:
1008:
975:
948:
909:
889:
846:
838:
479:
151:
6285:
6225:
6192:
Lynch, Michael; Conery, John S. (2003). "The origins of genome complexity".
5773:
5756:
5722:
5359:"The Rate of Adaptation in Large Sexual Populations with Linear Chromosomes"
5235:
4368:
4352:"Climbing Mount Probable: Mutation as a Cause of Nonrandomness in Evolution"
4351:
4303:
3821:
3574:
3090:
The
Evolutionary Synthesis : perspectives on the unification of biology
2962:
The
Evolutionary synthesis : perspectives on the unification of biology
1933:
9946:
9247:
9224:
8800:
8748:
8693:
8526:
8521:
8115:
7873:
7466:
7346:
6750:
6632:
6484:
6304:
6256:
6233:
6170:
6135:
6038:
5981:
5916:
5867:
5824:
5782:
5741:
5679:
5620:
5551:
5502:
5443:
5392:
5343:
5308:
5251:
5161:
5134:
5094:
5059:
5007:
4966:
4909:
4834:
4818:
4749:
4710:
4628:
4525:
4432:
4394:
4377:
4322:
4263:
4245:
4214:
4176:
4148:
4099:
4056:
Protas, Meredith; Conrad, M.; Gross, J. B.; Tabin, C.; Borowsky, R (2007).
3996:
3922:
3848:
3773:
3734:
3677:
3642:
3534:
3499:
3399:
3350:
3332:
3255:
3206:
3139:
3019:
2810:
2329:
2325:
1891:
1872:
1700:
Mutation plays a key role in other classical and recent theories including
1550:
1198:
1081:
1070:
1044:
499:
484:
268:
263:
181:
8871:
6261:"Evolution of molecular error rates and the consequences for evolvability"
5196:
3977:
3593:
978:. In a series of papers starting in 1918 and culminating in his 1930 book
10085:
9997:
9941:
9779:
9564:
9263:
9082:
8827:
8698:
8427:
7962:
7792:
7698:
7656:
7446:
4492:"Fixation when N and s Vary: Classic Approaches Give Elegant New Results"
2086:
2020:
988:, worked out the mathematics of allele frequency change at a single gene
974:
The next key step was the work of the
British biologist and statistician
509:
226:
176:
8267:
5612:
5073:
Walsh, T. (2006). "Combinatorial genetic evolution of multiresistance".
3765:
3716:
2181:
and the appearance of a new beneficial mutation before the last one has
967:: the black-bodied form of the peppered moth appeared in polluted areas.
941:
10032:
10027:
9744:
9479:
9019:
8688:
8589:
8511:
8498:
8132:
7932:
7819:
7797:
7750:
7745:
7693:
7661:
7576:
7451:
7320:
7300:
7275:
6373:
6087:
5997:"Estimating the Number of Subpopulations (K) in Structured Populations"
5335:
4034:
3701:"The evolution and functional diversification of animal microRNA genes"
3085:
3051:
2957:
2601:
2436:
2301:
2173:
2081:. Large-scale gene transfer has also occurred between the ancestors of
2070:
2050:
2024:
1937:
1915:
1685:, indicating that it is driven more by mutation than by genetic drift.
1406:
1138:
1122:
1110:
1066:
1016:
819:
803:
696:
677:
283:
206:
161:
141:
55:
6379:
6066:
4595:"Genetic Drift in an Infinite Population: The Pseudohitchhiking Model"
3321:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
9694:
8822:
8673:
8282:
7900:
7648:
6637:
6331:
6163:
10.1002/1521-1878(200012)22:12<1057::AID-BIES3>3.0.CO;2-W
5859:
5406:
Weissman, Daniel B.; Barton, Nicholas H.; McVean, Gil (7 June 2012).
3033:
2726:
2566:
2561:
2121:, where an allele at one locus rises to high frequency because it is
2106:
2082:
1982:
1927:
1919:
1530:
1518:
1414:
1226:
1150:
873:
830:
681:
542:
156:
76:
4058:"Regressive evolution in the Mexican cave tetra, Astyanax mexicanus"
3749:
3669:
3624:
2988:
Provine, W. B. (1988). "Progress in evolution and meaning in life".
1549:
Synergistic epistasis is central to some theories of the purging of
10146:
9906:
9611:
8725:
7927:
7491:
7461:
7305:
7295:
7223:
5408:"Limits to the Rate of Adaptive Substitution in Sexual Populations"
5108:
Kondo, N.; Nikoh, N.; Ijichi, N.; Shimada, M.; Fukatsu, T. (2002).
4196:
4113:
H. Maughan, J. Masel, C. W. Birky, Jr. and W. L. Nicholson (2007).
4026:
3131:
3057:
Toward a New Philosophy of Biology: Observations of an Evolutionist
2863:(3rd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
2666:
2169:
2039:
Current tree of life showing vertical and horizontal gene transfers
1587:
1582:
1566:
1194:
1154:
885:
799:
713:
685:
532:
131:
6106:
5940:"Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data"
5475:
4874:
4675:
3607:
Hastings, P. J.; Lupski, J. R.; Rosenberg, S. M.; Ira, G. (2009).
2364:), as well as the population structure, demographic history (e.g.
2105:, the effect of an allele at one locus can be averaged across the
1951:
1906:
10047:
8110:
7824:
6705:
5457:
Neher, R. A.; Shraiman, B. I.; Fisher, D. S. (30 November 2009).
4227:
3750:"Open questions in the study of de novo genes: what, how and why"
3699:
Liu, N.; Okamura, K.; Tyler, D. M.; Phillips; Chung; Lai (2008).
2769:
1972:
1963:
Genetic structuring can be caused by migration due to historical
1941:
1648:
1398:
811:
2236:
and low genetic variance along the chromosome, to detect recent
1410:– the set of individuals of a particular species in a given area
10251:
7315:
7290:
5757:"The McDonald–Kreitman Test and Slightly Deleterious Mutations"
5641:
3274:
Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
2924:
Beatty, John (1986). "The Synthesis and the Synthetic Theory".
2456:
2452:
2270:
1986:
1911:
1230:
588:
4982:"Natural Selection in Populations Subject to a Migration Load"
4013:(1933). "The Part Played by Recurrent Mutation in Evolution".
2899:(Modern Library ed.). New York: Modern Library. pp.
2896:
Evolution : the remarkable history of a scientific theory
2431:. For example, most mutations are deleterious, so the optimal
1258:. The time until fixation of such an allele is approximately
1201:. Population genetics describes natural selection by defining
1128:
849:, who also laid the foundations for the related discipline of
8031:
4279:"Mutation bias shapes the spectrum of adaptive substitutions"
2109:
at other loci. In reality, one allele is frequently found in
2074:
2134:(delays in separating beneficial mutations from deleterious
1096:
developed by the population geneticists and the patterns of
1092:. He helped to bridge the divide between the foundations of
7192:
6352:
How Selection Changes the Genetic Composition of Population
3795:
Sawyer, S. A.; Parsch, J.; Zhang, Z.; Hartl, D. L. (2007).
2447:. This is known as the drift barrier and is related to the
2157:
6341:
EHSTRAFD.org – Earth Human STR Allele Frequencies Database
6051:
5938:
Pritchard, J. K.; Stephens, M.; Donnelly, P. (June 2000).
5209:
4538:
3606:
3550:"The high spontaneous mutation rate: is it a health risk?"
2117:
breaks up this linkage disequilibrium too slowly to avoid
1989:. Gene transfer between species includes the formation of
857:
from DNA sequence data and for proof/disproof of concept.
7285:
7280:
5937:
5210:
Gladyshev, E. A.; Meselson, M.; Arkhipova, I. R. (2008).
5175:
Sprague, G. (1991). "Genetic exchange between kingdoms".
2247:
which compares the amount of variation within a species (
2193:
3512:
2387:
Another approach to demographic inference relies on the
1959:
is an obstacle to gene flow of some terrestrial species.
1141:. The main processes influencing allele frequencies are
5212:"Massive Horizontal Gene Transfer in Bdelloid Rotifers"
5203:
5107:
5028:
3698:
3040:(4th ed.). London: Chapman and Hall. pp. 1ff.
2130:(delays in bringing beneficial mutations together) and
1936:), and tendency to remain or come back to natal place (
1035:
was influenced by the writings of Fisher. The American
5695:"Drift-barrier hypothesis and mutation-rate evolution"
5692:
4055:
3794:
3213:
1039:
worked with both Hamilton and Maynard Smith. American
10240:
4657:
Neher, Richard A.; Shraiman, Boris I. (August 2011).
3748:
McLysaght, Aoife; Hurst, Laurence D. (25 July 2016).
1766:
1661:
1597:
Mutations can involve large sections of DNA becoming
1264:
802:
that deals with genetic differences within and among
6157:(12). Gerrish P.; Johnson T;. Shaver A.: 1057–1066.
5405:
5357:
Weissman, D. B.; Hallatschek, O. (15 January 2014).
4980:
Bolnick, Daniel I.; Nosil, Patrik (September 2007).
4543:. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. p. 417.
3655:
5995:Verity, Robert; Nichols, Richard A. (August 2016).
5456:
5356:
5022:
3443:"Epistasis: Gene interaction and phenotype effects"
3117:
5891:"Toward a selection theory of molecular evolution"
5571:( ed.). New York: Columbia University Press.
