North Pole - Knowledge

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yet recorded is 13 °C (55 °F), much warmer than the South Pole's record high of only −12.3 °C (9.9 °F). A similar spike in temperatures occurred on 15 November 2016 when temperatures hit freezing. Yet again, February 2018 featured a storm so powerful that temperatures at Cape Morris Jesup, the world's northernmost weather station in Greenland, reached 6.1 °C (43.0 °F) and spent 24 straight hours above freezing. Meanwhile, the pole itself was estimated to reach a high temperature of 1.6 °C (34.9 °F). This same temperature of 1.6 °C (34.9 °F) was also recorded at the

918: 538: 102: 90: 2220:, a country has 10 years to make claims to an extended continental shelf beyond its 200-mile exclusive economic zone. If validated, such a claim gives the claimant state rights to what may be on or beneath the sea bottom within the claimed zone. Norway (ratified the convention in 1996), Russia (ratified in 1997), Canada (ratified in 2003) and Denmark (ratified in 2004) have all launched projects to base claims that certain areas of Arctic continental shelves should be subject to their sole sovereign exploitation. 363: 569: 9257: 1493:(around 23 September). When the Sun is visible in the polar sky, it appears to move in a horizontal circle above the horizon. This circle gradually rises from near the horizon just after the vernal equinox to its maximum elevation (in degrees) above the horizon at summer solstice and then sinks back toward the horizon before sinking below it at the autumnal equinox. Hence the North and South Poles experience the slowest rates of sunrise and sunset on Earth. 1229: 70: 1116: 687: 9269: 1551: 1127: 1359: 2889:." Both versions (p. 38 and 59, respectively) note that while Byrd's New York ticker-tape parade and his National Geographic Society gold medal presentation were on 23 June 1926, the NGS exam of his later-hidden original report was from early 23 June through late 28 June (six days, mistakenly cited as "five consecutive days" in the report), a chronology so revealing that the September 1432: 438: 1453:, NU. The way between the Russian borderland (Machtovyi Island of the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago, 80°15N, 097°27E) and the Canadian coast (Ward Hunt Island, 83°08N, 075°59W) took 55 days; it was ~2300 km across drifting ice and about 4000 km in total. The expedition was totally self-dependent and used no external supplies. The expedition was supported by the 959:, on 17 February 1982 and arrived at the geographic North Pole on 10 April 1982. They travelled on foot and snowmobile. From the Pole, they travelled towards Svalbard but, due to the unstable nature of the ice, ended their crossing at the ice edge after drifting south on an ice floe for 99 days. They were eventually able to walk to their expedition ship 521:("Pole Star") from Norway in 1899. On 11 March 1900, Cagni led a party over the ice and reached latitude 86° 34’ on 25 April, setting a new record by beating Nansen's result of 1895 by 35 to 40 km (22 to 25 mi). Cagni barely managed to return to the camp, remaining there until 23 June. On 16 August, the 1531:

facing towards the Sun to its maximum extent. As the year progresses and the Earth moves around the Sun, the North Pole gradually turns away from the Sun until at midwinter it is facing away from the Sun to its maximum extent. A similar sequence is observed at the South Pole, with a six-month time difference.

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teams, reaching the North Pole in 36 days, 22 hours – nearly five hours faster than Peary. However, Avery's fastest 5-day march was 90 nautical miles (170 km), significantly short of the 135 nautical miles (250 km) claimed by Peary. Avery writes on his web site that "The admiration and

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and four Inuit men, Ootah, Seeglo, Egingwah, and Ooqueah. However, Peary's claim remains highly disputed and controversial. Those who accompanied Peary on the final stage of the journey were not trained in navigation, and thus could not independently confirm his navigational work, which some claim to

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Status of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, of the Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the Convention and of the Agreement for the implementation of the provisions of the Convention relating to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly

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has contributed to this, but it is not possible to attribute the recent abrupt decrease in thickness entirely to the observed warming in the Arctic. Reports have also predicted that within a few decades the Arctic Ocean will be entirely free of ice in the summer. This may have significant commercial

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and its revolution around the Sun. The direction of the Earth's axial tilt, as well as its angle relative to the plane of the Earth's orbit around the Sun, remains very nearly constant over the course of a year (both change very slowly over long time periods). At northern midsummer the North Pole is

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predicted that the axis might "wobble" slightly. Around the beginning of the 20th century astronomers noticed a small apparent "variation of latitude", as determined for a fixed point on Earth from the observation of stars. Part of this variation could be attributed to a wandering of the Pole across

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board), which reveals errors of grade school arithmetic in the Byrd-defenses of W.Molett (pp. 55 & 98) and consultant J. Portney (pp. 73–75), neither of whom attempts to explain Byrd's surgical censoring of his original June report, or his and the National Geographic's hiding of said report for

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The sea ice at the North Pole is typically around 2 to 3 m (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) thick, although ice thickness, its spatial extent, and the fraction of open water within the ice pack can vary rapidly and profoundly in response to weather and climate. Studies have shown

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data (which the NGS never checked) consistently contradict his June 1926 report's parallel data by over 100 mi (160 km). The secret report's alleged en-route solar sextant data were inadvertently so impossibly overprecise that he excised all these alleged raw solar observations out of the

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The distances and speeds that Peary claimed to have achieved once the last support party turned back seem incredible to many people, almost three times that which he had accomplished up to that point. Peary's account of a journey to the Pole and back while traveling along the direct line – the

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converge there, so its longitude can be defined as any degree value. No time zone has been assigned to the North Pole, so any time can be used as the local time. Along tight latitude circles, counterclockwise is east and clockwise is west. The North Pole is at the center of the Northern Hemisphere.

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buoy, located at 87.45°N, on 30 December 2015. It was estimated that the temperature at the North Pole was between −1 and 2 °C (30 and 35 °F) during the storm. Summer temperatures (June, July, and August) average around the freezing point (0 °C (32 °F)). The highest temperature

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Marshs (special very large wheeled versions made by BRONTO, Lada/Vaz's experimental product division) were driven to the North Pole. The 1998 expedition was dropped by parachute and completed the track to the North Pole. The 2000 expedition departed from a Russian research base around 114 km

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after its discoverer. The exact point of intersection of the Earth's axis and the Earth's surface, at any given moment, is called the "instantaneous pole", but because of the "wobble" this cannot be used as a definition of a fixed North Pole (or South Pole) when metre-scale precision is required.

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as a leader and a team of Afanasy Makovnev, Vladimir Obikhod, Alexey Shkrabkin, Sergey Larin, Alexey Ushakov and Nikolay Nikulshin reached the North Pole on two custom-built 6 x 6 low-pressure-tire ATVs. The vehicles, Yemelya-1 and Yemelya-2, were designed by Vasily Elagin, a Russian mountain

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On 1 March 2013 the Russian Marine Live-Ice Automobile Expedition (MLAE 2013) with Vasily Elagin as a leader, and a team of Afanasy Makovnev, Vladimir Obikhod, Alexey Shkrabkin, Andrey Vankov, Sergey Isayev and Nikolay Kozlov on two custom-built 6 x 6 low-pressure-tire ATVs—Yemelya-3 and

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climber, explorer and engineer. They reached the North Pole on 26 April 2009, 17:30 (Moscow time). The expedition was partly supported by Russian State Aviation. The Russian Book of Records recognized it as the first successful vehicle trip from land to the Geographical North Pole.

906: – a feat that has never been repeated. Because of suggestions (later proven false) of Plaisted's use of air transport, some sources classify Herbert's expedition as the first confirmed to reach the North Pole over the ice surface by any means. In the 1980s Plaisted's pilots 592:, initially a supporter of Peary, researched Peary's records in 1989 and found that there were significant discrepancies in the explorer's navigational records. He concluded that Peary had not reached the Pole. Support for Peary came again in 2005, however, when British explorer 784:

Discounting Peary's disputed claim, the first men to set foot at the North Pole were a Soviet party including geophysicists Mikhail Ostrekin and Pavel Senko, oceanographers Mikhail Somov and Pavel Gordienko, and other scientists and flight crew (24 people in total) of

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Fish have been seen in the waters at the North Pole, but these are probably few in number. A member of the Russian team that descended to the North Pole seabed in August 2007 reported seeing no sea creatures living there. However, it was later reported that a

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in Greenland can range from about −50 to −13 °C (−58 to 9 °F), averaging around −31 °C (−24 °F), with the North Pole being slightly colder. However, a freak storm caused the temperature to reach 0.7 °C (33.3 °F) for a time at a

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the Earth's surface, by a range of a few metres. The wandering has several periodic components and an irregular component. The component with a period of about 435 days is identified with the eight-month wandering predicted by Euler and is now called the

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are believed to travel rarely beyond about 82° North, owing to the scarcity of food, though tracks have been seen in the vicinity of the North Pole, and a 2006 expedition reported sighting a polar bear just 1 mi (1.6 km) from the Pole. The

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decades. Similarly, Avery's chimeral try at replicating the Peary 1909 trip via 2005 ice, may divert from but cannot explain Peary's data-blanks, data-alterations, nor why he, when reading his diary to Congress on 7 January 1911, understandably

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because it lies at sea level in the middle of an ocean (which acts as a reservoir of heat), rather than at altitude on a continental land mass. Despite being an ice cap, the northernmost weather station in Greenland has a tundra climate (Köppen

1278:, but ended in fatality. The next attempted dive at the North Pole was organized the next year by the same diving club, and ended in success on 24 April 1999. The divers were Michael Wolff (Austria), Brett Cormick (UK), and Bob Wass (USA). 967:

1979–1982, Fiennes and Burton became the first people to complete a circumnavigation of the world via both North and South Poles, by surface travel alone. This achievement remains unchallenged to this day. The expedition crew included a

2885:(Scott Polar Research Institute) vol. 36 pp. 25–50. SPRI's preface: the paper "is considered to be of such significance to the community that it has been published here despite an expanded version being published this same month in 389:. It was therefore hoped that passage could be found through ice floes at favorable times of the year. Several expeditions set out to find the way, generally with whaling ships, already commonly used in the cold northern latitudes. 2201:, no country owns the North Pole or the region of the Arctic Ocean surrounding it. The five surrounding Arctic countries, Russia, Canada, Norway, Denmark (via Greenland), and the United States (via Alaska), are limited to a 200- 1266:

has been established by air a short distance from the Pole annually since 2002, and caters for scientific researchers as well as tourist parties. Trips from the camp to the Pole itself may be arranged overland or by helicopter.

