1108:, which was committed by the Ottoman Turks. During the death marches of Armenian civilians through Anatolia in 1915, Turkish soldiers frequently raped and killed Armenian women and children. In many cases, Turkish and Kurdish civilians also participated in these crimes. Turks took Armenian women and girls into sexual slavery or forced them into marriage. Those women forced into marriage also had to convert to Islam. Some perpetrators believed that women and girls could be successfully assimilated into Muslim Turkish culture, unlike men and boys. After the genocide ended, women and girls who had been forced into marriage often could not return to their former lives. They had no family left, no source of income, or otherwise feared the stigma of having married a Turk. Additionally, Turks publicly raped the wives, daughters, and other female relatives of important Armenian men. In addition to dehumanizing the victims, these targeted rapes intimidated the Armenian leadership into submission and dissuaded them from resisting. Some Armenian women and girls were sold as sex slaves. The Turkish soldiers stripped them naked and displayed them at auction. Their nudity in a conservative society served to further dehumanize them and strip them of agency. Many were forced into marriage or prostitution.
1100:'s description: "the Armenian women and girls are generally very beautiful. Looking at you is the dark beautiful face of Babesheea who was robbed by Kurds, raped, and freed only after ten days; like a wild beast the Turkish soldiers, officers, soldiers, and gendarmes swept down on this welcome prey. All the crimes that had ever been committed against women, were committed here. They cut off their breasts, mutilated their limbs, and their corpses lay naked, defiled, or blackened by the heat on the fields."
45:
871:
1094:
1350:"It is also rape unto death, rape as massacre, rape to kill and to make the victims wish they were dead. It is rape as an instrument of forced exile, rape to make you leave your home and never want to go back. It is rape to be seen and heard and watched and told to others: rape as spectacle. It is rape to drive a wedge through a community, to shatter a society, to destroy a people. It is rape as genocide"
1147:, which had a large Assyrian population before the genocide, both Turkish and Kurdish civilians raped or abducted Assyrian girls. In one village, perpetrators subjected girls as young as eight to rape; in another, girls as young as six or seven who had been hiding on a rooftop were raped. Many rape victims later died. Turkish irregulars raped some women as they were dying.
1067:
possible return and reconstitution by having inflicted humiliation and shame on the targeted population and to decrease social cohesion of a targeted group. These effects are strategically important for non-state actors, as it is necessary for them to remove the targeted population from the land. Rape as genocide is often used for campaigns which involve
1432:, had been engaged in continuous shooting, plundering, and raping of the defenseless Greek villagers in the Pontus region. With Kemal's support, they stepped up their campaign with the objective of clearing the Greeks from the region by massacring the Greek population in cities such as Trebizond, Amasya, Pafra, Merzifon, and many others.
1066:
The strategic aims of these mass rapes are twofold. The first is to instill terror in the civilian population, with the intent to forcibly dislocate them from their land. Targeted rape has also been used to force those who might resist genocide into submission. The second is to degrade the chance of
1020:
and not the rape itself constitutes genocide. She says, "Repeated rape alone is still 'just' rape, but rape with the intent to impregnate is something more." Lisa
Sharlach argues that this definition is too narrow because these mass rapes should not be defined as genocide based solely on those raped
1221:
I know not where to end. Never I have heard or read such brutality. Rape! Rape! Rape! We estimate at least 1,000 cases a night, and many by day. In case of resistance or anything that seems like disapproval, there is a bayonet stab or a bullet ... People are hysterical ... Women are being
1078:
One objective of genocidal rape is forced pregnancy, so that the aggressing actor not only invades the targeted population's land, but their bloodlines and families as well. However, those unable to bear children are also subject to sexual assault. Victims' ages can range from children to women in
1226:
During the
Rwandan genocide the violence took a gender specific form, with women and girls being targeted in a systematic campaign of sexual assault. It is estimated that between 250,000 and 500,000 were victims of rape. Those who survived the genocidal rape found themselves stigmatised, and many
1123:
went from village to village, plundering, raping women, and killing at will. As in the
Armenian genocide, it was common for Turkish troops to kill the men and rape the women; the women often died later during the long marches to Syria. Massacres were especially prevalent along the Black Sea coast
1255:
carried out by the
Serbian forces in the 1990s began the analysis over the use of rape as a part of genocide. Catharine MacKinnon argues that the mass rapes during the conflict "were a simultaneous expression of misogyny and genocide", and argues that rape can be used as a form of extermination.
1154:(DRC) it is estimated that in 2011 alone there were 400,000 rapes. In the DRC, genocidal rape is focused on the destruction of family and communities. An interview with a survivor gave an account of gang rape, forced cannibalism of a fetus taken from an eviscerated woman, and child murder.
1143:, or the Assyrian genocide, Turkish soldiers followed the same pattern: they massacred the young men and deported the women, children, and elderly. Many women were raped during deportation or sold to Muslim civilians as sex slaves. Women were abducted and forced to convert to Islam. In
1115:, another of the late Ottoman genocides, Turkish troops and civilians abducted Greek village women and raped them for hours or days. Turkish villagers raped one woman for eight days in a row; she died soon after. One man, who protested the violation of his wife, was sodomized. In the
1043:, the use of rape during times of war is not a by-product of conflicts but rather a pre-planned and deliberate military strategy. In the last quarter of a century, the majority of conflicts have shifted from wars between nation states to communal and intrastate
1227:
also discovered that they were infected with HIV. This has resulted in these women being denied their rights to property and inheritance as well as their employment chances being restricted. The first woman charged and convicted for genocidal rape was
1247:
Allen gave a definition of genocidal rape as "a military policy of rape for the purpose of genocide currently practiced in Bosnia-Herzegovina and
Croatia by the Yugoslav army the Bosnian Serb forces and the irregular Serb forces known as Chetniks".
1161:, members of the Pakistani military and supporting Bihari and Razaker militias raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bangladeshi women in a systematic campaign of genocidal rape. Some women may have been raped as many as eighty times in a night.
1238:
in which the term genocidal rape was first introduced, she used the term to describe the actions of the
Serbian armed forces who had a policy of rape with the intention of genocide. In her book she compares genocidal rape to
671:
1035:
Per the United
Nations Security Council Resolution 1820 (declared on 2008) rape and other forms of sexual violence can constitute war crimes, crimes against humanity or a constitutive act with respect to genocide.
993:, mass rapes that had been an integral part of those conflicts brought the concept of genocidal rape to international prominence. Although war rape has been a recurrent feature in conflicts throughout
1214:
or by stabbing a bayonet, long stick of bamboo, or other objects into the vagina. Young children were not exempt from these atrocities, and were cut open to allow
Japanese soldiers to rape them.
5002:
666:
2184:
1013:
argues that the victims of genocidal rape are used as a substitute for the entire ethnic group, that rape is used as a tool, with the target being the destruction of the entire ethnic group.
4439:
2297:
1341:"In the context of genocide violence against women may be aimed at the destruction of the integrity of the group through its women, who embody its genetic and cultural continuity."
