1641:
long as each confines himself within his own lines, and both are careful, as St. Augustine warns us, "not to make rash assertions, or to assert what is not known as known". If dissension should arise between them, here is the rule also laid down by St. Augustine, for the theologian: "Whatever they can really demonstrate to be true of physical nature, we must show to be capable of reconciliation with our
Scriptures; and whatever they assert in their treatises which is contrary to these Scriptures of ours, that is to Catholic faith, we must either prove it as well as we can to be entirely false, or at all events we must, without the smallest hesitation, believe it to be so." To understand how just is the rule here formulated we must remember, first, that the sacred writers, or to speak more accurately, the Holy Ghost "Who spoke by them, did not intend to teach men these things (that is to say, the essential nature of the things of the visible universe), things in no way profitable unto salvation." Hence they did not seek to penetrate the secrets of nature, but rather described and dealt with things in more or less figurative language, or in terms which were commonly used at the time, and which in many instances are in daily use at this day, even by the most eminent men of science. Ordinary speech primarily and properly describes what comes under the senses; and somewhat in the same way the sacred writers-as the Angelic Doctor also reminds us – "went by what sensibly appeared", or put down what God, speaking to men, signified, in the way men could understand and were accustomed to.
1722:
and yearly motions, to His
Holiness through Divine Providence, Pope Pius VII. Previously, His Holiness had referred this request to the Supreme Sacred Congregation and concurrently to the consideration of the Most Eminent and Most Reverend General Cardinal Inquisitor. His Holiness has decreed that no obstacles exist for those who sustain Copernicus' affirmation regarding the Earth's movement in the manner in which it is affirmed today, even by Catholic authors. He has, moreover, suggested the insertion of several notations into this work, aimed at demonstrating that the above mentioned affirmation , as it has come to be understood, does not present any difficulties; difficulties that existed in times past, prior to the subsequent astronomical observations that have now occurred. has also recommended that the implementation be given to the Cardinal Secretary of the Supreme Sacred Congregation and Master of the Sacred Apostolic Palace. He is now appointed the task of bringing to an end any concerns and criticisms regarding the printing of this book, and, at the same time, ensuring that in the future, regarding the publication of such works, permission is sought from the Cardinal Vicar whose signature will not be given without the authorization of the Superior of his Order.
461:. The deferent is a circle whose center point, called the eccentric and marked in the diagram with an X, is distant from the Earth. The original purpose of the eccentric was to account for the difference in length of the seasons (northern autumn was about five days shorter than spring during this time period) by placing the Earth away from the center of rotation of the rest of the universe. Another sphere, the epicycle, is embedded inside the deferent sphere and is represented by the smaller dotted line to the right. A given planet then moves around the epicycle at the same time the epicycle moves along the path marked by the deferent. These combined movements cause the given planet to move closer to and further away from the Earth at different points in its orbit, and explained the observation that planets slowed down, stopped, and moved backward in
361:. Therefore, the Greeks chose the simpler of the two explanations. Another observation used in favor of the geocentric model at the time was the apparent consistency of Venus' luminosity, which implies that it is usually about the same distance from Earth, which in turn is more consistent with geocentrism than heliocentrism. (In fact, Venus' luminous consistency is due to any loss of light caused by its phases being compensated for by an increase in apparent size caused by its varying distance from Earth.) Objectors to heliocentrism noted that terrestrial bodies naturally tend to come to rest as near as possible to the center of the Earth. Further, barring the opportunity to fall closer the center, terrestrial bodies tend not to move unless forced by an outside object, or transformed to a different element by heat or moisture.
440:
1781:
centrality of the Earth, was to think that our understanding of the physical world's structure was, in some way, imposed by the literal sense of Sacred
Scripture. Let us recall the celebrated saying attributed to Baronius "Spiritui Sancto mentem fuisse nos docere quomodo ad coelum eatur, non quomodo coelum gradiatur". In fact, the Bible does not concern itself with the details of the physical world, the understanding of which is the competence of human experience and reasoning. There exist two realms of knowledge, one which has its source in Revelation and one which reason can discover by its own power. To the latter belong especially the experimental sciences and philosophy. The distinction between the two realms of knowledge ought not to be understood as opposition.
1462:], not only those moving uniformly, but also those moving quite arbitrarily, relative to each other? If this can be done, our difficulties will be over. We shall then be able to apply the laws of nature to any CS. The struggle, so violent in the early days of science, between the views of Ptolemy and Copernicus would then be quite meaningless. Either CS could be used with equal justification. The two sentences, 'the sun is at rest and the Earth moves', or 'the sun moves and the Earth is at rest', would simply mean two different conventions concerning two different CS. Could we build a real relativistic physics valid in all CS; a physics in which there would be no place for absolute, but only for relative, motion? This is indeed possible!"
1668:
as the
Angelic Doctor says, speaking either "in figurative language, or in terms which were commonly used at the time, and which in many instances are in daily use at this day, even among the most eminent men of science". For "the sacred writers, or to speak more accurately – the words are St. Augustine's – the Holy Spirit, Who spoke by them, did not intend to teach men these things – that is the essential nature of the things of the universe – things in no way profitable to salvation"; which principle "will apply to cognate sciences, and especially to history", that is, by refuting, "in a somewhat similar way the fallacies of the adversaries and defending the historical truth of Sacred Scripture from their attacks".
341:. He further described his system by explaining the natural tendencies of the terrestrial elements: earth, water, fire, air, as well as celestial aether. His system held that earth was the heaviest element, with the strongest movement towards the center, thus water formed a layer surrounding the sphere of Earth. The tendency of air and fire, on the other hand, was to move upwards, away from the center, with fire being lighter than air. Beyond the layer of fire, were the solid spheres of aether in which the celestial bodies were embedded. They were also entirely composed of aether.
251:
1222:
1196:, and stated that they orbited around Jupiter, not Earth. This was a significant claim as it would mean not only that not everything revolved around Earth as stated in the Ptolemaic model, but also showed a secondary celestial body could orbit a moving celestial body, strengthening the heliocentric argument that a moving Earth could retain the Moon. Galileo's observations were verified by other astronomers of the time period who quickly adopted use of the telescope, including
33:
378:
714:
1308:
1213:
7141:
1012:
493:. The resultant system, which eventually came to be widely accepted in the west, seems unwieldy to modern astronomers; each planet required an epicycle revolving on a deferent, offset by an equant which was different for each planet. It predicted various celestial motions, including the beginning and end of retrograde motion, to within a maximum error of 10 degrees, considerably better than without the equant.
7165:
1812:, which establishes that "when two bodies in space are in motion relative to one another, ... science declares with absolute certainty that from the scientific point of view both possibilities are equally valid, namely that the Earth revolves around the sun, or the sun revolves around the Earth", although he also went on to refer to people who believed in geocentrism as "remaining in the world of Copernicus".
7117:
1065:
7153:
7129:
489:. The equant was a point near the center of a planet's orbit where, if you were to stand there and watch, the center of the planet's epicycle would always appear to move at uniform speed; all other locations would see non-uniform speed, as on the Earth. By using an equant, Ptolemy claimed to keep motion which was uniform and circular, although it departed from the Platonic ideal of
1732:
astronomers, as long as there are no other contrary indications, on the basis of the decrees of the Sacred
Congregation of the Index of 1757 and of this Supreme of 1820; and that those who would show themselves to be reluctant or would disobey, should be forced under punishments at the choice of Sacred Congregation, with derogation of claimed privileges, where necessary.
1478:, the planets do indeed move around the Sun, which due to its much larger mass, moves far less than its own diameter and the gravity of which is dominant in determining the orbits of the planets (in other words, the center of mass of the Solar System is near the center of the Sun). The Earth and Moon are much closer to being a
1667:
The first and greatest care of Leo XIII was to set forth the teaching on the truth of the Sacred Books and to defend it from attack. Hence with grave words did he proclaim that there is no error whatsoever if the sacred writer, speaking of things of the physical order "went by what sensibly appeared"
1640:
we have to contend against those who, making an evil use of physical science, minutely scrutinize the Sacred Book in order to detect the writers in a mistake, and to take occasion to vilify its contents. ... There can never, indeed, be any real discrepancy between the theologian and the physicist, as
1316:
This showed that with a
Ptolemaic cosmology, the Venus epicycle can be neither completely inside nor completely outside of the orbit of the Sun. As a result, Ptolemaics abandoned the idea that the epicycle of Venus was completely inside the Sun, and later 17th-century competition between astronomical
1183:
has moons) called into question some of the tenets of geocentrism but did not seriously threaten it. Because he observed dark "spots" on the Moon, craters, he remarked that the moon was not a perfect celestial body as had been previously conceived. This was the first detailed observation by telescope
954:
was conceived to move uniformly) and produce alternative configurations to the
Ptolemaic model without abandoning geocentrism. They were more successful than their Andalusian predecessors in producing non-Ptolemaic configurations which eliminated the equant and eccentrics, were more accurate than the
275:
thought that the Earth was a sphere (in accordance with observations of eclipses), but not at the center; he believed that it was in motion around an unseen fire. Later these views were combined, so most educated Greeks from the 4th century BC onwards thought that the Earth was a sphere at the center
1721:
The
Assessor of the Holy Office has referred the request of Giuseppe Settele, Professor of Optics and Astronomy at La Sapienza University, regarding permission to publish his work Elements of Astronomy in which he espouses the common opinion of the astronomers of our time regarding the Earth’s daily
1469:
Relativity agrees with
Newtonian predictions that regardless of whether the Sun or the Earth are chosen arbitrarily as the center of the coordinate system describing the Solar System, the paths of the planets form (roughly) ellipses with respect to the Sun, not the Earth. With respect to the average
485:, even though it was an improvement over Hipparchus' system. Most noticeably the size of a planet's retrograde loop (especially that of Mars) would be smaller, or sometimes larger, than expected, resulting in positional errors of as much as 30 degrees. To alleviate the problem, Ptolemy developed the
430:
Ptolemy argued that the Earth was a sphere in the center of the universe, from the simple observation that half the stars were above the horizon and half were below the horizon at any time (stars on rotating stellar sphere), and the assumption that the stars were all at some modest distance from the
1815:
The Zohar states: "The entire world and those upon it, spin round in a circle like a ball, both those at the bottom of the ball and those at the top. All God's creatures, wherever they live on the different parts of the ball, look different (in color, in their features) because the air is different
1758:
stated that, "though this Earth on which we live may not be the center of the universe as at one time was thought, it was the scene of the original happiness of our first ancestors, witness of their unhappy fall, as too of the
Redemption of mankind through the Passion and Death of Jesus Christ". In
1485:
What the principle of relativity points out is that correct mathematical calculations can be made regardless of the reference frame chosen, and these will all agree with each other as to the predictions of actual motions of bodies with respect to each other. It is not necessary to choose the object
1287:
entirely inside the sphere of the Sun (between the Sun and Mercury), but this was arbitrary; he could just as easily have swapped Venus and Mercury and put them on the other side of the Sun, or made any other arrangement of Venus and Mercury, as long as they were always near a line running from the
364:
Atmospheric explanations for many phenomena were preferred because the Eudoxan–Aristotelian model based on perfectly concentric spheres was not intended to explain changes in the brightness of the planets due to a change in distance. Eventually, perfectly concentric spheres were abandoned as it was
2125:
All Islamic astronomers from Thabit ibn Qurra in the ninth century to Ibn al-Shatir in the fourteenth, and all natural philosophers from al-Kindi to Averroes and later, are known to have accepted ... the Greek picture of the world as consisting of two spheres of which one, the celestial sphere ...
