1238:, when the oxygen concentration in the atmosphere reached 35%, has been attributed to the limiting role of diffusion in these organisms' metabolism. But J.B.S. Haldane's essay points out that it would only apply to insects. However, the biological basis for this correlation is not firm, and many lines of evidence show that oxygen concentration is not size-limiting in modern insects. Ecological constraints can better explain the diminutive size of post-Carboniferous dragonflies – for instance, the appearance of flying competitors such as
19:
1254:, biologically-available nitrogen compounds were in limited supply and periodic "nitrogen crises" could render the ocean inhospitable to life. Significant concentrations of oxygen were just one of the prerequisites for the evolution of complex life. Models based on uniformitarian principles (i.e. extrapolating present-day ocean dynamics into deep time) suggest that such a concentration was only reached immediately before
1205:
period, atmospheric oxygen concentrations have fluctuated between 15% and 35% of atmospheric volume. 430-million-year-old fossilized charcoal produced by wildfires show that the atmospheric oxygen levels in the
Silurian must have been equivalent to, or possibly above, present day levels. The maximum
1258:
first appeared in the fossil record. Further, anoxic or otherwise chemically "inhospitable" oceanic conditions that resemble those supposed to inhibit macroscopic life re-occur at intervals through the early
Cambrian, and also in the late Cretaceous – with no apparent effect on lifeforms at
1245:
Rising oxygen concentrations have been cited as one of several drivers for evolutionary diversification, although the physiological arguments behind such arguments are questionable, and a consistent pattern between oxygen concentrations and the rate of evolution is not clearly evident. The most
1221:
The Great
Oxygenation Event had the first major effect on the course of evolution. Due to the rapid buildup of oxygen in the atmosphere, many organisms not reliant on oxygen to live died. The concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere is often cited as a possible contributor to large-scale
129:
as a waste product lived long before the first build-up of free oxygen in the atmosphere, perhaps as early as 3.5 billion years ago. The oxygen they produced would have been rapidly removed from the oceans by weathering of reducing minerals, most notably
1233:
Data show an increase in biovolume soon after the Great
Oxygenation Event by more than 100-fold and a moderate correlation between atmospheric oxygen and maximum body size later in the geological record. The large size of many arthropods in the
104:
The increase in oxygen concentrations had wide ranging and significant impacts on life. Most significantly, the rise of oxygen caused a mass extinction of anaerobic microbes and paved the way for multicellular life.
1259:
these times. This might suggest that the geochemical signatures found in ocean sediments reflect the atmosphere in a different way before the
Cambrian – perhaps as a result of the fundamentally different mode of
1266:
An oxygen-rich atmosphere can release phosphorus and iron from rock, by weathering, and these elements then become available for sustenance of new species whose metabolisms require these elements as oxides.
1201:
provided life with new opportunities. Aerobic metabolism is more efficient than anaerobic pathways, and the presence of oxygen created new possibilities for life to explore. Since the start of the
1505:
Dutkiewicz, A.; Volk, H.; George, S. C.; Ridley, J.; Buick, R. (2006). "Biomarkers from
Huronian oil-bearing fluid inclusions: an uncontaminated record of life before the Great Oxidation Event".
1540:
Anbar, A.; Duan, Y.; Lyons, T.; Arnold, G.; Kendall, B.; Creaser, R.; Kaufman, A.; Gordon, G.; Scott, C.; Garvin, J.; Buick, R. (2007). "A whiff of oxygen before the great oxidation event?".
1863:
Payne, J. L.; McClain, C. R.; Boyer, A. G; Brown, J. H.; Finnegan, S.; et al. (2011). "The evolutionary consequences of oxygenic photosynthesis: a body size perspective".
78:). Small quantities of oxygen were released by geological and biological processes, but did not build up in the atmosphere due to reactions with reducing minerals.
2016:
138:. Thus, the oceans rusted and turned red. Oxygen only began to persist in the atmosphere in small quantities about 50 million years before the start of the
891:
2000:
1250:
glaciations, where complex multicellular life is first found in the fossil record. Under low oxygen concentrations and before the evolution of
154:
1364:
1286:
1929:
184:
1218:, affect relative carbon dioxide concentrations, their effect on the much larger concentration of oxygen is less significant.
1845:
1660:
2048:
2078:
2039:
1281:
1816:
951:
749:
90:
30:. Red and green lines represent the range of the estimates while time is measured in billions of years ago (
1210:
period (about 300 million years ago), a peak which may have contributed to the large size of various
425:
177:
513:
1052:
769:
2073:
729:
393:
1276:
139:
1837:
1829:
52:
starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer.