4465: 4001: 2341:, represents the pilgrim's progress through spiritual states. In Iranian theosophy, the heavenly Pole, the focal point of the spiritual ascent, acts as a magnet to draw beings to its "palaces ablaze with immaterial matter." 720:, was established by Soviet scientists 20 kilometres (13 mi) from the North Pole after the ever first landing of four heavy and one light aircraft onto the ice at the North Pole. The expedition members — oceanographer 682: 4026: 1258:. In recent years journeys to the North Pole by air (landing by helicopter or on a runway prepared on the ice) or by icebreaker have become relatively routine, and are even available to small groups of tourists through 1303:

to the North Pole in late 2008, following the erroneous prediction of clear water to the Pole, was stymied when his expedition found itself stuck in thick ice after only three days. The expedition was then abandoned.

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Archipelago) to the North Pole across drifting ice of the Arctic Ocean. The vehicles reached the Pole on 6 April and then continued to the Canadian coast. The coast was reached on 30 April 2013 (83°08N, 075°59W

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The retreat of the Arctic sea ice will accelerate global warming, as less ice cover reflects less solar radiation, and may have serious climate implications by contributing to Arctic cyclone generation.

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The Earth's axis of rotation – and hence the position of the North Pole – was commonly believed to be fixed (relative to the surface of the Earth) until, in the 18th century, the mathematician

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expedition to the Arctic, who flew part-way to the Pole first before making the final trek to the Pole on foot. The first complete land expedition to reach the North Pole was in 1968 by

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version of the report finally sent to geographical societies five months later (while the original version was hidden for 70 years), a realization first published in 2000 by the

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on a generally annual basis since 1937, some of which have passed over or very close to the Pole. Since 2002, a group of Russians have also annually established a private base,

3532: 264:(1926, aerial) – were once also accepted as having reached the Pole. However, in each case later analysis of expedition data has cast doubt upon the accuracy of their claims. 3275: 1377:

made the first ever manned descent to the ocean floor at the North Pole, to a depth of 4.3 km (2.7 mi), as part of the research programme in support of Russia's

809:) on 23 April 1948. They established a temporary camp and for the next two days conducted scientific observations. On 26 April the expedition flew back to the continent. 373: 4089: 4580: 4266: 812:

Next year, on 9 May 1949 two other Soviet scientists (Vitali Volovich and Andrei Medvedev) became the first people to parachute onto the North Pole. They jumped from a

320: 2227:" to claim sovereignty over a sector stretching from its coasts to the North Pole. This claim has not been relinquished, but was not consistently pressed until 2013. 231:, close to the Pole. This operates for a few weeks during early spring. Studies in the 2000s predicted that the North Pole may become seasonally ice-free because of 3653: 4602: 3465: 1150: 2287:

and Iranian mysticism. "The Orient sought by the mystic, the Orient that cannot be located on our maps, is in the direction of the north, beyond the north.".

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reached the North Pole as the first conventional powered vessels. Both scientific parties and crew took oceanographic and geological samples and had a common

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became the first explorers ever to reach the North Pole unsupported, after a 58-day ski trek from Ellesmere Island in Canada, a distance of 800 km.

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By September 2007 the North Pole had been visited 66 times by different surface ships: 54 times by Soviet and Russian icebreakers, 4 times by Swedish

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only strategy that is consistent with the time constraints that he was facing – is contradicted by Henson's account of tortuous detours to avoid

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about 700 km (430 mi) away, though some perhaps semi-permanent gravel banks lie slightly closer. The nearest permanently inhabited place is

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Although heavily disputed by modern historians, Peary & his team were given credit for the discovery of the North Pole by the contemporary press.

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respect which I hold for Robert Peary, Matthew Henson and the four Inuit men who ventured North in 1909, has grown enormously since we set out from

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operated in the Arctic Ocean under the polar ice cap from September to November 1984 in company with one of her sister ships, the attack submarine

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As early as the 16th century, many prominent people correctly believed that the North Pole was in a sea, which in the 19th century was called the

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exploration of the North Pole was made on 22 April 1998 by Russian firefighter and diver Andrei Rozhkov with the support of the Diving Club of

736:— conducted scientific research at the station for the next nine months. By 19 February 1938, when the group was picked up by the ice breakers 4054: 97:

at the Geographic North Pole. Drillings at the landing site at 90°N showed an average ice thickness of 2.5 metres (8.2 feet) on April 16, 1990

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pp. 384–385 stripped out the dates (only) from the NGS' own report, which was published uncensored (thanks to the Secretary of the Navy) at

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is undefined at the north pole, the exact time is a matter of convention. Polar expeditions use whatever time is most convenient, such as

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at the North Pole. Some Western sources considered this to be the first landing at the Pole until the Soviet landings became widely known.

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and Ken Lee signed affidavits asserting that no such airlift was provided. It is also said that Herbert was the first person to reach the

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deployed to the Arctic region during exercise Ice Ex '90 and completed only the fourth winter submerged transit of the Bering and Seas.

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and Kenneth Hedges of the British Trans-Arctic Expedition became the first men to reach the North Pole on foot (albeit with the aid of

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One of the earliest expeditions to set out with the explicit intention of reaching the North Pole was that of British naval officer

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companies. Parachute jumps have frequently been made onto the North Pole in recent years. The temporary seasonal Russian camp of

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and boarded it on 4 August 1982 at position 80:31N 00:59W. As a result of this journey, which formed a section of the three-year

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The first consistent, verified, and scientifically convincing attainment of the Pole was on 12 May 1926, by Norwegian explorer

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Peary's sledge party at what they claimed was the North Pole, 1909. From left: Ooqueah, Ootah, Henson, Egingwah, and Seeglo.

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aircraft to overfly the North Geographic and North Magnetic Poles. The plane was piloted by David Cecil McKinley of the

9241: 9171: 8871: 8115: 7368: 6949: 6888: 4666: 4641: 4071: 3403: 2565: 2557: 4517: 463:. The pair reached latitude 86°14′ North before they abandoned the attempt and turned southwards, eventually reaching 8534: 7391: 4703: 2744: 2163:

had been scooped up from the seabed mud by the Russian team and that video footage from the dive showed unidentified

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The first verified individuals to reach the North Pole on the ground was in 1948 by a 24-man Soviet party, part of

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men, Ahwelah and Etukishook, but he was unable to produce convincing proof and his claim is not widely accepted.

6391: 3190: 898:). They continued on to complete the first surface crossing of the Arctic Ocean – and by its longest axis, 9039: 8718: 8670: 8506: 7523: 7493: 5836: 5826: 5410: 5112: 4847: 3102: 2210: 994:, with seven teammates, became the first to be confirmed as reaching the Pole by dogsled and without resupply. 786: 701: 268: 39: 7134: 3907: 2832: 2816: 2768: 9178: 8703: 8108: 7296: 6806: 5939: 4495: 4385: 3571: 2311: 868:(SSN-578) surfaced at the Pole, breaking through the ice above it, becoming the first naval vessel to do so. 4898: 3922: 486:

archipelago. They trekked to Kvitøya but died there three months after their crash. In 1930 the remains of

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reached a then-record 83°20'26" North in May 1876 before turning back. An 1879–1881 expedition commanded by

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The Battle for the Next Energy Frontier: The Russian Polar Expedition and the Future of Arctic Hydrocarbons

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20 April 1989. Compare diary 2 April 1909 to p. 302 of the Peary Hearings: complete verbatim copy at 1916

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The expedition was the latest in a series of efforts intended to give Russia a dominant influence in the

1146: 621: 31: 3497: 3069:"Советские граждане были доставлены на точку Северного полюса, где, образно говоря, проходит земная ось" 2155:, though some bird sightings may be distorted by the tendency of birds to follow ships and expeditions. 1220:

from the Pole and claimed an average speed of 20–15 km/h in an average temperature of −30 °C.

8731: 8439: 8013: 6738: 6712: 6705: 6156: 6057: 6049: 6032: 5650: 5196: 5048: 4987: 4199: 1288:(SSN-766) surfaced through 155 cm (61 in) of ice at the North Pole and spent 18 hours there. 955:

became the first people to cross the Arctic Ocean in a single season. They departed from Cape Crozier,

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in Norway, and crossed the Arctic Ocean to Alaska. Nobile, with several scientists and crew from the

412: 200:. The sea depth at the North Pole has been measured at 4,261 m (13,980 ft) by the Russian 3250: 2958: 2276:

that posits the North Pole, the otherworldly world-axis, as the abode of God and superhuman beings.

1299:, took place in clear water that had opened up between the ice floes. His later attempt to paddle a 797:. The party flew on three planes (pilots Ivan Cherevichnyy, Vitaly Maslennikov and Ilya Kotov) from 624:, this claim has since been undermined by the 1996 revelation that Byrd's long-hidden diary's solar 9304: 8878: 8519: 8413: 7986: 7577: 7571: 7489: 7363: 7148: 6874: 6750: 6600: 6488: 6272: 4051: 1332: 1295:

completed a 1 km (0.62 mi) swim at the North Pole. His feat, undertaken to highlight the

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and four companions recreated the outward portion of Peary's journey with replica wooden sleds and

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and arrived on 19 April 1968. The United States Air Force independently confirmed their position.

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may come close as latitude 89° N, though because of prevailing winds return journeys go over the

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Owing to its remoteness, the Pole is sometimes identified with a mysterious mountain of ancient

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at the North Pole is about 1 km (0.62 mi.) long, formed between two ice floes of multi-year ice.

9211: 8866: 8474: 7991: 7557: 5489: 4943: 3621:[Icy calm – grandiose, overwhelming and threatening (report on North Pole expedition)] 3470: 2325:(Jabal Qaf), the "farthest point of the earth". According to certain authors, the Jabal Qaf of 2295: 2190: 2152: 1189: 1078: 1056: 1029: 858: 307:

It is desirable to tie the system of Earth coordinates (latitude, longitude, and elevations or

209: 6824: 3721: 2551: 279:, Walt Pederson, Gerry Pitzl and Jean-Luc Bombardier, using snowmobiles and with air support. 8846: 8833: 8823: 8776: 8562: 8132: 7996: 7965: 7770: 7723: 7622: 7426: 7345: 7288: 7037: 7031: 6881: 6839: 6801: 6781: 6376: 6151: 5987: 5897: 5879: 5796: 5767: 5757: 5645: 5582: 5356: 1562: 1318: 1207: 1138: 1120: 1005: 997: 964: 836: 813: 6037: 4870:

Paradise Found a Cradle of the Human Race at the North Pole a Study of the Prehistoric World

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located 709 km (441 mi) from the North Pole (eleven year average observations).