4349:
3219:
3163:"Wright and Fisher on Inbreeding and Random Drift"
3113:
3111:
3109:
1848:
1673:
1311:
829:Population genetics was a vital ingredient in the
4770:
3363:
3317:"The population genetics of beneficial mutations"
2053:. In medicine, this contributes to the spread of
1100:observed by field biologists, with his 1937 book
904:Population genetics began as a reconciliation of
10264:
5837:
5595:Ellegren, Hans; Galtier, Nicolas (6 June 2016).
5459:"Rate of Adaptation in Large Sexual Populations"
5101:
4723:
4557:
4175:
3935:
3788:
3420:(2nd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
2747:"Population genetics - Latest research and news"
2172:, are asexual. The population genetics of their
6265:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5702:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5594:
5114:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4922:
3801:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3106:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2394:
868:, is its emphasis on such genetic phenomena as
4858:"Population Genetics Models of Local Ancestry"
3855:
3747:
2992:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 49–79.
2817:
2000:Subjecting a population to isolation leads to
1979:, which has hindered the flow of plant genes.
1697:can impose biases on the course of evolution.
892:. This makes it appropriate for comparison to
8887:
7592:
7208:
6721:
6395:
5994:
5516:Desai, Michael M.; Fisher, Daniel S. (2007).
5177:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
4800:
4798:
4656:
4389:
4387:
3864:An Introduction to Population Genetics Theory
3220:Casillas, Sònia; Barbadilla, Antonio (2017).
916:will only cause evolution if there is enough
776:
627:
5754:
5748:
5272:
4979:
4335:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4161:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3463:
2881:
2842:
2449:nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution
2023:species are required for the populations to
1242:. Selection can overcome genetic drift when
8901:
6191:
5795:
5590:
5588:
5515:
5273:Baldo, A.; McClure, M. (1 September 1999).
4804:
4106:
4003:
3929:
3084:
3001:
2999:
2983:
2981:
2956:
2085:and prokaryotes, during the acquisition of
2030:
1526:of the contributions from each of its loci.
1129:Neutral theory and origin-fixation dynamics
1084:'s lab, had been influenced by the work on
8894:
8880:
7599:
7585:
7215:
7201:
6728:
6714:
6402:
6388:
6254:
6148:
6142:
5789:
5321:
4795:
4384:
4228:K. Gomez, J. Bertram and J. Masel (2020).
3944:
3866:( ed.). New Jersey: Blackburn Press.
3861:
3609:"Mechanisms of change in gene copy number"
3464:Berger, D.; Postma, E. (13 October 2014).
2411:and recombination rates, the evolution of
783:
769:
634:
620:
6294:
6284:
6215:
6125:
6115:
6105:
6028:
5971:
5906:
5772:
5731:
5721:
5669:
5659:
5541:
5492:
5474:
5433:
5423:
5382:
5298:
5151:
5133:
4997:
4956:
4899:
4873:
4700:
4674:
4618:
4592:
4515:
4422:
4367:
4312:
4302:
4253:
4221:
4204:
4138:
4089:
3986:
3976:
3950:
3912:
3880:
3838:
3820:
3724:
3632:
3583:
3573:
3489:
3412:
3389:
3340:
3245:
3196:
3178:
3154:
3062:Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
2800:
2790:
981:The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection
920:in a population. Before the discovery of
10058:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
8833:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
7606:
5798:"The genomic rate of adaptive evolution"
5585:
5568:The genetic basis of evolutionary change
5564:
4350:Stoltzfus, A.; Yampolsky, L. Y. (2009).
4270:
2996:
2978:
2263:
2034:
2019:between two diverging populations of an
1950:
1905:
1570:
1512:
7548:List of genetics research organizations
6409:
5174:
4563:
4445:
4009:
3364:Hermisson, J.; Pennings, P. S. (2005).
3268:
3005:
2987:
2860:Evolution : the history of an idea
2160:of genotype frequencies along a simple
1047:were influenced by Wright and Haldane.
14:
10265:
6695:Index of evolutionary biology articles
5315:
5044:10.1146/annurev.genet.37.050503.084247
4855:
3862:Crow, James F.; Kimura, Motoo (1970).
2923:
2892:
2853:
2227:
2194:Explaining levels of genetic variation
1882:The role of genetic drift by means of
731:Y-chromosome haplogroups by population
9550:Psychological effects of Internet use
8875:
8596:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
7580:
7196:
6709:
6383:
5831:
5755:Charlesworth, J. Eyre-Walker (2008).
5509:
5072:
4474:
4468:
4393:
3886:
2823:
2662:Neutral theory of molecular evolution
2522:Distribution of fitness effects (DFE)
2497:Bias in the introduction of variation
2258:neutral theory of molecular evolution
1877:neutral theory of molecular evolution
1695:bias in the introduction of variation
1614:distribution of fitness effects (DFE)
1159:neutral theory of molecular evolution
947:The typical white-bodied form of the
5888:
5882:
4489:
3940:. Longmans, Green and Co., New York.
3547:
3440:
3418:Population Genetics: A Concise Guide
3160:
3088:; Provine, William B., eds. (1998).
3050:
3032:
2960:; Provine, William B., eds. (1998).
2828:(2nd ed.). New York: Springer.
2015:In the presence of gene flow, other
1886:in evolution has been criticized by
1312:{\displaystyle (2log(sN)+\gamma )/s}
9530:Digital media use and mental health
5597:"Determinants of genetic diversity"
4641:
4179:; King, O. D.; Maughan, H. (2007).
3314:
2727:Supergene (co-adapted gene complex)
2697:Runaway process (Fisherian runaway)
1050:
24:
9161:Automatic and controlled processes
8001:Evolutionary developmental biology
6797:Blood type distribution by country
6735:
4923:Morjan, C.; Rieseberg, L. (2004).
4644:The "Random Genetic Drift" Fallacy
2926:Integrating Scientific Disciplines
2335:Individuals can be clustered into
1103:Genetics and the Origin of Species
25:
10294:
9570:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
6314:
3515:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
3008:Studies of the History of Biology
1246:is greater than 1 divided by the
1172:
10250:
10221:
10208:
10196:
10195:
9595:Mobile phones and driving safety
8855:
8846:
8845:
7561:
7560:
7175:
7174:
5908:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00308.x
4999:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00179.x
4949:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02164.x
4789:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00191.x
4742:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01762.x
4477:Process and Pattern in Evolution
3889:"Evolution of the mutation rate"
2826:Mathematical Population Genetics
2409:evolution of sexual reproduction
2243:A second common approach is the
1719:
1555:evolution of sexual reproduction
957:
940:
601:
600:
587:
45:
9498:Computer-mediated communication
8658:Extended evolutionary synthesis
7847:Gene-centered view of evolution
6248:
6185:
6081:
6045:
5988:
5931:
5805:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
5761:Molecular Biology and Evolution
5686:
5635:
5558:
5450:
5399:
5350:
5291:10.1128/JVI.73.9.7710-7721.1999
5266:
5168:
5075:Current Opinion in Microbiology
5066:
4973:
4916:
4849:
4764:
4717:
4650:
4635:
4586:
4532:
4483:
4439:
4343:
4169:
4049:
3741:
3692:
3649:
3600:
3541:
3506:
3457:
3434:
3406:
3357:
3308:
3262:
3222:"Molecular Population Genetics"
3120:The Quarterly Review of Biology
3078:
3044:
3026:
2188:
1088:by Russian geneticists such as
1057:Modern synthesis (20th century)
594:Evolutionary biology portal
9775:Empathising–systemising theory
9078:female intrasexual competition
9015:Evolutionarily stable strategy
8786:Hologenome theory of evolution
8653:History of molecular evolution
7879:Evolutionarily stable strategy
7768:Last universal common ancestor
6495:Constructive neutral evolution
6347:History of population genetics
3887:Lynch, Michael (August 2010).
2950:
2917:
2763:
2739:
2512:Constructive neutral evolution
2289:, random mating predicts freq(
1645:evolution by mutation pressure
1638:evolution by mutation pressure
1298:
1289:
1280:
1265:
884:, and the random phenomena of
553:Creation–evolution controversy
307:History of evolutionary theory
13:
1:
10135:Standard social science model
9188:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
8580:Renaissance and Enlightenment
6332:The ALlele FREquency Database
6327:Molecular population genetics
6321:Population Genetics Tutorials
5189:10.1016/S0959-437X(05)80203-5
3548:Crow, J. F. (5 August 1997).
2733:
2224:have more genetic diversity.
