36:
1217:
1225:
19:
1201:
1209:
1981:
Schantz, P. 2006. The
Formation of National Urban Parks: a Nordic Contribution to Sustainable Development? In: The European City and Green Space; London, Stockholm, Helsinki and S:t Petersburg, 1850-2000 (Ed. Peter Clark), Historical Urban Studies Series (Eds. Jean-Luc Pinol & Richard Rodger),
22:
21:
1423:
was inaugurated in 1934, with its span of 200 m, for a few years the world's longest span. These large-scale bridges not only tied various parts of the city together, but their mere size changed the cityscape permanently. Considerably smaller but during the decade equally praised was the small
27:
25:
20:
1379:
Not until the 20th century, Stockholm was able to surpass the straits and bays surrounding the city. Half of the about 30 bridges in central
Stockholm were built 1920–50, most of them during the 1930s. This development was due to increasing traffic loads caused by a fivefold increase of
26:
24:
1458:, construction of bridges, lighting of fires, camping, anchoring, and keeping unleashed dogs. A plan for the care and development of a nature reserve often means the city as well as private landowners are obliged to guarantee the maintenance of the area.
750:
As in other urban areas, the lakes of
Stockholm are directly affected by the city's sewer system and pollution from settlements, traffic, and industry. Sewers often reduce the catchment areas of smaller lakes by redirecting surface water to
1384:, passing ships caused stationary rows of trams several hundreds metres long. The situation was solved when a traffic committee in 1930 could present the so-called "clover-leaf solution" of engineer
23:
1485:
is likely to become one soon. Transforming the other areas listed below into nature reserves is being investigated, as they all are regarded to be of great recreational and biological value.
1271:, north and south of the city respectively. Apparently, in the view of the king, the city, a hundred years after its foundation, was still unable to afford maintenance of its own bridges.
1240:), a name which is still used for the entire city which spans over many islands, islets, and hills. During the course of centuries, the city has seen many bridges relieve each other.
1466:
1342:
1570:
1408:
1133:
1334:
1290:
or 4,8 metres, which was probably more than enough for many centuries. The long and narrow bridges were easily demolished in case of siege, which besides the
1556:
1462:
1416:
1056:
676:
Levels of several pollutants in lakes in the central parts of the city, especially on the western side, are far above average, including substances such as
1930:
1076:
649:, together producing 350,000 m³ per day, which means Stockholm residents are consuming 200 litres per day on average. Water is purified at three plants at
1542:
1494:
1470:
1561:
1385:
1091:
1504:
716:
1037:
1989:
1183:
1163:
581:
555:
541:
328:
313:
242:
1537:
1066:
1032:
1028:
784:
460:
456:
346:
1552:
1178:
1173:
1101:
246:
1565:
1533:
1528:
700:
1518:
1478:
250:
198:
407:
212:
1956:
1299:
1295:
194:
1489:
1474:
903:
1350:
1244:
1153:
654:
228:
218:
880:
708:
720:
1513:
1509:
1353:, a now non-existent islet. By the end of the 17th century, population growth resulted in an additional bridge north of Stadsholmen.
658:
1317:, and the number of bridges had grown considerably, if not their dimensions or quality. In a map dated 1640, three bridges connects
1286:, in either case with spans of no more than a few metres. The width probably corresponded to the directions for public roads, eight
1499:
1482:
66:
has split the flattish upper surfaces into low-lying plateaus. In the case of
Stockholm the plateau surfaces are remnants of the
1274:
These first bridges were in no sense technically complicated or physically impressive, but rather simple wooden bridges, either
715:, were putrid and associated with a high mortality rate in Stockholm until the late 19th century. Other historical lakes, like
2038:
2043:
1920:
1901:
2033:
1294:, also necessary for the passing of ships, was an important defensive strategy. As the accounts of the city tells,
2028:
1937:
692:. Decreasing usage of several of these substances has reduced these levels in the upper sediments of the lakes.