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became the third pair of submarines to surface together at the North Pole. In March 1990,

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in charge of all scientific observations. In 2006, Maclure was honoured with a spot in

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in 1958. This makes it impractical to construct a permanent station at the North Pole (

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Attempts to reach the North Pole began in the late 19th century, with the record for "

9221: 9216: 9024: 8888: 8708: 8693: 8610: 8274: 8195: 8191: 8064: 7870: 7864: 7820: 7805: 7734: 7706: 7614: 7551: 7461: 7433: 7413: 7351: 7259: 7223: 7097: 7064: 7057: 7010: 6992: 6909: 6658: 6527: 6475: 6381: 6334: 6262: 6251: 5963: 5953: 5945: 5841: 5831: 5742: 5737: 5720: 5686: 5553: 5540: 5361: 5267: 5225: 5220: 5010: 4874: 4853: 4818: 4744: 4713: 4699: 4662: 4637: 4556: 3618: 3565: 3502: 3425: 3159: 3041: 2991: 2740: 2561: 2520: 2307: 2198: 2069: 1512: 1490: 1386: 1382: 1363: 1292: 1094: 1048: 952: 738: 641: 424: 366: 201: 4111: 3745: 1500:

period that occurs before sunrise and after sunset has three different definitions:

248:, which overflew the area in 1926 with 16 men on board, including expedition leader 9082: 8640: 8100: 8081: 7813: 7505: 7385: 7211: 7184: 7124: 6999: 6929: 6914: 6653: 6582: 6577: 6551: 6546: 6428: 6351: 6304: 6071: 5891: 5856: 5752: 5747: 5681: 5595: 5377: 5369: 5255: 5175: 5127: 5117: 5090: 4691: 3704: 3678: 3590: 3444: 2668: 2310:

are also oriented towards the north. On the contrary, South is associated with the

2224: 1446: 1441: 1259: 1162: 956: 875:, Walt Pederson, Gerry Pitzl and Jean Luc Bombardier, who traveled over the ice by 464: 454: 182: 4810: 4221: 3941: 1505: 1169: 608:

The first claimed flight over the Pole was made on 9 May 1926 by US naval officer

9260: 9132: 8861: 8771: 8688: 8683: 8071: 8018: 8003: 7909: 7904: 7828: 7793: 7729: 7628: 7543: 7510: 7242: 7025: 7017: 6986: 6902: 6862: 6616: 6572: 6512: 6436: 6406: 6401: 6361: 6339: 6287: 6223: 6213: 6164: 5886: 5871: 5724: 5693: 5655: 5405: 5333: 5327: 5250: 5215: 5075: 4974: 4962: 4950: 4938: 4926: 4914: 4902: 4868: 4469: 4438: 4292: 4285: 4273: 4228: 4058: 3948: 3929: 3911: 3889: 3864:«Академик Федоров» – выходит из порта Санкт-Петербург в экспедицию «Арктика-2007» 3829: 3815: 3752: 3728: 3709: 3683: 3657: 3536: 3451: 3407: 3351: 3136: 2914: 2863: 2836: 2820: 2807: 2788: 2615: 2595: 2503: 2416: 2361: 2334: 2318: 2243: 2148: 1325: 1112:, became the first person to reach the Pole from both sides of the Arctic Ocean. 1101:

surfaced at the North Pole, the first international surfacing at the North Pole.

1063:

surfaced at the North Pole, the first tri-submarine surfacing at the North Pole.

948: 832: 770: 755: 697: 649: 609: 450: 312: 300: 261: 244: 6594: 4931: 4149: 1607:

that the average ice thickness has decreased in recent years. It is likely that

1246:

may pass within viewing distance of the North Pole. For example, a flight from

9057: 9019: 8808: 8615: 8542: 8450: 8156: 8045: 8028: 7981: 7940: 7930: 7899: 7758: 7748: 7640: 7590: 7455: 7405: 7378: 7323: 7119: 7114: 6963: 6816: 6670: 6632: 6589: 6522: 6496: 6450: 6423: 6396: 6366: 6309: 6267: 6257: 6137: 6130: 6027: 6007: 5819: 5779: 5710: 5506: 5481: 5436: 5400: 5394: 5386: 5346: 5341: 5315: 5295: 5063: 4739: 2376: 2356: 2299: 1608: 1390: 984: 907: 899: 872: 798: 758: 721: 693: 671: 658: 637: 582: 561: 556:

The conquest of the North Pole was for many years credited to US Navy engineer

546: 386: 344: 295: 276: 253: 249: 239: 178: 4955: 4695: 4245: 3216: 9288: 9206: 9122: 9107: 8936: 8898: 8801: 8766: 8726: 8605: 8572: 8434: 8377: 8372: 8270: 8173: 8164: 8008: 7950: 7945: 7935: 7885: 7880: 7856: 7800: 7677: 7671: 7666: 7265: 7176: 7169: 6924: 6719: 6698: 6566: 6344: 6314: 6282: 6277: 6114: 6020: 5903: 5698: 5511: 5461: 5454: 5446: 5351: 5260: 5095: 3068: 2781: 2455: 2441: 2381: 2283:

has documented, the North Pole plays a key part in the cultural worldview of

2202: 1648: 1634: 1478: 1419: 1312: 1255: 1180: 1158: 1067: 883: 729: 613: 602: 589: 526: 502: 434:, was crushed by ice. Over half the crew, including De Long, were lost. 54: 41: 3552:. ExplorersWeb Inc. 16 June 2004. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 3400: 2140:

have been observed less than 60 km (37 mi) away at 89°40′ N.

1582:) due to the July and August mean temperatures peaking just above freezing. 746:, their station had drifted 2850 km to the eastern coast of Greenland. 9077: 8969: 8931: 8908: 8620: 8425: 8169: 8152: 8148: 8140: 8039: 8033: 7645: 7609: 7475: 7302: 7252: 7191: 7045: 6733: 6684: 6534: 6356: 6319: 6299: 6240: 5774: 5762: 5705: 5633: 5534: 5431: 5425: 5322: 5310: 5183: 5161: 5085: 5038: 4529: 3696: 3670: 3072: 2881: 2695:"At the North Pole, 6–7 April 1909: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web" 2280: 2144: 1466: 1450: 1381:

to a large swathe of the Arctic Ocean floor. The descent took place in two

1374: 1367: 1353: 1340: 1271: 1173: 973: 928: 871:

The first confirmed surface conquest of the North Pole was accomplished by

733: 717: 617: 557: 517: 506: 362: 288: 257: 220: 205: 193: 148:

The North Pole is by definition the northernmost point on the Earth, lying

2174: 9231: 9142: 9117: 9092: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8851: 8791: 8430: 8076: 7976: 7924: 7742: 7529: 7317: 6692: 6624: 6386: 6245: 6208: 6108: 6100: 5908: 5244: 2330: 2258: 2250: 2160: 2133: 1600: 1470: 1243: 991: 887: 802: 474:

and two companions tried to reach the North Pole in the hydrogen balloon

459: 319:, there is no system in which all geographic features are fixed. Yet the 196:

amid waters that are almost permanently covered with constantly shifting

3998:"Freak storm pushes North Pole 50 degrees above normal to melting point" 2927: 2801:

The North Pole Flight of Richard E. Byrd: An Overview of the Controversy

568: 27:

Northern point where the Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface

8956: 8926: 7875: 7778: 7762: 7604: 7537: 7438: 6847: 6796: 6756: 6078: 5804: 5732: 5674: 5035: 3302: 2411: 2366: 2338: 2273: 2137: 2128: 1574: 1527: 1195: 1186: 1071: 876: 806: 560:, who claimed to have reached the Pole on 6 April 1909, accompanied by 408: 235:, with timescales varying from 2016 to the late 21st century or later. 189: 161: 153: 4386:"United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Annex 2, Article 4)" 2680: 1550: 1228: 479: 9072: 8996: 8974: 8746: 8645: 8625: 7397: 6234: 5786: 5569: 4956:

Video of the Nuclear Icebreaker Yamal visiting the North Pole in 2001

4811:

Frederick, Albert; Cook, Robert E. Peary, George W. Melville (2003).

3133:ФГБУ "Арктический и антарктический научно-исследовательский институт" 2524: 2322: 2303: 2236: 2168: 1535: 1415: 1216: 1130:

The German North Pole expedition 1990, Ski-Doo for local research on

679:

crashed on its return from the Pole, with the loss of half the crew.

593: 457:

struck out for the Pole on skis after leaving Nansen's icebound ship

308: 174: 165: 4979: 3530:

When Neil Armstrong and Edmund Hillary Took a Trip to the North Pole

2810:, Byrd Polar Research Center of the Ohio State University. See also 2298:

are considered to be auspicious, since they are associated with the

2265:

to the North Pole (referring to Santa's traditional exclamation of "

1557:

of 2007 compared to 2005 and also compared to the 1979–2000 average.

1145:, snow and air. Samples taken were analyzed in cooperation with the 862:(SSN-571) crossed the North Pole on 3 August 1958. On 17 March 1959 185:, Canada, which is located 817 km (508 mi) from the Pole. 77:

showing the Arctic Ocean and the North Pole. The map also shows the

8961: 8741: 7329: 3904: 2829: 2811: 2672: 2266: 2246: 1497: 1482: 1142: 1131: 903: 891: 662: 483: 316: 157: 69: 8813: 3466:"1982: First Surface Circumnavigation via both Geographical Poles" 2209:

off their coasts, and the area beyond that is administered by the

1137:

On April 16, 1990, a German-Swiss expedition led by a team of the

1115: 657:, though Norwegian-owned, was designed and piloted by the Italian 9102: 8951: 8941: 8786: 8781: 8761: 8751: 7956: 7336: 5601: 5577: 5565: 2401: 2262: 1474: 1251: 1247: 1154: 1119:

Participants of the first German North Pole expedition 1990 from

895: 669:, overflew the Pole a second time on 24 May 1928, in the airship 645: 625: 549:

claimed to have reached the North Pole on 21 April 1908 with two

382: 197: 94: 8466: 6123: 4944:

Daylight, Darkness and Changing of the Seasons at the North Pole

4895: 1368:

the first ever manned descent to the seabed under the North Pole

9127: 9097: 9067: 9029: 9001: 8946: 8660: 8497: 8455: 8344: 6202: 5527: 4907: 4634:

Arktos: The Polar Myth in Science, Symbolism, and Nazi Survival

2284: 2239: 2164: 1486: 1485:(around 21 June), after which time it begins to sink, reaching 1397: 1263: 1126: 228: 2823:

Vol. 10 (refereed both at University of Cambridge and by the

1141:

reached the Geographic North Pole for studies on pollution of

1070:

of Japan became the first person to reach the North Pole on a

1028:

surfaced at the North Pole on 18 April, in the company of the

944:

completed the first surface vessel journey to the North Pole.