1910:Gene flow is the transfer of
1543:genotype to fitness landscape
835:modern evolutionary synthesis
9983:Missing heritability problem
9575:Social aspects of television
9198:Evolution of nervous systems
9166:Computational theory of mind
8791:Missing heritability problem
8418:Gamete differentiation/sexes
7507:Missing heritability problem
7222:
6445:Fisher's fundamental theorem
6376:-based human migration maps)
6117:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000695
5661:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002112
5425:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002740
3060:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
2792:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002017
2652:Mutational hazard hypothesis
2395:Evolution of genetic systems
1901:
1714:mutational hazard hypothesis
1508:
1390:Population genetics glossary
1322:
1225:. Natural selection acts on
1177:
1031:was Haldane's pupil, whilst
924:, one common hypothesis was
837:. Its primary founders were
810:. Studies in this branch of
538:Evolution as fact and theory
7:
10229:Evolutionary biology portal
6470:Coefficient of relationship
6013:10.1534/genetics.115.180992
5534:10.1534/genetics.106.067678
5485:10.1534/genetics.109.109009
5375:10.1534/genetics.113.160705
4892:10.1534/genetics.112.139808
4685:10.1534/genetics.111.128876
4508:10.1534/genetics.111.131748
4131:10.1534/genetics.107.075663
3482:10.1534/genetics.114.169870
3382:10.1534/genetics.104.036947
3238:10.1534/genetics.116.196493
3180:10.1534/genetics.109.110023
2934:10.1007/978-94-010-9435-1_7
2474:
2201:predicts that the level of
2063:and the adzuki bean beetle
1971:or current availability of
1560:
1193:make it more likely for an
1080:, a postdoctoral worker in
691:Most recent common ancestor
10:
10299:
10190:Evolutionary psychologists
10063:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
9978:Human–animal communication
9690:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
9540:Imprinted brain hypothesis
9508:Human–computer interaction
8423:Life cycles/nuclear phases
7975:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
6778:Neanderthal genome project
6370:Atlas of the Human Journey
6323:(archived 23 January 2015)
5956:10.1093/genetics/155.2.945
5817:10.1016/j.tree.2006.06.015
4611:10.1093/genetics/155.2.909
4479:. Oxford University Press.
3527:10.1016/j.tree.2007.02.014
2893:Larson, Edward J. (2004).
2647:Mutation–selection balance
2592:Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
2471:, than small populations.
2152:In the extreme case of an
2096:
2042:
1925:
1723:
1674:{\displaystyle \mu =0.003}
1629:mutation–selection balance
1564:
1254:is approximately equal to
1054:
1011:, who had a background in
899:
814:examine such phenomena as
573:Nature-nurture controversy
10184:
10110:Environmental determinism
10081:Cultural selection theory
10073:
9968:Evolutionary epistemology
9955:
9882:evolutionary neuroscience
9844:
9837:
9735:
9610:
9555:Rank theory of depression
9478:
9402:
9304:
9110:
9103:
9057:Parent–offspring conflict
8966:
8909:
8841:
8741:
8666:
8570:
8497:
8453:
8308:
8212:
8029:
7988:
7921:Parent–offspring conflict
7857:
7726:Earliest known life forms
7647:
7614:
7556:
7535:
7434:
7385:
7329:
7268:
7230:
7170:
7020:
6837:
6743:
6690:
6625:
6599:
6561:
6536:
6503:
6465:Coefficient of inbreeding
6417:
5087:10.1016/j.mib.2006.08.009
5032:Annual Review of Genetics
4593:Gillespie, J. H. (2000).
4564:Futuyma, Douglas (1998).
4475:Avers, Charlotte (1989).
4446:Futuyma, Douglas (1998).
4424:10.1016/j.cub.2011.08.007
4082:10.1016/j.cub.2007.01.051
3936:J. B. S. Haldane (1932).
3905:10.1016/j.tig.2010.05.003
3294:10.1017/S0305004100015644
2532:Effective population size
2482:Allele frequency spectrum
2445:effective population size
2389:allele frequency spectrum
2330:inbreeding coefficient, F
2017:barriers to hybridization
1863:non-selective force. The
1683:effective population size
1394:
1389:
1248:effective population size
1207:propensity or probability
460:Evolutionary neuroscience
435:Evolutionary epistemology
415:Evolutionary anthropology
395:Applications of evolution
10003:Cultural group selection
9887:Biocultural anthropology
9580:Societal impacts of cars
9513:Media naturalness theory
9203:Fight-or-flight response
8774:Cultural group selection
8638:The eclipse of Darwinism
8610:On the Origin of Species
8585:Transmutation of species
6915:Caucasus hunter-gatherer
6643:Evolutionary game theory
6425:Hardy–Weinberg principle
5796:Eyre-Walker, A. (2006).
5565:Lewontin, R. C. (1973).
4773:Ramphocinclus brachyurus
4283:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
3957:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2527:Drift-barrier hypothesis
2421:costly signalling traits
2066:Callosobruchus chinensis
2060:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
2045:Horizontal gene transfer
2031:Horizontal gene transfer
1995:horizontal gene transfer
1708:, Eigen's concept of an
1189:, is the fact that some
930:Hardy–Weinberg principle
862:evolutionary game theory
450:Evolutionary linguistics
445:Evolutionary game theory
420:Evolutionary computation
10203:Evolutionary psychology
10167:Sociocultural evolution
10008:Dual inheritance theory
9465:Personality development
8926:Theoretical foundations
8903:Evolutionary psychology
8779:Dual inheritance theory
8618:History of paleontology
6976:Ancient Northeast Asian
6952:Eastern hunter-gatherer
6932:Western hunter-gatherer
6903:Early Anatolian farmers
6455:Shifting balance theory
6343:(archived 13 July 2009)
6286:10.1073/pnas.1012918108
6226:10.1126/science.1089370
5723:10.1073/pnas.1216223109
5601:Nature Reviews Genetics
5236:10.1126/science.1156407
4304:10.1073/pnas.2119720119
3938:The Causes of Evolution
3822:10.1073/pnas.0701572104
3754:Nature Reviews Genetics
3613:Nature Reviews Genetics
3575:10.1073/pnas.94.16.8380
3161:Crow, James F. (2010).
2717:Shifting balance theory
2707:Selfish genetic element
2455:containing for example
2427:, and the evolution of
2417:evolutionary capacitors
1865:shifting balance theory
1619:Drosophila melanogaster
1581:The genetic process of
1576:Drosophila melanogaster
1007:The American biologist
994:peppered moth evolution
563:Objections to evolution
470:Evolutionary psychology
465:Evolutionary physiology
410:Evolutionary aesthetics
389:Fields and applications
371:History of paleontology
10125:Social constructionism
10120:Psychological nativism
10095:Biological determinism
10043:Recent human evolution
10038:Punctuated equilibrium
9861:Behavioral epigenetics
9856:evolutionary economics
9825:Variability hypothesis
9770:Emotional intelligence
9503:Engineering psychology
9193:Evolution of the brain
8467:Punctuated equilibrium
7788:Non-adaptive radiation
7736:Evolutionary arms race
6981:Ancient Paleo-Siberian
6964:Ancient North Eurasian
6927:Early European Farmers
6440:Linkage disequilibrium
6354:, video of lecture by
5135:10.1073/pnas.222228199
4819:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800237
4246:10.1098/rspb.2020.1503
3333:10.1098/rstb.2009.0282
2672:Outbreeding depression
2632:McDonald–Kreitman test
2627:Linkage disequilibrium
2542:Evolutionary landscape
2401:evolution of dominance
2366:population bottlenecks
2316:homozygotes, and freq(
2245:McDonald–Kreitman test
2234:linkage disequilibrium
2111:linkage disequilibrium
2040:
1960:
1923:
1850:
1675:
1578:
1527:
1420:linkage disequilibrium
1313:
1002:selection coefficients
882:linkage disequilibrium
876:, the degree to which
495:Speciation experiments
475:Experimental evolution
430:Evolutionary economics
252:Recent human evolution
110:Processes and outcomes
10152:Multilineal evolution
10115:Nature versus nurture
10074:Theoretical positions
9922:Functional psychology
9917:Evolutionary medicine
9892:Biological psychiatry
9600:Texting while driving
9590:Lead–crime hypothesis
9450:Cognitive development
9435:Caregiver deprivation
8946:Gene selection theory
8759:Evolutionary medicine
8633:Mendelian inheritance
8341:Biological complexity
8329:Programmed cell death
8021:Phenotypic plasticity
7741:Evolutionary pressure
7731:Evidence of evolution
7629:Timeline of evolution
7543:List of genetic codes
6802:Genealogical DNA test
6763:Evolutionary genetics
6682:Quantitative genetics
6591:Balding–Nichols model
6576:Population bottleneck
6571:Small population size
6475:Selection coefficient
6055:Marine Mammal Science
5774:10.1093/molbev/msn005
4369:10.1093/jhered/esp048
3978:10.1073/pnas.77.1.522
2990:Evolutionary progress
2692:Quantitative genetics
2617:Intragenomic conflict
2607:Inbreeding depression
2517:Directional selection
2507:Conservation genetics
2461:transposable elements
2264:Demographic inference
2128:Hill–Robertson effect
2055:antibiotic resistance
2038:
2002:inbreeding depression
1954:
1909:
1851:
1676:
1607:copy-number variation
1603:genetic recombination
1574:
1522:where fitness is the
1516:
1482:incomplete dominance
1439:selection coefficient
1314:
1223:selection coefficient
1078:Theodosius Dobzhansky
906:Mendelian inheritance
878:genetic recombination
855:statistical inference
851:quantitative genetics
737:Genealogical DNA test
455:Evolutionary medicine
400:Biosocial criminology
366:History of speciation
279:Evolutionary taxonomy
242:Timeline of evolution
10283:Statistical genetics
10278:Evolutionary biology
10257:Evolutionary biology
10105:Cultural determinism
9912:Evolutionary biology
9897:Cognitive psychology
9845:Academic disciplines
9493:Cognitive ergonomics
9460:Language acquisition
9440:Childhood attachment
9253:Wason selection task
9147:Behavioral modernity
8936:Cognitive revolution
8919:Evolutionary thought
8733:Teleology in biology
8628:Blending inheritance
8006:Genetic assimilation
7869:Artificial selection
7608:Evolutionary biology
7442:Behavioural genetics
6773:Neanderthal genetics
6756:Human Genome Project
6553:Background selection
6540:on genomic variation
6538:Effects of selection
6490:Population structure
5889:Hahn, M. W. (2008).