1176:
described as genocidal rape, with not just women, but children also being raped, as well as babies being bludgeoned to death and the sexual mutilation of victims being commonplace.
1279:
regional militia and special forces against
Tigrayan civilians are consistent with acts of genocide, potentially conducted with the intent of destroying the Tigrayan people."
3767:
3218:
1009:
should state that mass rape is a genocidal crime. Other scholars argue that genocidal rape is already included in the definition under article two of the convention.
5222:
4867:
392:
5257:
3536:
978:
468:
4978:
3775:
3509:
1047:. During these conflicts the use of rape as a weapon against the civilian population by state and non-state actors has become more frequent. Journalists and
5049:
4946:
2821:
Saikia, Yasmin (2011b). "War as history, humanity in violence: Women, men and memories of 1971, East
Pakistan/Bangladesh". In Elizabeth D. Heineman (ed.).
1206:
A large portion of these rapes were systematized in a process where soldiers would search door-to-door for young girls, with many women taken captive and
3131:
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and the Turkish troops fell back. In one Pontic village, dozens of women and girls leapt into a river to avoid rape. Turkish troops rounded up women at
3807:
1222:
carried off every morning, afternoon and evening. The whole Japanese army seems to be free to go and come as it pleases, and to do whatever it pleases.
658:
4522:
2618:
Leaning, Jennifer; Bartels, Susan; Mowafi, Hani (2009). "Sexual Violence during War and Forced Migration". In Susan Forbes Martin, John Tirman (ed.).
5217:
4835:
3878:
1722:
1200:
417:
3197:
1330:(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, Article 2"
4694:
4474:
3902:
3163:
3077:
2145:"A Debt of Blood: An Eyewitness Account of the Barbarous Acts of the Japanese Invaders in Nanjing," 7 February 1938, Dagong Daily, Wuhan edition
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4994:
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633:
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584:
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4954:
4901:
3862:
1030:
237:
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1499:"Sexual Violence in the Holocaust: Perspectives from Ghettos and Camps in Ukraine | Heinrich Böll Stiftung | Kyiv - Ukraine"
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Mookherjee, Nayanika (2012). "Mass rape and the inscription of gendered and racial domination during the Bangladesh War of 1971". In
613:
5042:
3226:
1324:(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
986:
1199:, as "one of the most savage instances of genocidal rape". The violence saw tens of thousands of women gang raped and killed. The
3290:
1801:
643:
4211:
3090:
3815:
2452:
Derderian, Katharine (2005). "Common fate, different experience: gender-specific aspects of the Armenian Genocide, 1915-1917".
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Ghadbian, Najib (2002). "Political Islam: Inclusion or violence?". In Kent Worcester; Sally A. Bermanzohn; Mark Ungar (eds.).
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2442:
2383:
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3242:
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2544:
Let Them Not Return: Sayfo – The Genocide Against the Assyrian, Syriac, and Chaldean Christians in the Ottoman Empire
1421:
1264:
653:
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5329:
4917:
4875:
2322:
1268:
1151:
1132:, a Greek Orthodox monastery, and raped them before killing them.. Many women and girls were also raped during the
1060:
648:
628:
598:
432:
166:
3955:
3930:
1173:
638:
518:
301:
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4883:
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3469:
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2376:
The Concept of Group Rights in International Law: Groups as Contested Right-Holders, Subjects and Legal Persons
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139:
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559:
5324:
5104:
4543:
3639:
3234:
3036:
1196:
1075:, as the objective is to destroy, or forcefully remove the target population, and ensure they do not return.
387:
119:
4843:
4710:
5252:
5237:
5066:
4564:
4536:
3719:
3615:
997:, it has usually been looked upon as a by-product of conflict and not an integral part of military policy.
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69:
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4851:
4726:
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533:
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2925:
Smith, Roger W. (2013). "Genocide and the Politics of Rape". In Joyce Apsel, Ernesto Verdeja (ed.).
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De Brouwer, Anne-Marie (2010). "Introduction". In Anne-Marie De Brouwer, Sandra Ka Hon Chu (ed.).
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427:
2580:
Joeden-Forgey, Elisa Von (2010). "Gender and Genocide". In Donald Bloxham, A. Dirk Moses (ed.).
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5273:
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3663:
3549:
2656:
2292:
1723:"Resolution 1820 (2008) Adopted by the Security Council at its 5916th meeting, on 19 June 2008"
1184:
762:
129:
114:
89:
4798:
4859:
4614:
3886:
3564:
3315:
3258:
3139:
2718:
Poloni-Staudinger, Lori; Ortbals, Candice D. (2012). "Rape as a Weapon of War and Genocide".
2668:
1228:
1040:
887:
849:
721:
696:
274:
1576:"Rape and Rape Avoidance in Ethno-National Conflicts: Sexual Violence in Liminalized States"
5242:
5099:
5010:
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4492:
4285:
4264:
3623:
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3060:
2125:"Japanese Imperialism and the Massacre in Nanjing: Chapter X: Widespread Incidents of Rape"
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407:
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296:
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2896:
Sharlach, Lisa (2000). "Rape as Genocide: Bangladesh, the Former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda".
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2159:
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5199:
5146:
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3854:
3501:
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3411:
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have also been cited as examples of genocidal rape. Dyan Mazurana et al argued that the "
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59:
25:
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Sexual Violence in Conflict Zones: From the Ancient World to the Era of Human Rights
2510:
1210:. The women were often killed immediately after being raped, often through explicit
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3735:
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3711:
3437:
3339:
3331:
2905:
2868:
2784:
2522:
2461:
2421:
2412:
Card, Claudia (2008). "The Paradox of Genocidal Rape Aimed at Enforced Pregnancy".
1587:
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2112:
Paragraph 2, p. 1012, Judgment International Military Tribunal for the Far East
1112:
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483:
361:
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5313:
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2483:
Rwanda, Struggling to Survive: Barriers to Justice for Rape Victims in Rwanda
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260:
5119:
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2473:
2356:
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2283:
2275:
1839:
1414:
Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913-1923
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1203:
estimated that 20,000 women were raped, including infants and the elderly.
1097:
809:
564:
437:
351:
331:
44:
3297:
2678:
The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of its Christian Minorities
2639:
Evil, Political Violence, and Forgiveness: Essays in Honor of Claudia Card
4670:
4382:
4375:
3979:
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2945:
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2465:
2023:
2021:
1794:
1429:
1244:
1133:
1120:
962:
824:
336:
2788:
2492:
Female GĂ©nocidaires: What was the Nature and Motivations for Hutu Female
1217:
On 19 December 1937, the Reverend James M. McCallum wrote in his diary:
4678:
4257:
4218:
3791:
3687:
3266:
2534:
1428:...deadly bands of çetes (organized brigands), especially those led by
1211:
1044:
875:
341:
3987:
2909:
2775:
Ruby Reid-Cunningham, Allison (2008). "Rape as a Weapon of Genocide".