1950:
Donald B. DeYoung, for example, states that "Similar terminology is often used today when we speak of the sun's rising and setting, even though the earth, not the sun, is doing the moving. Bible writers used the 'language of appearance,' just as people always have. Without it, the intended message
701:
could remove Ptolemy's epicycles because the retrograde motion could be seen to be the result of the combination of the movements and speeds of Earth and planets. Copernicus felt strongly that equants were a violation of Aristotelian purity, and proved that replacement of the equant with a pair of
352:
should change considerably over the course of a year. As they did not appear to move, either the stars are much farther away than the Sun and the planets than previously conceived, making their motion undetectable, or the Earth is not moving at all. Because the stars are actually much further away
1763:
stated that, "Consequently, we cannot but deplore certain habits of mind, which are sometimes found too among Christians, which do not sufficiently attend to the rightful independence of science and which, from the arguments and controversies they spark, lead many minds to conclude that faith and
1348:
for the year 1631. The change from circular orbits to elliptical planetary paths dramatically improved the accuracy of celestial observations and predictions. Because the heliocentric model devised by Copernicus was no more accurate than Ptolemy's system, new observations were needed to persuade
468:
The deferent-and-epicycle model had been used by Greek astronomers for centuries along with the idea of the eccentric (a deferent whose center is slightly away from the Earth), which was even older. In the illustration, the center of the deferent is not the Earth but the spot marked X, making it
1780:
Cardinal Poupard has also reminded us that the sentence of 1633 was not irreformable, and that the debate which had not ceased to evolve thereafter, was closed in 1820 with the imprimatur given to the work of Canon Settele. ... The error of the theologians of the time, when they maintained the
500:
To summarize, Ptolemy conceived a system that was compatible with Aristotelian philosophy and succeeded in tracking actual observations and predicting future movement mostly to within the limits of the next 1000 years of observations. The observed motions and his mechanisms for explaining them
496:
The model with epicycles is in fact a very good model of an elliptical orbit with low eccentricity. The well-known ellipse shape does not appear to a noticeable extent when the eccentricity is less than 5%, but the offset distance of the "center" (in fact the focus occupied by the Sun) is very
328:
In the fully developed Aristotelian system, the spherical Earth is at the center of the universe, and all other heavenly bodies are attached to 47–55 transparent, rotating spheres surrounding the Earth, all concentric with it. (The number is so high because several spheres are needed for each
1534:, A. L. Graebner observed that the synod had no doctrinal position on geocentrism, heliocentrism, or any scientific model, unless it were to contradict Scripture. He stated that any possible declarations of geocentrists within the synod did not set the position of the church body as a whole.
1731:
The most excellent have decreed that there must be no denial, by the present or by future Masters of the Sacred Apostolic Palace, of permission to print and to publish works which treat of the mobility of the Earth and of the immobility of the sun, according to the common opinion of modern
1465:
Despite giving more respectability to the geocentric view than Newtonian physics does, relativity is not geocentric. Rather, relativity states that the Sun, the Earth, the Moon, Jupiter, or any other point for that matter could be chosen as a center of the Solar System with equal validity.
1819:
While geocentrism is important in Maimonides' calendar calculations, the great majority of Jewish religious scholars, who accept the divinity of the Bible and accept many of his rulings as legally binding, do not believe that the Bible or Maimonides command a belief in geocentrism.
1156:), which posited that the Earth and the other planets instead revolved around the Sun. The geocentric system was still held for many years afterwards, as at the time the Copernican system did not offer better predictions than the geocentric system, and it posed problems for both
270:
proposed a cosmology with Earth shaped like a section of a pillar (a cylinder), held aloft at the center of everything. The Sun, Moon, and planets were holes in invisible wheels surrounding Earth; through the holes, humans could see concealed fire. About the same time,
709:
models provide identical results to identical inputs: they are computationally equivalent. It was not until Kepler demonstrated a physical observation that could show that the physical Sun is directly involved in determining an orbit that a new model was required.
997:
remains speculative, since there is no documentary evidence to prove it. The possibility that Copernicus independently developed the Tusi couple remains open, since no researcher has yet demonstrated that he knew about Tusi's work or that of the Maragha school.
1434:
is most useful in those cases, galactic and extragalactic astronomy is easier if the Sun is treated as neither stationary nor the center of the universe, but rather rotating around the center of our galaxy, while in turn our galaxy is also not at rest in the
1426:
successfully, and disproved Ptolemy's claim that parallax motion did not exist. This finally confirmed the assumptions made by Copernicus, providing accurate, dependable scientific observations, and conclusively displaying how distant stars are from Earth.
1311:
In this depiction of the Tychonic system, the objects on blue orbits (the Moon and the Sun) revolve around the Earth. The objects on orange orbits (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn) revolve around the Sun. Around all is a sphere of stars, which
1595:
quotes a 2006 survey that show currently some 20% of the U.S. population believe that the Sun goes around the Earth (geocentricism) rather than the Earth goes around the Sun (heliocentricism), while a further 9% claimed not to know. Polls conducted by
1372:
as the force which both kept the Earth and planets moving through the universe and also kept the atmosphere from flying away. The theory of gravity allowed scientists to rapidly construct a plausible heliocentric model for the Solar System. In his
238:(1571–1630). There was much resistance to the transition between these two theories, since for a long time the geocentric postulate produced more accurate results. Additionally some felt that a new, unknown theory could not subvert an accepted
830:
based on a belief held by some of his contemporaries "that the motion we see is due to the Earth's movement and not to that of the sky." The prevalence of this view is further confirmed by a reference from the 13th century which states:
1482:; the center of mass around which they both rotate is still inside the Earth, but is about 4,624 km (2,873 mi) or 72.6% of the Earth's radius away from the centre of the Earth (thus closer to the surface than the center).
1654:
Maurice Finocchiaro, author of a book on the Galileo affair, notes that this is "a view of the relationship between biblical interpretation and scientific investigation that corresponds to the one advanced by Galileo in the
1545:, which, when taken literally, indicate that the daily apparent motions of the Sun and the Moon are due to their actual motions around the Earth rather than due to the rotation of the Earth about its axis. For example, in
1632:. In regards to the theological basis for such an argument, two Popes addressed the question of whether the use of phenomenological language would compel one to admit an error in Scripture. Both taught that it would not.
1486:
in the Solar System with the largest gravitational field as the center of the coordinate system in order to predict the motions of planetary bodies, though doing so may make calculations easier to perform or interpret. A
1379:, Newton explained his theory of how gravity, previously thought to be a mysterious, unexplained occult force, directed the movements of celestial bodies, and kept our Solar System in working order. His descriptions of
1498:), or when calculating what the sky will look like when viewed from Earth (as opposed to an imaginary observer looking down on the entire Solar System, where a different coordinate system might be more convenient).
1704:
The position of the curia evolved slowly over the centuries towards permitting the heliocentric view. In 1757, during the papacy of Benedict XIV, the Congregation of the Index withdrew the decree which prohibited
1325:(in which the Earth was still at the center of the universe, and around it revolved the Sun, but all other planets revolved around the Sun in one massive set of epicycles), or variations on the Copernican system.
1394:
of Newton's theory, explaining the longer period of oscillation of a pendulum at the equator and the differing size of a degree of latitude, would gradually become available between 1673 and 1738. In addition,
1726:
In 1822, the Congregation of the Holy Office removed the prohibition on the publication of books treating of the Earth's motion in accordance with modern astronomy and Pope Pius VII ratified the decision:
1575:). These people subscribe to the view that a plain reading of the Bible contains an accurate account of the manner in which the universe was created and requires a geocentric worldview. Most contemporary
1120:
was the most radical. He correctly realized in the 4th century BC that the universe does not have any single center. This theory was widely accepted by the later Epicureans and was notably defended by
329:
planet.) These spheres, known as crystalline spheres, all moved at different uniform speeds to create the revolution of bodies around the Earth. They were composed of an incorruptible substance called
344:
Adherence to the geocentric model stemmed largely from several important observations. First of all, if the Earth did move, then one ought to be able to observe the shifting of the fixed stars due to
3362:
3380:
1816:
in each place, but they stand erect as all other human beings, therefore, there are places in the world where, when some have light, others have darkness; when some have day, others have night."
862:), which some have interpreted to imply he was criticizing Ptolemy's geocentrism, but most agree that he was actually criticizing the details of Ptolemy's model rather than his geocentrism.
287:, wrote works based on the geocentric model. According to Plato, the Earth was a sphere, stationary at the center of the universe. The stars and planets were carried around the Earth on
1608:, an expert in the public understanding of science and technology, found that about 20%, or one in five, of American adults believe that the Sun orbits the Earth. According to 2011
702:
new epicycles was entirely equivalent. Astronomers often continued using the equants instead of the epicycles because the former was easier to calculate, and gave the same result.
393:
Although the basic tenets of Greek geocentrism were established by the time of Aristotle, the details of his system did not become standard. The Ptolemaic system, developed by the
1092:
in the 4th century BC, believed that the Earth rotated on its axis but remained at the center of the universe. Such a system still qualifies as geocentric. It was revived in the
1430:
A geocentric frame is useful for many everyday activities and most laboratory experiments, but is a less appropriate choice for Solar System mechanics and space travel. While a
365:
impossible to develop a sufficiently accurate model under that ideal, with the mathematical methods then available. However, while providing for similar explanations, the later
291:, arranged in the order (outwards from the center): Moon, Sun, Venus, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, fixed stars, with the fixed stars located on the celestial sphere. In his "
3551:
955:
Ptolemaic model in numerically predicting planetary positions, and were in better agreement with empirical observations. The most important of the Maragha astronomers included
1288:
Earth through the Sun, such as placing the center of the Venus epicycle near the Sun. In this case, if the Sun is the source of all the light, under the Ptolemaic system:
1112:, saying that the Sun was at the center of the universe, while the Earth and other planets revolved around it. His theory was not popular, and he had one named follower,
806:
generally accepted the Ptolemaic system and the geocentric model, but by the 10th century texts appeared regularly whose subject matter was doubts concerning Ptolemy (
919:) beyond this world such that each one of those worlds be bigger and more massive than this world as well as having the like of what this world has." To support his
1713:
and a few other books continued to be explicitly included. In 1820, the Congregation of the Holy Office, with the pope's approval, decreed that Catholic astronomer
1100:. Heraclides Ponticus was once thought to have proposed that both Venus and Mercury went around the Sun rather than the Earth, but it is now known that he did not.
930:
The "Maragha Revolution" refers to the Maragha school's revolution against Ptolemaic astronomy. The "Maragha school" was an astronomical tradition beginning in the
1344:
in 1609 and 1619, based on a heliocentric view where the planets move in elliptical paths. Using these laws, he was the first astronomer to successfully predict a
893:
mechanisms, though this resulted in a system that was mathematically less accurate. His alternative system spread through most of Europe during the 13th century.
223:
3128:
5729:
1349:
those who still adhered to the geocentric model. However, Kepler's laws based on Brahe's data became a problem which geocentrists could not easily overcome.
3366:
2896:
Lattis, James L. (1995). Between Copernicus and Galileo: Christoph Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemaic Cosmology, University of Chicago Press, pgs 186-190
839:), the Earth is in constant circular motion, and what appears to be the motion of the heavens is actually due to the motion of the Earth and not the stars.
3384:
1714:
1600:
in the 1990s found that 16% of Germans, 18% of Americans and 19% of Britons hold that the Sun revolves around the Earth. A study conducted in 2005 by
431:
center of the universe. If the Earth were substantially displaced from the center, this division into visible and invisible stars would not be equal.
114:
Two observations supported the idea that Earth was the center of the Universe. First, from anywhere on Earth, the Sun appears to revolve around Earth
4254:
1387:, finally replacing the previous schools of scientific thought, which had been dominated by Aristotle and Ptolemy. However, the process was gradual.
3830:
Grant, Edward (1984-01-01). "In Defense of the Earth's Centrality and Immobility: Scholastic Reaction to Copernicanism in the Seventeenth Century".
2754:
The Beginnings of Western Science: The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical, Religious, and Institutional Context, Prehistory to A.D. 1450
810:). Several Muslim scholars questioned the Earth's apparent immobility and centrality within the universe. Some Muslim astronomers believed that the
1160:
and scripture. The Copernican system was no more accurate than Ptolemy's system, because it still used circular orbits. This was not altered until
423:
assumed it was the correct cosmological model. Because of its influence, people sometimes wrongly think the Ptolemaic system is identical with the
6063:
7001:
5881:
1193:
1022:
118:. While the Moon and the planets have their own motions, they also appear to revolve around Earth about once per day. The stars appeared to be
3227:
1375:
1276:. He thought that while this observation was incompatible with the Ptolemaic system, it was a natural consequence of the heliocentric system.
179:
placing all of the then-known planets in their correct order around the Sun. The ancient Greeks believed that the motions of the planets were
6631:
1893:
1436:
3363:"In Praeclara Summorum: Encyclical of Pope Benedict XV on Dante to Professors and Students of Literature and Learning in the Catholic World"
5790:
1843:
Prominent cases of modern geocentrism are very isolated. Very few individuals promoted a geocentric view of the universe. One of them was
1717:
was allowed to treat the Earth's motion as an established fact and removed any obstacle for Catholics to hold to the motion of the Earth:
481:
meaning "center"), from which the spot takes its name. Unfortunately, the system that was available in Ptolemy's time did not quite match
3399:
3381:"Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World 'Gaudium Et Spes' Promulgated by His Holiness, Pope Paul IV on December 7, 1965"
3090:
866:
5856:
5580:
4762:
781:
common to the major Eurasian religious traditions. It also follows the decreasing orbital periods of the Moon, Sun, planets and stars.