4642:Provine, William B.
4566:Evolutionary Biology
4490:Wahl, L. M. (2011).
4454:. p. Glossary.
4448:Evolutionary Biology
2824:Ewens, W.J. (2004).
2722:Subfunctionalization
2682:Polygenic adaptation
2612:Infinite sites model
2597:Idealised population
2378:source–sink dynamics
2374:biological dispersal
2215:background selection
2203:nucleotide diversity
2132:background selection
2101:If all genes are in
1898:across generations.
1764:
1706:subfunctionalization
1659:
1262:
1167:fixation probability
1135:frequency of alleles
926:blending inheritance
824:population structure
808:evolutionary biology
425:Evolutionary ecology
39:Evolutionary biology
27:Subfield of genetics
10273:Population genetics
10172:Unilineal evolution
9937:Population genetics
9722:Sexy son hypothesis
9660:Hormonal motivation
9640:Concealed ovulation
9181:Dual process theory
9052:Parental investment
8796:Molecular evolution
8754:Ecological genetics
8623:Transitional fossil
8413:Sexual reproduction
8253:endomembrane system
8182:pollinator-mediated
8138:dolphins and whales
7916:Parental investment
7522:Population genomics
7512:Molecular evolution
7472:Genetic engineering
7156:Sub-Saharan Africa
7125:Tamils (Sri Lankan)
7022:Population genetics
6829:Genetic enhancement
6822:Surname DNA project
6672:Population genomics
6548:Genetic hitchhiking
6435:Identity by descent
6411:Population genetics
6366:National Geographic
6277:2011PNAS..108.1082R
6208:2003Sci...302.1401L
6202:(5649): 1401–1404.
5852:2002Natur.415.1022S
5846:(6875): 1022–1024.
5714:2012PNAS..10918488S
5708:(45): 18488–18492.
5613:10.1038/nrg.2016.58
5279:Journal of Virology
5228:2008Sci...320.1210G
5222:(5880): 1210–1213.
5126:2002PNAS...9914280K
5120:(22): 14280–14285.
4941:2004MolEc..13.1341M
4884:2012arXiv1202.4811G
4856:Gravel, S. (2012).
4415:2011CBio...21.R837M
4356:Journal of Heredity
4295:2022PNAS..11919720C
4185:American Naturalist
4074:2007CBio...17..452P
4015:American Naturalist
3969:1980PNAS...77..522K
3813:2007PNAS..104.6504S
3766:10.1038/nrg.2016.78
3717:10.1038/cr.2008.278
3566:1997PNAS...94.8380C
3327:(1544): 1195–1201.
3315:Orr, H. A. (2010).
3286:1927PCPS...23..838H
3038:Ecological genetics
2577:Genetic hitchhiking
2492:Balancing selection
2425:evolution of ageing
2419:, the evolution of
2415:, the evolution of
2403:and other forms of
2228:Detecting selection
2211:genetic hitchhiking
2179:clonal interference
2119:genetic hitchhiking
2103:linkage equilibrium
2006:evolutionary rescue
1977:Great Wall of China
1957:Great Wall of China
1746:branching processes
1115:ecological genetics
998:industrial melanism
965:Industrial melanism
894:population genomics
806:, and is a part of
796:Population genetics
752:Genographic Project
742:Surname DNA project
702:Human mitochondrial
673:Population genetics
527:Social implications
515:Universal Darwinism
505:Island biogeography
440:Evolutionary ethics
405:Ecological genetics
351:Molecular evolution
289:Transitional fossil
117:Population genetics
33:Part of a series on
18:Genetic populations
10130:Social determinism
10013:Fisher's principle
9973:Great ape language
9963:Cultural evolution
9932:Philosophy of mind
9765:Division of labour
9727:Westermarck effect
9675:Mating preferences
9585:Distracted driving
9319:Literary criticism
9176:Domain specificity
9156:modularity of mind
8769:Cultural evolution
7884:Fisher's principle
7813:Handicap principle
7803:Parallel evolution
7667:Adaptive radiation
7482:Genetic monitoring
6658:Landscape genetics
6356:Stephen C. Stearns
6259:(3 January 2011).
5336:10.1002/bies.20516
4777:Journal of Zoology
4726:Amphiprion percula
4570:Sinauer Associates
4452:Sinauer Associates
4240:(1937): 20201503.
3951:M. Kimura (1980).
3893:Trends in Genetics
2771:Servedio, Maria R.
2487:Assortative mating
2384:within a species.
2154:asexual population
2079:biological domains
2041:
2025:become new species
1961:
1924:
1846:
1750:diffusion equation
1735:allele frequencies
1671:
1601:, usually through
1579:
1528:
1372:Relative fitness:
1309:
1090:Sergei Chetverikov
1029:John Maynard Smith
1021:adaptive landscape
1000:, and showed that
922:Mendelian genetics
707:Human Y-chromosome
558:Theistic evolution
490:Selective breeding
202:Parallel evolution
167:Adaptive radiation
10238:
10237:
10216:Psychology portal
10180:
10179:
10023:Hologenome theory
9993:Unit of selection
9988:Primate cognition
9902:Cognitive science
9833:
9832:
9704:Sexual attraction
9680:Mating strategies
9445:Cinderella effect
9375:Moral foundations
9279:Visual perception
9171:Domain generality
9140:Facial expression
9088:Sexual dimorphism
9047:Natural selection
8993:Hamiltonian spite
8869:
8868:
8485:Uniformitarianism
8438:Sex-determination
7943:Sexual dimorphism
7938:Natural selection
7842:Unit of selection
7808:Signalling theory
7574:
7573:
7497:He Jiankui affair
7487:Genetic genealogy
7477:Genetic diversity
7406:the British Isles
7311:Genetic variation
7190:
7189:
7010:Ancient Beringian
6812:Race and genetics
6807:Genetic genealogy
6792:Genetic variation
6703:
6702:
6653:Genetic genealogy
6648:Fitness landscape
6067:10.1111/mms.12555
4929:Molecular Ecology
4730:Molecular Ecology
4579:978-0-87893-189-7
4550:978-0-87969-684-9
4461:978-0-87893-189-7
4409:(20): R837–R838.
4011:Haldane, J. B. S.
3807:(16): 6504–6510.
3560:(16): 8380–8386.
3441:Miko, I. (2008).
3427:978-0-8018-8008-7
3270:Haldane, J. B. S.
3071:978-0-674-89665-9
2910:978-0-679-64288-6
2874:978-0-520-23693-6
2835:978-0-387-20191-7
2657:Natural selection
2587:Haldane's dilemma
2582:Genetic variation
2547:Fitness landscape
2537:Error catastrophe
2502:Coalescent theory
2370:population growth
2354:Coalescent theory
2350:can be detected.
2348:genetic admixture
2162:fitness landscape
2143:natural selection
2071:bdelloid rotifers
1831:
1710:error catastrophe
1506:
1505:
1435:
1434:
1385:
1384:
1185:, which includes
1183:Natural selection
1143:natural selection
1113:, the pioneer of
1109:In Great Britain
1086:genetic diversity
918:genetic variation
914:Natural selection
866:adaptive dynamics
798:is a subfield of
793:
792:
747:Personal genomics
659:Genetic genealogy
644:
643:
335:Origin of Species
137:Natural selection
16:(Redirected from
10290:
10255:
10254:
10246:
10225:
10212:
10199:
10198:
9842:
9841:
9838:Related subjects
9625:Adult attachment
9152:Cognitive module
9108:
9107:
9095:Social selection
9069:Costly signaling
9064:Sexual selection
8951:Modern synthesis
8896:
8889:
8882:
8873:
8872:
8859:
8849:
8848:
8648:Modern synthesis
8408:Multicellularity
8403:Mosaic evolution
8288:auditory ossicle
7970:Social selection
7953:Flowering plants
7948:Sexual selection
7601:
7594:
7587:
7578:
7577:
7564:
7563:
7527:Reverse genetics
7502:Medical genetics
7217:
7210:
7203:
7194:
7193:
7178:
7177:
6879:African diaspora
6869:Eastern Africa‎‎
6817:Recent evolution
6768:Human-chimp MRCA
6730:
6723:
6716:
6707:
6706:
6612:J. B. S. Haldane
6404:
6397:
6390:
6381:
6380:
6309:
6308:
6298:
6288:
6271:(3): 1082–1087.
6252:
6246:
6245:
6219:
6189:
6183:
6182:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6129:
6119:
6109:
6100:(10): e1000695.
6085:
6079:
6078:
6049:
6043:
6042:
6032:
6007:(4): 1827–1839.
5992:
5986:
5985:
5975:
5935:
5929:
5928:
5910:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5860:10.1038/4151022a
5835:
5829:
5828:
5802:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5776:
5767:(6): 1007–1015.
5752:
5746:
5745:
5735:
5725:
5699:
5690:
5684:
5683:
5673:
5663:
5639:
5633:
5632:
5592:
5583:
5582:
5562:
5556:
5555:
5545:
5528:(3): 1759–1798.
5513:
5507:
5506:
5496:
5478:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5437:
5427:
5403:
5397:
5396:
5386:
5369:(4): 1167–1183.
5354:
5348:
5347:
5319:
5313:
5312:
5302:
5285:(9): 7710–7721.