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American Goddess at the Rape of Nanking: The Courage of Minnie Vautrin
2018:
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1412:
Shirinian, George (2017). "Background to the Late Ottoman Genocides".
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4236:
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3695:
3354:
2739:
Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad
1844:
Justifying Genocide: Germany and the Armenians from Bismark to Hitler
1207:
1169:
954:
926:
922:
794:
321:
311:
306:
199:
2526:
2157:
1007:
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
870:
5156:
5003:
Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al
4299:
4278:
4250:
4195:
3052:
3004:
Year of the Sword: The Assyrian Christian Genocide : a History
2334:
Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia
1752:
1259:
The acts of violence which were committed against women during the
1236:
Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia
1072:
934:
716:
189:
33:
1327:(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
1321:(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;
16:
Mass sexual assault during wartime as part of a genocidal campaign
1442:
1440:
2006:
1051:
have documented campaigns of genocidal rape during conflicts in
5173:
4366:
1982:
1970:
1958:
1946:
1934:
1364:
1464:
1452:
1437:
3923:
3581:
2859:
Schott, Robin May (2011). "War rape, natality and genocide".
1144:
1140:
2281:
1691:
1679:
1315:, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such:
1093:
3021:
2435:
The Men Who Killed Me: Rwandan Survivors of Sexual Violence
2251:
2033:
1784:
1782:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
253:
2927:
Genocide Matters: Ongoing Issues and Emerging Perspectives
2263:
2164:. Chapter X: Widespread Incidents of Rape. Museums.cnd.org
1922:
1910:
1667:
5223:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
4868:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
2985:
Evil and Human Agency: Understanding Collective Evildoing
2511:"Occupation of the Womb: Forced Impregnation as Genocide"
2069:
1626:"Sri Lanka: Rape of Tamil Detainees | Human Rights Watch"
930:
921:, is the action of a group which has carried out acts of
2717:
2203:
2027:
1779:
1655:
1555:
1533:
1531:
1509:
5258:
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
2620:
Women, Migration, and Conflict: Breaking a Deadly Cycle
2542:
Gaunt, David; Atto, Naures; Barthoma, Soner A. (2017).
2288:"What 'Rape as a Weapon of War' in Tigray Really Means"
2227:
1740:
1645:
1643:
1543:
2842:
Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide
2825:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 152–170.
2282:
Mazurana, Dyan; Mekonen, Hayelom K.; Conley, Bridget;
2215:
2191:
2045:
1898:
1886:
1767:
1703:
1606:
1481:
1479:
4979:
International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine
3510:
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
1994:
1528:
4947:
International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur
2774:
2617:
2239:
2093:
2057:
1761:
1640:
2844:(Reprint ed.). Transaction. pp. 219–248.
2081:
1869:"'Devilish Marks' and Rape in the Time of Genocide"
1820:
1476:
1385:"'Devilish Marks' and Rape in the Time of Genocide"
1195:, which has been described by political scientist,
5213:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)
2331:
2541:
2012:
1976:
1470:
1061:civil war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1059:, Rwanda, Liberia, Sudan, Uganda, and during the
5311:
5243:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
5218:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
4836:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
4582:
2675:
2161:Japanese Imperialism and the Massacre in Nanjing
2158:Gao Xingzu; Wu Shimin; Hu Yungong; Cha Ruizhen.
1988:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1458:
1446:
1201:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
418:Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims
3768:German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs
5057:
2563:Violence and Politics: Globalization's Paradox
1846:. Harvard University Press. pp. 200–201.
5043:
4061:Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War
3037:
2963:
2803:
2676:Morris, Benny; Ze'evi, Dror (24 April 2019).
2579:
2269:
2039:
1685:
1370:
1307:"...any of the following acts committed with
1191:carried out what has come to be known as the
895:
231:
4955:International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh
4695:Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials
2943:
2392:
2075:
1746:
1407:
1405:
5228:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
5050:
5036:
4902:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
3044:
3030:
2758:State Criminality: The Crime of All Crimes
2694:
2661:"Genocide Rape Is Different Than War Rape"
2432:
2209:
1866:
1561:
1382:
1031:International framework of sexual violence
902:
888:
238:
224:
43:
5248:Special Panels of the Dili District Court
3517:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
2964:Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul R. (2007).
2655:
2480:
2451:
2197:
1928:
1916:
1904:
1892:
1788:
1773:
1697:
1411:
2982:
2895:
2560:
2489:
2257:
2221:
1802:"Genocide Watch- Ten Stages of Genocide"
1673:
1612:
1549:
1522:
1402:
1092:
3389:Indigenous peoples in the United States
2820:
2582:The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies
2051:
1082:
5312:
3001:
2946:"How did rape become a weapon of war?"
2944:Smith-Spark, Laura (8 December 2004).
2858:
2839:
2736:
2636:
2601:Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction
2508:
2395:Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape
2063:
2000:
1867:Barsoumian, Nanore (7 December 2011).
1661:
1649:
1573:
1537:
1485:
1383:Barsoumian, Nanore (7 December 2011).
1251:Coverage of the mass rapes during the
5031:
4932:
4813:
4581:
4558:Mass killings under communist regimes
4075:
3838:
3533:
3194:
3074:
3025:
2924:
2810:Berkeley Journal of International Law
2755:
2598:
2373:
2352:
2329:
2245:
2099:
2087:
1838:
1826:
1709:
105:Perpetrators, victims, and bystanders
4507:Terminology of the Armenian genocide
2411:
2300:from the original on 27 October 2021
2233:
2028:Poloni-Staudinger & Ortbals 2012
1265:patterns of rape and sexual violence
4743:War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia
1024:
13:
2804:Russell-Brown, Sherrie L. (2003).
2426:10.1111/j.2041-6962.2008.tb00162.x
2414:The Southern Journal of Philosophy
1762:Leaning, Bartels & Mowafi 2009
1021:having been forcibly impregnated.
1000:
14:
5346:
2665:Center on Law & Globalization
2338:. University of Minnesota Press.
2286:; Burns, Delia (10 August 2021).
1318:(a) Killing members of the group;
4933:
4814:
4076:
3839:
3534:
3195:
2950:British Broadcasting Corporation
2323:Bibliography of Genocide studies
1152:Democratic Republic of the Congo
869:
469:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3348:Indigenous peoples in Australia
3075:
2777:Genocide Studies and Prevention
2359:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
2316:
2176:
2151:
2139:
2117:
2105:
2013:Gaunt, Atto & Barthoma 2017
1977:Gaunt, Atto & Barthoma 2017
1860:
1832:
1715:
1618:
1471:Gaunt, Atto & Barthoma 2017
1344:
1335:
1301:
1104:Rape was widespread during the
1016:Siobhan Fisher has argued that
5289:International humanitarian law
5233:Special Court for Sierra Leone
4272:Genocide of indigenous peoples
3863:Indigenous peoples in Paraguay
3164:Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate
2987:. Cambridge University Press.
2929:. Routledge. pp. 82–105.