4037:
3320:"Decree of Approval for the Work "Elements of Astronomy" by Giuseppe Settele, in support of the Heliocentric System | Inters.org"
1951:
would be awkward at best and probably not understood clearly. When the Bible touches on scientific subjects, it is entirely accurate."
1855:. He rejected the heliocentric model and wrote a book that explains the movement of the sun, moon and other planets around the Earth.
7007:
5722:
5147:
4047:
1165:
196:
134:
of Earth. Second, Earth seems to be unmoving from the perspective of an earthbound observer; it feels solid, stable, and stationary.
7190:
5183:
4525:
3434:
3085:
2095:
Sabra, A. I. (1998). "Configuring the Universe: Aporetic, Problem Solving, and Kinematic Modeling as Themes of Arabic Astronomy".
1080:
system has already been mentioned; some Pythagoreans believed the Earth to be one of several planets going around a central fire.
6780:
5738:
4729:
4079:
333:. Aristotle believed that the Moon was in the innermost sphere and therefore touches the realm of Earth, causing the dark spots (
6535:
7200:
6556:
6306:
4247:
3628:
3552:"EgoCentrism and GeoCentrism; Human Significance and Existential Despair; Bible and Science; Fundamentalism and Skepticalism"
2588:
1898:
1656:
3435:"Orthodox Jews & science: An empirical study of their attitudes toward evolution, the fossil record, and modern geology"
1697:) and attached the various decrees connected with those books, including those concerned with heliocentrism. He stated in a
439:
5715:
1365:
1341:
3658:
3184:
317:, who worked with Plato, developed a less mythical, more mathematical explanation of the planets' motion based on Plato's
7081:
6260:
4719:
4515:
2367:
1800:
leaders maintain a geocentric model of the universe based on the aforementioned Biblical verses and an interpretation of
1148:
7050:
6443:
6205:
5621:
5606:
2506:
1829:
1523:
6377:
639:
Only ratio between radius of deferent and associated epicycle determined; absolute distances not determined in theory
4271:
3978:
3959:
3577:
3507:
3287:
3167:
2986:
2961:
2936:
2824:
2765:
2678:
2645:
2620:
2515:
2336:
2311:
2147:
2032:
1999:
1051:
915:
notion of the Earth's centrality within the universe, but instead argues that there are "a thousand thousand worlds (
7185:
6407:
6397:
4240:
2203:
3532:
2814:
3608:
7205:
6265:
6200:
5113:
4755:
4038:
Another demonstration of the complexity of observed orbits when assuming a geocentric model of the Solar System
4005:
3940:
3917:
3905:
3797:
3346:
3068:
2872:
2794:
2547:
1773:
1701:
that his purpose in doing so was that "the succession of things done from the beginning might be made known ".
960:
64:
1776:
in 1992. The Pope declared the incident to be based on a "tragic mutual miscomprehension". He further stated:
6316:
4652:
354:
1490:
can be more convenient when dealing only with bodies mostly influenced by the gravity of the Earth (such as
6433:
6341:
6220:
4890:
1487:
1357:
358:
5805:
3461:
Nussbaum, Alexander (January–April 2002). "Creationism and geocentrism among Orthodox Jewish scientists".
2363:
6996:
6875:
6749:
5795:
5611:
4072:
1689:
1588:
1391:
794:
602:
Motion of epicycle in same direction as deferent. Period of epicycle is time between retrograde motions (
7195:
7107:
6250:
6240:
5861:
5751:
4835:
3644:
3476:
3004:"Excerpts from Frank Zindler's 'Report from the center of the universe' and 'Turtles all the way down'"
2172:
1189:
803:
597:
462:
334:
330:
325:
in the heavens can be explained with uniform circular motion. Aristotle elaborated on Eudoxus' system.
5871:
4042:
3734:"From Geocentrism to Allocentrism: Teaching the Phases of the Moon in a Digital Full-Dome Planetarium"
6517:
6098:
5982:
5090:
4920:
4748:
4449:
2539:
900:
6331:
6225:
6103:
5866:
5826:
5563:
4895:
2709:
Eastwood, B. S. (1992-11-01). "Heraclides and heliocentrism – Texts diagrams and interpretations".
1527:
1415:
1137:
698:
412:
39:— An illustration of a non-Ptolemaic geocentric system by Portuguese cosmographer and cartographer
6321:
5046:
3679:
1514:; from the late 16th century onward it was gradually replaced as the consensus description by the
6336:
6285:
5947:
5937:
5876:
5601:
5573:
4885:
4444:
4263:
4219:
4127:
3733:
3593:
3188:
2576:
2097:
1903:
1844:
1674:
1605:
1597:
870:
490:
263:
3060:
3054:
1383:
were a breakthrough in scientific thought, using the newly developed mathematical discipline of
1184:
of the Moon's imperfections, which had previously been explained by Aristotle as the Moon being
254:
Illustration of Anaximander's models of the universe. On the left, summer; on the right, winter.
6754:
6714:
6528:
6469:
6428:
6255:
6235:
6154:
6032:
5323:
5313:
4591:
4464:
4399:
4065:
3807:
2580:
1760:
964:
681:
650:
24:
3694:
3500:
3496:
3492:
2928:
2922:
2858:
2757:
2670:
2481:"Ptolemaic Astronomy, Islamic Planetary Theory, and Copernicus's Debt to the Maragha School".
2024:
1991:
1407:
over a period of ten years, finishing in 1680. However, it was not explained until 1729, when
1238:, despite remaining near the Sun in Earth's sky (first image). This proved that it orbits the
7021:
6815:
6729:
6402:
6215:
6184:
6129:
5917:
5568:
5558:
5389:
5308:
5105:
4945:
4627:
4556:
4294:
4052:
3488:
3484:
3036:
2612:
2253:
1750:
1646:
1384:
1033:
956:
939:
890:
882:
815:
458:
366:
4016:
3411:
2850:
2662:
2568:
2254:"Fakhr Al-Din Al-Razi on physics and the nature of the physical world: A preliminary survey"
2016:
1983:
1871:
and geocentric models. In particular, the geocentric model is still used for projecting the
589:
Eastward motion of deferents; period set by observation of planet going around the ecliptic
7040:
7014:
6855:
6825:
6230:
6210:
5901:
5800:
5785:
5596:
5505:
5399:
4830:
4698:
4439:
4389:
4309:
4284:
3745:
3279:
2718:
2447:
2412:
2385:
2215:
1888:
1557:
says in part, "the world is established, firm and secure". Contemporary advocates for such
1491:
1113:
1105:
931:
896:
790:
416:
302:
239:
161:
95:
Earth. The geocentric model was the predominant description of the cosmos in many European
5707:
3035:. St. Louis, MO: Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio and other states, Concordia Publishing:
2380:
Rufus, W. C. (May 1939). "The influence of Islamic astronomy in Europe and the far east".
1764:
science are mutually opposed." The footnote on this statement is to Msgr. Pio Paschini's,
1192:
of the higher spheres. Galileo could also see the moons of Jupiter, which he dedicated to
1029:
250:
8:
7169:
6981:
6820:
6800:
6734:
6719:
6590:
6549:
6270:
6245:
5932:
5851:
5444:
5394:
5167:
5141:
5035:
4970:
4950:
4469:
4374:
4324:
4299:
4017:
3811:
3613:
Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures
3202:
3007:
1908:
1852:
1809:
1518:. Geocentrism as a separate religious belief, however, never completely died out. In the
1089:
811:
401:
in the 2nd century AD, finally standardised geocentrism. His main astronomical work, the
297:
5896:
5525:
3749:
3673:
2722:
2451:
2416:
2389:
2219:
7157:
7145:
7045:
6986:
6664:
6616:
6474:
6027:
5821:
5359:
5288:
5127:
4825:
4703:
4617:
3929:
3924:
3871:
3855:
3786:
3763:
3714:
2734:
2463:
2231:
2184:
2114:
2077:
1684:
1515:
1471:
1396:
1251:
1197:
1157:
1142:
In 1543, the geocentric system met its first serious challenge with the publication of
927:
verse, "All praise belongs to God, Lord of the Worlds," emphasizing the term "Worlds."
694:
668:
176:
108:
5190:
2501:
2060:
Goldstein, Bernard R. (1967). "The Arabic version of Ptolemy's planetary hypothesis".
1537:
Articles arguing that geocentrism was the biblical perspective appeared in some early
1411:
provided an approximate explanation in terms of the Earth's revolution about the Sun.
7076:
7071:
6945:
6805:
6346:
6280:
6275:
5992:
5616:
5537:
5470:
5374:
5364:
5134:
5028:
4935:
4915:
4612:
4459:
4364:
4319:
4001:
3984:
3974:
3955:
3936:
3913:
3901:
3847:
3793:
3767:
3718:
3624:
3573:
3503:
3342:
3283:
3163:
3157:
3064:
3050:
2982:
2957:
2932:
2851:
2820:
2790:
2761:
2738:
2674:
2663:
2641:
2616:
2584:
2569:
2543:
2511:
2467:
2424:
2332:
2307:
2235:
2188:
2143:
2118:
2028:
2017:
1995:
1984:
1805:
1769:
1459:
1380:
1101:
798:
536:
420:
314:
306:
288:
7121:
7086:
7055:
6930:
6920:
6709:
6669:
6654:
6577:
6542:
6522:
6464:
6387:
6372:
6367:
6093:
5942:
5831:
5651:
5369:
5303:
5273:
5263:
5253:
5197:
5153:
4980:
4771:
4724:
4677:
4647:
4586:
4561:
4179:
3839:
3753:
3706:
3620:
3616:
3319:
2810:
2726:
2455:
2420:
2223:
2176:
2106:
2069:
1872:
1797:
1755:
1745:
1558:
1538:
1345:
920:
874:
733:
532:
449:
345:
123:
88:
40:
20:
3003:
6991:
6925:
6689:
6644:
6174:
6048:
6017:
5967:
5952:
5780:
5676:
5510:
5424:
5283:
5160:
5097:
4995:
4940:
4905:
4672:
4607:
4576:
4474:
4404:
4199:
4156:
4151:
4025:
3893:
3303:
3251:
3107:"Astronomy and the Bible: Selected questions and answers excerpted from the book"
2403:
Hartner, Willy (1955). "The Mercury horoscope of Marcantonio Michiel of Venice".
1562:
1507:
1447:
1333:
1322:
1269:
1261:
1235:
1231:
1201:
1176:
1161:
1125:
908:
706:
675:
644:
259:
231:
188:
184:
149:
131:
96:
6007:
3308:(in Latin). Rome: Ex typographia Reurendae Camerae Apostolicae. 1664. p. v.
2536:
A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam
6835:
6810:
6596:
6459:
6113:
6088:
6073:
6058:
6022:
5891:
5671:
5633:
5409:
5384:
5379:
5176:
5120:
5083:
4850:
4840:
4535:
4414:
4349:
4329:
4214:
4204:
4189:
4184:
3881:
3106:
2730:
1918:
1913:
1625:
1550:
1458:(1938): "Can we formulate physical laws so that they are valid for all CS [
1451:
1368:
from the law of gravitation, thus helping to prove the latter. This introduced
1077:
990:
935:
878:
603:
528:
470:
408:
389:
point. The Green shaded area is the celestial sphere which the planet occupies.
192:
180:
137:
127:
115:
4810:
3758:
3710:
3539:. Translated by Touger, Eliyahu. Chabad-Lubavitch Media Center. Halacha 13–14.
2438:
Goldstein, Bernard R. (1972). "Theory and observation in medieval astronomy".
2204:"Freeing astronomy from philosophy: An aspect of Islamic influence on science"
2180:
2163:
Ragep, F. Jamil (2001). "Tusi and Copernicus: The Earth's motion in context".
1546:
7179:
6955:
6865:
6739:
6609:
6602:
6301:
6169:
6083:
5553:
5458:
5439:
5069:
5062:
5055:
4965:
4960:
4930:
4855:
4657:
4642:
4622:
4161:
4146:
4141:
4107:
4088:
3988:
3851:
3153:
2564:
2531:
1660:
1633:
1601:
1592:
1571:
1554:
1519:
1479:
1431:
1408:
1304:
But Galileo saw Venus at first small and full, and later large and crescent.
1221:
1185:
1109:
968:
778:
777:
Ptolemy did not invent or work out this order, which aligns with the ancient
769:
394:
353:
than Greek astronomers postulated (making angular movement extremely small),
349:
203:
showed that elliptical orbits could be derived from his laws of gravitation.
6144:
4805:
1591:, 26% of Americans surveyed believe that the Sun revolves around the Earth.