5270:
5264:
5263:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5155:
5137:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5001:
4992:(9): 2229–2243.
4977:
4971:
4970:
4960:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4903:
4877:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4802:
4793:
4792:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4704:
4678:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4622:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4519:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4426:
4391:
4382:
4381:
4371:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4334:
4326:
4316:
4306:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4257:
4225:
4219:
4218:
4208:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4160:
4152:
4142:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4093:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3990:
3980:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3916:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3842:
3824:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3728:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3636:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3587:
3577:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3493:
3476:(4): 1417–1420.
3461:
3455:
3454:
3447:Nature Education
3438:
3432:
3431:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3393:
3376:(4): 2335–2352.
3361:
3355:
3354:
3344:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3249:
3232:(3): 1003–1035.
3217:
3211:
3210:
3200:
3182:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3115:
3104:
3103:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3003:
2994:
2993:
2985:
2976:
2975:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2890:
2879:
2878:
2855:Bowler, Peter J.
2851:
2840:
2839:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2804:
2794:
2785:(12): e1002017.
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2743:
2712:Sexual selection
2642:Muller's ratchet
2238:selective sweeps
2147:selective sweeps
2083:eukaryotic cells
1888:John H Gillespie
1855:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1812:
1776:
1775:
1702:Muller's ratchet
1680:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1605:. This leads to
1444:
1443:
1426:allele frequency
1387:
1386:
1334:
1333:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1187:sexual selection
1063:modern synthesis
1051:Modern synthesis
1041:Richard Lewontin
986:J. B. S. Haldane
961:
944:
843:J. B. S. Haldane
785:
778:
771:
646:
645:
636:
629:
622:
609:
604:
603:
596:
592:
591:
568:Level of support
361:Current research
346:Modern synthesis
341:Before synthesis
294:Extinction event
52:Darwin's finches
49:
30:
29:
21:
10298:
10297:
10293:
10292:
10291:
10289:
10288:
10287:
10263:
10262:
10261:
10249:
10241:
10239:
10234:
10176:
10162:Neoevolutionism
10069:
10053:Species complex
10018:Group selection
9956:Research topics
9951:
9927:Neuropsychology
9829:
9815:Substance abuse
9737:Sex differences
9731:
9645:Coolidge effect
9606:
9518:Neuroergonomics
9483:
9474:
9398:
9300:
9234:Folk psychology
9115:
9099:
8969:
8962:
8905:
8900:
8870:
8865:
8837:
8764:Group selection
8737:
8662:
8566:
8493:
8455:Tempo and modes
8449:
8304:
8208:
8025:
7984:
7860:
7853:
7830:Species complex
7643:
7634:History of life
7610:
7605:
7575:
7570:
7552:
7531:
7430:
7421:the Middle East
7387:Archaeogenetics
7381:
7325:
7264:
7226:
7221:
7191:
7186:
7166:
7146:Southeast Asia
7024:
7016:
6874:Southern Africa
6841:
6839:Genetic history
6833:
6739:
6734:
6704:
6699:
6686:
6621:
6595:
6557:
6541:
6539:
6532:
6499:
6430:Genetic linkage
6413:
6408:
6360:Yale University
6336:Yale University
6317:
6312:
6253:
6249:
6190:
6186:
6147:
6143:
6086:
6082:
6050:
6046:
5993:
5989:
5936:
5932:
5887:
5883:
5836:
5832:
5811:(10): 569–575.
5800:
5794:
5790:
5753:
5749:
5697:
5691:
5687:
5654:(4): e1002112.
5640:
5636:
5593:
5586:
5579:
5563:
5559:
5514:
5510:
5455:
5451:
5418:(6): e1002740.
5404:
5400:
5355:
5351:
5320:
5316:
5271:
5267:
5208:
5204:
5173:
5169:
5106:
5102:
5071:
5067:
5027:
5023:
4978:
4974:
4921:
4917:
4854:
4850:
4803:
4796:
4769:
4765:
4722:
4718:
4655:
4651:
4640:
4636:
4591:
4587:
4580:
4572:. p. 320.
4562:
4558:
4551:
4537:
4533:
4488:
4484:
4473:
4469:
4462:
4444:
4440:
4403:Current Biology
4399:"Genetic drift"
4392:
4385:
4348:
4344:
4328:
4327:
4275:
4271:
4234:Proc. R. Soc. B
4226:
4222:
4174:
4170:
4154:
4153:
4111:
4107:
4062:Current Biology
4054:
4050:
4008:
4004:
3949:
3945:
3934:
3930:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3860:
3856:
3793:
3789:
3746:
3742:
3711:(10): 985–996.
3697:
3693:
3670:10.1038/nrg1204
3658:Nat. Rev. Genet
3654:
3650:
3625:10.1038/nrg2593
3605:
3601:
3546:
3542:
3511:
3507:
3462:
3458:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3414:Gillespie, John
3411:
3407:
3362:
3358:
3313:
3309:
3267:
3263:
3218:
3214:
3159:
3155:
3116:
3107:
3100:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3064:. p. 402.
3049:
3045:
3031:
3027:
3004:
2997:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2891:
2882:
2875:
2852:
2843:
2836:
2822:
2818:
2768:
2764:
2755:
2753:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2702:Selective sweep
2687:Population size
2477:
2397:
2344:
2320:) = 2
2281:at frequencies
2266:
2230:
2196:
2191:
2099:
2047:
2033:
1969:range expansion
1930:
1904:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1790:
1786:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1739:random sampling
1733:is a change in
1728:
1722:
1691:mutation biases
1660:
1657:
1656:
1569:
1563:
1511:
1473:
1469:
1457:
1453:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1325:
1301:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1197:to survive and
1180:
1175:
1131:
1059:
1053:
1037:George R. Price
1013:animal breeding
972:
971:
970:
969:
968:
962:
953:
952:
951:
945:
902:
789:
733:
710:
705:
699:
697:DNA haplogroups
640:
599:
586:
585:
578:
577:
528:
520:
519:
390:
382:
381:
380:
308:
300:
299:
298:
247:Human evolution
237:History of life
221:
220:Natural history
213:
212:
211:
111:
103:
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10296:
10286:
10285:
10280:
10275:
10260:
10259:
10236:
10235:
10233:
10232:
10219:
10206:
10193:
10185:
10182:
10181:
10178:
10177:
10175:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10149:
10144:
10139:
10138:
10137:
10132:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10083:
10077:
10075:
10071:
10070:
10068:
10067:
10066:
10065:
10060:
10055:
10050:
10045:
10040:
10035:
10030:
10025:
10020:
10015:
10010:
10005:
10000:
9990:
9985:
9980:
9975:
9970:
9965:
9959:
9957:
9953:
9952:
9950:
9949:
9944:
9939:
9934:
9929:
9924:
9919:
9914:
9909:
9904:
9899:
9894:
9889:
9884:
9867:
9858:
9848:
9846:
9839:
9835:
9834:
9831:
9830:
9828:
9827:
9822:
9817:
9812:
9807:
9802:
9797:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9772:
9767:
9762:
9757:
9752:
9747:
9741:
9739:
9733:
9732:
9730:
9729:
9724:
9719:
9706:
9697:
9692:
9687:
9682:
9677:
9672:
9667:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9647:
9642:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9622:
9616:
9614:
9608:
9607:
9605:
9604:
9603:
9602:
9597:
9592:
9587:
9577:
9572:
9567:
9562:
9557:
9552:
9547:
9545:Mind-blindness
9542:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9521:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9489:
9487:
9476:
9475:
9473:
9472:
9467:
9462:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9437:
9432:
9419:
9414:
9408:
9406:
9400:
9399:
9397:
9396:
9391:
9390:
9389:
9379:
9378:
9377:
9367:
9366:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9345:
9340:
9339:
9338:
9328:
9327:
9326:
9321:
9310:
9308:
9302:
9301:
9299:
9298:
9297:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9276:
9271:
9266:
9257:
9256:
9255:
9250:
9240:
9238:theory of mind
9231:
9222:
9221:
9220:
9215:
9210:
9200:
9195:
9190:
9185:
9184:
9183:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9149:
9144:
9143:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9121:
9119:
9105:
9101:
9100:
9098:
9097:
9092:
9091:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9071:
9061:
9060:
9059:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9033:
9032:
9022:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9005:Baldwin effect
9002:
9001:
9000:
8995:
8990:
8980:
8974:
8972:
8964:
8963:
8961:
8960:
8955:
8954:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8933:
8923:
8922:
8921:
8910:
8907:
8906:
8899:
8898:
8891:
8884:
8876:
8867:
8866:
8864:
8863:
8853:
8842:
8839:
8838:
8836:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8814:
8813:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8788:
8783:
8782:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8745:
8743:
8739:
8738:
8736:
8735:
8730:
8729:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8717:
8716:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8676:
8670:
8668:
8664:
8663:
8661:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8615:
8614:
8613:
8604:Charles Darwin
8601:
8600:
8599:
8587:
8582:
8576:
8574:
8568:
8567:
8565:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8542:Non-ecological
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8503:
8501:
8495:
8494:
8492:
8491:
8482:
8473:
8459:
8457:
8451:
8450:
8448:
8447:
8442:
8441:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8359:
8358:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8333:
8332:
8331:
8326:
8315:
8313:
8306:
8305:
8303:
8302:
8301:
8300:
8295:
8293:nervous system
8290:
8285:
8280:
8272:
8271:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8219:
8217:
8210:
8209:
8207:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8185:
8184:
8174:
8173:
8172:
8167:
8166:
8165:
8160:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8129:
8128:
8123:
8113:
8103:
8098:
8097:
8096:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8070:
8069:
8059:
8054:
8053:
8052:
8042:
8036:
8034:
8027:
8026:
8024:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7992:
7990:
7986:
7985:
7983:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7966:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7924:
7923:
7918:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7897:
7896:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7865:
7863:
7855:
7854:
7852:
7851:
7850:
7849:
7839:
7834:
7833:
7832:
7827:
7817:
7816:
7815:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7793:Origin of life
7790:
7785:
7780:
7778:Microevolution
7775:
7773:Macroevolution
7770:
7765:
7760:
7759:
7758:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7711:Common descent
7708:
7707:
7706:
7696:
7691:
7689:Baldwin effect
7686:
7685:
7684:
7679:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7653:
7651:
7645:
7644:
7642:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7615:
7612:
7611:
7604:
7603:
7596:
7589:
7581:
7572:
7571:
7569:
7568:
7557:
7554:
7553:
7551:
7550:
7545:
7539:
7537:
7533:
7532:
7530:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7517:Plant genetics
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7457:Genome editing
7454:
7449:
7444:
7438:
7436:
7435:Related topics
7432:
7431:
7429:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7392:
7390:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7357:Immunogenetics
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7333:
7331:
7327:
7326:
7324:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7272:
7270:
7269:Key components
7266:
7265:
7263:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7231:
7228:
7227:
7220:
7219:
7212:
7205:
7197:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7184:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7164:
7163:
7162:
7154:
7153:
7152:
7144:
7143:
7142:
7137:
7129:
7128:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7109:
7108:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7073:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7028:
7026:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7014:
7013:
7012:
7002:
7001:
7000:
6993:Southeast Asia
6990:
6989:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6968:
6967:
6966:
6956:
6955:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6907:
6906:
6905:
6895:
6894:
6893:
6883:
6882:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6864:Central Africa
6861:
6856:
6845:
6843:
6835:
6834:
6832:
6831:
6826:
6825:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6789:
6788:
6787:
6782:
6781:
6780:
6770:
6760:
6759:
6758:
6747:
6745:
6741:
6740:
6737:Human genetics
6733:
6732:
6725:
6718:
6710:
6701:
6700:
6698:
6697:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6684:
6679:
6677:Phylogeography
6674:
6669:
6667:Microevolution
6664:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6629:
6627:
6626:Related topics
6623:
6622:
6620:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6603:
6601:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6581:Founder effect
6578:
6573:
6567:
6565:
6559:
6558:
6556:
6555:
6550:
6544:
6542:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6509:
6507:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6460:Price equation
6457:
6452:
6450:Neutral theory
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6421:
6419:
6415:
6414:
6407:
6406:
6399:
6392:
6384:
6378:
6377:
6363:
6349:
6344:
6338:
6329:
6324:
6316:
6315:External links
6313:
6311:
6310:
6247:
6217:10.1.1.135.974
6184:
6141:
6080:
6061:(3): 732–759.
6044:
5987:
5950:(2): 945–959.
5930:
5901:(2): 255–265.
5881:
5830:
5788:
5747:
5685:
5634:
5607:(7): 422–433.
5584:
5578:978-0231033923
5577:
5557:
5508:
5469:(2): 467–481.
5449:
5398:
5349:
5314:
5265:
5202:
5183:(4): 530–533.
5167:
5100:
5065:
5038:(1): 283–328.
5021:
4972:
4935:(6): 1341–56.
4915:
4868:(2): 607–619.
4848:
4813:(3): 212–219.
4794:
4783:(4): 687–691.
4763:
4736:(3): 733–742.
4716:
4669:(4): 975–996.
4649:
4646:. CreateSpace.
4634:
4605:(2): 909–919.
4585:
4578:
4556:
4549:
4531:
4502:(4): 783–785.
4482:
4467:
4460:
4438:
4383:
4362:(5): 637–647.
4342:
4269:
4220:
4197:10.1086/510212
4168:
4105:
4068:(5): 452–454.
4048:
4027:10.1086/280465
4002:
3963:(1): 522–526.
3943:
3928:
3899:(8): 345–352.
3879:
3872:
3854:
3787:
3760:(9): 567–578.
3740:
3691:
3664:(11): 865–75.
3648:
3619:(8): 551–564.
3599:
3540:
3521:(6): 308–315.
3505:
3456:
3433:
3426:
3405:
3356:
3307:
3280:(7): 838–844.
3261:
3212:
3173:(3): 609–611.
3153:
3132:10.1086/677571
3126:(3): 225–252.
3105:
3098:
3077:
3070:
3043:
3025:
2995:
2977:
2970:
2949:
2942:
2916:
2909:
2880:
2873:
2841:
2834:
2816:
2762:
2751:www.nature.com
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
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2679:
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2669:
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2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2557:Founder effect
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2413:mutation rates
2396:
2393:
2342:
2308:) =
2293:) =
2265:
2262:
2229:
2226:
2199:Neutral theory
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2098:
2095:
2043:Main article:
2032:
2029:
2010:migration load
1993:organisms and
1965:climate change
1926:Main article:
1903:
1900:
1896:autocorrelated
1884:sampling error
1857:
1856:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1724:Main article:
1721:
1718:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1565:Main article:
1562:
1559:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:Underdominance
1498:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1422:
1411:
1403:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1324:
1321:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1173:Four processes
1171:
1153:and recurrent
1130:
1127:
1121:such as human
1098:macroevolution
1094:microevolution
1055:Main article:
1052:
1049:
1033:W. D. Hamilton
963:
956:
955:
954:
946:
939:
938:
937:
936:
935:
901:
898:
791:
790:
788:
787:
780:
773:
765:
762:
761:
760:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
723:
722:Related topics
719:
718:
717:
716:
711:
695:
693:
688:
675:
667:
666:
662:
661:
655:
654:
642:
641:
639:
638:
631:
624:
616:
613:
612:
611:
610:
597:
580:
579:
576:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
548:Social effects
545:
540:
535:
529:
526:
525:
522:
521:
518:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
391:
388:
387:
384:
383:
379:
378:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
331:
326:
321:
316:
310:
309:
306:
305:
302:
301:
297:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
274:Classification
271:
266:
261:
256:
255:
254:
244:
239:
234:
232:Common descent
229:
227:Origin of life
223:
222:
219:
218:
215:
214:
210:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
113:
112:
109:
108:
105:
104:
102:
101:
96:
91:
85:
84:
79:
74:
69:
63:
60:
59:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10295:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10271:
10270:
10268:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10247:
10244:
10231:
10230:
10224:
10220:
10218:
10217:
10211:
10207:
10205:
10204:
10194:
10192:
10191:
10187:
10186:
10183:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10158:
10157:Neo-Darwinism
10155:
10153:
10150:
10148:
10145:
10143:
10142:Functionalism
10140:
10136:
10133:
10131:
10128:
10126:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10100:Connectionism
10098:
10096:
10093:
10092:
10091:
10090:indeterminism
10087:
10084:
10082:
10079:
10078:
10076:
10072:
10064:
10061:
10059:
10056:
10054:
10051:
10049:
10046:
10044:
10041:
10039:
10036:
10034:
10031:
10029:
10026:
10024:
10021:
10019:
10016:
10014:
10011:
10009:
10006:
10004:
10001:
9999:
9996:
9995:
9994:
9991:
9989:
9986:
9984:
9981:
9979:
9976:
9974:
9971:
9969:
9966:
9964:
9961:
9960:
9958:
9954:
9948:
9945:
9943:
9940:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9925:
9923:
9920:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9905:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9879:
9875:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9853:
9850:
9849:
9847:
9843:
9840:
9836:
9826:
9823:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9810:Schizophrenia
9808:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9795:Mental health
9793:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9756:
9753:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9742:
9740:
9738:
9734:
9728:
9725:
9723:
9720:
9718:
9714:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9701:
9698:
9696:
9693:
9691:
9688:
9686:
9683:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9673:
9671:
9670:Mate guarding
9668:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9656:
9653:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9630:Age disparity
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9617:
9615:
9613:
9609:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9582:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9568:
9566:
9563:
9561:
9560:Schizophrenia
9558:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9495:
9494:
9491:
9490:
9488:
9486:
9485:Mental health
9481:
9480:Human factors
9477:
9471:
9470:Socialization
9468:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9430:paternal bond
9427:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9409:
9407:
9405:
9401:
9395:
9392:
9388:
9385:
9384:
9383:
9380:
9376:
9373:
9372:
9371:
9368:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9350:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9337:
9334:
9333:
9332:
9329:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9316:
9315:
9312:
9311:
9309:
9307:
9303:
9295:
9294:NaĂŻve physics
9292:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9281:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9261:
9260:Motor control
9258:
9254:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9245:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9226:
9223:
9219:
9218:Ophidiophobia
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9208:Arachnophobia
9206:
9205:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9191:
9189:
9186:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9158:
9157:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9135:Display rules
9133:
9131:
9128:
9127:
9126:
9123:
9122:
9120:
9118:
9113:
9109:
9106:
9102:
9096:
9093:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9066:
9065:
9062:
9058:
9055:
9054:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9037:Kin selection
9035:
9031:
9028:
9027:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8985:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8975:
8973:
8971:
8965:
8959:
8956:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8931:Adaptationism
8929:
8928:
8927:
8924:
8920:
8917:
8916:
8915:
8912:
8911:
8908:
8904:
8897:
8892:
8890:
8885:
8883:
8878:
8877:
8874:
8862:
8858:
8854:
8852:
8844:
8843:
8840:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8812:
8809:
8808:
8807:
8806:Phylogenetics
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8766:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8746:
8744:
8740:
8734:
8731:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8715:
8712:
8711:
8710:
8709:Structuralism
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8684:Catastrophism
8682:
8681:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8671:
8669:
8665:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8643:Neo-Darwinism
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8612:
8611:
8607:
8606:
8605:
8602:
8598:
8597:
8593:
8592:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8581:
8578:
8577:
8575:
8573:
8569:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8557:Reinforcement
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8504:
8502:
8500:
8496:
8490:
8489:Catastrophism
8486:
8483:
8481:
8480:Macromutation
8477:
8476:Micromutation
8474:
8472:
8468:
8464:
8461:
8460:
8458:
8456:
8452:
8446:
8443:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8415:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8383:Immune system
8381:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8357:
8354:
8353:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8321:
8320:
8317:
8316:
8314:
8312:
8307:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8275:
8273:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8243:symbiogenesis
8241:
8240:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8220:
8218:
8216:
8211:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8183:
8180:
8179:
8178:
8175:
8171:
8168:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8155:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8118:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8108:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8095:
8092:
8091:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8068:
8065:
8064:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8051:
8048:
8047:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8037:
8035:
8033:
8028:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7993:
7991:
7987:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7950:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7913:
7912:
7911:Kin selection
7909:
7907:
7906:Genetic drift
7904:
7902:
7899:
7895:
7892:
7891:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7866:
7864:
7862:
7856:
7848:
7845:
7844:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7822:
7821:
7818:
7814:
7811:
7810:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7757:
7754:
7753:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7705:
7702:
7701:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7674:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7654:
7652:
7650:
7646:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7616:
7613:
7609:
7602:
7597:
7595:
7590:
7588:
7583:
7582:
7579:
7567:
7559:
7558:
7555:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7540:
7538:
7534:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7439:
7437:
7433:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7384:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7328:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7273:
7271:
7267:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7232:
7229:
7225:
7218:
7213:
7211:
7206:
7204:
7199:
7198:
7195:
7183:
7182:
7173:
7172:
7169:
7161:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7032:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7011:
7008:
7007:
7006:
7003:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6991:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6973:
6972:
6969:
6965:
6962:
6961:
6960:
6957:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6937:British Isles
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6924:
6923:
6920:
6916:
6913:
6912:
6911:
6908:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6899:
6896:
6892:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6884:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6859:West Africa‎‎
6857:
6855:
6852:
6851:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6830:
6827:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6794:
6793:
6790:
6786:
6783:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6765:
6764:
6761:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6752:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6731:
6726:
6724:
6719:
6717:
6712:
6711:
6708:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6689:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6624:
6618:
6617:Sewall Wright
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6604:
6602:
6598:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6563:Genetic drift
6560:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6535:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6508:
6506:
6502:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6405:
6400:
6398:
6393:
6391:
6386:
6385:
6382:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6364:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6306:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6251:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6196:
6188:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6145:
6137:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6094:PLOS Genetics
6091:
6084:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6048:
6040:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5991:
5983:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5934:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5885:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5834:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5799:
5792:
5784:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5751:
5743:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5696:
5689:
5681:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5638:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5591:
5589:
5580:
5574:
5570:
5569:
5561:
5553:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5512:
5504:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5453:
5445:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5412:PLOS Genetics
5409:
5402:
5394:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5353:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5318:
5310:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5269:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5206:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5171:
5163:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5104:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5081:(5): 476–82.
5080:
5076:
5069:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5025:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4976:
4968:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4919:
4911:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4852:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4801:
4799:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4767:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4720:
4712:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4653:
4645:
4638:
4630:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4589:
4581:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4560:
4552:
4546:
4542:
4535:
4527:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4486:
4478:
4471:
4463:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4442:
4434:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4388:
4379:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4338:
4332:
4324:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4273:
4265:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4224:
4216:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4172:
4164:
4158:
4150:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4125:(2): 937–48.
4124:
4120:
4116:
4109:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4021:(708): 5–19.
4020:
4016:
4012:
4006:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3947:
3939:
3932:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3883:
3875:
3873:9781932846126
3869:
3865:
3858:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3791:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3705:Cell Research
3702:
3695:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3509:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3460:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3429:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3101:
3099:9780674272262
3095:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3073:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3002:
3000:
2991:
2984:
2982:
2973:
2971:9780674272262
2967:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2945:
2943:9789024733422
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2912:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2876:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2837:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2637:Meiotic drive
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2622:Kin selection
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2572:Genetic drift
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2465:transcription
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2433:mutation rate
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2382:introgression
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2362:phylogenetics
2359:
2355:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2326:heterozygotes
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2261:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2222:r-strategists
2218:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2115:Recombination
2112:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2037:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1869:Sewall Wright
1866:
1861:
1860:Ronald Fisher
1843:
1839:
1834:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1731:Genetic drift
1727:
1726:Genetic drift
1720:Genetic drift
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1592:mutation bias
1589:
1584:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1551:mutation load
1547:
1544:
1541:In fact, the
1539:
1537:
1532:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:overdominance
1489:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1359:
1349:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1320:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:genetic drift
1235:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1170:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:genetic drift
1144:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1119:polymorphisms
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1043:and Japanese
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:Sewall Wright
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
982:
977:
976:Ronald Fisher
966:
960:
950:
949:peppered moth
943:
934:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
910:biostatistics
907:
897:
895:
891:
890:genetic drift
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
858:
856:
852:
848:
847:Ronald Fisher
844:
840:
839:Sewall Wright
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
786:
781:
779:
774:
772:
767:
766:
764:
763:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
732:
728:
727:
726:
725:
721:
720:
715:
712:
708:
703:
698:
694:
692:
689:
687:
683:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
669:
668:
664:
663:
660:
657:
656:
652:
648:
647:
637:
632:
630:
625:
623:
618:
617:
615:
614:
608:
598:
595:
590:
584:
583:
582:
581:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
524:
523:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
480:Phylogenetics
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
386:
385:
376:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
336:
332:
330:
327:
325:
324:Before Darwin
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
311:
304:
303:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
253:
250:
249:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
217:
216:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
152:Genetic drift
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
114:
107:
106:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
64:
62:
61:
57:
53:
48:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
32:
31:
19:
10227:
10214:
10201:
10188:
9947:Sociobiology
9936:
9805:Neuroscience
9785:Intelligence
9331:Anthropology
9284:Color vision
9269:Multitasking
9248:Flynn effect
9243:Intelligence
9225:Folk biology
8968:Evolutionary
8818:Polymorphism
8801:Astrobiology
8749:Biogeography
8704:Saltationism
8694:Orthogenesis
8679:Alternatives
8608:
8594:
8527:Cospeciation
8522:Cladogenesis
8471:Saltationism
8428:Mating types
8351:Color vision
8336:Avian flight
8258:mitochondria
7996:Canalisation
7874:Biodiversity
7858:
7619:Introduction
7467:Genetic code
7401:the Americas
7377:Quantitative
7371:
7347:Cytogenetics
7342:Conservation
7235:Introduction
7179:
7077:Azerbaijanis
7021:
6959:Central Asia
6854:North Africa
6751:Human genome
6633:Biogeography
6607:R. A. Fisher
6485:Heritability
6418:Key concepts
6410:
6268:
6264:
6250:
6199:
6193:
6187:
6154:
6150:
6144:
6097:
6093:
6083:
6058:
6054:
6047:
6004:
6000:
5990:
5947:
5943:
5933:
5898:
5894:
5884:
5843:
5839:
5833:
5808:
5804:
5791:
5764:
5760:
5750:
5705:
5701:
5688:
5651:
5648:PLOS Biology
5647:
5637:
5604:
5600:
5567:
5560:
5525:
5521:
5511:
5466:
5462:
5452:
5415:
5411:
5401:
5366:
5362:
5352:
5330:(1): 74–84.
5327:
5323:
5317:
5282:
5278:
5268:
5219:
5215:
5205:
5180:
5176:
5170:
5117:
5113:
5103:
5078:
5074:
5068:
5035:
5031:
5024:
4989:
4985:
4975:
4932:
4928:
4918:
4865:
4861:
4851:
4810:
4806:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4766:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4719:
4666:
4662:
4652:
4643:
4637:
4602:
4598:
4588:
4565:
4559:
4540:
4534:
4499:
4495:
4485:
4476:
4470:
4447:
4441:
4406:
4402:
4359:
4355:
4345:
4331:cite journal
4286:
4282:
4272:
4237:
4233:
4223:
4191:(1): 38–46.