723:, were filled with mud and equally repulsive. Other lakes still present today were once much larger – such as
1407:, the large bridge offering a north–south passage west of the historical city centre. Designed by architects
602:
The access to fresh water is excellent in
Stockholm today. Historically, lakes and watercourses were used as
1980:
1436:
1450:
in
Stockholm involves regulations affecting both landowners and the general public by regulating usage of
1392:
inaugurated in 1935. The modernity of the solution put
Stockholm in a state of rapture and impressed even
1256:
1071:
1674:(before 2017 there were 18 boroughs). In looser terms, the city is also divided into three major parts:
949:
796:
379:
1396:, who praised the scale of the construction and invited the world to follow the example of Stockholm.
1732:
1659:
853:
1963:
1931:"Vattenprogram för Stockholm 2000 - Allmänt faktaunderlag till strategi för Stockholms vattenarbete"
1754:
1123:
695:
The
Stockholm area used to contain many more lakes and watercourses than it does today, much due to
1329:. Several new bridges of considerable length connected Norrmalm to the islets west and east of it;
1305:
By the mid 17th century, the population of the city had resulted in settlements north and south of
1759:
1345:, a 190-metre-long (620 ft) bridge on poles; and to the west a bridge connected Norrmalm to
1128:
1710:
1522:
1259:
to be built and maintained by the city of
Stockholm together with six other cities surrounding
67:
59:
1727:
1678:
1671:
1283:
954:
699:, but also because of lake reclamation for settlements and health. Historical lakes, such as
836:
1373:
696:
1915:(in Swedish) (1st ed.). Stockholms gatukontor and Kommittén för Stockholmsforskning.
1325:, at the time still a group of islets; while two bridges close to each other lead over to
8:
1654:
1389:
1248:
1591:
934:
831:
623:
481:
35:
1916:
1897:
1772:
1640:
1586:
1106:
685:
1429:
1768:
1369:
1361:
1096:
919:
772:
102:
1582:
1400:
1051:
929:
863:
788:
356:
303:
1722:
1688:
1322:
254:
232:
202:
95:
63:
1268:
1158:
1118:
1004:
792:
744:
1698:
1670:
Since 1 January 2017, the city is divided into 14 boroughs as regulated by the
1447:
1420:
1333:, at the time still an islet, was connected to the mainland by a bridge called
1275:
1216:
999:
990:
939:
736:
570:
512:
496:
342:
161:
118:
1338:
661:, together filtering some 400,000 m³ sewage per day from pollution, including
2022:
2004:
1991:
1601:
1412:
994:
909:
108:
1615:
1611:
1404:
1168:
1046:
980:
924:
868:
843:
780:
615:
422:
360:
293:
175:
132:
90:
1606:
1393:
1330:
1326:
1086:
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873:
332:
236:
208:
147:
142:
137:
1630:
1625:
1314:
1252:
1143:
1081:
1061:
1041:
816:
776:
704:
619:
591:
180:
47:
is situated on fourteen islands and on the banks to the archipelago where
1645:
1451:
1346:
1318:
1279:
1148:
800:
767:
are mostly derived from agriculture, urban areas produce high amounts of
740:
603:
432:
403:
375:
152:
113:
1113:
826:
756:
551:
527:
470:
389:
1596:
1455:
1306:
1291:
1233:
1138:
968:
886:
858:
760:
724:
670:
666:
631:
531:
393:
289:
156:
85:
52:
1260:
1224:
1023:
914:
752:
638:
508:
48:
1913:
Stockholms tekniska historia : Trafik, broar, tunnelbanor, gator
1419:, Västerbron became the first large bridge designed by this quartet.
1357:
891:
848:
728:
627:
44:
1009:
1757:(1995). "Relief and saprolites through time on the Baltic Shield".
1649:
1620:
1425:
1310:
1204:
Stallbron is located where the first bridge in
Stockholm was found.