950:
problem (the circle around whose circumference a planet or the center of an
7133:
6785:
6679:
6392:
6326:
6179:
5922:
5886:
5464:
5229:
4975:
4910:
4795:
4505:
4354:
4209:
4136:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4102:
3481:
Mind over Matter: The Lubavitcher Rebbe on Science, Technology and Medicine
2486:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1400:
1361:
1353:
1296:
or all dark. If Venus is beyond the Sun, the phase of Venus must always be
1097:
338:
219:
200:
141:
5449:
5044:
4232:
1836:
from Latin to Arabic, Muslims adopted and refined the geocentric model of
457:
In the Ptolemaic system, each planet is moved by a system of two spheres:
6960:
6950:
6915:
6724:
6704:
6583:
6423:
6159:
6108:
6068:
5836:
5451:
5434:
5328:
5213:
5012:
4990:
4925:
4860:
4820:
4800:
4344:
4289:
3867:
2110:
1576:
1475:
1404:
1369:
1337:
1318:
1292:
If Venus is between Earth and the Sun, the phase of Venus must always be
1273:
1093:
983:
763:
482:
267:
145:
119:
32:
6905:
6895:
6885:
6790:
6770:
6694:
6362:
6311:
6149:
6139:
5977:
5972:
5957:
5681:
5500:
5475:
5349:
5333:
5076:
4865:
4815:
4662:
4479:
4424:
4384:
4314:
3859:
2081:
1801:
1698:
1619:
1511:
1247:
1143:
994:
972:
943:
912:
292:
272:
227:
215:
153:
1804:
to the effect that he ruled that the Earth is orbited by the Sun. The
1501:
6940:
6880:
6659:
6438:
6382:
6053:
5987:
5962:
5846:
5661:
5656:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5258:
4870:
4845:
4790:
4785:
4566:
4419:
4409:
4394:
4339:
4334:
4279:
1791:
1172:
1121:
1085:
924:
823:
819:
497:
noticeable even with low eccentricities as possessed by the planets.
377:
322:
284:
211:
210:, developed in the 2nd century CE, served as the basis for preparing
157:
100:
48:
3898:
The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe
3843:
3129:"1 In 4 Americans Thinks The Sun Goes Around The Earth, Survey Says"
2214:(Science in Theistic Contexts: Cognitive Dimensions): 49–64, 66–71.
2073:
1254:
and disproved the then conventional geocentric model (second image).
6965:
6935:
6900:
6890:
6830:
6649:
6164:
6134:
6078:
6012:
6002:
5927:
5841:
5696:
5646:
5515:
5495:
5404:
5020:
4985:
4740:
4667:
4495:
4359:
2786:
2459:
2227:
1833:
1772:
regretted the treatment which Galileo received, in a speech to the
1613:
1423:
1419:
1307:
1293:
1284:
1280:
1212:
1117:
951:
713:
705:
It has been determined that the Copernican, Ptolemaic and even the
548:
403:
382:
68:
381:
The basic elements of Ptolemaic astronomy, showing a planet on an
6870:
6860:
6795:
6744:
6684:
6674:
6639:
5997:
5666:
5641:
5354:
5318:
5278:
5268:
5220:
4955:
4875:
4571:
4434:
4429:
4379:
4369:
3788:
Theories of the World from Antiquity to the Copernican Revolution
3253:'СОЛНЦЕ – СПУТНИК ЗЕМЛИ', ИЛИ РЕЙТИНГ НАУЧНЫХ ЗАБЛУЖДЕНИЙ РОССИЯН
2665:
A History of Ancient Philosophy: From the Beginnings to Augustine
1837:
1629:
1340:'s famously accurate observations and afterwards constructed his
1297:
1180:
1081:
1069:
848:
844:
753:
717:
656:
Size of epicycles set by these angles, proportional to distances
628:
Equants per planet (Copernicus used a pair of epicycles instead)
539:
with it; normally ignored; other spheres have additional motions
465:, and then again reversed to resume normal, or prograde, motion.
398:
104:
4057:
6845:
6840:
5691:
5686:
5414:
5298:
4900:
4682:
4632:
4581:
4454:
4304:
3609:"Almagest: Its Reception and Transmission in the Islamic World"
1609:
947:
886:
758:
584:
486:
386:
369:
model was already flexible enough to accommodate observations.
318:
310:
235:
16:
Superseded description of the Universe with Earth at the center
2278:
Alessandro Bausani (1973). "Cosmology and Religion in Islam".
1840:, which they believed correlated with the teachings of Islam.
1364:
and others. His main achievement was to mathematically derive
1072:
manuscript dated around 1750 illustrates the geocentric model.
1064:
218:
for over 1,500 years. The geocentric model held sway into the
6910:
6775:
6699:
5520:
5429:
5293:
5205:
4880:
4043:
Geocentric Perspective animation of the Solar System in 150AD
2563:
Dallal, Ahmad (1999). "Science, Medicine and Technology". In
1848:
1542:
1265:
1243:
946:
predecessors, the Maragha astronomers attempted to solve the
784:
738:
280:
222:
age, but from the late 16th century onward, it was gradually
92:
72:
3952:
From Eudoxus to Einstein—A History of Mathematical Astronomy
2877:
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
5737:
5531:
2609:
The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China and the West
1808:
also explained that geocentrism is defensible based on the
1522:
between 1870 and 1920, for example, various members of the
1495:
748:
728:
279:
In the 4th century BC, two influential Greek philosophers,
84:
80:
7128:
1104:
definitely put Mercury and Venus in orbit around the Sun.
524:
Westward motion of entire sky in ~24 hrs ("first motion")
148:
philosophers usually combined the geocentric model with a
19:"Geocentric" redirects here. For orbits around Earth, see
6568:
5236:
3056:
The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism
2927:(1966 ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. p.
1239:
993:
to heliocentrism. The influence of the Maragha school on
743:
76:
3258:'Sun-earth', or rating scientific fallacies of Russians
3086:"In this world view, the sun revolves around the earth"
1549:, the Sun and Moon are said to stop in the sky, and in
3469:
2654:
1188:
by Earth and its heavier elements, in contrast to the
724:
The Ptolemaic order of spheres from Earth outward is:
7105:
3570:
Science in the Light of Torah: A B'Or Ha'Torah Reader
3185:"New Poll Gauges Americans' General Knowledge Levels"
2981:. London: Heineman Educational Books Ltd. p. 1.
2756:(2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. p.
2345:
2304:
Religion, Learning and Science in the 'Abbasid Period
2041:
1076:
Not all Greeks agreed with the geocentric model. The
986:(died 1525), and Shams al-Din al-Khafri (died 1550).
262:
and philosophy at an early point; it can be found in
3463:
Reports of the National Center for Science Education
3278:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p.
2638:
Encyclopaedia of Islamic Science and Scientists: A-H
1937:
This argument is given in Book I, Chapter 5, of the
1620:
Historical positions of the Roman Catholic hierarchy
693:
The geocentric model was eventually replaced by the
3568:Branover, Herman; Attia, Ilana Coven, eds. (1994).
1963:
1502:
Religious and contemporary adherence to geocentrism
1403:in 1674, and tested in a series of observations by
3928:
3832:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
3785:
3645:"How Islamic scholarship birthed modern astronomy"
3475:
3269:
3267:
3027:Graebner, A. L. (1902). "Science and the church".
2979:Nicolaus Copernicus: An Essay On His Life and Work
2954:Nicolaus Copernicus: An Essay On His Life and Work
2660:
2277:
2062:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
1628:pitted the geocentric model against the claims of
564:Eccentric orbit (Sun's deferent center off Earth)
348:. Thus if the Earth was moving, the shapes of the
160:. However, the Greek astronomer and mathematician
3971:Relativity: An introduction to the special theory
3600:
3397:
3296:
2329:An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines
1663:(1939–1958) repeated his predecessor's teaching:
687:Radii of epicycles aligned to the Sun–Earth line
561:Non-uniform rate along ecliptic (uneven seasons)
419:astronomers. For over a millennium, European and
75:at the center. Under most geocentric models, the
7177:
3244:
2696:Ancient Science Through the Golden Age of Greece
2629:
1709:books teaching the Earth's motion, although the
1530:and promoting geocentrism. However, in the 1902
1001:
459:one called its deferent; the other, its epicycle
3456:
3454:
3391:
3264:
2842:
2008:
1164:postulated that they were elliptical (Kepler's
3543:
3533:"Sefer Zemanim: Kiddush HaChodesh: Chapter 11"
3355:
1587:According to a report released in 2014 by the
1088:, two Pythagoreans of the 5th century BC, and
885:proposed a planetary model that abandoned the
407:, was the culmination of centuries of work by
5723:
4756:
4248:
4073:
3823:The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy
3637:
3586:
3567:
3525:
3339:Galileo: For Copernicanism and For the Church
2783:Science in the Ancient World: An Encyclopedia
2636:Kirmani, M. Zaki; Singh, Nagendra Kr (2005).
2431:
1894:Earth-centered, Earth-fixed coordinate system
1541:newsletters pointing to some passages in the
1019:The examples and perspective in this article
191:postulated that orbits were heliocentric and
3813:A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler
3451:
3426:
3176:
3159:Dark Ages America: The Final Phase of Empire
3020:
2995:
2899:
2745:
2702:
2635:
2384:. Vol. 47, no. 5. pp. 233–8.
2247:
2245:
2053:
2014:
553:Eastward motion of Sun's sphere in one year
4262:
3973:. Singapore Teaneck, NJ: World Scientific.
3522:Zohar, Book 3 (Vayikra), Page 10, folio: a.
3373:
3273:
3043:
2848:
2803:
2602:
2600:
2396:
2306:. Cambridge University Press. p. 413.
2019:Planetary Motions: A Historical Perspective
1879:in education and sometimes for navigation.
989:However, the Maragha school never made the
5730:
5716:
5581:Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics
4763:
4749:
4255:
4241:
4080:
4066:
3549:
3146:
3077:
3059:. University of California Press. p.
2774:
2687:
2556:
2524:
2195:
2142:. Cambridge University Press. p. 60.
2140:The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy
1154:On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
785:Persian and Arab astronomy and geocentrism
572:Monthly eastward motion compared to stars
3954:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3757:
3731:
3659:"Fauz e Mubeen Dar Radd e Harkat e Zamin"
3606:
3341:. University of Notre Dame. p. 475.
3305:Index librorum prohibitorum Alexandri VII
3276:The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History
3195:
2437:
2373:
2242:
2156:
2059:
1975:
1904:Hollow Earth § Concave Hollow Earths
1108:wrote a work, which has not survived, on
1052:Learn how and when to remove this message
934:and continuing with astronomers from the
720:thought the solar system looked like this
575:Monthly eastward motion of Moon's sphere
5184:Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era
3892:
3665:
3594:"Ptolemaic Astronomy in the Middle Ages"
3460:
3432:
3219:
3182:
3026:
3001:
2956:. New York: Harper and Row. p. 87.
2920:
2905:
2751:
2708:
2661:Johansen, K. F.; Rosenmeier, H. (1998).
2597:
2499:
2297:
2295:
2293:
1579:organizations reject such perspectives.
1306:
1063:
869:departed from the ancient Greek idea of
712:
667:Center their deferent centers along the
438:
376:
249:
59:, often exemplified specifically by the
31:
5739:Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
3935:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
3675:A General View of the Sciences and Arts
3365:. Rome. 1921-04-30. § 4. Archived from
3336:
3260:] (in Russian), ВЦИОМ , 2011-02-08.
3120:
3104:
3049:
2809:
2402:
1616:believe that the Sun orbits the Earth.
1360:, described earlier as a hypothesis by
614:Variations in speed through the zodiac
7178:
6536:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
5882:Khalid ibn Abd al‐Malik al‐Marwarrudhi
4053:The Galileo Project – Ptolemaic System
4014:
3995:
3949:
3806:
3692:
3400:"Faith can never conflict with reason"
3152:
3126:
3083:
2780:
2693:
2611:. Cambridge University Press. p.
2562:
2530:
2137:
1981:
107:in Roman Egypt, as well as during the
43:, 1568 (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris)
6557:The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries
6495:
5749:
5711:
4744:
4236:
4061:
3968:
3880:
3866:
3829:
3820:
3783:
3228:"Scientific savvy? In U.S., not much"
2976:
2951:
2857:. Indianapolis, IL: Hackett. p.