620:

aircraft. Although verified at the time by a committee of the

437: 9087: 8818: 5588: 3419: 2371: 1300: 692:

was accomplished in a Tupolev ANT-25 airplane with a crew of

550: 164:. At the North Pole all directions point south; all lines of 93:

Temporary research station of German-Swiss expedition on the

4738: 3967:"What time zones are used at the North Pole and South Pole?" 2249:, the geographic North Pole is described as the location of 1358: 983:(the first man to stand on the summit of Mount Everest) and 773:. It carried an 11-man crew, with Kenneth C. Maclure of the 478:("Eagle"), but came down 300 km (190 mi) north of 3867: 2272:

This association reflects an age-old esoteric mythology of

1431: 1153:. Further stops for sample collections were on multi-year 396:, who in 1827 reached latitude 82°45′ North. In 1871, the 321:

International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service

4137:

Beyond "Polar Express": Fast Facts on the Real North Pole

3797:

USS Charlotte Achieves Milestone During Under-Ice Transit

3129:"Высокоширотная воздушная экспедиция "Север-2" (1948 г.)" 1526:

These effects are caused by a combination of the Earth's

565:

have been particularly sloppy as he approached the Pole.

4027:"CLOSEST DATA FOR NORTH POLE - 440 MI/709 KM, GREENLAND" 1347: 1206:

again reached the pole exactly 10 years later, with the

6793: 4849:

The Oddest Place on Earth: Rediscovering the North Pole

3157: 2515: 2175:

Territorial claims to the North Pole and Arctic regions

1108:

from Siberia to northern Canada. One of the Canadians,

1151:

Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research

4369:"North Pole sea anemone named most northerly species" 3699:, Reports on Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 3673:, Reports on Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 3586:"Japanese Is First to Reach North Pole by Motorcycle" 2917:. Tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2012-07-04. 2476:

located 709 km (441 mi) from the North Pole

793:

expedition (March–May 1948). It was organized by the

529:

heading south and the expedition returned to Norway.

8130: 4746:

Speak, Bird, Speak Again: Palestinian Arab Folktales

3671:"The Expedition ARK-VIII/3 of RV Polarstern in 1991" 3037:

Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia

4577:"Meet your neighbor: Santa Claus of the North Pole" 4472:, by Shamil Yenikeyeff and Timothy Fenton Krysiek, 3905:

News video of the Russian descent at the North Pole

2659:Wright, John K. (July 1953). "The Open Polar Sea". 1393:was placed on the ocean floor exactly at the Pole. 4968:Polar Discovery: North Pole Observatory Expedition 4743: 4488:"Canada plans claim that would include North Pole" 3660:. Guinnessworldrecords.com. Retrieved 4 July 2012. 1435:Yemelya, an all terrain Russian amphibious vehicle 3878: 3876: 3162:. Патриотический интернет проект "Герои Страны". 1545: 1416:Marine Live-Ice Automobile Expedition (MLAE-2009) 1385:and was led by Soviet and Russian polar explorer 1373:On 2 August 2007 a Russian scientific expedition 192:, the North Pole is located in the middle of the 9286: 4631: 4179:"Arctic ice thickness drops by up to 19 percent" 3365:'Greatest polar explorer' Sir Wally Herbert dies 2143:Birds seen at or very near the Pole include the 1586: 1573:The North Pole is substantially warmer than the 1449:), and on 5 May 2013 the expedition finished in 377:C.G. Zorgdragers map of the North Pole from 1720 8583:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 4267:Polar Bear – Population & Distribution 3539:. atlasobscura.com. Retrieved 9 September 2013. 3379: 3377: 2658: 2218:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1612:implications; see "Territorial claims", below. 1179:On 7 September 1991 the German research vessel 3873: 3247:Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute 2722:Cook and Peary: the Polar Controversy Resolved 2609:Arctic summer ice could vanish by 2013: expert 2436:Data is from a Greenlandic weather station at 1440:Yemelya-4—started from Golomyanny Island (the 1104:In 1988 a team of 13 (9 Soviets, 4 Canadians) 976:who became the first dog to visit both poles. 801:to the North Pole and landed there at 4:44pm ( 8482: 8116: 4995: 4656: 4338:"FARTHEST NORTH POLAR BEAR (Ursus maritimus)" 4242:"Future of Arctic Climate and Global Impacts" 4086:"February 2018 heatwave across the Far North" 3420:Ramstad, C.J. & Pickering, Keith (2011). 3099:"Concise chronology of approach to the poles" 2553:The International Regime of the Polar Regions 510: 4837:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4295:, Greenpeace Project Thin Ice (1 July 2006). 3410:. northpolewomen.com. Retrieved 4 July 2012. 3374: 3345:FIRST SUBMARINE TO SURFACE AT THE NORTH POLE 2928:"North Pole Drifting Stations (1930s–1980s)" 2549: 1366:, one of the two vehicles that were used in 223:, and later Russia, constructed a number of 8894:Effects of global warming on marine mammals 8558:Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route 8422:Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route 4750:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 4675: 795:Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route 353:List of firsts in the Geographic North Pole 188:While the South Pole lies on a continental 8489: 8475: 8123: 8109: 5002: 4988: 4790: 4775: 4760: 4555:. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 20. 4518:"Arctic Sovereignty: Loss by Dereliction?" 4332: 4330: 4021: 4019: 3935: 3454:. Polarworld.co.uk. Retrieved 4 July 2012. 3017:Halliday, Hugh A. (January/February 2004) 1465:The sun at the North Pole is continuously 329:International Terrestrial Reference System 4866: 3135:(ФГБУ "ААНИИ"). 2005–2008. Archived from 2983: 2857:Did Byrd Reach Pole? His Diary Hints 'No' 2734: 1281:In 2005 the United States Navy submarine 208:and at 4,087 m (13,409 ft) by 8060:Pole of Inaccessibility research station 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 3830:"Вчера и сегодня мы – первые. А завтра?" 3578: 3542: 3303:"Десантников отправят на Северный полюс" 3300: 3187:"Великий полярный водоворот просыпается" 2956: 2558:Acadimie de Droit International de La Ha 2230: 2184: 1549: 1430: 1357: 1227: 1125: 1114: 916: 841: 567: 536: 436: 411:attempt to get to the pole, part of the 372: 361: 100: 88: 68: 7635:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition 4661:. Translated by Pearson, N. Shambhala. 4550: 4544: 4485: 4327: 4016: 3768: 3616: 3490: 1426: 1409: 1389:. In a symbolic act of visitation, the 1291:In July 2007 British endurance swimmer 449:In April 1895, the Norwegian explorers 169:The nearest land is usually said to be 160:90° North, as well as the direction of 14: 9287: 4681: 4486:Noronha, Charmaine (9 December 2013). 3827: 3463: 3334:, U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission 3237: 427:ended tragically when their ship, the 8470: 8104: 6779: 5021: 5009: 4983: 4528:(4). Winter 1994–1995. Archived from 4404: 4306:Ringed seal makes its home on the ice 4160:from the original on 26 December 2012 4004:from the original on 31 December 2015 3995: 3932:, The New York Times (2 August 2007). 3640:from the original on 20 January 2022. 3238:Barlow, John Matthew (29 July 2010). 3033: 2870:. (9 May 1996). Retrieved 2012-07-04. 2719: 2497:Russian sub plants flag at North Pole 1379:2001 extended continental shelf claim 1348:2007 descent to the North Pole seabed 407:, ended in disaster. Another British 311:) to fixed landforms. However, given 282: 4932:FAQ on the Arctic and the North Pole 4112:"NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data" 3964: 3842:from the original on 19 January 2012 3651:First people to reach the north pole 3598:from the original on 7 November 2018 3510:from the original on 15 October 2022 3478:from the original on 18 October 2022 3313:from the original on 19 January 2012 3166:from the original on 2 February 2012 2965:from the original on 31 October 2017 2932:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 2627: 2136:has also been seen at the Pole, and 327:have defined a framework called the 137:meets its surface. It is called the 9268: 9113:Northern indigenous Russian peoples 7421:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 5618:Norse colonization of North America 4845: 4474:Oxford Institute for Energy Studies 3301:Safronov, Ivan Jr. (29 July 2009). 3184: 2640:from the original on 5 January 2023 1469:during the summer and continuously 1242:Commercial airliner flights on the 482:, the northeasternmost part of the 252:. Three prior expeditions – led by 24: 9172:Arctic Refuge drilling controversy 6950:United States Exploring Expedition 4803: 4720:from the original on 25 March 2022 4659:The Man of Light in Iranian Sufism 4609:. 15 November 2006. Archived from 4494:. Associated Press. Archived from 4432:"Territorial claims in the Arctic" 4220:Jonathan Amos (12 December 2006). 4092:from the original on 21 March 2018 3996:Fritz, Angela (30 December 2015). 3828:Банько, Юрий (19 September 2007). 3617:Schmitt, Elisabeth (7 June 1990). 3079:from the original on 23 April 2013 2957:Lockerby, Patrick (15 July 2010). 2906:Tierney, John. (7 September 2009) 2589:New warning on Arctic sea ice melt 2189:Sunset over the North Pole at the 2123: 1542:or the time zone of their origin. 403:, a US attempt on the Pole led by 369:'s map of the North Pole from 1595 25: 9336: 8496: 8024:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 7392:Australasian Antarctic Expedition 4889: 4682:Bhayro, Siam (10 February 2020). 4583:from the original on 9 April 2015 4392:from the original on 16 July 2007 4222:Arctic sea ice "faces rapid melt" 4196:"Model-Based Estimates of Change" 4118:from the original on 11 July 2015 3977:from the original on 6 April 2024 3809:Swimmer rises to Arctic challenge 3550:"North and South Pole successful" 2959:"Arctic Heroes #2 – North Pole 1" 2607:Ljunggren, David (5 March 2009). 1592:World Meteorological Organization 856:The United States Navy submarine 499:Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi 9267: 9256: 9255: 8842:Arctic Climate Impact Assessment 8699:Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate 8578:Territorial claims in the Arctic 7918:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 7311:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 3769:Cormick, Brett (February 2000). 3109:from the original on 16 May 2017 2908:Who Was First at the North Pole? 2697:. Heritage.nf.ca. Archived from 2630:"Who Discovered the North Pole?" 2333:, a mountain whose ascent, like 2181:Territorial claims in the Arctic 1460: 325:International Astronomical Union 8548:Arctic cooperation and politics 4784: 4769: 4754: 4732: 4650: 4625: 4595: 4569: 4510: 4479: 4456: 4424: 4378: 4362: 4311: 4304:Halkka, Antti (February 2003). 4298: 4279: 4260: 4234: 4214: 4188: 4172: 4142: 4130: 4104: 4078: 4064: 4045: 4012:– via washingtonpost.com. 3989: 3958: 3916: 3895: 3883:Russia plants flag under N Pole 3854: 3821: 3802: 3795:Ozeck, Dave (12 January 2005) 3789: 3762: 3738: 3715: 3689: 3663: 3644: 3610: 3528:Bruhns, Sarah (27 August 2013) 3522: 3457: 3438: 3413: 3394: 3357: 3337: 3325: 3294: 3268: 3231: 3205: 3178: 3151: 3121: 3091: 3061: 3027: 3011: 2977: 2950: 2938:from the original on 2 May 2013 2920: 2900: 2873: 2850: 2794: 2775: 2753: 2728: 2587:Black, Richard (8 April 2001). 2531:from the original on 2 May 2013 2521:""Наутилус" у Северного полюса" 2430: 2352:Arctic cooperation and politics 1515:period of about five weeks; and 1223: 8656:Populated places in the Arctic 4636:. Grand Rapids: Phanes Press. 3464:Dimery, Rob (18 August 2015). 3103:Scott Polar Research Institute 2847:Vol. 53, Appendix pp. 293–327. 2767:. 16 June 2007. Archived from 2713: 2687: 2652: 2621: 2601: 2581: 2543: 2509: 2490: 2211:International Seabed Authority 1546:Climate, sea ice at North Pole 779:Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame 712:In May 1937 the world's first 707: 515:) sailed the converted whaler 334: 13: 1: 9179:Pollution in the Arctic Ocean 8704:Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone 7297:Japanese Antarctic Expedition 7232:Scottish Antarctic Expedition 6780: 4684:"Cosmology in Mandaean Texts" 4029:. Weatherbase. Archived from 3923:Russia’s North Pole Obsession 3771:"Diving the top of the world" 3383:Bob Headland (15 June 2007). 3215:. Polar World. Archived from 3213:"Volovich Vitaly Georgievich" 3158:Уфаркин, Николай Васильевич. 3034:Mills, William James (2003). 2483: 2306:face north when praying, and 935:On 17 August 1977 the Soviet 931:to reach the North Pole, 1977 633:after scrupulous refereeing. 8884:Climate change in the Arctic 8636:Impact craters of the Arctic 7654:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 7470:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition 7276:French Antarctic Expeditions 7206:Swedish Antarctic Expedition 7092:Belgian Antarctic Expedition 5210:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition 4551:Jeffers, Harry Paul (2000). 3746:"The Amphiclopedia Vi to Wa" 3363:Jenny Booth (13 June 2007). 3354:. militaryhonors.sid-hill.us 3240:"The Cold War in the Arctic" 2739:. W W Norton & Company. 2407:Poles of astronomical bodies 2223:In 1907 Canada invoked the " 1587:northernmost weather station 1569:Climate change in the Arctic 1522:period of about seven weeks. 1455:Russian Geographical Society 852:at drift station Alpha, 1958 765:expedition became the first 749: 532: 490:were found by the Norwegian 173:, off the northern coast of 7: 8737:Canadian Arctic Archipelago 8679:Canadian Arctic Rift System 6739:Nuclear-powered icebreakers 6418:Austro-Hungarian Expedition 5283:Andrée's balloon expedition 4867:Fairfield, William (1885). 4690:. Brill. pp. 572–579. 3892:, BBC News (2 August 2007). 3744:Rosloot, Hans "Amphihans". 3669:Fütterer, D. et al. (1992) 3276:"Arctic Aerial Exploration" 2984:Armstrong, Terence (2011). 2467:Greenlandic Weather Station 2344: 2205:(370 km; 230 mi) 1928:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1788:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1660:Greenlandic weather station 1626:Greenlandic Weather Station 1585:Winter temperatures at the 1147:Geological Survey of Canada 886:and companions Allan Gill, 622:National Geographic Society 357: 32:North Pole (disambiguation) 10: 9341: 9315:Polar regions of the Earth 8732:British Arctic Territories 5940:Franklin's lost expedition 5640:Christian IV's expeditions 5022: 4139:, National Geographic News 4052:"Antarctic Sun: Heat Wave" 3971:BBC Science Focus Magazine 3818:, BBC news (15 July 2007). 3160:"Черевичный Иван Иванович" 2987:The Russians in the Arctic 2178: 2115: 1622: 1566: 1560: 1508:period of about two weeks; 1351: 937:nuclear-powered icebreaker 661:. The flight started from 470:In 1897, Swedish engineer 349:List of Arctic expeditions 338: 286: 29: 9250: 9197: 9154: 9038: 9010: 8917: 8832: 8717: 8669: 8591: 8568:Inuit Circumpolar Council 8533: 8505: 8406: 8343: 8139: 7757: 7488: 7075: 6815: 6792: 6788: 6775: 6294:Great Northern Expedition 6188: 5970:Rae–Richardson expedition 5719: 5564: 5170:British Arctic Expedition 5062: 5034: 5030: 5017: 4846:Pal, Christopher (2002). 