1214:, including insects, millipedes and scorpions. Whilst human activities, such as the burning of
1163:
789:
457:
170:
135:
1652:
1645:
1882:"The Biggest Bugs: An investigation into the factors controlling the maximum size of insects"
1817:
Earliest record of wildfires provides insights into Earth's past vegetation and oxygen levels
1138:
850:
27:
1930:"A possible nitrogen crisis for Archaean life due to reduced nitrogen fixation by lightning"
1944:
1763:
1708:
1699:
Butterfield, N. J. (2009). "Oxygen, animals and oceanic ventilation: An alternative view".
1607:
1549:
1514:
1404:
1235:
409:
114:
8:
911:
870:
81:
Oxygen began building up in the atmosphere at approximately 1.85 Ga. At current rates of
67:
1948:
1767:
1712:
1611:
1553:
1518:
1408:
2021:
1978:
1732:
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1573:
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1334:
1309:
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829:
82:
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1970:
1841:
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1620:
1595:
1565:
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1339:
1251:
1736:
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1577:
1982:
1960:
1952:
1928:
Navarro-González, Rafaell; McKay, Christopher P.; Nna Mvondo, Delphine (Jul 2001).
1893:
1789:
1771:
1716:
1615:
1557:
1522:
1477:
1469:
1428:
1412:
1329:
1321:
1260:
1223:
1246:
celebrated link between oxygen and evolution occurs at the end of the last of the
1174:
Early fluctuations in oxygen concentration had little direct effect on life, with
2083:
1175:
1012:
1756:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1416:
1369:
1247:
1230:, trends in animal body size, and other diversification and extinction events.
134:. This rusting led to the deposition of iron oxide on the ocean floor, forming
119:
86:
63:
2067:
1785:
1776:
1424:
1207:
1093:
1561:
1974:
1803:
1728:
1569:
1442:
1391:
Stone, Jordan; Edgar, John O.; Gould, Jamie A.; Telling, Jon (2022-08-08).
1343:
1325:
971:
709:
1491:
1898:
1881:
1360:
1215:
655:
617:
122:
94:
101:
attained were less than 10% of today's and probably fluctuated greatly.
1473:
1211:
1184:
991:
1965:
1314:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1956:
1526:
1239:
501:
441:
31:
93:, the rate of oxygen production by photosynthesis was slower in the
18:
1202:
1179:
1073:
522:
504:
2032:
Out of Thin Air; dinosaurs, birds, and Earth's ancient atmosphere
1255:
589:
556:
1927:
566:
538:
71:
1393:"Tectonically-driven oxidant production in the hot biosphere"
1118:
473:
1651:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson – Prentice Hall. pp.
547:
131:
1504:
1836:. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. pp.
1155:
1114:
2001:"First breath: Earth's billion-year struggle for oxygen"
85:, today's concentration of oxygen could be produced by
1834:
Nature's
Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements
1390:
1539:
1365:"Earth's Oxygen: A Mystery Easy to Take for Granted"
1596:"Macroevolution and macroecology through deep time"
149:
108:
1694:
1692:
1644:
46:produced, but absorbed in oceans and seabed rock.
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1921:
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1355:
1353:
1310:"The oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans"
1303:
1301:
178:
1859:
1857:
1698:
1593:
1350:
1178:not observed until around the start of the
1821:
1752:"Atmospheric oxygen over Phanerozoic time"
1743:
1298:
1206:of 35% was reached towards the end of the
185:
171:
1964:
1897:
1854:
1793:
1775:
1619:
1533:
1481:
1432:
1333:
1287:Silurian-Devonian Terrestrial Revolution
36:Stage 1 (3.85–2.45 Ga): Practically no O
17:
1870:: 37-57. DOI 10.1007/s11120-010-9593-1
1642:
1449:
1307:
2066:
2014:
1827:
1749:
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1359:
1151:
1879:
163:
2029:
1998:
1455:
1222:evolutionary phenomena, such as the
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1103:
1082:
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1021:
1001:
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900:
880:
859:
839:
818:
798:
778:
758:
738:
718:
698:
152:
1912:
54:Stages 4 and 5 (0.85 Ga–present): O
13:
145:
58:sinks filled, the gas accumulates.
14:
2095:
1992:
1462:The Journal of General Physiology
89:organisms in 2,000 years. In the
1721:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2009.00188.x
1621:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00613.x
1282:Neoproterozoic oxygenation event
109:Before the Great Oxidation Event
2017:"The mystery of Earth's oxygen"
2015:Zimmer, Carl (3 October 2013).
1906:
1873:
1810:
1458:"The Natural History of Oxygen"
1263:in the absence of planktivory.
1999:Lane, Nick (5 February 2010).
1498:
1384:
697:
1:
1292:
97:, and the concentrations of O
7:
2079:Geological history of Earth
1594:Butterfield, N. J. (2007).
