266:, Gennadius became the first Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople under Ottoman rule. Just before the fall of Constantinople, and after Cardinal Isodore had celebrated a Latin Mass in St. Sophia to celebrate the ratification of the council of Florence, its citizens consulted Gennadius. Gibbon has him say: "O miserable Romans, why will ye abandon the truth? and why, instead of confiding in God, will ye put your trust in the Italians? In losing your faith you will lose your city. Have mercy on me, O Lord! I protest in thy presence that I am innocent of the crime. O miserable Romans, consider, pause, and repent. At the same moment that you renounce the religion of your fathers, by embracing impiety, you submit to a foreign servitude."
434:) interpret Aquinas in a more Orthodox light. This point marks Scholarius' increasing theological distance from Aquinas, where he begins to be more theologically condemnatory of him in later works (e.g., his treatises on the Holy Spirit and his Preface to the Greek "Summa Theologiae"). However, this distance can be overstated. Marcus Plested observes that Scholarios' "love and esteem for Thomas was to continue undimmed throughout his career" "although he would often accentuate the note of caution in later works." Despite his cautions, Scholarios writes of Thomas "we love this divinely-inspired and wise man." He wrote many works to defend his new convictions, which differ so much from the earlier conciliatory ones that
826:(in 1447), etc. Some translations of works of St. Thomas Aquinas, and polemical treatises against his theology by Gennadius are still unedited, as is also his work against the Barlaamites. However, his hostility toward Aquinas can be overstated. Marcus Plested observes that Scholarios' "love and esteem for Thomas was to continue undimmed throughout his career" "although he would often accentuate the note of caution in later works." Despite his cautions Scholarios writes of Thomas "we love this divinely-inspired and wise man."
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564:. Mehmed therefore sought the most anti-Catholic cleric he could find as a figure of unity for the Greeks under Turkish rule – and Gennadius as leading anti-Union figure was a natural choice. On 1 June 1453, just three days after the fall of the city, the new Patriarch's procession passed through the streets where Mehmed received Gennadius graciously and himself invested him with the signs of his office – the
410:, who converted him completely to anti-Latin Orthodoxy, until his death, Georgios Scholarius was known (with Mark of Ephesus) as the most uncompromising enemy of the union. It was at just about this time (1444) that he began to draw attention to the putative heterodoxy of Aquinas' "distinction of reason" between the attributes (viz., energies) and essence of God. First, as contained in
397:; while Scholarius, more cautious, pressed the necessity for ecclesiastical union with Rome on doctrinal grounds, and was instrumental in drawing up a form which from its vagueness and ambiguity might be accepted by both parties. Georgios Scholarius was at a serious disadvantage because, being a layman, he could not directly take part in the discussions of the council.
721:, and a more learned one. However, his opposition to Aquinas can be overstated. Marcus Plested observes that Scholarios' "love and esteem for Thomas was to continued undimmed throughout his career" "although he would often accentuate the note of caution in later works." Despite his cautions Scholarios writes of Thomas "we love this divinely-inspired and wise man."
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Başkanı' (Head of the Nation), thereby authorizing him to oversee all matters concerning his co-religionists. In a gesture reminiscent of the practices of
Byzantine emperors, Mehmed II personally presented the Patriarch with the crosier and crown, symbols of his ecclesiastical authority. This act of
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Gennadius was unhappy as patriarch, and tried to abdicate his position at least twice; in 1456 he resigned. The full reason for this step commonly attributed to his disappointment at the sultan's treatment of
Christians, though Mehmed seems to have kept the fairly tolerant conditions he had allowed
910:). Rimmel prints it first, in Latin only, and thinks it was the source of the Confession. It is more probably a later compilation made from the Confession by someone else. It should be noticed that Gennadius's (quasi-Platonic) philosophy is in evidence in his Confession (God cannot be interpreted,
732:
and defended the monks; naturally, the
Barlaamites were "latinophrones"), in short, of all the questions that were important in his time. He has another kind of importance as the first Patriarch of Constantinople under the Turks. From this point of view he stands at the head of a new period in the
461:
he was already well known as a bitter opponent of the union. He and Mark of
Ephesus were the leaders of the anti-Latin party. In 1444, Mark of Ephesus on his deathbed praised Gennadius's irreconcilable attitude towards the Latins and the union. It was to Gennadius that the angry people went after
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metaphysics, as well as Scotus' doctrine of a "formal distinction" between the persons and essence of God, as well as God's attributes (or "energies"). It was for this reason that
Scholarius wrote an academic refutation of the first eighteen of Mark of Ephesus' "Syllogistic Chapters against the
575:
Before the conquest of
Constantinople, the rivalry between the Eastern and Western Churches had significantly weakened the power of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, leading to internal divisions among its clergy. This tumultuous period resulted in the inability to appoint a new
687:. There is no consensus among scholars about the exact dates of his last two patriarchates: according to Kiminas (2009), he reigned again from April 1463 to c. June 1463 and from August 1464 to autumn 1465. Blanchet objects to the existence itself of these two additional terms.