4742:; Sharif Kanaana (1989). 4696:10.1163/9789004400566_046 4632:Godwin, Joscelyn (1993). 3695:Thiede, J. et al. (2002) 3570:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3019:The Aries Flights Of 1945 2387:Inuit Circumpolar Council 2261:has assigned postal code 2216:Upon ratification of the 2067: 1997: 1927: 1857: 1787: 1717: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1597:Hollywood Burbank Airport 1297:effects of global warming 1238:at the North Pole in 2005 1215:In 1998, 1999, and 2000, 829:William Pershing Benedict 816:, registered CCCP H-369. 683:Another transpolar flight 413:British Arctic Expedition 8879:Arctic methane emissions 7578:British Antarctic Survey 7572:Captain Arturo Prat Base 6817:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 4973:23 February 2008 at the 4949:14 December 2016 at the 4937:13 December 2016 at the 4925:13 December 2016 at the 4272:16 December 2008 at the 4227:16 February 2009 at the 3910:23 December 2008 at the 2862:13 November 2013 at the 2819:14 February 2012 at the 2594:19 November 2018 at the 2506:, Reuters, 2 August 2007 2502:22 December 2008 at the 2423: 775:Royal Canadian Air Force 225:manned drifting stations 141:to distinguish from the 135:Earth's axis of rotation 9320:Geography of the Arctic 9300:Extreme points of Earth 8553:Arctic Ocean Conference 8054:Pole of inaccessibility 7717:Antarctic Treaty System 6058:2nd Grinnell expedition 4913:8 November 2017 at the 4901:18 October 2011 at the 4421:. un.org (4 June 2007). 4291:13 October 2007 at the 4154:State of the Cryosphere 3947:23 October 2013 at the 3928:13 October 2007 at the 3888:13 October 2007 at the 3866:. Press release of the 3773:. Diver. Archived from 3656:28 January 2012 at the 3249:(CDFAI). Archived from 3105:(SPRI). February 2001. 2913:2 November 2014 at the 2835:24 January 2018 at the 2806:13 October 2007 at the 2787:22 January 2015 at the 2628:Magazine, Smithsonian. 2517:Андерсон, Уильям Роберт 2207:exclusive economic zone 1603:at the very same time. 1276:Moscow State University 1106:skied across the arctic 912:pole of inaccessibility 831:, along with scientist 631:University of Cambridge 9212:Arctic shipping routes 4961:1 January 2020 at the 4814:Finding the North Pole 4657:Corbin, Henry (1978). 4553:Legends of Santa Claus 4244:. NOAA. Archived from 4198:. IPCC. Archived from 4061:, US Antarctic Program 3471:Guinness World Records 3406:11 August 2007 at the 3332:Aviation History Facts 2735:Henderson, B. (2005). 2720:Bryce, Robert (1997). 2614:14 August 2021 at the 2255:workshop and residence 2194: 2191:International Dateline 2153:black-legged kittiwake 1558: 1436: 1370: 1239: 1134: 1123: 1012:. On 12 November 1984 932: 853: 714:North Pole ice station 588:The British explorer 573: 542: 511: 446: 378: 370: 156:. It defines geodetic 129:, is the point in the 123:Terrestrial North Pole 110: 98: 86: 9167:Petroleum exploration 8847:Arctic dipole anomaly 8824:North American Arctic 8777:Northwest Territories 8563:Ilulissat Declaration 8133:drifting ice stations 7724:Transglobe Expedition 7623:Operation Deep Freeze 7032:Challenger expedition 5898:Coppermine expedition 5419:Drifting ice stations 4873:. Houghton, Mifflin. 4852:. Writer's Showcase. 4688:Hellenistic Astronomy 4522:Northern Perspectives 4419:migratory fish stocks 4317:Tannerfeldt, Magnus. 3757:amphibiousvehicle.net 3710:10013/epic.10426.d001 3684:10013/epic.10107.d001 3450:26 April 2012 at the 2560:. pp. 202 (34). 2550:Mouton, M.W. (1968). 2339:Mountain of Purgatory 2294:, the North Pole and 2231:Cultural associations 2188: 1563:Climate of the Arctic 1555:Arctic ice shrinkages 1553: 1520:astronomical twilight 1434: 1361: 1270:The first attempt at 1231: 1202:game on an ice floe. 1139:University of Giessen 1129: 1121:University of Giessen 1118: 965:Transglobe Expedition 920: 845: 837:Douglas C-47 Skytrain 814:Douglas C-47 Skytrain 571: 540: 497:The Italian explorer 472:Salomon August Andrée 440: 376: 365: 217:unlike the South Pole 119:Geographic North Pole 104: 92: 72: 18:Geographic north pole 9237:Transpolar Sea Route 4579:. 25 December 2009. 4468:7 April 2012 at the 3942:"Diary of MLAE-2013" 3751:2 April 2015 at the 3727:4 March 2016 at the 3424:. North Star Press. 3350:8 April 2022 at the 2845:Congressional Record 2791:. Retrieved May 2007 2771:on 24 December 2008. 2634:Smithsonian Magazine 2397:North Pole, New York 2116:Source: Weatherbase 1718:Record high °C (°F) 1427:MLAE 2013 Expedition 1414:In 2009 the Russian 1410:MLAE 2009 Expedition 1311:, 3 times by German 970:Jack Russell Terrier 835:, landed a modified 405:Charles Francis Hall 394:William Edward Parry 233:Arctic ice shrinkage 117:, also known as the 75:azimuthal projection 30:For other uses, see 9325:Northern Hemisphere 9138:Arctic Winter Games 8904:Polar amplification 8872:ecology and history 8631:Greenland ice sheet 7894:South magnetic pole 6560:Brusilov expedition 5669:Danish colonization 5107:North magnetic pole 4817:. The Lyons press. 4532:on 23 November 2010 4498:on 13 December 2013 4276:, WWF, January 2007 4248:on 9 September 2013 4183:The Daily Telegraph 4057:23 May 2013 at the 3814:22 May 2009 at the 3535:12 May 2016 at the 3219:on 18 December 2008 3193:on 11 November 2013 2891:National Geographic 2841:The Washington Post 2761:"Sir Wally Herbert" 2661:Geographical Review 2451: / 2235:In some children's 1998:Record low °C (°F) 1858:Daily mean °C (°F) 1644: / 1540:Greenwich Mean Time 1477:is just before the 1473:during the winter. 1335:Louis S. St-Laurent 961:MV Benjamin Bowring 823:Lieutenant Colonel 787:Aleksandr Kuznetsov 640:and his US sponsor 598:Canadian Eskimo Dog 492:Bratvaag Expedition 269:Aleksandr Kuznetsov 171:Kaffeklubben Island 143:Magnetic North Pole 131:Northern Hemisphere 127:90th Parallel North 83:60th parallel north 79:75th parallel north 51: / 9227:Northern Sea Route 8857:Arctic oscillation 8601:Arctic Archipelago 8525:History of whaling 8515:Arctic exploration 8447:Konstantin Badygin 8183:Alexey Tryoshnikov 7585:Operation Windmill 7566:Operation Highjump 6541:Rusanov expedition 6446:A. E. Nordenskiöld 6190:North East Passage 5994:McClure expedition 4920:North Pole Web Cam 4908:The Northern Forum 4202:on 13 January 2012 4185:(28 October 2008). 3965:Matthews, Robert. 3506:. 6 January 1985. 3139:on 3 February 2010 2934:. 17 August 2011. 2895:The New York Times 2868:The New York Times 2392:North Pole, Alaska 2292:Mandaean cosmology 2195: 1559: 1437: 1403:The New York Times 1371: 1240: 1135: 1124: 981:Sir Edmund Hillary 933: 921:Soviet icebreaker 854: 825:Joseph O. Fletcher 702:Alexander Belyakov 574: 543: 507:Italian Royal Navy 447: 379: 371: 341:Arctic exploration 283:Precise definition 111: 99: 87: 9282: 9281: 9242:Search and rescue 9222:Northwest Passage 9217:Northeast Passage 9162:Natural resources 9053:Subarctic peoples 9025:Arctic vegetation 8889:Climate of Alaska 8709:Ungava Fault Zone 8694:Innuitian orogeny 8611:Arctic Cordillera 8464: 8463: 8275:Artur Chilingarov 8196:Aleksandr Dralkin 8192:Yevgeny Tolstikov 8098: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8090: 8089: 7552:Operation Tabarin 7414:Far Eastern Party 7260:Nimrod Expedition 6771: 6770: 6767: 6766: 6330:M. Pronchishcheva 6252:Siberian Cossacks 5721:Northwest Passage 5054:Research stations 5011:Polar exploration 4880:978-0-665-37759-4 4859:978-0-595-21454-9 4824:978-1-59228-072-8 4793:al-Jabal al-Lamma 4778:al-Jabal al-Lamma 4763:al-Jabal al-Lamma 4562:978-0-8225-4983-3 4308:. suomenluonto.fi 3835:Российская газета 3594:. 21 April 1987. 3503:Los Angeles Times 3445:Sir Wally Herbert 3431:978-0-87839-446-3 3422:First to the Pole 3385:Sir Wally Herbert 3282:on 18 August 2016 3185:Loginov, Dmitri. 3047:978-1-57607-422-0 2997:978-1-245-58209-4 2782:Tom Avery website 2456:83.633°N 33.367°W 2321:tradition called 2312:World of Darkness 2199:international law 2197:Currently, under 2120: 2119: 2070:relative humidity 1649:83.633°N 33.367°W 1623:Climate data for 1513:nautical twilight 1491:September equinox 1471:below the horizon 1467:above the horizon 1387:Artur Chilingarov 1293:Lewis Gordon Pugh 1260:adventure holiday 1066:On 21 April 1987 953:Charles R. Burton 732:, and the leader 728:, radio operator 642:Lincoln Ellsworth 445:in the Arctic ice 425:George W. De Long 417:Albert H. Markham 367:Gerardus Mercator 260:(1909, land) and 16:(Redirected from 9332: 9271: 9270: 9259: 9258: 9146: 9145:(New Year's Day) 8641:Innuitian Region 8491: 8484: 8477: 8468: 8467: 8161:Yevgeny Fyodorov 8125: 8118: 8111: 8102: 8101: 7599:Ronne Expedition 7084: 7078: 6942:Dumont d'Urville 6790: 6789: 6777: 6776: 6325:V. Pronchishchev 5032: 5031: 5019: 5018: 5004: 4997: 4990: 4981: 4980: 4884: 4863: 4842: 4836: 4828: 4797: 4796: 4791:Irgam Yigfagna. 4788: 4782: 4781: 4776:Irgam Yigfagna. 4773: 4767: 4766: 4761:Irgam Yigfagna. 4758: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4613:on 11 April 2008 4599: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4483: 4477: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4444:on 8 August 2008 4443: 4437:. 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However, the 183:Ellesmere Island 66: 65: 63: 62: 61: 56: 52: 49: 48: 47: 44: 21: 9340: 9339: 9335: 9334: 9333: 9331: 9330: 9329: 9305:Northern Canada 9285: 9284: 9283: 9278: 9246: 9232:Polar air route 9193: 9184:Protected areas 9150: 9144: 9034: 9006: 8913: 8828: 8772:Northern Canada 8713: 8689:Greenland Plate 8684:Eurekan orogeny 8665: 8587: 8529: 8520:Arctic research 8501: 8495: 8465: 8460: 8402: 8339: 8135: 8129: 8099: 8086: 7761: 7753: 7629:McMurdo Station 7498:Modern research 7496: 7484: 7219:O. Nordenskjöld 7082: 7076: 7071: 6987:Ross expedition 6811: 6784: 6763: 6192: 6184: 5725:Northern Canada 5723: 5715: 5568: 5560: 5066: 5058: 5026: 5013: 5008: 4975:Wayback Machine 4963:Wayback Machine 4951:Wayback Machine 4939:Wayback Machine 4927:Wayback Machine 4915:Wayback Machine 4903:Wayback Machine 4892: 4887: 4881: 4860: 4830: 4829: 4825: 4806: 4804:Further reading 4801: 4800: 4789: 4785: 4774: 4770: 4759: 4755: 4737: 4733: 4723: 4721: 4706: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4630: 4626: 4616: 4614: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4586: 4584: 4575: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4549: 4545: 4535: 4533: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4501: 4499: 4492:9 December 2013 4484: 4480: 4470:Wayback Machine 4461: 4457: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4416: 4405: 4395: 4393: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4375:, 2 August 2009 4367: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4336: 4335: 4328: 4324:. zoologi.su.se 4319:The Arctic Fox 4316: 4312: 4303: 4299: 4293:Wayback Machine 4286:Explorers' Blog 4284: 4280: 4274:Wayback Machine 4265: 4261: 4251: 4249: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4229:Wayback Machine 4219: 4215: 4205: 4203: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4177: 4173: 4163: 4161: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4135: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4059:Wayback Machine 4050: 4046: 4036: 4034: 4025: 4024: 4017: 4007: 4005: 3994: 3990: 3980: 3978: 3963: 3959: 3949:Wayback Machine 3940: 3936: 3930:Wayback Machine 3921: 3917: 3912:Wayback Machine 3901: 3900: 3896: 3890:Wayback Machine 3881: 3874: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3845: 3843: 3826: 3822: 3816:Wayback Machine 3807: 3803: 3794: 3790: 3780: 3778: 3767: 3763: 3753:Wayback Machine 3743: 3739: 3729:Wayback Machine 3722:"Lada Oddities" 3720: 3716: 3708: 3694: 3690: 3682: 3668: 3664: 3658:Wayback Machine 3649: 3645: 3637: 3622: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3563: 3562: 3555: 3553: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3537:Wayback Machine 3527: 3523: 3513: 3511: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3481: 3479: 3462: 3458: 3452:Wayback Machine 3443: 3439: 3432: 3418: 3414: 3408:Wayback Machine 3399: 3395: 3382: 3375: 3362: 3358: 3352:Wayback Machine 3342: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3316: 3314: 3299: 3295: 3285: 3283: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3259: 3257: 3253: 3242: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3196: 