764:
712:
662:
642:
222:
646:
1635:
1381:
1365:
1264:
677:
614:
and many other diseases. By the 1860s water was being drawn from
611:
607:
271:
Highest values of water pollution registered in Stockholm (2002)
99:
1954:
58:
The area of Stockholm is one of several places in Sweden with a
1547:
896:
821:
732:
681:
650:
775:. In Stockholm, this mostly applies to central bays – such as
1879:, "De stora broarna - Sprången över vattenrummet", pp 149-151
768:
31:
June 2017 aerial view of western Stockholm and Lake Mälaren.
1200:
795:- but also waters surrounded by bungalows and villas – like
1263:, as they were the only land passage between the provinces
689:
1208:
1287:
1957:"Vattnet i Stockholm - 750 år med vatten i en huvudstad"
215:, transformed into a peninsula during the 18th century)
1857:
1789:(in Swedish). Nordiska ministerrådet. 1984. p. 9.
221:("The Bleaching Islet", by land fillings made part of
55:. The city centre is virtually situated on the water.
1441:
1302:
resulted in the frequent destruction of the bridges.
1894:
Stockholms årsringar - En inblick i stadens framväxt
739:– while some bays of today once were proper lakes –
1871:
1869:
1793:
1356:One of the oldest bridges was located where today
1955:Wedin, Robert; Björklund, Kristina (2002-02-28).
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
2020:
1866:
1753:
1469:, and three major nature reserves in Stockholm,
1251:(1316-1377) prescribed the bridges leading over
637:In modern times the city's water supply is from
187:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1806:
1212:The clover-leaf roundabout at Slussen in 1935.
1850:
1848:
1846:
1825:
1749:
1747:
78:
1843:
1936:. City of Stockholm. 2000. Archived from
1891:
1779:
1744:
265:
1962:. Stockholms Miljöcenter. Archived from
1223:
1215:
1207:
1199:
34:
17:
1982:Ashgate Publishing Limited, Aldershot.
1403:bay, construction works had started on
1195:
2021:
805:
759:. While nutritious substances such as
1910:
253:("The Butcher Islet"), today part of
73:
1415:and engineered by Ernst Nilsson and
1236:was "The city between the bridges" (
245:("Smaller Stockholm", also known as
62:. In these landscapes erosion along
1360:is found, immediately south of the
630:and from there distributed through
231:("The Church islet", today part of
201:("The Abbey Islet"), today part of
13:
1896:(in Swedish). Stockholmia förlag.
1442:National parks and nature reserves
1017:
14:
2055:
1220:Västerbron landing on Kungsholmen
669:, before discharging it into the
1839:Vattenprogram för Stockholm 2000
39:ESA satellite photo of Stockholm
1337:, and northward to present day
974:
622:, and was treated in the first
269:
1:
1885:
188:Historical islands and islets
2039:Lists of landforms of Sweden
1801:Stockholms tekniska historia
1773:10.1016/0169-555X(94)00076-4
1709:Surrounding the city is the
1665:
1467:Kungliga Nationalstadsparken
1437:List of bridges in Stockholm
1368:, was built in front of the
155:- Virtually synonymous with
7:
1716:
1711:Stockholm Metropolitan Area
962:
443:Brunnsviken - northern part
10:
2060:
2044:Lists of islands of Sweden
1892:Andersson, Magnus (1997).
1434:
1380:vehicles in the 1920s. At
1364:. The first stone bridge,
1282:resting on poles or stone
1015:
808:
249:("The Brewery Islet") and
1733:List of islands of Sweden
1660:Royal Palace in Stockholm
1576:
1321:to Norrmalm passing over
565:Mercury - deep sediments
564:
521:
490:
450:
417:Cadmium - deep sediments
416:
369:
322:
283:
79:Extant islands and islets
1738:
1343:Stora Ladugårdslandsbron
1232:The historical name for
810:
522:Mercury - top sediments
491:Copper - deep sediments
370:Cadmium - top sediments
225:during the 18th century)
2034:Stockholm-related lists
1755:Lidmar-Bergström, Karna
451:Copper - top sediments
2029:Geography of Stockholm
1787:Terrängformer i Norden
1523:Grimsta Nature Reserve
1399:Meanwhile, across the
1229:
1228:Tranebergsbron in 1937
1221:
1213:
1205:
1124:Djurgårdsbrunnskanalen
719:and its interior part
641:purified by plants at
618:, the waters south of
323:Lead - deep sediments
266:Lakes and watercourses
68:Sub-Cambrian peneplain
40:
32:
2005:59.32639°N 18.07250°E
1728:Stockholm archipelago
1679:Stockholm City Centre
1571:Rågsved Open-Air Area
1238:Staden mellan broarna
1227:
1219:
1211:
1203:
624:water-purifying plant
473:- south of Djurgården
380:Bergianska trädgården
284:Lead - top sediments
38:
30:
1911:Dufwa, Arne (1985).