2510:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
2379:
2351:
2301:
2290:
2251:
2201:
2162:
2094:
2047:
1899:History of the center of the Universe
1657:Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina
1569:and the 2014 pseudo-documentary film
1317:cosmologies focused on variations of
207:
6506:
4770:
3923:
3825:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3671:
3225:
2711:Journal for the History of Astronomy
2606:
2474:
2326:
1986:The Cosmos: A Historical Perspective
1969:
1553:the world is described as immobile.
1131:
1005:
301:, Plato describes the cosmos as the
183:, a view that was not challenged in
3792:. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.
3127:Neuman, Scott (February 14, 2014).
2493:
2368:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2327:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (1993-01-01).
2302:Young, M. J. L., ed. (2006-11-02).
1785:
1768:, 2 volumes, Vatican Press (1964).
1508:Ptolemaic model of the solar system
1264:used his telescope to observe that
1149:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
434:
13:
3433:Nussbaum, Alexander (2007-12-19).
2908:Selections from Newton's Principia
2507:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
2502:"Al-Bitruji Al-Ishbili, Abu Ishaq"
2126:concentrically envelops the other.
1832:which included the translation of
1023:include all significant viewpoints
385:with an eccentric deferent and an
372:
14:
7217:
4087:
4031:
3996:Walker, Christopher, ed. (1996).
3105:DeYoung, Donald B. (1997-11-05).
3094:. Hendersonville, NC. p. 5A.
2015:Hetherington, Norriss S. (2006).
1736:The 1835 edition of the Catholic
1366:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
1234:observed with his telescope that
899:(1149–1209), in dealing with his
873:by hypothesizing that the planet
779:Seven Heavens religious cosmology
664:Limited to movement near the Sun
653:of 23° (Mercury) and 46° (Venus)
245:
23:. For the coordinate system, see
7163:
7151:
7139:
7127:
7115:
5763:
4000:. London: British Museum Press.
3423:(Published English translation).
3398:Pope John Paul II (1992-11-04).
3274:Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (1989).
2849:Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (2008).
1220:
1211:
1010:
625:Variations in retrograde timing
583:General eastward motion through
337:) and the ability to go through
206:The astronomical predictions of
99:civilizations, such as those of
7191:Astronomical coordinate systems
6261:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi
5750:
3950:Linton, Christopher M. (2004).
3816:. New York: Dover Publications.
3777:
3725:
3686:
3651:
3516:
3330:
3312:
3207:Northwestern University website
3098:
2970:
2945:
2914:
2910:. Green Lion Press. p. 12.
2890:
2865:
2833:
2816:A History of Western Philosophy
2357:
2320:
2271:
2023:. Bloomsbury Academic. p.
1990:. Bloomsbury Academic. p.
1944:
1858:
1766:Vita e opere di Galileo Galilei
1526:published articles disparaging
1279:However, Ptolemy placed Venus'
453:, showing the Ptolemaic system.
6750:Schema for horizontal sundials
6266:Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi
5791:Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
3998:Astronomy Before the Telescope
3672:Hort, William Jillard (1822).
3621:10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_8988
3183:Crabtree, Steve (1999-07-06).
2138:Hoskin, Michael (1999-03-18).
2131:
2088:
1931:
1774:Pontifical Academy of Sciences
1524:Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod
1328:
1175:in 1609, observations made by
903:and the physical world in his
818:(d. circa 1020). According to
1:
4653:Inferior and superior planets
4048:Ptolemy’s system of astronomy
3738:Research in Science Education
3226:Dean, Cornelia (2005-08-30).
3162:. W.W. Norton & Company.
3002:Babinski, E. T., ed. (1995).
1957:
1740:for the first time omits the
1442:
1166:first law of planetary motion
1002:Geocentrism and rival systems
976:
856:
847:wrote a scathing critique of
835:According to the geometers (
812:Earth rotates around its axis
636:Size of deferents, epicycles
547:Eastward motion yearly along
258:The geocentric model entered
226:by the heliocentric model of
197:first law of planetary motion
187:until the 17th century, when
165:
126:rotating once each day about
37:Figure of the heavenly bodies
7201:Early scientific cosmologies
7008:Constantinople (Taqi al-Din)
5148:Rājamṛgāṅka (astronomy book)
4891:Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis
3477:Schneersohn, Menachem Mendel
2906:Densmore, Dana, ed. (2004).
2425:10.1016/0083-6656(55)90016-7
1488:geocentric coordinate system
1358:law of universal gravitation
7:
6997:University of al-Qarawiyyin
6201:Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi
5450:
5045:
4019:The Early History Of Heaven
2873:"Galileo and the Telescope"
2781:Lawson, Russell M. (2004).
2752:Lindberg, David C. (2010).
2571:The Oxford History of Islam
2331:. SUNY Press. p. 135.
2280:Scientia/Rivista di Scienza
1882:
1744:from the list. In his 1921
1690:Index Librorum Prohibitorum
1589:National Science Foundation
795:Astronomy in medieval Islam
477:meaning "from" and κέντρον
152:, in contrast to the older
10:
7222:
6496:
6241:Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
4836:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
4730:Medieval Islamic astronomy
4527:On the Sizes and Distances
4023:. Oxford University Press.
4015:Wright, J. Edward (2000).
3876:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3784:Crowe, Michael J. (1990).
3732:Chastenay, Pierre (2016).
3337:Fantoli, Annibale (1996).
3084:Sefton, Dru (2006-03-30).
2819:. Routledge. p. 215.
2731:10.1177/002182869202300401
2173:Cambridge University Press
1789:
1204:, and Giovan Paulo Lembo.
1171:With the invention of the
1135:
843:Early in the 11th century
788:
208:Ptolemy's geocentric model
18:
7082:Medieval European science
7064:
7033:
6974:
6763:
6630:
6566:
6513:
6502:
6491:
6452:
6416:
6355:
6342:Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar
6294:
6193:
6122:
6099:Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli
6041:
5910:
5814:
5773:
5762:
5758:
5745:
5630:
5589:
5546:
5342:
5246:
5004:
4921:Venkatraman Radhakrishnan
4778:
4720:Medieval European science
4712:
4691:
4600:
4549:
4488:
4450:Sosigenes the Peripatetic
4270:
4172:
4095:
3931:The Copernican Revolution
3759:10.1007/s11165-015-9460-3
3711:10.1163/18253911-03502005
3479:; Gotfryd, Arnie (2003).
2921:Einstein, Albert (1938).
2542:. pp. 233–234, 240.
2540:New York University Press
2181:10.1017/s0269889701000060
1982:Fraser, Craig G. (2006).
1565:(author of the 2006 book
1510:held sway into the early
266:. In the 6th century BC,
6332:Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri
6226:Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi
5867:Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi
3607:Kunitzsch, Paul (2008).
3550:Rabinowitz, Avi (1987).
3252:
2924:The Evolution of Physics
2500:Samsó, Julio (1970–80).
2202:Ragep, F. Jamil (2001).
1925:
1921:, Catholic mathematician
1823:
1738:List of Prohibited Books
1695:List of Prohibited Books
1582:
1456:The Evolution of Physics
1416:Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel
1138:Copernican heliocentrism
871:uniform circular motions
699:Copernican heliocentrism
309:and turned by the three
103:in Classical Greece and
7186:Ancient Greek astronomy
6434:Baha' al-din al-'Amili
6408:'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i
6286:Fakhr al-Din al-Akhlati
6206:Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili
5602:Ancient Greek astronomy
4886:Madhava of Sangamagrama
4445:Sosigenes of Alexandria
4264:Ancient Greek astronomy
4220:Template:Exceptionalism
2694:Sarton, George (1953).
2577:Oxford University Press
2098:Perspectives on Science
1845:Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi
1675:Divino afflante Spiritu
1606:Northwestern University
491:uniform circular motion
264:pre-Socratic philosophy
6715:Navigational astrolabe
6470:Al Achsasi al Mouakket
6236:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
6155:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
6104:Ibn Mu'adh al-Jayyani
6033:Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi
4517:On Sizes and Distances
3969:Qadir, Asghar (1989).
3693:Raposo, Pedro (2020).
3556:Science & Religion
3410:(1264). Archived from
3383:. § 36. Archived from
2607:Huff, Toby E. (2003).
2128:
1783:
1761:Second Vatican Council
1734:
1724:
1681:
1652:
1313:
1302:
1073:
965:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
891:epicycle and eccentric
841:
721:
454:
390:
359:until the 19th century
255:
156:model implied in some
44:
25:Geocentric coordinates
7206:Copernican Revolution
7051:Hellenistic astronomy
7022:Samarkand (Ulugh Beg)
6816:Deferent and epicycle
6216:Alam al-Din al-Hanafi
6185:Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
5827:Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi
5607:Hellenistic astronomy
5390:Deferent and epicycle
5114:Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta
4946:Jai Singh II of Amber
4628:Deferent and epicycle
4557:Antikythera mechanism
3821:Evans, James (1998).
3695:"Recounting the Orbs"
3133:National Public Radio
3029:Theological Quarterly
2853:The Essential Galileo
2669:. Routledge. p.
2483:Science and Its Times
2123:
1778:
1751:In praeclara summorum
1729:
1719:
1665:
1647:Providentissimus Deus
1638:
1532:Theological Quarterly
1492:artificial satellites
1385:differential calculus
1310:
1290:
1068:This drawing from an
1067:
940:Samarkand observatory
901:conception of physics
865:In the 12th century,
833:
716:
617:Eccentric per planet
529:Daily westward motion
505:The Ptolemaic system
442:
380:
367:deferent and epicycle
253:
35:
7041:Babylonian astronomy
6856:Gravitational energy
6231:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
6221:Najm al‐Din al‐Misri
5902:Yahya ibn Abi Mansur
5801:Mashallah ibn Athari
5786:Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht
5597:Babylonian astronomy
4831:Radhagobinda Chandra
4699:Babylonian astronomy
4390:Hippocrates of Chios
3873:Aristarchus of Samos
3615:. pp. 140–141.
3404:L'Osservatore Romano
3109:. Answers in Genesis
2977:Hoyle, Fred (1973).
2952:Hoyle, Fred (1973).
2111:10.1162/posc_a_00552
1889:Aristotelian physics
1830:translation movement
1810:theory of relativity
1528:Copernican astronomy
1414:In 1838, astronomer
1194:Cosimo II de' Medici
1114:Seleucus of Seleucia
1106:Aristarchus of Samos
961:Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī
921:theological argument
897:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
822:, Sijzi invented an
791:Maragheh observatory
469:eccentric (from the
303:Spindle of Necessity
295:", a section of the
162:Aristarchus of Samos
6982:Al-Azhar University
6801:Celestial mechanics
6591:Book of Fixed Stars
6550:The Book of Healing
6529:Aja'ib al-Makhluqat
6271:Ibn Ishaq al-Tunisi
6246:Zakariya al-Qazwini
5857:Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf
5852:Abu Hanifa Dinawari
5445:Hindu units of time
5168:Vasishtha Siddhanta
5142:Paitamaha Siddhanta
5036:Shatapatha Brahmana
4951:Nilakantha Somayaji
4470:Theon of Alexandria
3886:Nicolaus Copernicus
3750:2016RScEd..46...43C
3647:. 14 February 2017.
3483:. Shamir. pp.
3008:TalkOrigins Archive
2723:1992JHA....23..233E
2452:1972Isis...63...39G
2417:1955VA......1...84H
2405:Vistas in Astronomy
2390:1939PA.....47..233R
2364:Nicolaus Copernicus
2261:Islam & Science
2252:Setia, Adi (2004).
2220:2001Osir...16...49R
1909:Religious cosmology
1867:can switch between
1853:Indian subcontinent
1636:(1878–1903) wrote:
1236:Venus showed phases
1090:Heraclides Ponticus
1030:improve the article
932:Maragha observatory
680:Retrograde only at
516:Modeling mechanism
506:
421:Islamic astronomers
399:Claudius Ptolemaeus
216:astronomical charts
67:description of the
7046:Egyptian astronomy
6987:House of Knowledge
6665:Astronomical clock
6475:Muhammad al-Rudani
5872:Banū Mūsā brothers
5822:Abu Ali al-Khayyat
5622:European astronomy
5360:Cardinal direction
5289:Equatorial sundial
5128:Pancha-Siddhantika
4826:Sandip Chakrabarti
4704:Egyptian astronomy
4618:Circle of latitude
3387:on April 11, 2011.
3051:Numbers, Ronald L.
2839:Line 1067 onwards.