333:(d. 1452/1454), c. 1428. However, his studies under Pletho are a matter of speculation and, at any rate, would have been more likely attendance at Pletho's lectures at Mistra. Scholarius had been a teacher of philosophy before entering the service of the emperor
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Latins." From this, the
Catholic Encyclopedia speculates that Scholarius was likely writing an academic exercise to inform his former master that Thomas Aquinas' opinions did not constitute a universally Latin approach to questions on the Trinity.
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Despite his initial advocacy of the union (and berating many of the
Orthodox bishops for their lack of theological learnedness), Georgios Scholarius soured on union during the council, and left it early in June 1440. At the behest of his mentor
598:
investiture, accompanied by
Janissary guards, safely paraded the new Patriarch through the city, introducing him to the populace and marking a seamless continuation of the ceremonial traditions of the Byzantine Empire into the Ottoman era.
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About 100 to 120 of his alleged writings exist, some of which have never been published, and some of which are of doubtful authenticity. As far as is known, his writings may be classified into philosophical (interpretations of
Aristotle,
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Gennadius was a prolific writer during all the periods of his life. The complete works of Gennadius were published in eight volumes by Jugie, Petit & Siderides, 1928–1936. (Note: this edition supersedes the references made below.)
470:. It is said that he hid himself, but left a notice on the door of his cell: "O unhappy Romans, why have you forsaken the truth? Why do you not trust in God, instead of in the Italians? In losing your faith you will lose your city."
580:. After the city's conquest, Mehmed II ordered the selection and traditional consecration of a new patriarch according to the wishes of the Greeks, appointing Gennadius as the Patriarch of the Orthodox Church of Constantinople.
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864:. This is the first (in date) of the Orthodox Symbolic books. It was published first (in Greek and Latin) by Brassicanus (Vienna, 1530), and again by Chytræus (Frankfurt, 1582). Martin Crusius printed it in
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of the Greek millet, which was used as the Ottomans as a source for imperial administrators. Gennadius became a political authority as well as a religious one, as were all his successors under the Ottomans.
362:
Georgios Scholarius became historically important when, as judge in the civil courts under John VIII (1425–1448), he accompanied his emperor to the council of Ferrara-Florence, held in 1438–1439 in
886:(Jena, 1850), I, 1–10.); and Michalcescu in Greek only. There exists an arrangement of this Confession in the form of a dialogue in which Mehmed asks questions ("What is God?" – "Why is he called
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of the city. While holding the episcopal office Gennadius drew up, apparently for the use of Mehmed, a confession or exposition of the Christian faith, which was translated into Turkish by Ahmed,
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which aimed to end the schism between the Orthodox and Catholic churches. Gennadius had studied and written extensively on Catholic theology. After the failure of the union of Florence and the
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1160:
Gideon, Manuel (1885). Patriarchal Tables: Historical biographical news about the Patriarchs of Constantinople: from Andrew Protocletos to Joachim III of Thessalonica, 36-1884, p. 472
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history of his Church; the principles that regulated the condition of Orthodox Christians in the Turkish Empire are the result of Mehmed II's arrangement with him.
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wished to assure the loyalty of the Greek population and above all avoid them appealing to the Roman Catholics for liberation, potentially sparking a new round of
1623:
Kappes, Christiaan W. (2013a). "Idolizing paganism – demonizing Christianity à propos N. Siniossoglou: radical Platonism in Byzantium: illumination and utopia in
660:, but, since both the Church of Hagia Sophia and the palace of the patriarch were now in the hands of the Ottomans, he took up his residence successively in two
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385:, and consequently an antagonist of Scholarius. In church matters, as in philosophy, the two were opposed – Pletho advocated a partial return to Greek
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writers and one of the greatest. Unlike most of his fellows he had an intimate acquaintance with Latin theological literature, especially with St.
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The Great Church in Captivity: A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence
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1716:
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1735:‘'Who am I?’’ Scholarios' answers and the Hellenic identity", in Φιλέλλην. Studies in honour of Robert Browning, Venice 1996, p. 1-19.
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He was later called two times to guide the Christian community as Patriarch during the turbulent period that followed the patriarchate of
1786:"Appealing to the Authority of a Learned Patriarch: New Evidence on Gennadios Scholarios' Responses to the Questions of George Branković"
1758:"Les premiers patriarches de Constantinople sous la domination turque (1454-1476): Succession et chronologie d'après un catalogue inédit"
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329:("didaskalos" of the Patriarchal School), Manuel-Mark might have then recommended him to study under his own previous master, Georgios
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During the third period, from his resignation to his death (1459–1468), he continued writing theological and polemical works. An
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754:) and theological and ecclesiastical (partly concerning the union and partly defending Christianity against Muslims, Jews, and
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His writings show him to be a student not only of Western philosophy but of controversy with Jews and Muslims, of the great
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890:?" – "And how many Gods are there?" and so on) and Gennadius gives suitable answers. This is called variously Gennadius's
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A polemicist, Scholarios left in writing several treatises on the differences between Catholic and Orthodox theology, the
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Georges-Gennadios Scholarios (vers 1400-vers 1472): un intellectuel orthodoxe face à la disparition de l'empire byzantin
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At the same council appeared the celebrated Platonist, Gemistus Pletho, the most powerful opponent of the then dominant
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856:. It contains twenty articles, of which however only the first twelve are authentic. It was written in Greek; Achmed,
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345:'s works along with Mark of Ephesus and Gennadius Scholarius. Curiously, the trio also formally studied the works of
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Blanchet, Marie-Hélène (2001). "Georges Gennadios Scholarios a-t-il été trois fois patriarche de constantinople?".