1877:Stockholms årsringar
1196:Bridges and viaducts
1129:Djurgårdsbrunnsviken
854:Lillsjön, Djurgården
697:post-glacial rebound
60:joint valley terrain
2001: /
1821:Vattnet i Stockholm
1803:, pp 49-50, 149-150
1655:Stockholm City Hall
1557:Nacka Open-Air Area
1463:national urban park
1417:Salomon Kasarnowski
1390:Tage William-Olsson
1134:Ladugårdslandsviken
610:, causing epidemic
272:
2010:59.32639; 18.07250
1819:Wedin, Björklund,
1234:Stockholm Old Town
1230:
1222:
1214:
1206:
1077:Riddarholmskanalen
837:Lillsjön, Ulvsunda
270:
98:- Location of the
74:Islands and islets
41:
33:
1854:Dufwa, pp 182-184
1641:Riddarholmskyrkan
1587:Riddarholmskyrkan
1247:dated 1350, King
1193:
1192:
773:organic compounds
600:
599:
64:geological joints
28:
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1751:
1592:Stockholms ström
1362:Riksdag Building
1335:Näckenströms bro
1276:floating bridges
1097:Karlbergskanalen
1057:Långholmskanalen
806:
717:Packartorgsviken
273:
235:, today part of
170:The Large Essing
127:The Small Essing
123:Smaller Essingen
29:
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1723:Stockholm metro
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1689:South Stockholm
1668:
1579:
1448:nature reserves
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1439:
1323:Helgeandsholmen
1198:
1184:Beckholmssundet
1164:Liljeholmsviken
1020:
1018:Bays and canals
977:
965:
813:
582:Liljeholmsviken
556:Beckholmssundet
542:Liljeholmsviken
435:- southern part
329:Liljeholmsviken
314:Liljeholmsviken
279:Value - (μg/g)
268:
260:
255:Helgeandsholmen
243:Lilla Stockholm
233:Helgeandsholmen
211:(also known as
203:Helgeandsholmen
190:
185:
166:Larger Essingen
96:Helgeandsholmen
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1699:West Stockholm
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1562:Fagersjöskogen
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1553:Hammarbyskogen
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1516:
1507:
1502:
1497:
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1443:
1440:
1430:Ragnar Östberg
1421:Tranebergsbron
1388:and architect
1386:Gösta Lundborg
1197:
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1191:
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1179:Waldemarsviken
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162:Stora Essingen
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119:Lilla Essingen
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2017:
2014:
1983:
1979:
1969:on 2007-08-21
1965:
1958:
1953:
1943:on 2008-04-09
1939:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1922:91-38-08725-1
1918:
1914:
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1903:91-7031-068-8
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1760:Geomorphology
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1602:Norrmalmstorg
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1519:Grimstaskogen
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1479:Grimstaskogen
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1464:
1461:There is one
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1418:
1414:
1413:Paul Hedqvist
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:Riddarfjärden
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1300:ice break-ups
1297:
1296:spring floods
1293:
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1277:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
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1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
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1120:
1117:
1116:
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1114:Lake Saltsjön
1112:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
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1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
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1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1052:Riddarfjärden
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1038:Karlbergssjön
1036:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
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948:
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938:
936:
935:Källtorpssjön
933:
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930:Dammtorpssjön