2622:. Springer. pp. 173–199.
2454:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
1728:. United Nations. 19 June 2008
1491:
1416:. Berghahn Books. p. 55.
1376:
1:
4987:Ukraine v. Russian Federation
4117:Tigrayans, Kunamas, and Irobs
3283:Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate
2983:Vetlesen, Arne Johan (2005).
2641:. Lexington. pp. 53–76.
1357:
1005:Some scholars argue that the
5253:Special Tribunal for Lebanon
5238:International Criminal Court
4918:Croatia–Serbia genocide case
4719:Nuremberg Military Tribunals
4565:Anti-communist mass killings
3291:Indigenous peoples in Canada
3227:Indigenous peoples in Brazil
3051:
2873:10.1080/14623528.2011.559111
2861:Journal of Genocide Research
2806:"Rape as an Act of Genocide"
2680:. Harvard University Press.
1294:
1234:In 1996 Beverly Allen wrote
692:Marital rape laws by country
7:
5294:International speech crimes
5075:Customary international law
4852:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal
4012:National Population Program
3006:. Oxford University Press.
2584:. Oxford University Press.
2509:Fisher, Siobhán K. (1996).
2393:Brownmiller, Susan (1975).
1289:Outline of genocide studies
1282:
1119:, bands of brigands led by
929:, against its enemy during
659:Russian invasion of Ukraine
10:
5351:
5115:Convention Against Torture
5059:International criminal law
4767:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
4711:Hamburg RavensbrĂĽck trials
4537:Effects on young survivors
3964:Sabra and Shatila massacre
2699:; Fabrice Virgili (eds.).
2437:. Douglas & McIntyre.
2353:Askin, Kelly Dawn (1997).
2320:
1574:Hayden, Robert M. (2000).
1172:militias have carried out
1086:
1049:human rights organizations
1028:
753:Sexual violence statistics
5284:Joint criminal enterprise
5266:
5197:
5128:
5065:
4941:
4822:
4735:Ulm Einsatzkommando trial
4703:Supreme National Tribunal
4593:
4574:
4484:
4406:
4309:
4187:
4086:
3849:
3544:
3306:Residential school system
3205:
3085:
3059:
2741:. Brookings Institution.
2737:Riedel, Bruce O. (2011).
2481:Eftekhari, Shiva (2004).
1686:Totten & Bartrop 2007
1371:Totten & Bartrop 2007
1243:. During the conflict in
1159:Bangladesh Liberation War
959:Bangladesh Liberation War
614:Bangladesh Liberation War
5204:(in order of foundation)
3598:Christians in Diyarbekir
2490:Fielding, Leila (2012).
2397:. Simon & Schuster.
1989:Morris & Ze'evi 2019
1965:Morris & Ze'evi 2019
1953:Morris & Ze'evi 2019
1941:Morris & Ze'evi 2019
1592:10.1525/aa.2000.102.1.27
1459:Morris & Ze'evi 2019
1447:Morris & Ze'evi 2019
1181:Second Sino-Japanese War
983:South Sudanese Civil War
951:second Sino-Japanese war
707:False accusation of rape
433:Sociobiological theories
185:Compulsory sterilization
5330:Wartime sexual violence
5142:Crimes against humanity
4544:Politics of recognition
3091:Destruction of Carthage
3002:Yacoub, Joseph (2016).
2657:MacKinnon, Catharine A.
2330:Allen, Beverly (1996).
1580:American Anthropologist
1089:Wartime sexual violence
919:wartime sexual violence
428:Secondary victimisation
380:Effects and motivations
5299:Universal jurisdiction
5274:Command responsibility
5167:Incitement to genocide
5105:United Nations Charter
4995:South Africa v. Israel
4963:Rohingya genocide case
4500:Names of the Holocaust
3956:Chittagong Hill Tracts
3664:Kinder der Landstrasse
3550:Late Ottoman genocides
2966:Dictionary of Genocide
2703:. Palgrave Macmillan.
2374:Bisaz, Corsin (2012).
2293:World Peace Foundation
1503:Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung
1224:
1185:Imperial Japanese Army
1101:
805:Rape and revenge films
763:Military sexual trauma
619:Sierra Leone Civil War
4860:Bosnian genocide case
4514:Holocaust terminology
4157:Christians under ISIS
3887:1966 anti-Igbo pogrom
3316:1740 Batavia massacre
3140:Harrying of the North
2898:New Political Science
2671:on 19 September 2015.
2485:. Human Rights Watch.
1229:Pauline Nyiramasuhuko
1219:
1096:
1041:Amnesty International
850:Sexual trauma therapy
722:Sexual consent in law
697:Marry-your-rapist law
577:Occupation of Germany
388:Effects and aftermath
302:Drug-facilitated rape
5325:Crimes against women
5200:International courts
5100:Nuremberg principles
5011:Nicaragua v. Germany
4910:Khmer Rouge Tribunal
4286:Utilitarian genocide
4265:Transgender genocide
3624:Osage Indian murders
3324:Great Gypsy Round-up
2756:Rothe, Dawn (2009).
2599:Jones, Adam (2006).
2378:. Martinus Nijhoff.
1267:carried out by the
1083:Documented instances
663:Israeli–Palestinian
609:Sri Lankan Civil War
590:Liberation of France
408:Rape trauma syndrome
403:Rape crisis movement
297:Cybersex trafficking
120:Recognition politics
65:Genocides in history
5147:Crime of aggression
5110:Genocide Convention
4397:Settler colonialism
4346:Forced assimilation
4044:Srebrenica massacre
3816:Chechens and Ingush
3574:Thracian Bulgarians
3420:Sand Creek massacre
3381:Siege of Tripolitsa
3132:Ancestral Puebloans
2789:10.3138/gsp.3.3.279
2260:, pp. 196–200.
2236:, pp. 176–189.
1873:The Armenian Weekly
1700:, pp. 209–233.
1389:The Armenian Weekly
1373:, pp. 159–160.
1313:in whole or in part
1018:forced impregnation
1011:Catharine MacKinnon
979:Congolese conflicts
975:Circassian genocide
768:Preventive measures
398:Pregnancy from rape
367:Unacknowledged rape
327:Live streaming rape
205:Forced assimilation
5152:Crime of apartheid
5090:Geneva Conventions
4876:Slobodan Milošević
4727:Erich von Manstein
4339:Extermination camp
4092:Effacer le tableau
3855:Hyderabadi Muslims
3800:Nanshitou Massacre
3784:Muslims and Croats
3486:Hamidian massacres
3373:Al-Jawazi massacre
3363:Stolen Generations
3066:list by death toll
2546:. Berghahn Books.
2466:10.1093/hgs/dci001
2270:Russell-Brown 2003
2040:Joeden-Forgey 2010
1676:, pp. 89–102.
1664:, pp. 91–133.