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Livanos, Christopher, "Greek Tradition and Latin Influence in the Work of George Scholarios," Gorgias Press, 2006.
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Eugenia Russell, "St Demetrius of Thessalonica; Cult and Devotion in the Middle Ages", Peter Lang, Oxford, 2010.
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Monfasani, J. (2011). "The pro-Latin apologetics of the Greek émigrés to quattrocento Italy". In A. Rigo (ed.).
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M. Pilavakis, Introduction to "First Antirrhetic against Manuel Kalekas." (London: Doctoral Diss., 1988), p. 24
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Kappes, Christiaan W. (2013b). "The Latin sources of the Palamite theology of George-Gennadius Scholarius".
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605:, had already been converted into a mosque by the conquerors, so Gennadius established his seat at the
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Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls: Byzantion, Konstantinupolis, Istanbul bis zum Beginn d. 17 Jh.
918:, etc.; cf. Rimmel). Either for the same reason or to spare Muslim susceptibility he avoids the word
782:, also a number of letters addressed to various friends, bishops, and statesmen, mostly unedited. An
985:, is chiefly directed against the theory that the world may have been formed by chance. Five books,
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A great number of polemical works against Latins were written in this time. Two books about the
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The Ecumenical Patriarchate: A History of Its Metropolitanates with Annotated Hierarch Catalogs
999:, CLX. Lastly, there are many homilies by Gennadius, most of which exist only in manuscript at
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For the different scholars' suggestions about the second and third terms of Gennadius see the
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Gennadius fills an important place in Byzantine history. He was the last of the old school of
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to them; various writers hint at other motives. Eventually, he found the tensions between the
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As was normal when a monk or lay scholar was appointed patriarch, Gennadius was consecutively
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457:(1448–1453) and took, according to the invariable custom, a new name: Gennadius. Before the
422:, and replaces the Thomistic explanation with that of Scotism in order to agree better with
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Die Bekenntnisse und die wichtigsten Glaubenszeugnisse der griechisch-orientalischen Kirche
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418:, Georgios Scholarius interrupts chapters 94–96 of his discourse "On Being and Essence" of
8:
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Gennadius then, like so many of his successors, ended his days as an ex-patriarch and a
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317:(which was also a title) is thought to derive from a family member's position in the
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For Mark of Ephesus' death, see J. Gill, "The Year of the Death of Mark Eugenicus,"
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426:. However, he initially mitigates total condemnation of Aquinas, noting that later
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has restored the identity of his person, and the duplicity of his character".
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1098:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 596–597.
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and Thomas Aquinas, defenses of Aristotelianism against the recrudescence of
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C.J.G. Turner, 'George Gennadius Scholarius and the Council of Florence',
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1705:. Studies in Byzantine History and Civilization. Vol. 4. Turnhout.
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There are also various philosophical treatises of which the chief is a
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of Berrhoea (and first printed in Greek and Latin by A. Brassicanus at
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or subject nations, of which the Greeks were the largest, known as the
508: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Patriarch Gennadios with Mehmet II depicted on a 16th-century painting
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under his name (in manuscript only) is really identical with that of
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as a theological advisor. In fact, in 1437 – in anticipation of the
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1107: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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556:. In administering his new conquest, 21-year-old conquering Sultan
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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882:, CLX 333, sqq.). Rimmel reprinted it (Greek and Latin) (in his
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Thesaurus Linguae Graecae: Bibliography of Gennadius Scholarius
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370:. The object of this endeavor was bringing a union between the
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C.J.G. Turner, 'The career of Georgios Gennadios Scholarios',
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Luis Petit, Xenophon Sidéridès, Martin Jugie, Eds. (1928-36),
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Luis Petit, Xenophon Sidéridès, Martin Jugie, Eds. (1928-36)
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Gennadius is a significant character in the historical novel
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The chief works of this time are the "speeches" made at the
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Edited first (in Latin) at Rome in 1577, and again in 1628.
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After the death of John VIII in 1448, Georgios entered the
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thought there must be two people of the same name; to whom
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from 1454 to 1464. He was a strong advocate for the use of
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Gennadios II Scholarios on a wall fresco in a monastery in
1238:
613:), was abandoned by the Patriarch, who moved again to the
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Personalities of the Council of Florence and other Essays
717:. He was as skillful an opponent of Catholic theology as
591:
Mehmed II conferred upon the new Patriarch the title of '
27:
Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1454 to 1464
1820:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1397:
1226:
349:(d. 1308) because of his rejection of the Filioque in
1742:, Institut Français d'Études Byzantines, Paris, 2008.
