332:
597:). In addition, significant work remains in developing vocabularies for spatial data, and expanding the GeoSPARQL vocabularies with OWL axioms to aid in logical spatial reasoning would be a valuable contribution. There are also large amounts of existing feature data represented in either a GML file (or similar serialization) or in a datastore supporting the
503:
Benchmarking GeoSPARQL 1.0 and geospatial-enabled triplestores, in general, has been conducted using several approaches. One can distinguish between performance and compliance benchmarks. The former can reveal whether a triplestore gives a timely answer to a GeoSPARQL query and may or may not check
609:
This led to the re-establishment of the GeoSPARQL Standards
Working Group with a newly formed working group charter in September 2020. The group is working towards a new release of the GeoSPARQL standard, with non-breaking changes - GeoSPARQL 1.1 - in the summer of 2021, the development of which can
511:
Compliance benchmarking of OGC standards is usually conducted as part of the OGC Team Engine Test Suite which allows companies to obtain certification for implementing certain OGC specifications correctly. As of 2021, however, the OGC Team Engine does not provide a set of compliance tests to test
493:
Virtuoso
Universal Server is a middleware and database engine hybrid that combines the functionality of a traditional Relational database management system (RDBMS), Object-relational database (ORDBMS), virtual database, RDF, XML, free-text, web application server and file server functionality in a
512:
GeoSPARQL compliance. Nevertheless, in 2021, Jovanovik et al. developed the first comprehensive, reproducible GeoSPARQL Compliance benchmark in which nine different triple stores were initially tested. The results of these first compliance tests along with the software are available on Github.
507:
Well-known geospatial performance benchmarks include the
Geographica and Geographica 2 benchmarks which track the performance of predefined sets of queries on synthetic and real-world datasets. They each test a subset of GeoSPARQL query functions for performance. Another performance benchmark by
472:
GraphDB is an enterprise ready
Semantic Graph Database, compliant with W3C Standards. Semantic graph databases (also called RDF triplestores) provide the core infrastructure for solutions where modelling agility, data integration, relationship exploration and cross-enterprise data publishing and
429:
Strabon is an open-source semantic spatiotemporal RDF store that supports two popular extensions of SPARQL: stSPARQL and GeoSPARQL. Strabon is built by extending RDF4J and extends it to manage thematic, spatial and temporal data that is stored in the backend RDBMS. It has been fully tested with
605:
In 2019, the OGC's GeoSemantics Domain
Working Group set out to assess the current usage of GeoSPARQL in different domains in the White Paper "OGC Benefits of Representing Spatial Data Using Semantic and Graph Technologies" and collected initial feature requests to extend GeoSPARQL.
625:, an outline of the additions which are likely to be present in GeoSPARQL 1.1 has been presented. The changes have been further consolidated and summarized in a publication in the ISPRS International Journal of GeoInformation.
504:
the answer for correctness. The latter checks whether a triplestore gives compliant answers with respect to the definitions of the GeoSPARQL 1.0 standard irrespective of the time the query takes for execution.
335:
A graphical representation of Region
Connection Calculus (RCC: Randell, Cui and Cohn, 1992) and the links to the equivalent naming by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) with their equivalent URIs.
412:
Eclipse RDF4J is an open-source Java framework for scalable RDF processing, storage, reasoning and SPARQL querying. It offers support for a large subset of GeoSPARQL functionality.
344:
There are (almost) no complete implementations of GeoSPARQL; however, there are partial or vendor implementations of GeoSPARQL. Currently there are the following implementations:
1614:
534:
1306:
Abhayaratna, J; van den Brink, L; Car, N; Atkinson, R; Homburg, T; Knibbe, F; McGlinn, K; Wagner, A; Bonduel, M; Holten
Rasmussen, M; Thiery, F (5 October 2020).
598:
1607:
703:
457:
uSeekM IndexingSail uses a PostGIS installation to deliver GeoSPARQL. They deliver partial implementation of GeoSPARQL along with some vendor prefixes.
41:. The definition of a small ontology based on well-understood OGC standards is intended to provide a standardized exchange basis for geospatial
957:
1600:
540:
105:
483:
Stardog is an enterprise data unification platform built on smart graph technology: query, search, inference, and data virtualization.
982:
759:
448:
1033:
Garbis, George; Kyzirakos, Kostis; Koubarakis, Manolis (2013). "Geographica: A Benchmark for
Geospatial RDF Stores (Long Version)".
331:
935:
297:"POLYGON((-77.089005 38.913574,-77.029953 38.913574,-77.029953 38.886321,-77.089005 38.886321,-77.089005 38.913574))"
601:. It would be beneficial to develop standard processes for converting (or virtually converting and exposing) this data to RDF.