2165:Science in Context
1685:Pope Alexander VII
1516:heliocentric model
1460:coordinate systems
1432:heliocentric frame
1397:stellar aberration
1314:
1260:In December 1610,
1252:heliocentric model
1246:, as predicted by
1198:Christoph Scheiner
1158:natural philosophy
1074:
957:Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
816:Abu Sa'id al-Sijzi
804:Muslim astronomers
722:
695:heliocentric model
504:
455:
391:
305:, attended by the
289:spheres or circles
256:
177:heliocentric model
109:Islamic Golden Age
45:
7196:Scientific models
7103:
7102:
7099:
7098:
7095:
7094:
7077:Chinese astronomy
7072:Byzantine science
6946:Temporal finitism
6876:Islamic cosmology
6806:Celestial spheres
6626:
6625:
6518:Arabic star names
6487:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6347:Fathullah Shirazi
6281:Al-Ashraf Umar II
5993:Ibrahim ibn Sinan
5796:Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
5705:
5704:
5617:Chinese astronomy
5612:Islamic astronomy
5375:Celestial spheres
5365:Celestial equator
5135:Paulisa Siddhanta
5029:Aitareya Brahmana
4936:Jagannatha Samrat
4916:Achyuta Pisharati
4738:
4737:
4613:Celestial spheres
4230:
4229:
4173:Related phenomena
4096:Regional variants
3900:. Penguin Books.
3630:978-1-4020-4559-2
3572:. Jason Aronson.
2811:Russell, Bertrand
2640:. Global Vision.
2590:978-0-19-510799-9
2382:Popular Astronomy
2050:, pp. 60–62.
1806:Lubavitcher Rebbe
1770:Pope John Paul II
1567:Galileo Was Wrong
1559:religious beliefs
1437:cosmic background
1381:centripetal force
1132:Copernican system
1102:Martianus Capella
1062:
1061:
1054:
1034:discuss the issue
917:alfa alfi 'awalim
853:Doubts on Ptolemy
799:Islamic cosmology
691:
690:
684:, when brightest
661:Interior planets
649:Average greatest
598:Retrograde motion
463:retrograde motion
357:was not detected
321:stating that all
315:Eudoxus of Cnidus
276:of the universe.
242:for geocentrism.
234:(1564–1642), and
7213:
7168:
7167:
7166:
7156:
7155:
7154:
7144:
7143:
7142:
7132:
7131:
7120:
7119:
7118:
7111:
7087:Indian astronomy
7056:Indian astronomy
7024:
7017:
7010:
6931:Sublunary sphere
6921:Specific gravity
6821:Earth's rotation
6710:Mural instrument
6655:Armillary sphere
6578:Alfonsine tables
6543:Tabula Rogeriana
6523:Islamic calendar
6511:
6510:
6504:
6503:
6493:
6492:
6388:Sibt al-Maridini
6373:Jamshid al-Kashi
6094:Said al-Andalusi
5897:Thābit ibn Qurra
5832:Abu Said Gorgani
5806:Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq
5760:
5759:
5747:
5746:
5732:
5725:
5718:
5709:
5708:
5455:
5425:Geoheliocentrism
5395:Earth's rotation
5370:Celestial sphere
5304:Mural instrument
5254:Armillary sphere
5198:Vedanga Jyotisha
5154:Romaka Siddhanta
5050:
4981:Shankara Variyar
4772:Indian astronomy
4765:
4758:
4751:
4742:
4741:
4725:Indian astronomy
4678:Sublunary sphere
4648:Hipparchic cycle
4587:Mural instrument
4562:Armillary sphere
4541:
4531:
4521:
4511:
4501:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4234:
4233:
4180:Anthropocentrism
4082:
4075:
4068:
4059:
4058:
4024:
4022:
4011:
3992:
3965:
3946:
3934:
3911:
3894:Koestler, Arthur
3889:
3877:
3863:
3826:
3817:
3803:
3791:
3772:
3771:
3761:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3487:, cf. xvi-xvii,
3473:
3467:
3466:
3458:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3439:Skeptic Magazine
3430:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3271:
3262:
3261:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2856:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2668:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2574:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2377:
2371:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2299:
2288:
2287:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2258:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2135:
2129:
2122:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2022:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1989:
1979:
1973:
1972:, pp. 5–20.
1967:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1935:
1873:celestial sphere
1786:Orthodox Judaism
1756:Pope Benedict XV
1746:papal encyclical
1715:Giuseppe Settele
1687:republished the
1679:
1650:
1539:creation science
1399:was observed by
1346:transit of Venus
1224:
1215:
1057:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1014:
1013:
1006:
981:
978:
861:
858:
851:'s model in his
676:Exterior planets
645:Interior planets
507:
503:
450:De sphaera mundi
447:on Sacrobosco's
443:Pages from 1550
435:Ptolemaic system
425:geocentric model
355:stellar parallax
346:stellar parallax
283:and his student
174:
170:
167:
132:geographic poles
124:celestial sphere
61:Ptolemaic system
53:geocentric model
41:Bartolomeu Velho
21:Geocentric orbit
7221:
7220:
7216:
7215:
7214:
7212:
7211:
7210:
7176:
7175:
7174:
7164:
7162:
7152:
7150:
7140:
7138:
7126:
7116:
7114:
7106:
7104:
7091:
7060:
7029:
7020:
7013:
7006:
6992:House of Wisdom
6970:
6926:Spherical Earth
6759:
6690:Equatorial ring
6670:Celestial globe
6645:Analog computer
6622:
6617:Sullam al-sama'
6562:
6498:
6479:
6448:
6412:
6351:
6290:
6189:
6175:Jabir ibn Aflah
6118:
6049:Abu Nasr Mansur
6037:
6018:Abolfadl Harawi
5953:Ahmad ibn Yusuf
5906:
5810:
5781:Ahmad Nahavandi
5769:
5754:
5741:
5736:
5706:
5701:
5632:
5626:
5585:
5542:
5511:Spherical Earth
5338:
5284:Equatorial ring
5264:Celestial globe
5242:
5161:Surya Siddhanta
5098:Makarandasarini
5000:
4996:Pathani Samanta
4941:Bapudeva Sastri
4906:Jayant Narlikar
4856:M. K. Das Gupta
4774:
4769:
4739:
4734:
4708:
4687:
4673:Spherical Earth
4608:Callippic cycle
4596:
4577:Equatorial ring
4545:
4539:
4529:
4519:
4509:
4499:
4484:
4475:Theon of Smyrna
4266:
4261:
4231:
4226:
4200:Religiocentrism
4168:
4157:Hellenocentrism
4152:Germanocentrism
4091:
4086:
4034:
4008:
3981:
3962:
3943:
3925:Kuhn, Thomas S.
3908:
3844:10.2307/1006444
3800:
3780:
3775:
3730:
3726:
3691:
3687:
3670:
3666:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3605:
3601:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3560:
3558:
3548:
3544:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3510:
3474:
3470:
3459:
3452:
3443:
3441:
3431:
3427:
3417:
3415:
3396:
3392:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3335:
3331:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3272:
3265:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3236:
3234:
3224:
3220:
3211:
3209:
3203:"Jon D. Miller"
3201:
3200:
3196:
3181:
3177:
3170:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3125:
3121:
3112:
3110:
3103:
3099:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3048:
3044:
3025:
3021:
3012:
3010:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2919:
2915:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2879:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2750:
2746:
2707:
2703:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2498:
2494:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2436:
2432:
2401:
2397:
2378:
2374:
2362:
2358:
2354:, p. 5–10.
2350:
2346:
2339:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2300:
2291:
2276:
2272:
2256:
2250:
2243:
2200:
2196:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2136:
2132:
2105:(3): 288–330 .
2093:
2089:
2074:10.2307/1006040
2058:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1885:
1861:
1851:scholar of the
1826:
1798:Orthodox Jewish
1794:
1788:
1680:
1672:
1651:
1645:
1622:
1585:
1563:Robert Sungenis
1504:
1472:reference frame
1448:Albert Einstein
1445:
1392:empirical tests
1334:Johannes Kepler
1331:
1323:Tychonic system
1262:Galileo Galilei
1258:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1232:Galileo Galilei
1227:
1226:
1225:
1217:
1216:
1202:Johannes Kepler
1177:Galileo Galilei
1162:Johannes Kepler
1140:
1134:
1126:De rerum natura
1058:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1027:
1015:
1011:
1004:
979:
936:Damascus mosque
923:, he cites the
859:
801:
789:Main articles:
787:
773:("First Moved")
535:, carrying all
533:sphere of stars
437:
375:
373:Ptolemaic model
260:Greek astronomy
248:
189:Johannes Kepler
185:Western culture
172:
168:
150:spherical Earth
55:(also known as
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7219:
7209:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7173:
7172:
7160:
7148:
7136:
7124:
7101:
7100:
7097:
7096:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7068:
7066:
7062:
7061:
7059:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7037:
7035:
7031:
7030:
7028:
7027:
7026:
7025:
7018:
7011:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6978:
6976:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6836:Elliptic orbit
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6811:Circular orbit
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6767:
6765:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6636:
6634:
6628:
6627:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6613:
6606:
6599:
6597:Toledan Tables
6594:
6587:
6580:
6574:
6572:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6553:
6546:
6539:
6532:
6525:
6520:
6514:
6508:
6500:
6499:
6489:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6478:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6460:Yang Guangxian
6456:
6454:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6420:
6418:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6359:
6357:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6298:
6296:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6197:
6195:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6126:
6124:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6114:Ali ibn Khalaf
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6089:Kushyar Gilani
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6059:Ali ibn Ridwan
6056:
6051:
6045:
6043:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6023:Haseb-i Tabari
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5914:
5912:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5892:Sahl ibn Bishr
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5818:
5816:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5756:
5755:
5743:
5742:
5735:
5734:
5727:
5720:
5712:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5638:
5636:
5634:Vedic calendar
5628:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5593:
5591:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5583:
5578:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5550:
5548:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5461:
5456:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5410:Elliptic orbit
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5385:Circular orbit
5382:
5380:Center of mass
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5233:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5217:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5180:
5177:Tantrasangraha
5173:
5172:
5171:
5164:
5157:
5150:
5145:
5138:
5131:
5124:
5121:Maha-Siddhanta
5117:
5101:
5094:
5087:
5084:Khandakhadyaka
5080:
5073:
5066:
5059:
5052:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5032:
5016:
5008:
5006:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4851:Gautama Siddha
4848:
4843:
4841:Amil Kumar Das
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4768:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4745:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4537:On the Heavens
4533:
4523:
4513:
4510:(Eratosthenes)
4503:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4415:Philip of Opus
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4276:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4260:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4237:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4215:Exceptionalism
4212:
4207:
4205:Sentiocentrism
4202:
4197:
4192:
4190:Exceptionalism
4187:
4185:Chronocentrism
4182:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4120:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4085:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4033:
4032:External links
4030:
4029:
4028:
4012:
4006:
3993:
3979:
3966:
3960:
3947:
3941:
3921:
3912:1990 reprint:
3906:
3890:
3878:
3864:
3834:. New Series.
3827:
3818:
3808:Dreyer, J.L.E.
3804:
3798:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3724:
3705:(2): 274–299.
3685:
3664:
3650:
3636:
3629:
3599:
3585:
3578:
3542:
3524:
3515:
3508:
3468:
3450:
3425:
3390:
3372:
3369:on 2014-11-09.
3354:
3347:
3329:
3311:
3295:
3288:
3263:
3243:
3232:New York Times
3218:
3194:
3175:
3168:
3154:Berman, Morris
3145:
3119:
3097:
3076:
3069:
3042:
3019:
2994:
2987:
2969:
2962:
2944:
2937:
2913:
2898:
2889:
2864:
2841:
2832:
2825:
2802:
2795:
2789:. p. 19.
2773:
2766:
2744:
2717:(4): 233–260.
2701:
2698:. p. 290.
2686:
2679:
2653:
2646:
2628:
2621:
2596:
2589:
2565:Esposito, John
2555:
2548:
2532:Saliba, George
2523:
2516:
2492:
2473:
2460:10.1086/350839
2430:
2395:
2372:
2356:
2344:
2337:
2319:
2312:
2289:
2270:
2241:
2228:10.1086/649338
2210:. 2nd Series.