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Byzantion: Revue Internationale des Études Byzantines
1289:, 8 vols., Paris, VI:177-8. quoted in Plested, p. 129
694:. He lived in the monastery of John the Baptist near
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Dialogue with two Turks about the divinity of Christ
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His most important work is easily his "Confession" (
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Apology for five chapters of the Council of Florence
702:, where he wrote books until he died in about 1473.
1703:
Byzantine Theology and its Philosophical Background
1472:
Oeuvres complètes de Georges (Gennadios) Scholarios
1470:M. Jugie, L. Petit, and X.A. Siderides, 1928–1930,
1461:
8 vols., Paris, VI:177-8. quoted in Plested, p. 129
630:. The Patriarch was appointed the official head or
325:(d. 1444). Following his tutelage under the famous
1630:Archiv für Mittelalterliche Philosophie und Kultur
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1448:
1414:
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872:, and Turkish (in Greek and Latin script) in his
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652:In the spring of 1454 he was consecrated by the
3433:Byzantine saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
846:Ekthesis tes pisteos ton orthodoxon christianon
1745:Joseph Gill, 'George Scholarius', in J. Gill,
1409:
1880:
987:About the Foreknowledge and Providence of God
815:in the Creed"; two books and a letter about "
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809:; another one "against the insertion of the
601:The city's famous patriarchal basilica, the
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1715:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1692:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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321:or the imperial palace. His abecedary was
277:and excerpts from an exposition (entitled
55:
3428:15th-century Eastern Orthodox theologians
3423:15th-century patriarchs of Constantinople
1801:
1790:The Historical Review/La Revue Historique
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524:Learn how and when to remove this message
254:Gennadius was, together with his mentor,
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1033:and the controversy of the act of union.
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305:in c. 1400 and he belonged to an ethnic
1896:Bishops of Byzantium and Patriarchs of
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1459:Oeuvres Complètes de Georges Scholarios
1287:Oeuvres Complètes de Georges Scholarios
1256:
1208:
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620:The Ottomans divided their Empire into
576:patriarch following the resignation of
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1276:, Oxford University Press, pp. 128,129
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964:Dialogue between a Christian and a Jew
552:, Gennadius was taken prisoner by the
357:
245:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
49:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
1868:
976:About our God, one in three, against
908:Peri tes hodou tes soterias anthropon
309:family originally from the island of
1784:Paizi-Apostolopoulou, Machi (2012).
1432:list of Patriarchs of Constantinople
1123:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
506:adding citations to reliable sources
477:
184:Saint John Prodromos Monastery near
1029:which covers the final year of the
1006:
926:, speaking of the three Persons as
819:"; various sermons and speeches; a
251:philosophy in the Orthodox Church.
24:
1725:
1474:, Paris: Maison de la Bonne Presse
1371:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
1113:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
788:History of the Council of Florence
25:
3449:
1055:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
991:Treatise on the manhood of Christ
544:depicted on a 20th-century mosaic
473:
235:: Γεώργιος Κουρτέσιος Σχολάριος,
3360:
1386:(in German). Tübingen: Wasmuth.
1382:Müller-Wiener, Wolfgang (1977).
1102:
1072:
860:of Berrhoea, translated it into
482:
466:services in the great church of
243:philosopher and theologian, and
3408:15th-century Greek philosophers
1749:, Oxford, 1964, pp. 79–94.
1602:
1586:
1572:
1558:
1544:
1535:One in Simonides, the other in
1529:
1526:Ed. Creighton, The Hague, 1660.
1520:
1501:
1492:
1477:
1464:
1437:
1424:
1376:
1363:
1344:
1330:
1315:
1292:
1279:
1250:
938:Third Period (post-resignation)
680:and the Ottomans overwhelming.
578:Athanasius II of Constantinople
493:needs additional citations for
393:union between Christianity and
341:– the emperor formally studied
86:6 January 1454 – 6 January 1456
3438:15th-century Byzantine writers
1853:Journal of Theological Studies
1214:
1202:
1191:
1174:
1165:
1154:
835:antilepseis hyper Aristotelous
237:Georgios Kourtesios Scholarios
161:Georgios Kourtesios Scholarios
13:
1:
1483:Printed in Hardouin, IX, and
948:In defence of his resignation
884:Monumenta fidei Eccl. Orient.
746:and others), translations of
3288:Patriarchs of Constantinople
2759:Patriarchs of Constantinople
2172:Patriarchs of Constantinople
1274:Orthodox Readings of Aquinas
1128:
837:) against the Neoplatonist,
647:
292:
7:
3418:Greek Renaissance humanists
1762:Revue des études byzantines
1657:Kiminas, Demetrius (2009).