4188:
4184:
4171:
4157:cite journal
4122:
4118:
4108:
4065:
4061:
4051:
4018:
4014:
4005:
3960:
3956:
3946:
3937:
3931:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3863:
3857:
3804:
3800:
3790:
3757:
3753:
3743:
3708:
3704:
3694:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3616:
3612:
3602:
3557:
3553:
3543:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3473:
3469:
3459:
3450:
3446:
3436:
3417:
3408:
3373:
3369:
3359:
3324:
3320:
3310:
3277:
3273:
3264:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3170:
3166:
3156:
3123:
3119:
3089:
3080:
3056:
3046:
3037:
3028:
3011:
3007:
2989:
2961:
2952:
2925:
2919:
2895:
2859:
2825:
2819:
2782:
2779:PLOS Biology
2778:
2765:
2754:. Retrieved
2750:
2741:
2677:Polymorphism
2441:
2429:co-operation
2398:
2386:
2352:
2336:
2334:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2249:polymorphism
2242:
2231:
2219:
2208:
2197:
2189:Applications
2151:
2140:
2100:
2091:mitochondria
2087:chloroplasts
2064:
2058:
2048:
2014:
1999:
1981:
1962:
1931:
1892:Will Provine
1881:
1873:Motoo Kimura
1858:
1743:
1730:
1729:
1712:and Lynch's
1699:
1687:
1652:
1642:
1634:
1625:
1617:
1611:
1596:
1580:
1575:
1548:
1540:
1529:
1479:0<h<1
1436:
1424:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1326:
1255:
1243:
1236:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1181:
1163:
1132:
1108:
1101:
1082:T. H. Morgan
1076:
1071:orthogenesis
1060:
1045:Motoo Kimura
1025:
1006:
979:
973:
903:
859:
828:
795:
794:
672:
500:Sociobiology
485:Paleontology
333:
269:Biogeography
264:Biodiversity
182:Coextinction
172:Co-operation
147:Polymorphism
116:
72:Introduction
10086:Determinism
9998:Coevolution
9942:Primatology
9780:Gender role
9685:Orientation
9565:Screen time
9422:Affectional
9404:Development
9083:Mate choice
9010:By-products
8978:Adaptations
8941:Cognitivism
8828:Systematics
8699:Mutationism
8517:Catagenesis
8445:Snake venom
8378:Eusociality
8356:in primates
8346:Cooperation
8274:In animals
8094:butterflies
8067:Cephalopods
8057:Brachiopods
7989:Development
7963:Mate choice
7716:Convergence
7699:Coevolution
7657:Abiogenesis
7447:Epigenetics
7135:Han Chinese
7111:South Asia
6898:Middle East
6586:Coalescence
6255:Rajon, E.;
3086:Mayr, Ernst
3052:Mayr, Ernst
3034:Ford, E. B.
3014:: 167–192.
2958:Mayr, Ernst
2469:translation
2302:homozygotes
2136:hitchhikers
2051:prokaryotes
2021:outcrossing
1653:B. subtilis
1553:and to the
1470:dominant, A
1454:dominant, A
1139:populations
1123:blood types
804:populations
510:Systematics
319:Renaissance
197:Convergence
187:Contingency
177:Coevolution
10267:Categories
10033:Population
10028:Lamarckism
9874:behavioral
9852:Behavioral
9800:Narcissism
9745:Aggression
9535:Hypophobia
9525:Depression
9412:Attachment
9394:Universals
9358:Psychology
9336:Biological
9324:Musicology
9314:Aesthetics
9213:Basophobia
9020:Exaptation
8998:Reciprocal
8689:Lamarckism
8667:Philosophy
8590:David Hume
8552:Peripatric
8547:Parapatric
8532:Ecological
8512:Anagenesis
8507:Allopatric
8499:Speciation
8463:Gradualism
8388:Metabolism
8248:chromosome
8238:Eukaryotes
8016:Modularity
7933:Population
7859:Population
7820:Speciation
7798:Panspermia
7751:Extinction
7746:Exaptation
7721:Divergence
7694:Cladistics
7682:Reciprocal
7662:Adaptation
7452:Geneticist
7426:South Asia
7372:Population
7352:Ecological
7321:Amino acid
7301:Nucleotide
7276:Chromosome
7160:Hutu/Tutsi
7131:East Asia
7045:Bulgarians
6886:South Asia
6744:Sub-topics
6528:Ecological
6518:Artificial
6374:Haplogroup
2756:2018-01-29
2734:References
2602:Inbreeding
2405:robustness
2358:neutrality
2253:synonymous
2174:adaptation
2168:, such as
1967:, species
1938:philopatry
1920:immigrates
1916:population
1737:caused by
1599:duplicated
1474:recessive
1458:recessive
1407:population
1337:Genotype:
1227:phenotypes
1111:E. B. Ford
1067:Lamarckism
1017:inbreeding
820:speciation
816:adaptation
678:Haplogroup
284:Cladistics
207:Extinction
192:Divergence
162:Speciation
142:Adaptation
56:John Gould
9878:cognitive
9870:Affective
9755:Cognition
9709:Sexuality
9695:Pair bond
9455:Education
9112:Cognition
9030:Inclusive
8970:processes
8958:Criticism
8823:Protocell
8674:Darwinism
8562:Sympatric
8311:processes
8199:Tetrapods
8148:Kangaroos
8074:Dinosaurs
8011:Inversion
7980:Variation
7901:Gene flow
7894:Inclusive
7704:Mutualism
7649:Evolution
7367:Molecular
7362:Microbial
7337:Classical
7150:Filipinos
7120:Sinhalese
7115:Gujaratis
7105:Moroccans
7100:Egyptians
7055:Romanians
6971:East Asia
6842:by region
6638:Evolution
6505:Selection
6257:Masel, J.
6212:CiteSeerX
6151:BioEssays
6107:0909.0925
6021:0016-6731
5964:0016-6731
5895:Evolution
5476:1108.3464
5324:BioEssays
5244:0036-8075
5144:0027-8424
5052:0066-4197
4986:Evolution
4875:1202.4811
4827:0018-067X
4693:0016-6731
4676:1108.1635
4541:Evolution
4395:Masel, J.
4177:Masel, J.
3831:0027-8424
3453:(1): 197.
3189:0016-6731
3036:(1975) .
2567:Gene pool
2562:Gene flow
2437:metabolic
2107:gene pool
1983:Gene flow
1928:Gene flow
1914:from one
1902:Gene flow
1809:−
1801:
1795:−
1778:≈
1663:μ
1643:However,
1531:Epistasis
1519:logarithm
1509:Epistasis
1437:s is the
1415:gene pool
1328:Dominance
1323:Dominance
1296:γ
1199:reproduce
1178:Selection
1151:gene flow
874:epistasis
870:dominance
831:emergence
682:Haplotype
543:Dysgenics
259:Phylogeny
157:Gene flow
127:Diversity
122:Variation
10147:Memetics
9907:Ethology
9865:genetics
9700:Physical
9665:Jealousy
9620:Activity
9426:maternal
9382:Religion
9370:Morality
9348:Language
9229:taxonomy
9042:Mismatch
8988:Cheating
8983:Altruism
8851:Category
8726:Vitalism
8721:Theistic
8714:Spandrel
8398:Morality
8393:Monogamy
8268:plastids
8233:Flagella
8189:Reptiles
8170:sea cows
8153:primates
8062:Molluscs
8040:Bacteria
7928:Mutation
7861:genetics
7837:Taxonomy
7783:Mismatch
7763:Homology
7677:Cheating
7672:Altruism
7566:Category
7492:Heredity
7462:Genomics
7306:Mutation
7296:Heredity
7260:Glossary
7250:Timeline
7224:Genetics
7181:Category
7140:Japanese
7060:Russians
7040:Bosniaks
7025:by group
6998:Thailand
6910:Caucasus
6785:Timeline
6662:genomics
6600:Founders
6305:21199946
6242:11246091
6234:14631042
6179:36771934
6171:11084621
6136:19851460
6075:92108810
6039:27317680
6001:Genetics
5982:10835412
5944:Genetics
5917:18302709
5868:11875568
5825:16820244
5783:18195052
5742:23077252
5680:25859758
5629:23531428
5621:27265362
5552:17483432
5522:Genetics
5503:19948891
5463:Genetics
5444:22685419
5393:24429280
5363:Genetics
5344:17187354
5309:10438861
5260:11862013
5252:18511688
5162:12386340
5095:16942901
5060:14616063
5016:25685919
5008:17767592
4967:15140081
4910:22491189
4862:Genetics
4843:13367320
4835:12634804
4807:Heredity
4758:35546810
4750:12675828
4711:21625002
4663:Genetics
4629:10835409
4599:Genetics
4526:21828279
4496:Genetics
4433:22032182
4397:(2011).
4378:19625453
4323:35145034
4264:33081612
4215:17206583
4149:17720926
4119:Genetics
4100:17306543
4043:84059440
3997:16592764
3923:20594608
3849:17409186
3774:27452112
3735:18711447
3686:33999892
3678:14634634
3643:19597530
3535:17337087
3500:25313131
3470:Genetics
3416:(2004).
3400:15716498
3370:Genetics
3351:20308094
3302:86716613
3256:28270526
3226:Genetics
3207:20332416
3167:Genetics
3148:19619966
3140:25195318
3054:(1988).
3020:11610409
2857:(2003).
2811:25489940
2667:Panmixia
2552:Fixation
2475:See also
2324:for the
2312:for the
2297:for the
2273:denoted
2170:bacteria
2166:microbes
1934:vagility
1649:pigments
1588:mutation
1583:mutation
1567:Mutation
1561:Mutation
1195:organism
1155:mutation
912:models.
886:mutation
800:genetics
714:Genomics
686:Subclade
665:Concepts
651:a series
649:Part of
607:Category
533:Eugenics
375:timeline
356:Evo-devo
314:Overview
132:Mutation
94:Evidence
89:Glossary
10048:Species
9820:Suicide
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