2194:
2155:
2148:
2130:
2087:
2052:
2040:
2033:
2007:
2000:
1974:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1919:Wolfgang Smith
1916:
1914:Sphere of fire
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1860:
1857:
1825:
1822:
1787:
1784:
1670:
1643:
1626:Galileo affair
1621:
1618:
1584:
1581:
1503:
1500:
1452:Leopold Infeld
1444:
1441:
1330:
1327:
1229:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1179:(such as that
1136:Main article:
1133:
1130:
1060:
1059:
1018:
1016:
1009:
1003:
1000:
991:paradigm shift
907:, rejects the
879:elliptic orbit
786:
783:
775:
774:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
689:
688:
685:
678:
672:
671:
669:Sun–Earth line
665:
662:
658:
657:
654:
647:
641:
640:
637:
634:
630:
629:
626:
623:
619:
618:
615:
612:
608:
607:
604:synodic period
600:
595:
591:
590:
587:
581:
580:The 5 planets
577:
576:
573:
570:
566:
565:
562:
559:
555:
554:
551:
545:
541:
540:
525:
522:
518:
517:
514:
511:
436:
433:
374:
371:
350:constellations
247:
246:Ancient Greece
244:
175:) developed a
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7218:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7171:
7161:
7159:
7149:
7147:
7137:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7123:
7113:
7112:
7109:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7063:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7038:
7036:
7032:
7023:
7019:
7016:
7012:
7009:
7005:
7004:
7003:
7002:Observatories
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6979:
6977:
6973:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6956:Triangulation
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6866:Heliocentrism
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6768:
6766:
6762:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6740:Shadow square
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6633:
6629:
6619:
6618:
6614:
6612:
6611:
6610:Zij-i Sultani
6607:
6605:
6604:
6603:Zij-i Ilkhani
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6592:
6588:
6586:
6585:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6571:
6570:
6565:
6559:
6558:
6554:
6552:
6551:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6512:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6494:
6490:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6455:
6451:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6415:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6378:Kadızade Rumi
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6354:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6302:Ibn al-Shatir
6300:
6299:
6297:
6293:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6276:Ibn al‐Raqqam
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6192:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6170:Ibn al-Kammad
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6121:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6084:Ibn al-Saffar
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6040:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5813:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5772:
5765:
5764:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5733:
5728:
5726:
5721:
5719:
5714:
5713:
5710:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5631:Months of the
5629:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5590:Other regions
5588:
5582:
5579:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5554:Jantar Mantar
5552:
5551:
5549:
5545:
5539:
5538:Zodiacal sign
5536:
5534:
5533:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5462:
5460:
5459:Kali ahargaṇa
5457:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5440:Heliocentrism
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5070:Shulba Sutras
5067:
5065:
5064:
5063:Jyotirmimamsa
5060:
5058:
5057:
5056:Ganitagannadi
5053:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5047:Bṛhat Saṃhitā
5042:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5003:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4966:Govind Swarup
4964:
4962:
4961:Mahendra Suri
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4931:Megh Nad Saha
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4766:
4761:
4759:
4754:
4752:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4658:Metonic cycle
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4643:Heliocentrism
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4623:Counter-Earth
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4532:
4530:(Aristarchus)
4528:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4258:
4253:
4251:
4246:
4244:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4163:
4162:Italocentrism
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4147:Gallocentrism
4145:
4143:
4142:Anglocentrism
4140:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4108:Americentrism
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4089:Ethnocentrism
4083:
4078:
4076:
4071:
4069:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4013:
4009:
4003:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3980:9971-5-0612-2
3976:
3972:
3967:
3963:
3961:9780521827508
3957:
3953:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3933:
3932:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3868:Heath, Thomas
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3782:
3781:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3728:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3654:
3646:
3640:
3632:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3595:
3589:
3581:
3579:9781568210346
3575:
3571:
3566:Published in
3557:
3553:
3546:
3538:
3537:Mishneh Torah
3534:
3528:
3519:
3511:
3509:9789652930804
3505:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3464:
3457:
3455:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3414:on 2017-02-02
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3350:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3291:
3289:9780520066625
3285:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3268:
3259:
3255:
3247:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3171:
3169:9780393058666
3165:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3108:
3101:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3080:
3072:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2990:
2988:0-435-54425-X
2984:
2980:
2973:
2965:
2963:0-06-011971-3
2959:
2955:
2948:
2940:
2938:0-671-20156-5
2934:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2902:
2893:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2845:
2836:
2828:
2826:9781134343676
2822:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2798:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2769:
2767:9780226482040
2763:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2697:
2690:
2682:
2680:9780415127387
2676:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2657:
2649:
2647:9788182200586
2643:
2639:
2632:
2624:
2622:9780521529945
2618:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2601:
2592:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2566:
2559:
2551:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2519:
2517:0-684-10114-9
2513:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2411:(1): 118–22.
2410:
2406:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2353:
2348:
2340:
2338:9781438414195
2334:
2330:
2323:
2315:
2313:9780521028875
2309:
2305:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2246:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2151:
2149:9780521576000
2145:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2044:
2036:
2034:9780313332418
2030:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2011:
2003:
2001:9780313332180
1997:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1978:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1947:
1940:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1661:Pope Pius XII
1658:
1648:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1634:Pope Leo XIII
1631:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1612:poll, 32% of
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:Jon D. Miller
1599:
1594:
1593:Morris Berman
1590:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1572:The Principle
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:United States
1517:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1480:binary planet
1477:
1473:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1418:measured the
1417:
1412:
1410:
1409:James Bradley
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1274:like the Moon
1271:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:heliocentrism
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1066:
1056:
1053:
1045:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1008:
1007:
999:
996:
992:
987:
985:
974:
971:(1304–1375),
970:
969:Ibn al-Shatir
967:(1236–1311),
966:
963:(1201–1274),
962:
959:(died 1266),
958:
953:
949:
945:
942:. Like their
941:
937:
933:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
863:
854:
850:
846:
840:
838:
832:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
796:
792:
782:
780:
772:
771:
770:Primum Mobile
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
726:
725:
719:
715:
711:
708:
703:
700:
696:
686:
683:
679:
677:
674:
673:
670:
666:
663:
660:
659:
655:
652:
648:
646:
643:
642:
638:
635:
632:
631:
627:
624:
621:
620:
616:
613:
610:
609:
605:
601:
599:
596:
593:
592:
588:
586:
582:
579:
578:
574:
571:
568:
567:
563:
560:
557:
556:
552:
550:
546:
543:
542:
538:
537:other spheres
534:
530:
526:
523:
520:
519:
515:
512:
509:
508:
502:
498:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
466:
464:
460:
452:
451:
446:
441:
432:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:
400:
396:
388:
384:
379:
370:
368:
362:
360:
356:
351:
347:
342:
340:
336:
332:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
274:
269:
265:
261:
252:
243:
241:
237:
233:
230:(1473–1543),
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
173: 230 BC
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
142:ancient Roman
139:
138:Ancient Greek
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
7170:Solar System
6975:Institutions
6850:
6826:Eccentricity
6786:Astrophysics
6680:Compass rose
6615:
6608:
6601:
6589:
6582:
6567:
6555:
6548:
6541:
6534:
6527:
6393:Ibn al-Majdi
6368:Abd al‐Wajid
6327:Al-Wabkanawi
6322:Abū al‐ʿUqūl
6211:Jamal ad-Din
6180:Omar Khayyam
6008:Al-ʻIjliyyah
5983:Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī
5968:Ibn al-A'lam
5887:Al-Khwarizmi
5682:Margashirsha
5530:
5463:
5419:
5400:Eccentricity
5235:
5230:Yavanajataka
5228:
5219:
5212:
5204:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5175:
5166:
5159:
5152:
5140:
5133:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5104:
5103:
5096:
5089:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5043:
5034:
5027:
5019:
5018:
5011:
4976:Varahamihira
4911:Parameshvara
4796:Aryabhata II
4637:
4536:
4526:
4520:(Hipparchus)
4516:
4507:Catasterismi
4506:
4496:
4355:Eratosthenes
4210:Xenocentrism
4194:
4137:Eurocentrism
4128:Little China
4123:Sinocentrism
4118:Indocentrism
4113:Asiacentrism
4103:Afrocentrism
4026:Google Books
4018:
3997:
3970:
3951:
3930:
3897:
3885:
3872:
3835:
3831:
3822:
3812:
3787:
3778:Bibliography
3741:
3737:
3727:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3674:
3667:
3653:
3639:
3612:
3602:
3588:
3569:
3559:. Retrieved
3555:
3545:
3536:
3527:
3518:
3480:
3471:
3462:
3442:. Retrieved
3438:
3428:
3416:. Retrieved
3412:the original
3407:
3403:
3393:
3385:the original
3375:
3367:the original
3357:
3338:
3332:
3323:
3314:
3304:
3298:
3275:
3257:
3246:
3235:. Retrieved
3231:
3221:
3210:. Retrieved
3206:
3197:
3178:
3158:
3148:
3136:. Retrieved
3132:
3122:
3111:. Retrieved
3100:
3089:
3079:
3055:
3045:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3011:. Retrieved
2997:
2978:
2972:
2953:
2947:
2923:
2916:
2907:
2901:
2892:
2880:. Retrieved
2876:
2867:
2852:
2844:
2835:
2815:
2805:
2782:
2776:
2753:
2747:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2695:
2689:
2664:
2656:
2637:
2631:
2608:
2575:. New York:
2570:
2558:
2535:
2526:
2505:
2495:
2487:Thomson Gale
2482:
2476:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2381:
2375:
2359:
2347:
2328:
2322:
2303:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2264:
2260:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2139:
2133:
2124:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2068:(pt. 4): 6.
2065:
2061:
2055:
2043:
2018:
2010:
1985:
1977:
1965:
1946:
1938:
1933:
1877:lunar phases
1869:heliocentric
1865:planetariums
1862:
1859:Planetariums
1842:
1827:
1818:
1814:
1795:
1779:
1765:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1673:
1666:
1653:
1639:
1623:
1586:
1570:
1566:
1547:Joshua 10:12
1536:
1531:
1505:
1484:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1446:
1429:
1422:of the star
1413:
1401:Robert Hooke
1389:
1374:
1362:Robert Hooke
1354:Isaac Newton
1351:
1332:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1278:
1259:
1186:contaminated
1170:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1124:in his poem
1098:Jean Buridan
1075:
1048:
1039:
1020:
988:
929:
916:
909:Aristotelian
904:
895:
877:moves in an
864:
852:
842:
836:
834:
827:
807:
802:
776:
768:
723:
704:
692:
513:Observation
499:
495:
483:observations
478:
474:
467:
456:
448:
444:
429:
424:
402:
392:
363:
343:
339:lunar phases
327:
296:
278:
257:
220:early modern
212:astrological
205:
199:). In 1687,
136:
130:through the
116:once per day
113:
60:
56:
52:
46:
36:
29:
7158:Outer space
7146:Spaceflight
6961:Tusi couple
6951:Trepidation
6916:Salah times
6851:Geocentrism
6725:Planisphere
6705:Graph paper
6632:Instruments
6584:Huihui Lifa
6465:Ehmedê Xanî
6424:Al-Birjandi
6403:al-Kubunani
6160:Abu al-Salt
6109:Al-Isfizari
6069:Ibn al-Samh
5948:Abu al-Wafa
5933:al-Khojandi
5837:Al-Farghani
5752:Astronomers
5420:Geocentrism
5329:Water clock
5274:Cross-staff
5247:Instruments
5214:Atharvaveda
5191:Vākyakaraṇa
5013:Aryabhatiya
4991:Yajnavalkya
4926:J. J. Rawal
4861:Jyesthadeva
4821:Brahmagupta
4811:Bhāskara II
4801:Vainu Bappu
4791:Aryabhata I
4779:Astronomers
4638:Geocentrism
4550:Instruments
4540:(Aristotle)
4345:Cleostratus
4310:Aristarchus
4290:Anaximander
4272:Astronomers
4195:Geocentrism
3882:Hoyle, Fred
3838:(4): 1–69.
2175:: 145–163.
1624:The famous
1577:creationist
1555:Psalms 93:1
1476:fixed stars
1405:Jean Picard
1370:gravitation
1356:stated the
1338:Tycho Brahe
1329:Gravitation
1319:Tycho Brahe
1268:showed all
1094:Middle Ages
1078:Pythagorean
984:Al-Birjandi
980: 1474
883:Alpetragius
860: 1028
764:Fixed Stars
651:elongations
445:Annotazione
413:Hellenistic
397:astronomer
395:Hellenistic
268:Anaximander
57:geocentrism
7180:Categories
7065:Influenced
7034:Influences
6906:Precession
6886:Multiverse
6791:Axial tilt
6771:Almucantar
6755:Triquetrum
6695:Equatorium
6444:Takiyüddin
6317:al-Battiwi
6312:Ibn Shuayb
6307:Al-Khalili
6150:Al-Khazini
6145:Al-Kharaqī
6140:Ibn Tufail
6130:Al-Bitruji
6064:Al-Zarqālī
6028:al-Majriti
5978:Al-Saghani
5973:Al-Nayrizi
5958:al-Battani
5877:Iranshahri
5862:Al-Marwazi
5766:by century
5667:Bhadrapada
5501:Precession
5476:Manvantara
5350:Axial tilt
5334:Yantraraja
5324:Triquetrum
5106:Siddhantas
5077:Panchangam
4866:Kamalakara
4846:P. Devadas
4816:Baudhayana
4806:Bhāskara I
4713:Influenced
4692:Influences
4663:Octaeteris
4592:Triquetrum
4480:Timocharis
4465:Theodosius
4425:Posidonius
4385:Hipparchus
4375:Heraclides
4315:Aristyllus
4300:Apollonius
4295:Andronicus
4007:0714117463
3942:0674171039
3918:0140192468
3907:014055212X
3799:0486261735
3678:. p.