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
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906:water system
905:
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890:
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883:water system
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867:
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864:Isbladskärret
862:
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850:
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838:
835:
833:
832:Råcksta Träsk
830:
828:
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823:
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815:
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807:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
789:Riddarfjärden
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
757:Lake Saltsjön
754:
748:
746:
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718:
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511:, north - of
510:
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482:Råcksta träsk
480:
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397:
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357:Riddarfjärden
355:
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327:
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321:
317:
315:
312:
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304:Riddarfjärden
302:
301:
297:
295:
291:
288:
287:
282:
278:
275:
274:
263:
262:References:
256:
252:
251:Slaktarholmen
248:
244:
241:
238:
234:
230:
227:
224:
220:
217:
214:
210:
207:
204:
200:
199:Klosterholmen
197:(also called
196:
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182:
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146:
144:
141:
139:
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128:
124:
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117:
115:
112:
110:
109:Kastellholmen
107:
104:
101:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
83:
71:
69:
65:
61:
56:
54:
50:
46:
37:
16:
1986:
1971:. Retrieved
1964:the original
1945:. Retrieved
1938:the original
1912:
1893:
1876:
1863:Dufwa, p 184
1859:
1838:
1820:
1800:
1795:
1786:
1781:
1764:
1758:
1708:
1702:
1692:
1682:
1672:City Council
1669:
1607:Sergels Torg
1543:Älvsjöskogen
1538:Årsta holmar
1495:Kyrksjölöten
1471:Kyrksjölöten
1460:
1452:insecticides
1445:
1428:designed by
1398:
1394:Le Corbusier
1378:
1370:Royal Palace
1355:
1331:Blasieholmen
1327:Riddarholmen
1304:
1280:beam bridges
1273:
1269:Södermanland
1261:Lake Mälaren
1242:
1237:
1231:
1159:Hammarby Sjö
1119:Lilla Värtan
1107:Vårbyfjärden
1087:Barnhusviken
1067:Ulvsundasjön
1033:Bällstaviken
1029:Ulvsundasjön
1024:Lake Mälaren
1005:Kräppladiket
975:Watercourses
874:Spegeldammen
793:Hammarby Sjö
785:Ulvsundasjön
753:Lake Mälaren
749:
745:Hammarby sjö
694:
675:
639:Lake Mälaren
636:
604:refuse dumps
601:
461:Ulvsundasjön
457:Bällstaviken
347:Bällstaviken
333:Reimersholme
261:
237:Blasieholmen
209:Blasieholmen
195:Barkarholmen
169:
165:
148:Skeppsholmen
143:Riddarholmen
138:Reimersholme
126:
122:
57:
49:Lake Mälaren
43:The City of
42:
15:
2008: /
1875:Andersson,
1683:Innerstaden
1646:Sager House
1566:Farstanäset
1534:Årstaskogen
1529:Sätraskogen
1505:Järvafältet
1490:Judarskogen
1475:Judarskogen
1456:fertilizers
1347:Kungsholmen
1339:Strandvägen
1319:Stadsholmen
1292:drawbridges
1149:Brunnsviken
920:Söderbysjön
741:Brunnsviken
701:Fatburssjön
632:water mains
433:Brunnsviken
404:Brunnsviken
376:Brunnsviken
359:- south of
276:Watercourse
153:Stadsholmen
114:Kungsholmen
2023:Categories
1996:18°04′21″E
1993:59°19′35″N
1973:2007-01-31
1947:2007-01-25
1886:References
1616:Gröna Lund
1612:Djurgården
1597:Gamla Stan
1435:See also:
1409:David Dahl
1405:Västerbron
1374:Gustav III
1351:Blekholmen
1307:Gamla stan
1257:Söderström
1245:urban code
1169:Årstaviken
1154:Husarviken
1139:Nybroviken
1072:Söderström
1047:Årstaviken
981:Igelbäcken
969:Uggleviken
925:Sicklasjön
887:Magelungen
869:Lappkärret
859:Uggleviken
844:Djurgården
781:Årstaviken
761:phosphorus
725:Magelungen
671:Baltic Sea
667:phosphorus
655:Henriksdal
616:Årstaviken
532:Beckholmen
423:Sicklasjön
408:Haga Södra
394:Beckholmen
361:Långholmen
294:Djurgården
290:Beckholmen
229:Kyrkholmen
219:Blekholmen
213:Käpplingen
176:Strömsborg
157:Gamla stan
133:Långholmen
91:Djurgården
86:Beckholmen
53:Baltic Sea
51:meets the
1767:: 45–61.