1513:, CLIX it is attributed to
1048:
950:is unedited, as are also a
758:), in addition to numerous
736:
615:Church of the Pammakaristos
607:Church of the Holy Apostles
339:Council of Ferrara-Florence
239:; c. 1400 – c. 1473) was a
10:
3454:
3398:People from Constantinople
2066:(Roman period, 330–451 AD)
1369:G. Ágoston, B.A. Masters,
876:(Basle, 1584 reprinted in
798:Second Period (anti-Union)
3413:15th-century Greek people
3349:
3287:
2758:
2171:
2060:
1905:
1678:Michalcescu, Jon (1904).
1182:Byzantinische Zeitschrift
1018:, Gennadius is played by
946:letter to all Christians
540:Patriarch Gennadios with
212:
204:
199:
178:
156:
151:
125:
99:
92:August 1464 – autumn 1465
89:April 1463 – c. June 1463
79:
69:
54:
47:
34:
1065:
774:First Period (pro-Union)
453:in Constantinople under
401:Return to Constantinople
74:Church of Constantinople
3367:Christianity portal
1774:10.3406/rebyz.1968.1407
1738:Marie-Hélène Blanchet,
1095:Encyclopædia Britannica
968:Prophecies about Christ
954:, and a work about the
850:Homologia tou Gennadiou
217:Eastern Orthodox Church
3294:period, since 1923 AD)
1663:. Wildside Press LLC.
1618:(1). Bruxelles: 60–72.
1272:Marcus Plested (2012)
728:question (he attacked
588:
550:fall of Constantinople
545:
283:Eastern Orthodox faith
264:Fall of Constantinople
3403:Byzantine theologians
2765:period, 1453–1923 AD)
1350:Quoted by E. Gibbon,
1120:Catholic Encyclopedia
904:De Via salutis humanæ
848:, generally known as
586:
539:
451:Pantokrator monastery
335:John VIII Palaeologus
2178:period, 451–1453 AD)
1299:Diatriba de Georgiis
1060:Joannes Chortasmenos
966:and a collection of
831:Defence of Aristotle
502:improve this article
42:Gennadius Scholarius
3094:Callinicus IV (III)
1595:, Paris, 1289–1298.
1247:, pp. 596–597.
824:of Marcus Eugenicus
780:Council of Florence
358:Council of Florence
299:Georgios Kourtesios
260:Council of Florence
1915:period, 38–330 AD)
1733:Athanasios Angelou
1419:Michalcescu (1904)
1223:, pp. 165–168
1211:, pp. 214–215
970:gathered from the
962:) has published a
922:in explaining the
804:Procession of the
658:Heraclea Perinthus
589:
546:
414:'s edition of his
258:, involved in the
3375:
3374:
3154:Callinicus V (IV)
2123:John I Chrysostom
1855:18 (1967), 83–103
1848:39 (1969), 420–55
1840:978-3-0343-0181-7
1754:Laurent, Vitalien
1580:Patrologia Graeca
1566:Patrologia Graeca
1552:Patrologia Graeca
1538:Patrologia Graeca
1515:Joseph of Methone
1510:Patrologia Graeca
1486:Patrologia Graeca
1392:978-3-8030-1022-3
1338:Patrologia Graeca
1327:, lxviii, note 41
1310:Bibliotheca Græca
1151:, pp. 37, 45
1036:Appears in novel
996:Patrologia Graeca
879:Patrologia Graeca
534:
533:
526:
389:in the form of a
327:John Chortasmenos
222:
221:
16:(Redirected from
3445:
3365:
3364:
1899:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1831:
1812:Runciman, Steven
1807:
1805:
1777:
1720:
1714:
1706:
1697:
1691:
1683:
1674:
1653:
1638:
1625:Gemistos Plethon
1619:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1576:
1570:
1562:
1556:
1548:
1542:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1490:
1481:
1475:
1468:
1462:
1455:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1380:
1374:
1367:
1361:
1353:Decline and Fall
1348:
1342:
1334:
1328:
1324:Decline and Fall
1319:
1313:
1296:
1290:
1283:
1277:
1270:
1259:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1221:Monfasani (2011)
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1195:
1189:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1124:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1031:Byzantine Empire
1027:Porphyry and Ash
1007:In popular media
956:Adoration of God
898:, διάλεξις), or
529:
522:
518:
515:
509:
486:
478:
459:fall of the city
432:Hervaeus Natalis
347:John Duns Scotus
172:Byzantine Empire
152:Personal details
59:
32:
31:
21:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3359:
3345:
3289:
3283:
2862:Metrophanes III
2760:
2754:
2475:Constantine III
2173:
2167:
2065:
2061:Archbishops of
2056:
1910:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1863:
1828:
1803:10.12681/hr.291
1728:
1726:Further reading
1723:
1708:
1707:
1685:
1684:
1671:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1583:, CLX, 667 sqq.
1577:
1573:
1569:, CLX, 743 sqq.
1563:
1559:
1549:
1545:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1489:, CLX, 386 sqq.