3561:2013-12-01
3444:2008-12-18
3418:2012-10-18
3348:0268010323
3324:inters.org
3237:2007-07-19
3212:2007-07-19
3113:2013-12-01
3091:Times-News
3070:0520083938
3013:2013-12-01
2882:17 October
2796:1851095349
2579:. p.
2549:0814780237
2352:Qadir 1989
2286:(67): 762.
2048:Crowe 1990
1958:References
1828:After the
1802:Maimonides
1790:See also:
1699:papal bull
1512:modern age
1443:Relativity
1342:three laws
1248:Copernicus
1144:Copernicus
995:Copernicus
973:Ali Qushji
944:Andalusian
913:Avicennian
837:muhandisīn
814:, such as
682:opposition
510:Object(s)
417:Babylonian
293:Myth of Er
273:Pythagoras
228:Copernicus
224:superseded
195:(Kepler's
193:elliptical
171: – c.
169: 310
154:flat-Earth
65:superseded
7122:Astronomy
6941:Supernova
6896:Obliquity
6881:Moonlight
6781:Astrology
6660:Astrolabe
6439:Piri Reis
6429:al-Khafri
6398:al-Wafa'i
6383:Ulugh Beg
6363:Ali Kuşçu
6337:al-Jadiri
6256:al-Abhari
6054:al-Biruni
5988:Ibn Yunus
5963:Al-Qabisi
5938:al-Khazin
5847:Al-Mahani
5662:Shraavana
5657:Aashaadha
5564:New Delhi
5491:Nityayoga
5486:Nakshatra
5481:Moonlight
5259:Astrolabe
5021:Brahmanas
4871:Katyayana
4786:Apastamba
4567:Astrolabe
4500:(Ptolemy)
4420:Philolaus
4410:Oenopides
4395:Hypsicles
4340:Cleomedes
4335:Callippus
4325:Autolycus
4280:Aglaonice
3989:841809663
3896:(1986) .
3852:0065-9746
3768:254983499
3744:(1): 43.
3719:225198696
2813:(2013) .
2739:118643709
2468:120700705
2446:(1): 41.
2236:142586786
2189:145372613
2119:117426616
1970:Kuhn 1957
1792:Firmament
1759:1965 the
1683:In 1664,
1454:wrote in
1376:Principia
1352:In 1687,
1336:analysed
1173:telescope
1122:Lucretius
1086:Ecphantus
1070:Icelandic
1042:June 2015
828:al-zūraqī
824:astrolabe
820:al-Biruni
501:include:
323:phenomena
285:Aristotle
240:consensus
158:mythology
101:Aristotle
49:astronomy
7015:Maragheh
6966:Universe
6936:Sunlight
6901:Parallax
6891:Muwaqqit
6831:Ecliptic
6764:Concepts
6730:Quadrant
6650:Aperture
6165:Averroes
6135:Avempace
6079:Avicenna
6013:Nastulus
6003:al-Sijzi
5928:Al-Adami
5842:Al-Kindi
5697:Phalguna
5647:Vaisakha
5574:Varanasi
5516:Sunlight
5496:Parallax
5405:Ecliptic
5343:Concepts
5309:Quadrant
5091:Mahādevī
4986:Vasistha
4896:Mahavira
4668:Solstice
4601:Concepts
4497:Almagest
4440:Seleucus
4400:Menelaus
4360:Euctemon
3927:(1957).
3884:(1973).
3870:(1913).
3810:(1953).
3465:: 38–43.
3156:(2006).
3053:(1993).
2787:ABC-CLIO
2534:(1994).
1939:Almagest
1883:See also
1834:Almagest
1742:Dialogue
1711:Dialogue
1671:—
1644:—
1614:Russians
1561:include
1494:and the
1424:61 Cygni
1420:parallax
1390:Several
1312:rotates.
1300:or full.
1294:crescent
1285:epicycle
1281:deferent
1242:and not
1230:In 1610
1118:Epicurus
1021:may not
952:epicycle
925:Qur'anic
881:, while
867:Arzachel
707:Tychonic
633:Planets
622:Planets
611:Planets
594:Planets
549:ecliptic
409:Hellenic
404:Almagest
383:epicycle
298:Republic
181:circular
146:medieval
69:Universe
7108:Portals
6871:Inertia
6861:Gravity
6796:Azimuth
6745:Sundial
6735:Sextant
6685:Dioptra
6675:Compass
6640:Alidade
6251:al-Urdi
6074:Alhazen
5998:Ma Yize
5943:al-Qūhī
5918:al-Sufi
5652:Jyeshta
5642:Chaitra
5547:Centres
5452:Jyotiṣa
5435:Gravity
5355:Azimuth
5319:Sundial
5314:Sextant
5279:Dioptra
5269:Compass
5221:Rigveda
4956:Sripati
4876:Lagadha
4572:Dioptra
4435:Pytheas
4430:Ptolemy
4380:Hicetas
4370:Geminus
4365:Eudoxus
4320:Attalus
4285:Agrippa
3860:1006444
3746:Bibcode
3699:Nuncius
3138:May 24,
2719:Bibcode
2567:(ed.).
2489:. 2006.
2448:Bibcode
2413:Bibcode
2386:Bibcode
2370:(2004).
2216:Bibcode
2171:(1–2).
2082:1006040
1838:Ptolemy
1630:Galileo
1474:of the
1298:gibbous
1272:, just
1181:Jupiter
1082:Hicetas
1028:Please
905:Matalib
875:Mercury
849:Ptolemy
845:Alhazen
826:called
754:Jupiter
734:Mercury
718:Ptolemy
527:Stars:
479:kentron
335:maculae
232:Galileo
128:an axis
105:Ptolemy
97:ancient
89:planets
63:) is a
6846:Galaxy
6841:Equant
6776:Apogee
6720:Octant
6497:Topics
5692:Maagha
5687:Pausha
5677:Kartik
5672:Ashvin
5569:Ujjain
5559:Jaipur
5471:Karana
5415:Equant
5299:Gnomon
4971:Utpala
4901:Manava
4683:Zodiac
4633:Equant
4582:Gnomon
4460:Thales
4455:Strabo
4305:Aratus
4004:
3987:
3977:
3958:
3939:
3916:
3904:
3858:
3850:
3796:
3766:
3717:
3627:
3576:
3506:
3501:408ff.
3345:
3286:
3189:Gallup
3166:
3067:
2985:
2960:
2935:
2823:
2793:
2764:
2737:
2677:
2644:
2619:
2587:
2546:
2514:
2466:
2335:
2310:
2234:
2208:Osiris
2187:
2146:
2117:
2080:
2031:
1998:
1796:A few
1610:VTSIOM
1598:Gallup
1551:Psalms
1270:phases
1190:aether
948:equant
887:equant
808:shukūk
797:, and
759:Saturn
585:zodiac
521:Stars
487:equant
387:equant
331:aether
319:dictum
307:Sirens
236:Kepler
201:Newton
144:, and
87:, and
51:, the
7134:Stars
6911:Qibla
6700:Globe
6507:Works
5521:Tithi
5465:Kalpa
5430:Globe
5294:Globe
5206:Vedas
5005:Works
4881:Lalla
4489:Works
4405:Meton
4350:Conon
3856:JSTOR
3764:S2CID
3715:S2CID
3497:171–2
3493:100–1
3485:76ff.
3256:[
3037:37–45
2735:S2CID
2464:S2CID
2257:(PDF)
2232:S2CID
2185:S2CID
2115:S2CID
2078:JSTOR
1926:Notes
1863:Many
1849:Sunni
1824:Islam
1583:Polls
1543:Bible
1266:Venus
1244:Earth
739:Venus
569:Moon
471:Greek
311:Fates
281:Plato
122:on a
120:fixed
93:orbit
85:stars
73:Earth
71:with
6453:17th
6417:16th
6356:15th
6295:14th
6194:13th
6123:12th
6042:11th
5911:10th
5532:Yuga
5526:Vāra
5506:Ritu
4330:Bion
4002:ISBN
3985:OCLC
3975:ISBN
3956:ISBN
3937:ISBN
3914:ISBN
3902:ISBN
3848:ISSN
3794:ISBN
3625:ISBN
3574:ISBN
3504:ISBN
3343:ISBN
3284:ISBN
3164:ISBN
3140:2020
3065:ISBN
2983:ISBN
2958:ISBN
2933:ISBN
2884:2014
2821:ISBN
2791:ISBN
2762:ISBN
2675:ISBN
2642:ISBN
2617:ISBN
2585:ISBN
2544:ISBN
2512:ISBN
2440:Isis
2333:ISBN
2308:ISBN
2144:ISBN
2029:ISBN
1996:ISBN
1875:and
1847:, a
1506:The
1496:Moon
1450:and
1283:and
1084:and
938:and
911:and
749:Mars
729:Moon
558:Sun
544:Sun
415:and
214:and
91:all
81:Moon
6569:Zij
5923:Ibn
5815:9th
5774:8th
5237:Zij
3840:doi
3754:doi
3707:doi
3680:182
3617:doi
3280:307
3061:237
2929:212
2758:197
2727:doi
2581:171
2456:doi
2421:doi
2284:108
2224:doi
2177:doi
2107:doi
2070:doi
1707:all
1678:, 3
1659:".
1604:of
1321:'s
1250:'s
1240:Sun
1168:).
1096:by
1032:or
982:),
744:Sun
606:).
531:of
475:ec-
473:ἐκ
77:Sun
47:In
7182::
3983:.
3854:.
3846:.
3836:74
3762:.
3752:.
3742:46
3740:.
3736:.
3713:.
3703:35
3701:.
3697:.
3623:.
3611:.
3554:.
3535:.
3499:,
3495:,
3491:,
3489:69
3453:^
3437:.
3408:44
3406:.
3402:.
3322:.
3282:.
3266:^
3230:.
3205:.
3187:.
3131:.
3088:.
3063:.
3031:.
3006:.
2931:.
2875:.
2859:49
2785:.
2760:.
2733:.
2725:.
2715:23
2713:.
2673:.
2671:43
2615:.
2613:58
2599:^
2583:.
2538:.
2504:.
2485:.
2462:.
2454:.
2444:63
2442:.
2419:.
2407:.
2366:,
2292:^
2282:.
2263:.
2259:.
2244:^
2230:.
2222:.
2212:16
2206:.
2183:.
2169:14
2167:.
2113:.
2101:.
2076:.
2066:57
2064:.
2027:.
2025:28
1994:.
1992:14
1754:,
1748:,
1649:18
1439:.
1200:,
1146:'
1128:.
1116:.
977:c.
889:,
857:c.
793:,
697:.
427:.
411:,
313:.
166:c.
140:,
111:.
83:,
79:,
7110::
5731:e
5724:t
5717:v
4764:e
4757:t
4750:v
4256:e
4249:t
4242:v
4081:e
4074:t
4067:v
4010:.
3991:.
3964:.
3945:.
3920:.
3910:.
3888:.
3862:.
3842::
3802:.
3770:.
3756::
3748::
3721:.
3709::
3682:.
3661:.
3633:.
3619::
3596:.
3582:.
3564:.
3512:.
3447:.
3421:.
3351:.
3326:.
3292:.
3240:.
3215:.
3191:.
3172:.
3142:.
3116:.
3073:.
3039:.
3033:6
3016:.
2991:.
2966:.
2941:.
2886:.
2861:.
2829:.
2799:.
2770:.
2741:.
2729::
2721::
2683:.
2650:.
2625:.
2593:.
2552:.
2520:.
2470:.
2458::
2450::
2427:.
2423::
2415::
2409:1
2392:.
2388::
2341:.
2316:.
2267:.
2265:2
2238:.
2226::
2218::
2191:.
2179::
2152:.
2121:.
2109::
2103:6
2084:.
2072::
2037:.
2004:.
1941:.
1693:(
1655:"
1152:(
1055:)
1049:(
1044:)
1040:(
1036:.
1026:.
975:(
855:(
164:(
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.