1628:. 26 February 2013
1261:Partition of India
1241:biological warfare
1102:
935:genocidal campaign
790:Rape crisis centre
738:Anti-rape movement
712:Rape investigation
280:Child sexual abuse
5307:
5306:
5133:international law
5095:Nuremberg Charter
5085:Hague Conventions
5025:
5024:
5021:
5020:
4928:
4927:
4809:
4808:
4655:Euthanasia trials
4575:Legal proceedings
4318:Cultural genocide
4244:Cultural genocide
4183:
4182:
4108:Masalit massacres
4071:
4070:
3972:Sri Lankan Tamils
3879:Arabs in Zanzibar
3834:
3833:
3752:Three Alls policy
3529:
3528:
3462:Putumayo genocide
3190:
3189:
2910:10.1080/713687893
2832:978-0-8122-4318-5
2748:978-0-8157-0557-4
2710:978-0-230-36399-1
2697:Raphaelle Branche
2572:978-0-415-93111-3
2404:978-0-449-90820-4
2366:978-90-411-0486-1
2127:. Museums.cnd.org
1931:, pp. 10–11.
1919:, pp. 13–14.
1853:978-0-674-50479-0
1712:, pp. 90–91.
1525:, pp. 92–93.
1309:intent to destroy
1189:Battle of Nanjing
1130:Vazelon Monastery
1106:Armenian Genocide
1053:former Yugoslavia
991:Rohingya genocide
947:Assyrian genocide
939:Armenian Genocide
912:
911:
840:Sexual harassment
552:Armenian genocide
372:Rape by deception
270:Acquaintance rape
248:
247:
60:List of genocides
5342:
5267:Related concepts
5205:
5162:Genocidal intent
5052:
5045:
5038:
5029:
5028:
5014:
5006:
4998:
4990:
4982:
4974:
4966:
4958:
4950:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4921:
4913:
4905:
4895:
4887:
4884:Radovan Karadžić
4879:
4871:
4863:
4855:
4847:
4844:Belgrade Process
4839:
4831:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4802:
4794:
4786:
4778:
4775:Treblinka trials
4770:
4762:
4754:
4746:
4738:
4730:
4722:
4714:
4706:
4698:
4690:
4682:
4674:
4666:
4658:
4650:
4642:
4634:
4626:
4618:
4615:Épuration légale
4610:
4602:
4588:
4585:Holocaust trials
4579:
4578:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4426:
4419:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4332:Ethnic cleansing
4327:
4320:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4228:
4221:
4214:
4205:
4198:
4176:
4168:
4160:
4152:
4149:Shias under ISIS
4144:
4136:
4128:
4120:
4110:
4103:
4095:
4081:
4073:
4072:
4064:
4056:
4046:
4039:
4031:
4023:
4015:
4007:
3999:
3991:
3983:
3975:
3967:
3959:
3951:
3943:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3914:
3906:
3898:
3890:
3882:
3874:
3866:
3858:
3844:
3836:
3835:
3827:
3819:
3811:
3803:
3795:
3787:
3779:
3776:Serbs in Croatia
3771:
3763:
3755:
3747:
3739:
3736:Nanjing Massacre
3731:
3728:Parsley massacre
3723:
3720:Polish Operation
3715:
3712:Romani Holocaust
3707:
3699:
3691:
3683:
3675:
3667:
3659:
3656:NapalpĂ massacre
3651:
3643:
3635:
3627:
3619:
3609:
3601:
3593:
3585:
3577:
3567:
3560:
3552:
3539:
3531:
3530:
3520:
3512:
3505:
3497:
3489:
3481:
3473:
3465:
3457:
3449:
3441:
3433:
3423:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3384:
3376:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3343:
3335:
3327:
3319:
3309:
3301:
3293:
3286:
3278:
3270:
3262:
3254:
3246:
3238:
3230:
3222:
3214:
3200:
3192:
3191:
3183:
3175:
3167:
3159:
3151:
3148:Mongol conquests
3143:
3135:
3127:
3117:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3080:
3072:
3071:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3023:
3022:
3017:
2998:
2979:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2940:
2921:
2892:
2855:
2836:
2817:
2800:
2771:
2752:
2733:
2714:
2691:
2672:
2667:. Archived from
2652:
2633:
2614:
2595:
2576:
2557:
2538:
2515:Duke Law Journal
2505:
2486:
2477:
2448:
2429:
2408:
2389:
2370:
2349:
2337:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2076:Brownmiller 1975
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1808:on 1 August 2019
1804:. Archived from
1798:
1792:
1786:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1750:
1747:Smith-Spark 2012
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1727:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1526:
1520:
1507:
1506:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1435:
1434:
1409:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1305:
1253:ethnic cleansing
1157:During the 1971
1126:Russians invaded
1079:their eighties.
1069:ethnic cleansing
1025:Rape as genocide
967:Rwandan genocide
904:
897:
890:
874:
873:
800:Rape pornography
785:Anti-rape device
743:Bodily integrity
730:Related articles
649:Syrian civil war
629:Rwandan genocide
599:Kashmir conflict
565:Italian campaign
543:During conflicts
504:Papua New Guinea
423:Weinstein effect
393:Factors involved
250:
249:
240:
233:
226:
195:Ethnic cleansing
70:Effects on youth
47:
37:
21:
20:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5279:Superior orders
5262:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5193:
5135:
5132:
5124:
5080:Peremptory norm
5061:
5056:
5026:
5017:
5009:
5001:
4993:
4985:
4977:
4971:Uyghur Tribunal
4969:
4961:
4953:
4945:
4937:
4934:
4924:
4916:
4908:
4900:
4890:
4882:
4874:
4866:
4858:
4850:
4842:
4834:
4826:
4818:
4815:
4805:
4797:
4791:Fedorenko trial
4789:
4781:
4773:
4765:
4757:
4749:
4741:
4733:
4725:
4717:
4709:
4701:
4693:
4687:Stutthof trials
4685:
4677:
4669:
4663:Nuremberg trial
4661:
4653:
4645:
4637:
4629:
4623:Majdanek trials
4621:
4613:
4605:
4599:Krasnodar trial
4597:
4589:
4583:
4570:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4422:
4415:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4374:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4224:
4217:
4210:
4201:
4194:
4179:
4171:
4163:
4155:
4147:
4139:
4131:
4125:Southern Kaduna
4123:
4115:
4106:
4098:
4090:
4082:
4077:
4067:
4059:
4051:
4042:
4034:
4026:
4018:
4010:
4002:
3994:
3986:
3978:
3970:
3962:
3954:
3946:
3938:
3929:
3922:
3917:
3909:
3901:
3893:
3885:
3877:
3869:
3861:
3853:
3845:
3840:
3830:
3822:
3814:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3718:
3710:
3704:Simele massacre
3702:
3694:
3686:
3678:
3670:
3662:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3622:
3614:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3572:
3563:
3555:
3548:
3540:
3535:
3525:
3515:
3508:
3500:
3494:Herero and Nama
3492:
3484:
3476:
3468:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3436:
3428:
3418:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3387:
3379:
3371:
3361:
3353:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3314:
3304:
3296:
3289:
3281:
3273:
3265:
3257:
3249:
3241:
3233:
3225:
3217:
3209:
3201:
3196:
3186:
3178:
3170:
3162:
3154:
3146:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3113:
3105:
3099:Asiatic Vespers
3097:
3089:
3081:
3076:
3063:
3055:
3050:
3020:
3014:
2995:
2976:
2954:
2952:
2937:
2852:
2833:
2768:
2749:
2730:
2711:
2701:Rape in Wartime
2688:
2649:
2630:
2611:
2592:
2573:
2554:
2527:10.2307/1372967
2502:
2494:. GRIN Verlag.