1321:
1050:
891:
684:
1509:"Introduction to geospatial semantics and technology workshop handbook: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012–1109"
1383:"GeoSPARQL 1.1: Motivations, Details and Applications of the Decadal Update to the Most Important Geospatial LOD Standard"
1362:
1284:
835:
1767:
460:
1125:"Assessment and Benchmarking of Spatially Enabled RDF Stores for the Next Generation of Spatial Data Infrastructure"
186:
155:
1037:. 12th International Semantic Web Conference. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 8219. pp. 343–359.
524:
508:
Huang et al. assessed the performance of GeoSPARQL-enabled triple stores as part of a spatial data infrastructure.
817:
589:
Obvious extensions are to define new conformance classes for other standard serializations of geometry data (e.g.
393:
122:(a.k.a. Clementini, Egenhofer) topological relationship vocabularies and ontologies for qualitative reasoning, and
1504:
402:
Parliament has an almost complete implementation of GeoSPARQL by using JENA and a modified ARQ query processor.
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42:
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725:
711:
152:
The following example SPARQL query could help model the question "What is within the bounding box defined by
23:
1528:
420:
1074:
Ioannidis, Theofilos; Garbis, George; Kyzirakos, Kostis; Bereta, Konstantina; Koubarakis, Manolis (2021).
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1008:
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115:
34:
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101:
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data set is a work of the Agile
Knowledge Engineering and Semantic Web (AKSW) research group at the
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858:
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138:
45:
data which can support both qualitative and quantitative spatial reasoning and querying with the
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8:
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GeoSPARQL 1.1: an almost decadal update to the most important geospatial LOD standard
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1308:"OGC Benefits of Representing Spatial Data Using Semantic and Graph Technologies"
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882:
560:
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348:
111:
53:
1307:
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1234:
843:
1101:
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Kyzirakos, Kostis; Karpathiotakis, Manos; Koubarakis, Manolis (November 2012).
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a set of topological SPARQL extension functions for quantitative reasoning, and
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73:
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30:
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141:(RIF) Core inference rules for query transformation and interpretation.
91:
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1564:
1424:"Enabling the Geospatial Semantic Web with Parliament and GeoSPARQL"
1123:
Huang, Weiming; Raza, Syed Amir; Mirzov, Oleg; Harrie, Lars (2019).
1076:"Evaluating Geospatial RDF Stores Using the Benchmark Geographica 2"
622:
60:
mappings for GeoSPARQL equivalent properties in its vocabulary. The
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1465:"Design and Development of Linked Data from The National Map"
1573:
585:
With regards to future work, the GeoSPARQL standard states:
535:
Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
61:
1696:
325:
1583:
498:
1032:
740:
664:
652:
385:
Support for GeoSPARQL was added to Ontop in version 4.2.
375:
Since version 2.11 Apache Jena has a GeoSPARQL extension.
380:
1233:
Jovanovik, Milos; Homburg, Timo; Spasić, Mirko (2021).
1182:
Jovanovik, Milos; Homburg, Timo; Spasić, Mirko (2021).
1232:
1181:
478:
328:
has been implemented in GeoSPARQL as described below:
240:<http://www.opengis.net/def/function/geosparql/>
1122:
872:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 7649.
1556:
GeoSPARQL – A Geographic Query Language for RDF Data
520:
The GeoSPARQL standard was submitted to the OGC by:
407:
72:, that uses the GeoSPARQL vocabulary to represent
1381:Car, Nicholas J.; Homburg, Timo (February 2022).
1235:"Software for the GeoSPARQL compliance benchmark"
983:"GeoReference - uSeekM - Adds Meaning to the Web"
958:"IndexingSail - uSeekM - Adds Meaning to the Web"
1754:
353:GeoSPARQL was implemented in the context of the
1387:ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information
1188:ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information
1129:ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information
1608:
760:"Proposal to Implement GeoSPARQL in Marmotta"
228:<http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#>
1462:
1361:Car, Nicholas J.; Homburg, Timo (May 2021).
541:Defence Geospatial Information Working Group
1421:
746:
685:"GeoSPARQL and Ordnance Survey Linked Data"
670:
658:
1615:
1601:
1380:
1360:
913:
870:11th International Semantic Web Conference
106:well-known text representation of geometry
1406:
1250:
1217:
1199:
1148:
1091:
881:
22:is a model for representing and querying
1006:
842:. The Eclipse Foundation. Archived from
438:and PostgreSQL-Temporal extensions) and
330:
320:
1463:Usery, E. Lynn; Varanka, Dalia (2012).
876:, MA, United States. pp. 295–311.
682:
499:Performance and Compliance Benchmarking
79:In particular, GeoSPARQL provides for:
1755:
1267:"OpenLinkSoftware: GeoSPARQLBenchmark"
1596:
859:"Strabon: A Semantic Geospatial DBMS"
800:"Standards compliance: GeoSPARQL 1.0"
701:
623:Extended Semantic Web Conference 2021
580:
1526:
1422:Battle, Robert; Kolas, Dave (2012).