1482:
1478:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1449:
1444:Blanchet (2001)
1442:
1438:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1381:
1377:
1368:
1364:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1331:
1320:
1316:
1297:
1293:
1284:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1192:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1136:
1131:
1103:
1088:, ed. (1911). "
1073:
1071:
1068:
1051:
1009:
940:
930:"which we call
900:Confessio prior
852:) addressed to
839:Gemistus Pletho
800:
786:is doubtful. A
776:
766:, and letters.
739:
719:Mark of Ephesus
650:
530:
519:
513:
510:
499:
487:
476:
408:Mark of Ephesus
403:
383:Aristotelianism
360:
343:Nilus Cabasilas
331:Gemistus Pletho
323:Mark of Ephesus
295:
275:Aristotelianism
273:, a defence of
256:Mark of Ephesus
241:Byzantine Greek
183:
174:
165:
163:
162:
147:
121:
95:
65:
43:
40:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3451:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3357:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3306:Constantine VI
3303:
3297:
3295:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3259:Neophytus VIII
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3239:Sophronius III
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3194:Constantius II
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3104:Joannicius III
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3068:Callinicus III
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2972:Parthenius III
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2937:Athanasius III
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2740:Metrophanes II
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
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2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2535:Constantine IV
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
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2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2340:Constantine II
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2063:Constantinople
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1903:
1902:
1898:Constantinople
1892:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1832:
1826:
1808:
1781:
1778:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1698:
1675:
1669:
1654:
1639:
1620:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1585:
1571:
1557:
1543:
1528:
1519:
1500:
1491:
1476:
1463:
1447:
1436:
1423:
1408:
1406:, p. 597.
1396:
1375:
1362:
1343:
1329:
1314:
1291:
1278:
1260:
1257:Kappes (2013b)
1249:
1237:
1235:, p. 596.
1225:
1213:
1209:Kappes (2013a)
1201:
1198:Kappes (2013a)
1190:
1173:
1164:
1153:
1149:Kiminas (2009)
1133:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1100:
1086:Chisholm, Hugh
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1038:The Dark Angel
1034:
1023:
1012:In 2012 film,
1008:
1005:
993:, are also in
974:. A treatise,
960:Anecdota græca
939:
936:
799:
796:
775:
772:
748:Peter of Spain
738:
735:
711:Thomas Aquinas
649:
646:
532:
531:
514:September 2017
490:
488:
481:
475:
474:Ottoman period
472:
455:Constantine XI
420:Thomas Aquinas
402:
399:
395:Zoroastrianism
376:Latin Churches
359:
356:
319:Byzantine Navy
303:Constantinople
294:
291:
220:
219:
214:
210:
209:
206:
202:
201:
197:
196:
194:Ottoman Empire
190:Rumelia Eyalet
180:
176:
175:
168:Constantinople
166:
160:
158:
154:
153:
149:
148:
146:
145:
140:
135:
129:
127:
123:
122:
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114:
109:
103:
101:
97:
96:
94:
93:
90:
87:
83:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
60:
52:
51:
45:
44:
41:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3450:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3269:Constantine V
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3189:Constantius I
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3144:Gerasimus III
3142:
3140:
3139:Neophytus VII
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:Sophronius II
3122:
3120:
3119:Theodosius II
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3022:Callinicus II
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3012:Athanasius IV
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2997:Methodius III
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2987:Dionysius III
2985:
2983:
2982:Parthenius IV
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2957:Joannicius II
2955:
2953:
2952:Parthenius II
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2942:Neophytus III
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:Theoleptus II
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2757:
2751:
2750:Athanasius II
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2630:Nicephorus II
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
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2208:
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1967:Polycarpus II
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1404:Chisholm 1911
1400:
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1245:Chisholm 1911
1241:
1234:
1233:Chisholm 1911
1229:
1222:
1217:
1210:
1205:
1199:
1194:
1188:(1952) 23–31.
1187:
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1177:
1168:
1162:
1157:
1150:
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1134:
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1121:
1116:
1110:
1109:public domain
1101:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1090:Gennadius II.
1087:
1082:
1081:public domain
1070:
1069:
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998:
997:
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988:
984:
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979:
973:
972:Old Testament
969:
965:
961:
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491:This section
489:
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479:
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308:
304:
300:
290:
288:
285:addressed to
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
231:: Γεννάδιος;
230:
226:
218:
215:
211:
207:
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191:
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181:
177:
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169:
159:
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144:
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139:
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134:
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128:
124:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
107:Athanasius II
105:
104:
102:
98:
91:
88:
85:
84:
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
64:
58:
53:
50:
46:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3353:in exile at
3264:Anthimus VII
3219:Meletius III
3184:Agathangelus
3174:Anthimus III
3084:Neophytus VI
3062:Jeremias III
3047:Athanasius V
3027:Neophytus IV
3007:Gerasimus II
3002:Dionysius IV
2947:Parthenius I
2902:Neophytus II
2892:Theophanes I
2872:Pachomius II
2852:Dionysius II
2847:Joannicius I
2837:Theoleptus I
2787:Sophronius I
2772:Gennadius II
2771:
2730:Euthymius II
2720:Callistus II
2655:Athanasius I
2635:Germanus III
2615:Methodius II
2555:Theodosius I
2525:Theodotus II
2495:Nicholas III
2450:Sisinnius II
2360:Nicephorus I
2315:Callinicus I
2088:Macedonius I
2007:Philadelphus
1937:Polycarpus I
1852:
1845:
1816:
1793:
1789:
1765:
1761:
1746:
1739:
1702:
1679:
1659:
1652:(1): 71–113.