2445:
2420:(46): 176–189.
2405:
2386:
2367:
2346:
2325:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2210:De Brouwer 2010
2208:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2156:
2152:
2147:Museums.cnd.org
2144:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2019:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1791:, pp. 5–6.
1787:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1572:
1568:
1562:Mookherjee 2012
1560:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1529:
1521:
1510:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1438:
1424:
1410:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1285:
1193:Rape of Nanjing
1166:Darfur genocide
1164:In the ongoing
1091:
1085:
1033:
1027:
1003:
1001:Genocide debate
987:Yazidi Genocide
908:
868:
855:Sexual violence
845:Sexual predator
835:Sex trafficking
830:Sex and the law
820:Rape statistics
758:History of rape
702:Rape shield law
639:Darfur genocide
285:Corrective rape
244:
140:Anti-Indigenous
94:In relation to
36:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5348:
5338:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5320:Genocidal rape
5305:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5209:
5207:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5138:
5136:
5131:Crimes against
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5071:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5055:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5032:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5007:
4999:
4991:
4983:
4975:
4967:
4959:
4951:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4914:
4906:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4888:
4880:
4864:
4856:
4848:
4840:
4832:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4795:
4787:
4779:
4771:
4763:
4755:
4751:Eichmann trial
4747:
4739:
4731:
4723:
4715:
4707:
4699:
4691:
4683:
4675:
4667:
4659:
4651:
4643:
4635:
4631:Chełmno trials
4627:
4619:
4611:
4603:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4424:Trivialization
4412:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4363:
4360:Killing Fields
4349:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4169:
4161:
4153:
4145:
4137:
4129:
4121:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4096:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4057:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4032:
4024:
4016:
4008:
4000:
3992:
3988:Kuwaiti Bedoon
3984:
3976:
3968:
3960:
3952:
3944:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3927:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3875:
3867:
3859:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3824:Crimean Tatars
3820:
3812:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3780:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3648:KantĹŤ Massacre
3644:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3602:
3594:
3586:
3578:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3506:
3498:
3490:
3482:
3474:
3466:
3458:
3450:
3442:
3434:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3416:
3408:
3404:Trail of Tears
3400:
3396:Indian removal
3385:
3377:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3359:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3320:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3302:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3255:
3247:
3239:
3235:Kashmiri Shias
3231:
3223:
3215:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3176:
3168:
3160:
3152:
3144:
3136:
3128:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3103:
3095:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3069:
3057:
3056:
3049:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3026:
3019:
3018:
3012:
2999:
2994:978-0521673570
2993:
2980:
2975:978-0313329678
2974:
2961:
2941:
2936:978-0415814966
2935:
2922:
2904:(22): 89–102.
2893:
2856:
2851:978-1412847599
2850:
2837:
2831:
2818:
2801:
2783:(3): 279–296.
2772:
2767:978-0739126721
2766:
2753:
2747:
2734:
2729:978-1461456407
2728:
2715:
2709:
2692:
2686:
2673:
2653:
2648:978-0739136508
2647:
2634:
2629:978-9048128242
2628:
2615:
2610:978-0415353847
2609:
2596:
2591:978-0199232116
2590:
2577:
2571:
2558:
2552:
2539:
2506:
2501:978-3656324409
2500:
2487:
2478:
2449:
2444:978-1553653103
2443:
2430:
2409:
2403:
2390:
2385:978-9004228702
2384:
2371:
2365:
2350:
2345:978-0816628186
2344:
2326:
2321:Main article:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2274:
2262:
2250:
2248:, p. 131.
2238:
2226:
2214:
2202:
2198:Eftekhari 2004
2190:
2175:
2150:
2138:
2116:
2104:
2102:, p. 329.
2092:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2054:, p. 157.
2044:
2032:
2017:
2015:, p. 156.
2005:
2003:, p. 158.
1993:
1991:, p. 378.
1981:
1969:
1967:, p. 372.
1957:
1955:, p. 389.
1945:
1943:, p. 386.
1933:
1929:Derderian 2005
1921:
1917:Derderian 2005
1909:
1905:Derderian 2005
1897:
1893:Derderian 2005
1885:
1859:
1852:
1831:
1819:
1793:
1789:Derderian 2005
1778:
1774:Derderian 2005
1766:
1764:, p. 174.
1751:
1739:
1714:
1702:
1698:MacKinnon 2006
1690:
1688:, p. 159.
1678:
1666:
1654:
1639:
1617:
1605:
1566:
1554:
1552:, p. 111.
1542:
1540:, p. 225.
1527:
1508:
1490:
1475:
1463:
1461:, p. 499.
1451:
1449:, p. 390.
1436:
1422:
1401:
1375:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1281:
1113:Greek genocide
1087:Main article:
1084:
1081:
1029:Main article:
1026:
1023:
1002:
999:
971:Tamil genocide
943:Greek genocide
915:Genocidal rape
910:
909:
907:
906:
899:
892:
884:
881:
880:
879:
878:
876:Law portal
866:
860:
859:
858:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
781:
780:
773:Rape by gender
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
748:Date rape drug
745:
740:
732:
731:
727:
726:
725:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
686:
685:
679:
678:
677:
676:
675:
674:
669:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
587:
574:
573:
572:
570:Imperial Japan
567:
562:
554:
546:
545:
539:
538:
537:
536:
531:
529:United Kingdom
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
448:
447:
443:
442:
441:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
382:
381:
377:
376:
375:
374:
369:
364:
362:Statutory rape
359:
357:Sexual assault
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
317:Genocidal rape
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
293:
292:
282:
277:
272:
264:
263:
257:
256:
246:
245:
243:
242:
235:
228:
220:
217:
216:
210:
209:
208:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
179:
178:
177:Related topics
174:
173:
172:
171:
170:
169:
164:
154:
153:
152:
147:
142:
134:
133:
132:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
54:
53:
49:
48:
40:
39:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5347:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5201:
5196:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5179:Slave trading
5177:
5175:
5172:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5127:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5053:
5048:
5046:
5041:
5039:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4931:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4812:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4783:Sobibor trial
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4647:Belsen trials
4644:
4640:
4639:Dachau trials
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4607:Kharkov trial
4604:
4600:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4586:
4580:
4577:
4573:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4551:Justification
4548:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:The Holocaust
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4376:Death marches
4373:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4301:
4297:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4133:Iraqi Turkmen
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4080:
4074:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3760:The Holocaust
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3642:(1920s–1930s)
3641:
3640:Ingrian Finns
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3565:Pontic Greeks
3562:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3480:(1890s–1900s)
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3303:
3300:(1700s–1800s)
3299:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3150:(1200s–1360s)
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3035:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3015:
3013:9780190633462
3009:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:. Greenwood.