1350:. Open Geospatial Consortium. 2020.
1007:Williams, Hugh (October 29, 2018).
13:
1184:"A GeoSPARQL Compliance Benchmark"
732:. AKSW. 2012-05-18. Archived from
704:"New Linked Data service launches"
357:2015. on Apache Marmotta; it uses
339:
14:
1789:
1549:
1514:. United States Geological Survey
1013:OpenLink Software Community Forum
1009:"Virtuoso GeoSPARQL Demo Server"
525:Australian Bureau of Meteorology
1505:United States Geological Survey
1374:
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683:Goodwin, John (26 April 2013).
361:, and it is available just for
1527:Goad, Chris (September 2004).
1370:. GeoLD Workshop at ESWC 2021.
914:jeff-davis (21 January 2021).
792:
782:"Spatial searches with SPARQL"
774:
752:
718:
695:
676:
1:
1310:. Open Geospatial Consortium.
645:
515:
16:Standardised SPARQL extension
1565:Linked Data Platform webapps
1043:10.1007/978-3-642-41338-4_22
1035:The Semantic Web – ISWC 2013
883:10.1007/978-3-642-35176-1_19
866:The Semantic Web – ISWC 2012
840:Eclipse rdf4j: documentation
689:johngoodwin225.wordpress.com
551:Interactive Instruments GmbH
33:. It is standardized by the
7:
1344:"OGC GeoSPARQL SWG Charter"
1252:10.1016/j.simpa.2021.100071
628:
68:, a group mostly known for
10:
1794:
1768:Open Geospatial Consortium
1625:Open Geospatial Consortium
1560:Open Geospatial Consortium
1169:Open Geospatial Consortium
1102:10.1007/s13740-021-00118-x
473:consumption are important.
147:
56:Linked Data Platform uses
35:Open Geospatial Consortium
1632:
1080:Journal on Data Semantics
708:blog.ordnancesurvey.co.uk
489:Virtuoso Universal Server
102:Geography Markup Language
98:for representation using
49:database query language.
836:"Programming with RDF4J"
547:Natural Resources Canada
461:Oracle Spatial and Graph
216:
1588:Ordnance Survey Ireland
747:Battle & Kolas 2012
671:Battle & Kolas 2012
659:Battle & Kolas 2012
202:38.886321°N 77.029953°W
171:38.913574°N 77.089005°W
139:Rule Interchange Format
621:, held as part of the
603:
423:20 August 2014 at the
336:
131:query interface using
916:"PostgreSQL-Temporal"
702:Gemma (3 June 2013).
599:general feature model
587:
570:Traverse Technologies
396:30 April 2014 at the
355:Google Summer of Code
334:
321:RCC8 use in GeoSPARQL
207:38.886321; -77.029953
176:38.913574; -77.089005
66:University of Leipzig
1490:10.3233/SW-2011-0054
1449:10.3233/SW-2012-0065
1408:10.3390/ijgi11020117
1219:10.3390/ijgi10070487
574:US Geological Survey
1672:OGC Reference Model
1399:2022IJGI...11..117C
1332:on 18 January 2021.
1210:2021IJGI...10..487J
1150:10.3390/ijgi8070310
1141:2019IJGI....8..310H
846:on 4 November 2016.
619:GeoLD workshop 2021
442:(with geom module).
198: /
167: /
108:(WKT) literals, and
1558:standard from the
1285:"Geosemantics DWG"
714:on 8 October 2013.
581:Future development
447:OpenSahara uSeekM
337:
1750:
1749:
1623:Standards of the
1295:on 9 August 2020.
1052:978-3-642-41338-4
946:on 28 March 2012.
893:978-3-642-35175-4
824:on 30 April 2014.
730:linkedgeodata.org
1785:
1763:GIS file formats
1617:
1610:
1603:
1594:
1593:
1544:
1542:
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1535:on 22 April 2012
1531:. Archived from
1529:"RDF versus GML"
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1328:. Archived from
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1291:. Archived from
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1239:Software Impacts
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1086:(3–4): 189–228.
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985:. Archived from
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960:. Archived from
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942:. Archived from
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766:. Archived from
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736:on 15 June 2021.
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635:Spatial relation
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1584:data.geohive.ie
1569:Ordnance Survey
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1507:(30 May 2012).
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1322:"GeoSPARQL SWG"
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610:be followed on
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561:Ordnance Survey
530:Bentley Systems
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425:Wayback Machine
398:Wayback Machine
349:Apache Marmotta
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340:Implementations
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54:Ordnance Survey
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770:on 2015-06-26.
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