1649:
1643:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1615:
1611:
1603:Bibliography
1593:Codd. Athous
1592:
1588:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1531:
1522:
1508:
1503:
1494:
1484:
1479:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1439:
1426:
1421:, p. 13
1399:
1383:
1378:
1373:(2009), 238.
1370:
1365:
1351:
1346:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1317:
1312:, X, 760–786
1309:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1281:
1273:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1204:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1167:
1156:
1118:
1115:Gennadius II
1093:
1042:Mika Waltari
1020:Adnan Kürtçü
1013:
994:
990:
986:
975:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
941:
927:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
877:
874:Turco-Græcia
873:
849:
845:
843:
834:
830:
828:
820:
810:
803:
801:
787:
783:
777:
768:
752:Neoplatonism
740:
723:
704:
689:
682:
674:
654:metropolitan
651:
639:
631:
621:
619:
611:Fatih Mosque
603:Hagia Sophia
600:
592:
590:
574:
569:
547:
520:
511:
500:Please help
495:verification
492:
468:Hagia Sophia
448:
415:
412:Martin Jugie
404:
380:
361:
314:
298:
297:He was born
296:
278:
268:
253:
249:Aristotelian
236:
225:Gennadius II
224:
223:
213:Venerated in
138:Sophronius I
117:Sophronius I
29:
18:Gennadios II
3393:1473 deaths
3388:1400 births
3341:Bartholomew
3331:Athenagoras
3301:Gregory VII
3279:Meletius IV
3254:Dionysius V
3244:Joachim III
3224:Anthimus VI
3214:Germanus IV
3204:Anthimus IV
3179:Chrysanthus
3169:Eugenius II
3159:Jeremias IV
3114:Meletius II
3099:Seraphim II
3037:Neophytus V
3032:Gabriel III
2927:Anthimus II
2867:Jeremias II
2832:Pachomius I
2812:Maximus III
2802:Dionysius I
2745:Gregory III
2695:Callistus I
2675:Gerasimus I
2610:Germanus II
2595:Theodore II
2545:Michael III
2530:Neophytus I
2520:Nicholas IV
2445:Nicholas II
2425:Theophylact
2410:Εuthymius I
2380:Methodius I
2365:Theodotus I
2255:Cyriacus II
2190:Gennadius I
2138:Sisinnius I
2047:Metrophanes
1972:Athenodorus
1957:Eleutherius
1906:Bishops of
1768:: 229–263.
1321:E. Gibbon,
1001:Mount Athos
982:Polytheists
715:Scholastics
662:monasteries
462:seeing the
428:Scholastics
416:opera omnia
313:; the name
100:Predecessor
3382:Categories
3316:Photius II
3274:Germanus V
3249:Joachim IV
3234:Joachim II
3209:Anthimus V
3199:Gregory VI
3129:Gabriel IV
3079:Seraphim I
3074:Paisius II
3057:Cosmas III
2977:Gabriel II
2922:Gregory IV
2917:Timothy II
2907:Raphael II
2897:Meletius I
2882:Matthew II
2857:Joasaph II
2842:Jeremias I
2822:Maximus IV
2777:Isidore II
2700:Philotheus
2650:Gregory II
2600:Maximus II
2590:Michael IV
2565:Nicetas II
2510:Michael II
2490:Eustratius
2460:Eustathius
2455:Sergius II
2440:Αntony III
2430:Polyeuctus
2415:Stephen II
2405:Nicholas I
2335:Anastasius
2330:Germanus I
2300:Theodore I
2230:Anthimus I
2225:Epiphanius
2148:Maximianus
2103:Demophilus
2022:Eugenius I
2012:Cyriacus I
1997:Olympianus
1796:: 95–116.
1682:. Leipzig.
1637:: 210–243.
1555:, CLX, 713
1541:, CLX, 665
1360:, VII, 176
1341:, CLX, 529
1015:Fetih 1453
944:encyclical
932:Hypostases
806:Holy Ghost
713:and other
685:Isidore II
672:in 1530).