2967:
2962:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2867:(1–2): 5–21.
2866:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2760:. Lexington.
2759:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2687:9780674916456
2683:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:. Routledge.
2602:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2565:. Routledge.
2564:
2559:
2555:
2553:9781785334993
2549:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2521:(1): 91–133.
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
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2446:
2440:
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2431:
2427:
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2419:
2415:
2410:
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2400:
2396:
2391:
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2358:
2357:
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2347:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2284:de Waal, Alex
2278:
2271:
2266:
2259:
2258:Vetlesen 2005
2254:
2247:
2242:
2235:
2230:
2224:, p. 25.
2223:
2222:Fielding 2012
2218:
2212:, p. 19.
2211:
2206:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2186:
2182:Hua-ling Hu,
2179:
2163:
2162:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2126:
2120:
2113:
2108:
2101:
2096:
2090:, p. 53.
2089:
2084:
2078:, p. 83.
2077:
2072:
2066:, p. 10.
2065:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2042:, p. 74.
2041:
2036:
2030:, p. 21.
2029:
2024:
2022:
2014:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1985:
1979:, p. 25.
1978:
1973:
1966:
1961:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1913:
1906:
1901:
1894:
1889:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1840:Ihrig, Stefan
1835:
1829:, p. 94.
1828:
1823:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1748:
1743:
1724:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1699:
1694:
1687:
1682:
1675:
1674:Sharlach 2000
1670:
1663:
1658:
1652:, p. 53.
1651:
1646:
1644:
1627:
1621:
1615:, p. 90.
1614:
1613:Sharlach 2000
1609:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1564:, p. 68.
1563:
1558:
1551:
1550:Ghadbian 2002
1546:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1524:
1523:Sharlach 2000
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1488:, p. 42.
1487:
1482:
1480:
1473:, p. 47.
1472:
1467:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1433:
1431:
1425:
1423:9781785334337
1419:
1415:
1408:
1406:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1310:
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1300:
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1286:
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1266:
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1223:
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1213:
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1198:
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1190:
1186:
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1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1134:death marches
1131:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1117:Pontos region
1114:
1109:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1039:According to
1037:
1032:
1022:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
998:
996:
995:human history
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
937:. During the
936:
933:as part of a
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
905:
900:
898:
893:
891:
886:
885:
883:
882:
877:
872:
867:
864:
863:
862:
861:
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853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
815:Rape schedule
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
779:
778:Rape of males
776:
775:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
735:
734:
733:
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728:
723:
720:
718:
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703:
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695:
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690:
689:
688:
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681:
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673:
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668:
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664:
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637:
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630:
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612:
610:
607:
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602:
600:
597:
595:
591:
588:
586:
582:
578:
575:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
560:Eastern Front
558:
557:
556:World War II
555:
553:
550:
549:
548:
547:
544:
541:
540:
535:
534:United States
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
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485:
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475:
472:
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460:
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288:
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268:
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262:
259:
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251:
241:
236:
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229:
227:
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221:
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218:
215:
212:
211:
206:
203:
201:
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182:
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168:
165:
163:
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155:
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148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
135:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
97:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
57:
56:
55:
51:
50:
46:
42:
41:
38:
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
5120:Rome Statute
4935:21st century
4892:Ratko Mladić
4816:20th century
4759:Belzec trial
4523:Genocide law
4383:Death squads
4324:
4293:Mass killing
4203:Autogenocide
4079:21st century
3842:1946 to 1999
3714:(1935–1945)
3672:Libyan Arabs
3537:1913 to 1945
3198:1490 to 1913
3003:
2984:
2965:
2953:. Retrieved
2949:
2926:
2901:
2897:
2864:
2860:
2841:
2822:
2813:
2809:
2780:
2776:
2757:
2738:
2722:. Springer.
2719:
2700:
2677:
2669:the original
2664:
2638:
2619:
2600:
2581:
2562:
2543:
2518:
2514:
2491:
2482:
2457:
2453:
2434:
2417:
2413:
2394:
2375:
2355:
2333:
2317:Bibliography
2302:. Retrieved
2291:
2277:
2272:, p. 1.
2265:
2253:
2241:
2229:
2217:
2205:
2200:, p. 7.
2193:
2188:, 2000, p.97
2183:
2178:
2166:. Retrieved
2160:
2153:
2141:
2129:. Retrieved
2119:
2107:
2095:
2083:
2071:
2059:
2052:Saikia 2011b
2047:
2035:
2008:
1996:
1984:
1972:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1907:, p. 4.
1900:
1895:, p. 2.
1888:
1876:. Retrieved
1872:
1862:
1843:
1834:
1822:
1810:. Retrieved
1806:the original
1796:
1776:, p. 1.
1769:
1742:
1730:. Retrieved
1717:
1705:
1693:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1630:. Retrieved
1620:
1608:
1586:(1): 27–41.
1583:
1579:
1569:
1557:
1545:
1502:
1493:
1466:
1454:
1427:
1413:
1392:. Retrieved
1388:
1378:
1366:
1346:
1337:
1303:
1258:
1250:
1235:
1233:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1205:
1178:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1138:
1110:
1103:
1098:Armin Wegner
1077:
1065:
1057:Sierra Leone
1038:
1034:
1015:
1004:
917:, a form of
914:
913:
810:Rape fantasy
667:By Palestine
592: /
583: /
579: /
519:South Africa
514:Saudi Arabia
438:Rape culture
352:Sexual abuse
332:Marital rape
316:
290:LGBT victims
167:Bibliography
125:Risk factors
98: /
84:
18:
5005:(2023–2024)
4973:(2020–2021)
4920:(1999–2015)
4912:(1997–2022)
4904:(1994–2015)
4894:(2011–2017)
4886:(2008–2016)
4878:(2002–2006)
4870:(1993–2017)
4862:(1993–2007)
4854:(1946–1948)
4838:(1946–1948)
4828:Budak trial
4799:Finta trial
4785:(1965–1966)
4777:(1964–1970)
4769:(1963–1989)
4761:(1963–1965)
4745:(1961–1962)
4721:(1946–1949)
4713:(1946–1948)
4705:(1946–1948)
4697:(1946–1953)
4689:(1946–1947)
4673:(1945–1946)
4671:Minsk trial
4665:(1945–1946)
4657:(1945–1949)
4649:(1945–1948)
4641:(1945–1947)
4633:(1945–2001)
4625:(1944–1989)
4617:(1944–1951)
4587:(1943–2022)
4493:Definitions
4143:(2014–2017)
4135:(2014–2017)
4127:(2011–2023)
4094:(2002–2003)
4063:(1996–1997)
4038:(1992–1995)
4030:(1991–2003)
4014:(1987–2002)
4006:(1987–1989)
3998:(1986–1989)
3982:(1983–1987)
3980:Gukurahundi
3974:(1983–2009)
3958:(1977–1997)
3950:(1975–1979)
3942:(1974–1999)
3905:(1970–2003)
3903:Feyli Kurds
3897:(1966–1970)
3873:(1962–1996)
3865:(1956–1989)
3826:(1944–1948)
3818:(1944–1948)
3810:(1943–1945)
3802:(1942–1945)
3786:(1941–1945)
3778:(1941–1945)
3770:(1941–1945)
3762:(1941–1945)
3754:(1940–1942)
3746:(1939–1945)
3738:(1937–1938)
3722:(1937–1938)
3698:(1932–1933)
3682:(1930–1933)
3674:(1929–1932)
3666:(1926–1973)
3634:(1919–1933)
3626:(1918–1931)
3618:(1916–1917)
3608:(1916–1934)
3592:(1915–1917)
3584:(1915–1919)
3559:(1913–1922)
3519:(1912–1913)
3504:(1905–1907)
3496:(1904–1907)
3488:(1894–1896)
3472:(1888–1893)
3464:(1879–1913)
3454:Circassians
3448:(1850–1864)
3414:(1846–1873)
3406:(1830–1850)
3398:(1830–1847)
3365:(1869–1977)
3357:(1825–1832)
3342:(1785–2017)
3308:(1874–1996)
3285:(1648–1657)
3277:(1640–1649)
3269:(1636–1638)
3237:(1548–1872)
3213:(1492–1514)
3182:(1402–1496)
3174:(1393–1394)
3158:(1209–1229)
3142:(1069–1070)
3078:Before 1490
2955:29 December
2460:(1): 1–25.