1703:Västerort
1666:Divisions
1631:Södermalm
1626:Östermalm
1358:Stallbron
1315:Södermalm
1253:Norrström
1249:Magnus IV
1144:Norrström
1082:Klara sjö
1062:Pålsundet
1042:Klara Sjö
991:Bällstaån
955:Trekanten
940:Järlasjön
892:Drevviken
849:Laduviken
817:Västerort
777:Klara sjö
737:Råstasjön
729:Drevviken
721:Katthavet
705:Södermalm
628:Skanstull
620:Södermalm
592:Klara sjö
571:Bällstaån
497:Bällstaån
343:Bällstaån
181:Södermalm
45:Stockholm
1717:See also
1693:Söderort
1650:Rosenbad
1621:Norrmalm
1510:Kyrkhamn
1426:Riksbron
1311:Norrmalm
1284:caissons
995:Spångaån
963:Wetlands
950:Långsjön
910:Ältasjön
904:Sicklaån
827:Kyrksjön
797:Långsjön
765:nitrogen
713:Norrmalm
663:nitrogen
643:Norsborg
608:latrines
573:- outlet
552:Saltsjön
528:Saltsjön
499:, outlet
471:Saltsjön
390:Saltsjön
223:Norrmalm
103:Building
1799:Dufwa,
1636:Slussen
1382:Slussen
1366:Norrbro
1265:Uppland
986:Sätraån
946:Others
915:Ulvsjön
881:Tyresån
709:Träsket
686:mercury
678:cadmium
659:Loudden
612:cholera
517:11,000
509:Mälaren
502:17,000
100:Riksdag
1919:
1900:
1577:Places
1548:Flaten
1514:Lövsta
1500:Hansta
1483:Hansta
1481:while
1372:under
1243:In an
1010:Forsån
897:Flaten
822:Judarn
801:Älvsjö
791:, and
769:metals
735:, and
733:Judarn
688:, and
682:copper
651:Bromma
486:1,200
476:1,400
465:4,590
365:1,700
351:1,900
337:3,400
298:5,700
1967:(PDF)
1960:(PDF)
1941:(PDF)
1934:(PDF)
1739:Notes
1349:over
1309:, on
811:Lakes
647:Lovön
507:Lake
1917:ISBN
1898:ISBN
1564:and
1555:and
1536:and
1477:and
1454:and
1446:The
1411:and
1313:and
1298:and
1267:and
1255:and
771:and
763:and
743:and
707:and
690:lead
665:and
657:and
645:and
606:and
576:100
427:110
412:8,6
318:610
308:940
1769:doi
1341:by
1288:ell
1278:or
799:in
755:or
711:on
703:on
626:at
596:17
586:28
560:14
546:22
536:38
446:37
438:50
398:10
384:15
168:or
125:or
2025::
1868:^
1845:^
1827:^
1808:^
1765:12
1763:.
1746:^
1713:.
1648:,
1614:,
1585:,
1473:,
1465:,
1432:.
1376:.
803:.
787:,
783:,
779:,
747:.
731:,
727:,
684:,
680:,
673:.
653:,
634:.
554:-
530:-
459:-
406:-
392:-
378:-
345:-
331:-
292:-
70:.
1976:.
1950:.
1925:.
1906:.
1775:.
1771::
1705:)
1701:(
1695:)
1691:(
1685:)
1681:(
1525:)
1521:(
1512:-
1040:-
1031:-
993:/
257:)
239:)
205:)
172:)
164:(
129:)
121:(
105:.
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