628:Rum Millet
570:dikanikion
548:After the
315:Scholarios
279:Confession
133:Isidore II
3336:Demetrius
3326:Maximus V
3311:Basil III
3229:Cyril VII
3149:Gregory V
3134:Procopius
3042:Cyprianus
2967:Paisius I
2962:Cyril III
2887:Gabriel I
2827:Joachim I
2817:Nephon II
2807:Raphael I
2782:Joasaph I
2735:Joseph II
2725:Matthew I
2715:Antony IV
2690:Isidore I
2670:John XIII
2620:Manuel II
2580:George II
2575:Dositheus
2515:Cosmas II
2480:John VIII
2470:Michael I
2400:Antony II
2395:Stephen I
2390:Photios I
2345:Nicetas I
2285:Thomas II
2265:Sergius I
2240:Eutychius
2215:Timothy I
2205:Euphemius
2185:Anatolius
2176:Byzantine
2163:Anatolius
2143:Nestorius
2118:Nectarius
2113:Gregory I
2108:Maximus I
2073:Alexander
2052:Alexander
1908:Byzantium
1846:Byzantion
1814:(1985) .
1711:cite book
1688:cite book
1358:J.B. Bury
1303:Fabricius
1129:Citations
854:Mehmed II
822:Panegyric
817:Purgatory
792:Syropulos
726:Hesychast
707:polemical
700:Macedonia
648:Patriarch
558:Mehmed II
542:Mehmet II
391:syncretic
351:Thomistic
293:Biography
287:Mehmed II
281:) of the
208:25 August
205:Feast day
200:Sainthood
126:Successor
112:Joasaph I
80:In office
3321:Benjamin
3164:Cyril VI
3052:Cyril IV
2932:Cyril II
2797:Symeon I
2705:Macarius
2685:John XIV
2665:Nephon I
2660:John XII
2640:Joseph I
2625:Arsenius
2605:Μanuel I
2570:Leontius
2560:Basil II
2550:Chariton
2485:Cosmas I
2385:Ignatios
2375:John VII
2370:Antony I
2355:Tarasius
2310:Paul III
2305:George I
2260:Thomas I
2245:John III
2200:Fravitta
2128:Arsacius
2098:Evagrius
2093:Eudoxius
2083:Eusebius
2032:Dometius
2017:Castinus
2002:Marcus I
1992:Pertinax
1982:Laurence
1952:Diogenes
1947:Sedecion
1942:Plutarch
1932:Onesimus
1756:(1968).
1645:Nicolaus
1049:See also
978:Atheists
958:. Jahn (
928:idiomata
896:dialexis
892:Dialogue
812:Filioque
760:homilies
744:Porphyry
737:Writings
642:ordained
633:Ethnarch
562:Crusades
444:Renaudot
436:Allatius
387:paganism
368:Florence
271:Filioque
233:lay name
3292:Turkish
3089:Cyril V
2992:Clement
2912:Cyril I
2792:Mark II
2763:Ottoman
2645:John XI
2500:John IX
2465:Alexius
2435:Βasil I
2420:Tryphon
2350:Paul IV
2325:John VI
2275:Paul II
2270:Pyrrhus
2250:John IV
2220:John II
2195:Acacius
2158:Flavian
2153:Proclus
2133:Atticus
2037:Rufinus
1987:Alypius
1927:Stachys
1111::
1083::
924:Trinity
920:Prosopa
862:Turkish
730:Barlaam
623:millets
566:crosier
424:Palamas
364:Ferrara
182:c. 1473
164:c. 1400
143:Mark II
3355:Nicaea
3109:Samuel
2680:Isaias
2585:John X
2290:John V
2078:Paul I
2042:Probus
1977:Euzois
1922:Andrew
1838:
1824:
1667:
1390:
1356:, ed.
1307:Harles
1077:
989:and a
916:theein
756:pagans
696:Serrae
678:Greeks
670:Vienna
594:Millet
464:Uniate
440:Gibbon
430:(like
70:Church
63:Serres
3017:James
2710:Nilus
2320:Cyrus
2280:Peter
2235:Menas
2027:Titus
1962:Felix
1913:Roman
1394:, 406
1066:Notes
914:from
912:theos
902:, or
888:theos
870:Latin
866:Greek
764:hymns
554:Turks
372:Greek
311:Chios
307:Greek
229:Greek
186:Siroz
37:Saint
2540:Luke
1836:ISBN
1822:ISBN
1717:link
1694:link
1665:ISBN
1388:ISBN
980:and
858:Qadi
692:monk
666:Qadi
374:and
366:and
179:Died
157:Born
2505:Leo
1798:doi
1770:doi
1627:".
1507:In
1301:in
1117:".
1092:".
1040:by
934:".
698:in
656:of
504:by
442:: "
301:in
3384::
1792:.
1788:.
1766:26
1764:.
1760:.
1713:}}
1709:{{
1690:}}
1686:{{
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1648:.
1635:19
1633:.
1616:71
1450:^
1411:^
1263:^
1186:52
1184:,
1137:^
1003:.
868:,
841:.
794:.
762:,
617:.
289:.
192:,
188:,
170:,
3290:(
3070:)
3066:(
2761:(
2174:(
1911:(
1888:e
1881:t
1874:v
1830:.
1806:.
1800::
1794:9
1776:.
1772::
1719:)
1696:)
1673:.
1517:.
1434:.
1305:-
1044:.
1022:.
906:(
894:(
833:(
568:(
527:)
521:(
516:)
512:(
498:.
227:(
20:)
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