2304:20 November
2064:Riedel 2011
2001:Yacoub 2016
1662:Fisher 1996
1650:Miller 2009
1538:Sajjad 2012
1486:Yacoub 2016
1430:Topal Osman
1187:during the
1179:During the
1121:Topal Osman
1111:During the
963:Bosnian War
825:Rape threat
624:Bosnian War
604:Vietnam War
509:Philippines
454:Afghanistan
347:Serial rape
337:Prison rape
275:Campus rape
150:Utilitarian
96:Colonialism
5335:Sex crimes
5314:Categories
5184:Starvation
4679:Riga trial
4530:Prevention
4475:Indigenous
4390:Incitement
4258:Gendercide
4219:Classicide
4212:Politicide
4173:Gaza Strip
3940:East Timor
3911:Bangladesh
3871:Guatemalan
3792:Sook Ching
3688:La Matanza
3412:California
3124:Bar Kokhba
2246:Allen 1996
2168:11 October
2100:Jones 2006
2088:Rothe 2009
1878:13 October
1827:Smith 2013
1732:17 October
1710:Bisaz 2012
1358:References
1212:mutilation
1208:gang raped
1197:Adam Jones
1136:to Syria.
1124:while the
1045:civil wars
927:gang rapes
654:Tigray war
634:Congo Wars
446:By country
342:Rape chant
115:Psychology
110:Prevention
90:Incitement
5189:War crime
4468:Cambodian
4461:Holodomor
4353:Massacres
4237:Ethnocide
4226:Eliticide
3948:Cambodian
3696:Holodomor
3590:Armenians
3582:Assyrians
3355:Black War
3243:Huguenots
3126:(132–136)
3109:(50s BCE)
3093:(146 BCE)
3061:Genocides
2918:144966485
2797:146514994
2234:Card 2008
1632:10 August
1394:4 October
1295:Footnotes
1170:Janjaweed
955:Holocaust
923:mass rape
795:Rape myth
672:By Israel
322:Gray rape
312:Gang rape
307:Date rape
200:Ethnocide
5157:Genocide
4433:Armenian
4300:Domicide
4279:Policide
4251:Eugenics
4196:Democide
4165:Rohingya
3808:Volhynia
3632:Cossacks
3478:Selk'nam
3340:Chechens
3332:Dzungars
3259:Lameyans
3251:Kalinago
3221:(1500s–)
3180:Guanches
3115:Eburones
3101:(88 BCE)
3053:Genocide
2889:23484933
2881:21941691
2659:(2006).
2474:20684092
2298:Archived
1842:(2016).
1812:1 August
1283:See also
1073:genocide
717:Rape kit
499:Pakistan
214:Category
190:Democide
145:Cultural
80:Massacre
35:Genocide
26:a series
24:Part of
5067:Sources
4997:(2023–)
4989:(2022–)
4981:(2022–)
4965:(2019–)
4957:(2012–)
4949:(2005–)
4454:Rwandan
4447:Bosnian
4440:Serbian
4367:Pogroms
4310:Methods
4175:(2023–)
4167:(2017–)
4159:(2014–)
4151:(2014–)
4141:Yazidis
4119:(2003–)
4102:(2003–)
4053:Rwandan
4036:Bosnian
4028:Ahwaris
4022:(1990–)
3990:(1985–)
3918:Burundi
3680:Kazakhs
3470:Hazaras
3456:(1860s)
3446:Manchus
3438:Moriori
3430:CharrĂşa
3334:(1750s)
3298:Beothuk
3267:Pequots
3229:(1500–)
3172:Assyria
3156:Cathars
2535:1372967
2131:6 March
1174:actions
1150:In the
1139:During
931:wartime
865:Portals
489:Germany
479:Finland
459:Belgium
162:Outline
157:Studies
5174:Piracy
5013:(2024)
4846:(1946)
4830:(1945)
4801:(1994)
4793:(1986)
4753:(1961)
4737:(1958)
4729:(1949)
4681:(1946)
4609:(1943)
4601:(1943)
4485:Issues
4408:Denial
4100:Darfur
4055:(1994)
4020:Amhara
3966:(1982)
3913:(1971)
3895:Biafra
3889:(1966)
3881:(1964)
3857:(1948)
3794:(1942)
3730:(1937)
3706:(1933)
3690:(1932)
3658:(1924)
3650:(1923)
3616:Kyrgyz
3600:(1915)
3576:(1913)
3557:Greeks
3440:(1835)
3432:(1831)
3422:(1864)
3383:(1821)
3375:(1816)
3326:(1749)
3318:(1740)
3261:(1636)
3253:(1626)
3245:(1572)
3166:(1311)
3134:(800s)
3010:
2991:
2972:
2933:
2916:
2887:
2879:
2848:
2829:
2795:
2764:
2745:
2726:
2707:
2684:
2645:
2626:
2607:
2588:
2569:
2550:
2533:
2498:
2472:
2441:
2401:
2382:
2363:
2342:
1850:
1600:683536
1598:
1420:
1277:Amhara
1271:, the
1245:Bosnia
989:, and
985:, the
981:, the
977:, the
973:, the
969:, the
965:, the
961:, the
957:, the
953:, the
949:, the
945:, the
941:, the
594:Serbia
585:Poland
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