1270:
1152:
912:Earliest multicellular life
382:
10:
2100:
1750:Berner, R. A. (Sep 1999).
1417:10.1038/s41467-022-32129-y
112:
125:organisms that produced O
48:Stage 3 (1.85–0.85 Ga): O
42:Stage 2 (2.45–1.85 Ga): O
1777:10.1073/pnas.96.20.10955
338:−1000 —
318:−1500 —
298:−2000 —
278:−2500 —
258:−3000 —
238:−3500 —
218:−4000 —
198:−4500 —
195:
2030:Ward, Peter D. (2006).
2010:(subscription required)
1915:On being the right size
1647:Biological Science, 2nd
1643:Freeman, Scott (2005).
1562:10.1126/science.1140325
1308:Holland, H. D. (2006).
1277:Great oxygenation event
1187: million years ago
358:−500 —
140:Great Oxygenation Event
2034:. Joseph Henry Press.
1943:(5 July 2001): 61–64.
1880:Polet, Delyle (2011).
1326:10.1098/rstb.2006.1838
136:banded iron formations
59:
1828:Emsley, John (2001).
1468:(1): Suppl:Supp5–27.
1397:Nature Communications
70:had no free diatomic
21:
1899:10.29173/eureka10299
1236:Carboniferous period
115:Prebiotic atmosphere
1949:2001Natur.412...61N
1768:1999PNAS...9610955B
1762:(20): 10955–10957.
1713:2009Gbio....7....1B
1612:2007Palgy..50...41B
1554:2007Sci...317.1903A
1548:(5846): 1903–1906.
1519:2006Geo....34..437D
1409:2022NatCo..13.4529S
1242:, birds and bats.
892:Sexual reproduction
871:Huronian glaciation
40:in the atmosphere.
2022:The New York Times
1917:, paragraph 7
1474:10.1085/jgp.49.1.5
1363:(3 October 2013).
1228:Cambrian explosion
1189:. The presence of
1139:Quaternary ice age
1074:Earliest tetrapods
1033:Cambrian explosion
992:Cryogenian ice age
851:Atmospheric oxygen
830:Pongola glaciation
458:Multicellular life
410:Single-celled life
83:primary production
68:Earth's atmosphere
60:
28:Earth's atmosphere
1913:Haldane, J.B.S.,
1847:978-0-19-850340-8
1662:978-0-13-140941-5
1456:Dole, M. (1965).
1320:(1470): 903–915.
1252:nitrogen fixation
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1171:
1156:million years ago
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1053:Andean glaciation
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91:absence of plants
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2011:
2008:
2007:. No. 2746.
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1986:
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1957:10.1038/35083537
1934:
1925:
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1865:Photosynth. Res.
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1224:Avalon explosion
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1176:mass extinctions
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2074:Biogeochemistry
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2051:Out of Thin Air
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1013:Ediacaran biota
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2053:by Peter Ward"
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1993:External links
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1892:(1): 43–46.
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1361:Zimmer, Carl
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710:Earth formed
118:
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61:
15:
2049:"Review of
1403:(1): 4529.
166:This box:
123:prokaryotic
95:Precambrian
2068:Categories
1966:10261/8224
1707:(1): 1–7.
1701:Geobiology
1513:(6): 437.
1293:References
1240:pterosaurs
1212:arthropods
502:Arthropods
442:Eukaryotes
1786:0027-8424
1425:2041-1723
1376:3 October
523:Dinosaurs
66:evolved,
1975:11452304
1830:"Oxygen"
1804:10500106
1737:31074331
1729:19200141
1653:214, 586
1630:59436643
1578:25260892
1570:17901330
1443:35941147
1344:16754606
1271:See Also
1203:Cambrian
1182:period,
1180:Cambrian
1164:Ice Ages
557:Primates
505:Molluscs
1983:4405370
1945:Bibcode
1838:297–304
1764:Bibcode
1709:Bibcode
1608:Bibcode
1550:Bibcode
1542:Science
1515:Bibcode
1507:Geology
1492:5859927
1483:2195461
1434:9360021
1405:Bibcode
1335:1578726
1256:metazoa
1132:←
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885:←
864:←
844:←
823:←
803:←
783:←
763:←
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723:←
703:←
539:Mammals
514:Flowers
373:–
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62:Before
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72:oxygen
1979:S2CID
1933:(PDF)
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1733:S2CID
1626:S2CID
1574:S2CID
1185:538.8
548:Birds
394:Water
2036:ISBN
1971:PMID
1868:1007
1842:ISBN
1800:PMID
1782:ISSN
1725:PMID
1657:ISBN
1566:PMID
1488:PMID
1439:PMID
1421:ISSN
1378:2013
1340:PMID
750:LUCA
186:edit
179:talk
172:view
132:iron
1961:hdl
1953:doi
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1790:PMC
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