3194: 3183: 3179: 3169: 3167: 3156: 3152: 3142: 3140: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3112: 3110: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3032: 3028: 3023:Legion Magazine 3016: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2982: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2955: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2915:Wayback Machine 2905: 2901: 2878: 2874: 2864:Wayback Machine 2855: 2851: 2837:Wayback Machine 2821:Wayback Machine 2808:Wayback Machine 2799: 2795: 2789:Wayback Machine 2780: 2776: 2765:The Independent 2759: 2758: 2754: 2747: 2733: 2729: 2718: 2714: 2704: 2702: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2657: 2653: 2643: 2641: 2626: 2622: 2616:Wayback Machine 2606: 2602: 2596:Wayback Machine 2586: 2582: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2548: 2544: 2534: 2532: 2514: 2510: 2504:Wayback Machine 2495: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2480: 2466: 2464: 2461:83.633; -33.367 2460: 2458: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2417:Willem Barentsz 2362:Arctic ice pack 2347: 2233: 2183: 2177: 2149:northern fulmar 2126: 2124:Flora and fauna 2121: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1722: 1659: 1657: 1654:83.633; -33.367 1653: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1630: 1625: 1624: 1571: 1565: 1548: 1489:just after the 1463: 1429: 1412: 1364:MIR submersible 1356: 1350: 1338:and by Swedish 1226: 1077:On 18 May 1987 949:Ranulph Fiennes 833:Albert P. Crary 827:and Lieutenant 819:On 3 May 1952, 771:Royal Air Force 754:In May 1945 an 752: 710: 698:Georgy Baydukov 685: 610:Richard E. Byrd 579:pressure ridges 535: 488:this expedition 451:Fridtjof Nansen 415:, by Commander 360: 355: 337: 313:plate tectonics 301:Chandler wobble 291: 285: 262:Richard E. Byrd 202:Mir submersible 139:True North Pole 59: 57: 53: 50: 45: 42: 40: 38: 37: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9338: 9328: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9280: 9279: 9277: 9276: 9264: 9251: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9203: 9201: 9195: 9194: 9192: 9191: 9189:Transportation 9186: 9181: 9176: 9175: 9174: 9164: 9158: 9156: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9148: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9048:Arctic peoples 9044: 9042: 9036: 9035: 9033: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9020:Arctic ecology 9016: 9014: 9008: 9007: 9005: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8993: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8923: 8921: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8875: 8874: 8869: 8862:Arctic sea ice 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8838: 8836: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8805: 8804: 8797:Russian Arctic 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 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8062: 8050: 8049: 8048: 8046:Vostok Station 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 8000: 7999: 7997:Cherry-Garrard 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7962: 7961: 7960: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7914: 7913: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7890: 7889: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7861: 7860: 7859: 7847: 7846: 7845: 7837:Southern Cross 7833: 7832: 7831: 7818: 7817: 7816: 7803: 7798: 7797: 7796: 7783: 7782: 7781: 7767: 7765: 7759:Farthest South 7755: 7754: 7752: 7751: 7746: 7739: 7738: 7737: 7732: 7720: 7713: 7712: 7711: 7710: 7709: 7697: 7696: 7695: 7683: 7682: 7681: 7674: 7669: 7650: 7649: 7648: 7643: 7631: 7626: 7619: 7618: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7595: 7594: 7593: 7581: 7574: 7569: 7562: 7561: 7560: 7548: 7547: 7546: 7534: 7533: 7532: 7520: 7513: 7508: 7502: 7500: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7482: 7481: 7480: 7466: 7465: 7464: 7456:Ross Sea party 7452: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7417: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7403: 7388: 7383: 7382: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7342: 7341: 7340: 7333: 7326: 7321: 7307: 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6520: 6515: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6448: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6348: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6198: 6196: 6194:Russian Arctic 6186: 6185: 6183: 6182: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6154: 6140: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6105: 6104: 6103: 6090: 6089: 6088: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6069: 6054: 6053: 6052: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6018: 6010: 6005: 5990: 5985: 5984: 5983: 5978: 5966: 5961: 5960: 5959: 5951: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5729: 5727: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5684: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5636: 5631: 5629:Snæbjörn galti 5626: 5621: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5592: 5585: 5580: 5574: 5572: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5558: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5531: 5524: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5496: 5486: 5485: 5484: 5479: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5422: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5375: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5298: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5265: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5230: 5229: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5186: 5181: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5137: 5136: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5072: 5070: 5064:Farthest North 5060: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5028: 5027: 5015: 5014: 5007: 5006: 4999: 4992: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4965: 4953: 4941: 4929: 4917: 4905: 4896:Arctic Council 4891: 4890:External links 4888: 4886: 4885: 4879: 4864: 4858: 4843: 4823: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4783: 4768: 4753: 4740:Ibrahim Muhawi 4731: 4704: 4674: 4668:978-0394734415 4667: 4649: 4643:978-0932813350 4642: 4624: 4594: 4568: 4561: 4543: 4509: 4478: 4455: 4423: 4403: 4377: 4361: 4326: 4321:Alopex lagopus 4310: 4297: 4278: 4259: 4233: 4213: 4187: 4171: 4141: 4129: 4103: 4077: 4063: 4044: 4015: 3988: 3957: 3934: 3915: 3894: 3872: 3870:(9 July 2007). 3853: 3820: 3801: 3788: 3761: 3737: 3733:ladaniva.co.uk 3714: 3688: 3662: 3643: 3609: 3577: 3541: 3521: 3489: 3456: 3437: 3430: 3412: 3393: 3373: 3356: 3336: 3324: 3293: 3267: 3256:on 5 June 2013 3230: 3204: 3177: 3150: 3120: 3090: 3060: 3046: 3026: 3010: 2996: 2990:. Nabu Press. 2976: 2949: 2919: 2899: 2897:30 June, p. 5. 2872: 2849: 2793: 2774: 2752: 2745: 2727: 2712: 2701:on 22 May 2013 2686: 2673:10.2307/211752 2667:(3): 338–365. 2651: 2620: 2600: 2580: 2567:978-9028614420 2566: 2542: 2508: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2377:Celestial pole 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2357:Arctic Council 2354: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2300:World of Light 2232: 2229: 2179:Main article: 2176: 2173: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2065: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1618: 1609:global warming 1561:Main article: 1547: 1544: 1524: 1523: 1516: 1509: 1506:civil twilight 1462: 1459: 1428: 1425: 1411: 1408: 1352:Main article: 1349: 1346: 1331:, and once by 1225: 1222: 1168:On 4 May 1990 1039:On 6 May 1986 985:Neil Armstrong 900:Barrow, Alaska 873:Ralph Plaisted 821:U.S. Air Force 799:Kotelny Island 751: 748: 722:Pyotr Shirshov 709: 706: 694:Valery Chkalov 659:Umberto Nobile 638:Roald Amundsen 562:Matthew Henson 547:Frederick Cook 534: 531: 441:Nansen's ship 387:Open Polar Sea 359: 356: 345:Farthest North 336: 333: 296:Leonhard Euler 284: 281: 277:Ralph Plaisted 256:(1908, land), 254:Frederick Cook 250:Roald Amundsen 240:Farthest North 107:pressure ridge 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9337: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9292: 9290: 9275: 9274: 9265: 9263: 9262: 9253: 9252: 9249: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9207:Arctic Bridge 9205: 9204: 9202: 9200: 9196: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9173: 9170: 9169: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9153: 9147: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9041: 9037: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9017: 9015: 9013: 9009: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8967: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8937:Bowhead whale 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8924: 8922: 8920: 8916: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8899:Polar climate 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8864: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 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Sibiryakov 6704: 6700: 6697: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6680: 6679:Glavsevmorput 6676: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6648: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6603: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6568: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6543: 6542: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6507: 6502: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6471: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6456: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6296: 6295: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6253: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6236: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6162: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6016: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5982: 5981:J. Richardson 5979: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5958: 5957: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5870: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5743:M. Corte-Real 5741: 5739: 5738:G. Corte-Real 5736: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5661:C. Richardson 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5641: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5619: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5493: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5470:Georgiy Sedov 5466: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5457: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5357:Riiser-Larsen 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5336: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5276: 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4764: 4757: 4748: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4705:9789004400566 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4678: 4670: 4664: 4660: 4653: 4645: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4582: 4578: 4572: 4564: 4558: 4554: 4547: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4482: 4476:, August 2007 4475: 4471: 4467: 4464: 4459: 4440: 4433: 4427: 4420: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4391: 4387: 4381: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4346: 4339: 4333: 4331: 4323: 4322: 4314: 4307: 4301: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4282: 4275: 4271: 4268: 4263: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4230: 4226: 4223: 4217: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4145: 4138: 4133: 4117: 4113: 4107: 4091: 4087: 4081: 4073: 4067: 4060: 4056: 4053: 4048: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4020: 4003: 3999: 3992: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3943: 3938: 3931: 3927: 3924: 3919: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3898: 3891: 3887: 3884: 3879: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3857: 3841: 3837: 3836: 3831: 3824: 3817: 3813: 3810: 3805: 3798: 3792: 3776: 3772: 3765: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3747: 3741: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3723: 3718: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3692: 3685: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3659: 3655: 3652: 3647: 3636: 3632: 3629:(in German). 3628: 3627:JLU Uni-Forum 3620: 3613: 3597: 3593: 3592: 3587: 3581: 3573: 3567: 3551: 3545: 3538: 3534: 3531: 3525: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3499: 3493: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3467: 3460: 3453: 3449: 3446: 3441: 3433: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3409: 3405: 3402: 3401:Polar History 3397: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3353: 3349: 3346: 3343:Jensen, Joel 3340: 3333: 3328: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3281: 3277: 3271: 3252: 3248: 3241: 3234: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3192: 3188: 3181: 3165: 3161: 3154: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3094: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3049: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3030: 3024: 3020: 3014: 2999: 2993: 2989: 2988: 2980: 2964: 2960: 2953: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2916: 2912: 2909: 2903: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2883: 2876: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2853: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2802: 2797: 2790: 2786: 2783: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2756: 2748: 2746:0-393-32738-8 2742: 2738: 2731: 2723: 2716: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2655: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2624: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2604: 2597: 2593: 2590: 2584: 2569: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2554: 2546: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2512: 2505: 2501: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2473: 2433: 2429: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2382:Ecliptic pole 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2238: 2228: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2203:nautical-mile 2200: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2114: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2066: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1926: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1856: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1672: 1666: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1556: 1552: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1529: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1479:March equinox 1476: 1472: 1468: 1461:Day and night 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1433: 1424: 1421: 1420:Vasily Elagin 1417: 1407: 1405: 1404: 1400:according to 1399: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1345: 1343: 1342: 1337: 1336: 1330: 1329: 1323: 1322: 1317:, 3 times by 1316: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1286: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1256:Bering Strait 1253: 1249: 1245: 1237: 1236: 1230: 1221: 1218: 1213: 1211: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1170:Børge Ousland 1166: 1164: 1160: 1159:Cape Columbia 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1133: 1128: 1122: 1117: 1113: 1111: 1110:Richard Weber 1107: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1092: 1090: 1084: 1082: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1068:Shinji Kazama 1064: 1062: 1060: 1054: 1052: 1046: 1044: 1037: 1035: 1033: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1009: 1003: 1001: 995: 993: 988: 986: 982: 977: 975: 971: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 945: 943: 942: 938: 930: 926: 925: 919: 915: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 884:Wally Herbert 880: 878: 874: 869: 867: 866: 861: 860: 851: 850: 844: 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 817: 815: 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 782: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 757: 747: 745: 741: 740: 735: 731: 730:Ernst Krenkel 727: 723: 719: 715: 705: 703: 699: 695: 689: 684: 680: 678: 674: 673: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 651: 647: 643: 639: 634: 632: 627: 623: 619: 615: 614:Floyd Bennett 611: 606: 604: 603:Cape Columbia 599: 595: 591: 590:Wally Herbert 586: 584: 580: 570: 566: 563: 559: 554: 552: 548: 539: 530: 528: 527:Rudolf Island 524: 523:Stella Polare 520: 519: 518:Stella Polare 513: 508: 504: 503:Umberto Cagni 500: 495: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 468: 466: 462: 461: 456: 452: 444: 439: 435: 433: 432: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 400: 395: 390: 388: 384: 375: 368: 364: 354: 350: 346: 342: 332: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 305: 302: 297: 290: 280: 278: 274: 270: 265: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 246: 241: 236: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 213: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 186: 184: 180: 176: 172: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 146: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 108: 103: 96: 91: 84: 80: 76: 71: 67: 64: 33: 19: 9266: 9254: 9143:Quviasukvik 8932:Beluga whale 8909:Polar vortex 8650: 8621:Arctic Ocean 8441: 8426:Otto Schmidt 8415: 8153:Ivan Papanin 8141:Soviet Union 8052: 8040:Pole of Cold 8038: 7964: 7955: 7923: 7916: 7892: 7863: 7849: 7843:Borchgrevink 7835: 7822: 7807: 7787: 7772: 7741: 7722: 7715: 7699: 7685: 7676: 7659: 7652: 7633: 7621: 7597: 7583: 7576: 7564: 7550: 7536: 7522: 7515: 7476: 7468: 7454: 7447: 7445: 7427: 7419: 7412: 7399: 7390: 7352: 7344: 7335: 7328: 7316: 7309: 7295: 7283:Pourquoi-Pas 7282: 7274: 7266: 7258: 7253:Orcadas Base 7251: 7243: 7230: 7224:C. A. Larsen 7212: 7204: 7190: 7183: 7170: 7162: 7156:Borchgrevink 7149: 7141: 7098: 7090: 7065:C. A. Larsen 7058: 7039: 7030: 7012: 6994: 6985: 6972: 6957: 6948: 6935: 6896: 6882: 6875: 6856: 6841: 6751: 6744: 6727: 6720: 6706: 6691: 6677: 6664: 6639: 6625: 6623: 6609: 6607: 6601: 6599: 6565: 6558: 6539: 6505: 6503: 6489: 6487: 6469: 6459: 6457: 6437: 6435: 6416: 6292: 6250: 6233: 6201: 6165: 6163: 6143: 6142: 6122: 6121: 6107: 6094: 6079: 6065: 6056: 6043: 6014: 6002:Investigator 6001: 5992: 5968: 5955: 5947: 5938: 5925: 5896: 5873: 5858: 5843: 5813: 5798: 5768: 5687: 5667: 5638: 5634:Erik the Red 5616: 5594: 5587: 5544:submersibles 5541: 5535:Arktika 2007 5533: 5526: 5519: 5516: 5500: 5491: 5488: 5469: 5467: 5460: 5453: 5424: 5417: 5393: 5379: 5378: 5370: 5368: 5334: 5332: 5303: 5300: 5289:S. A. Andrée 5281: 5268: 5243: 5235: 5232: 5208: 5190: 5177: 5168: 5150: 5141: 5139: 5105: 5067: 4869: 4848: 4813: 4792: 4786: 4777: 4771: 4762: 4756: 4745: 4734: 4722:. Retrieved 4687: 4677: 4658: 4652: 4633: 4627: 4615:. Retrieved 4611:the original 4606: 4597: 4585:. Retrieved 4571: 4552: 4546: 4534:. Retrieved 4530:the original 4525: 4521: 4512: 4500:. Retrieved 4496:the original 4491: 4481: 4458: 4446:. Retrieved 4439:the original 4426: 4394:. Retrieved 4380: 4372: 4364: 4352:. Retrieved 4345:the original 4320: 4313: 4300: 4281: 4262: 4250:. Retrieved 4246:the original 4236: 4216: 4204:. Retrieved 4200:the original 4190: 4182: 4174: 4162:. Retrieved 4153: 4144: 4132: 4120:. Retrieved 4114:. NOAA/NWS. 4106: 4094:. Retrieved 4080: 4066: 4047: 4037:19 September 4035:. Retrieved 4031:the original 4006:. Retrieved 3991: 3979:. Retrieved 3970: 3960: 3952: 3937: 3918: 3902:(in Russian) 3897: 3861:(in Russian) 3856: 3844:. Retrieved 3833: 3823: 3804: 3791: 3779:. Retrieved 3775:the original 3764: 3756: 3740: 3732: 3717: 3700: 3691: 3674: 3665: 3646: 3630: 3626: 3612: 3600:. Retrieved 3589: 3580: 3554:. Retrieved 3544: 3524: 3512:. Retrieved 3501: 3492: 3480:. Retrieved 3469: 3459: 3440: 3421: 3415: 3396: 3389:The Guardian 3388: 3368: 3359: 3339: 3327: 3315:. Retrieved 3306: 3296: 3284:. Retrieved 3280:the original 3270: 3258:. Retrieved 3251:the original 3233: 3221:. Retrieved 3217:the original 3207: 3195:. Retrieved 3191:the original 3180: 3168:. Retrieved 3153: 3141:. Retrieved 3137:the original 3123: 3111:. Retrieved 3093: 3081:. Retrieved 3073:Вокруг Света 3063: 3051:. Retrieved 3040:. ABC-CLIO. 3036: 3029: 3022: 3013: 3001:. Retrieved 2986: 2979: 2967:. Retrieved 2952: 2940:. Retrieved 2922: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882:Polar Record 2880: 2875: 2867: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2824: 2812: 2796: 2777: 2769:the original 2764: 2755: 2736: 2730: 2724:. Stackpole. 2721: 2715: 2703:. Retrieved 2699:the original 2689: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2642:. Retrieved 2633: 2623: 2603: 2583: 2571:. Retrieved 2552: 2545: 2533:. Retrieved 2511: 2492: 2432: 2316: 2289: 2281:Henry Corbin 2278: 2271: 2234: 2222: 2215: 2196: 2157: 2145:snow bunting 2142: 2138:Arctic foxes 2127: 1614: 1605: 1584: 1579: 1572: 1533: 1525: 1495: 1464: 1451:Resolute Bay 1438: 1413: 1401: 1395: 1391:Russian flag 1375:Arktika 2007 1372: 1354:Arktika 2007 1341:Vidar Viking 1339: 1334: 1327: 1320: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1290: 1284: 1280: 1269: 1244:polar routes 1241: 1234: 1224:21st century 1214: 1208: 1203: 1190: 1181: 1178: 1174:Erling Kagge 1167: 1157:at 86°N, at 1136: 1103: 1096: 1088: 1080: 1076: 1065: 1058: 1050: 1042: 1038: 1031: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1007: 999: 996: 989: 978: 960: 946: 939: 934: 929:surface ship 927:, the first 923: 908:Weldy Phipps 881: 870: 863: 859:USS Nautilus 857: 855: 848: 818: 811: 790: 783: 767:Commonwealth 762: 753: 743: 737: 734:Ivan Papanin 718:North Pole-1 711: 681: 676: 670: 666: 654: 648: 635: 607: 587: 575: 558:Robert Peary 555: 544: 522: 516: 512:Regia Marina 501:and Captain 496: 475: 469: 458: 448: 442: 430: 398: 391: 380: 306: 292: 289:Polar motion 272: 266: 258:Robert Peary 243: 237: 221:Soviet Union 211: 194:Arctic Ocean 187: 147: 138: 126: 122: 118: 114: 112: 36: 9273:WikiProject 8852:Arctic haze 8792:Nunatsiavut 8440:Icebreaker 8431:Aviaarktika 8414:Icebreaker 8131:North Pole 7743:Lake Vostok 7693:Tryoshnikov 7615:Schlossbach 7506:Christensen 7448:James Caird 7369:E. R. Evans 7135:Dobrowolski 7105:de Gerlache 6807:Expeditions 6693:Aviaarktika 6647:Samoylovich 6518:Kolomeitsev 6412:Middendorff 6372:Gedenshtrom 5792:I. Fyodorov 5554:Chilingarov 5442:E. Fyodorov 5049:Expeditions 4724:3 September 4607:Canada Post 4536:16 February 4448:16 February 4354:16 February 4008:31 December 3602:10 December 3556:10 December 3307:Коммерсантъ 2879:D. Rawlins 2705:16 February 2644:30 December 2459: / 2331:Rupes Nigra 2259:Canada Post 2251:Santa Claus 2161:sea anemone 2134:ringed seal 2129:Polar bears 1652: / 1601:Los Angeles 992:Will Steger 888:Roy Koerner 803:Moscow Time 708:Ice station 686: [ 335:Exploration 150:antipodally 58: / 9310:Navigation 9295:North Pole 9289:Categories 8957:Polar bear 8927:Arctic fox 8757:Inuvialuit 8651:North Pole 8535:Government 7966:Terra Nova 7871:Shackleton 7814:J. C. Ross 7773:Resolution 7763:South Pole 7538:New Swabia 7462:Mackintosh 7434:Shackleton 7353:Terra Nova 7346:Terra Nova 7080:Heroic Age 7040:Challenger 7000:J. C. Ross 6910:Bransfield 6842:Resolution 6757:icebreaker 6721:Chelyuskin 6462:expedition 6440:Expedition 6382:Matyushkin 6340:Kh. Laptev 6335:Chelyuskin 6229:Heemskerck 6219:Chancellor 6214:Willoughby 6209:Koch boats 6152:Stefansson 6086:McClintock 6050:Inglefield 5892:J. C. Ross 5799:Resolution 5651:Cunningham 5549:Sagalevich 5238:expedition 5197:Stephenson 5157:C. F. Hall 5144:expedition 5118:J. C. Ross 5081:Heemskerck 5068:North Pole 4502:9 December 3953:yemelya.ru 3514:16 October 3482:18 October 3170:12 January 2737:True North 2573:12 January 2535:12 January 2484:References 2465: ( 2412:South Pole 2367:Antarctica 2274:Hyperborea 1658: ( 1575:South Pole 1567:See also: 1528:axial tilt 1314:Polarstern 1272:underwater 1204:Polarstern 1196:tug of war 1187:icebreaker 1182:Polarstern 1072:motorcycle 1043:Archerfish 877:snowmobile 612:and pilot 583:open leads 409:Royal Navy 401:expedition 339:See also: 287:See also: 162:true north 154:South Pole 133:where the 115:North Pole 9199:Transport 9083:Icelandic 9073:Karelians 8997:Snowy owl 8747:Greenland 8646:Nordicity 8593:Geography 8065:Tolstikov 7851:Discovery 7821:HMS 7806:HMS 7788:Adventure 7786:HMS 7771:HMS 7707:Tolstikov 7428:Endurance 7213:Antarctic 7198:Drygalski 7171:Discovery 7164:Discovery 7125:Arctowski 7038:HMS 7011:HMS 7005:Abernethy 6993:HMS 6971:USS 6958:Vincennes 6956:USS 6936:Astrolabe 6876:San Telmo 6857:Adventure 6855:HMS 6840:HMS 6835:Kerguelen 6797:Continent 6782:Antarctic 6659:Urvantsev 6617:Vilkitsky 6470:Jeannette 6468:USS 6460:Jeannette 6424:Weyprecht 6402:Pakhtusov 6352:Chichagov 6345:D. 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