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Geometry of numbers

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87: 1833: 1793: 1813: 1803: 1823: 631: 344: 936: 523: 838: 69: 243: 102:(pink oblong), (√3)/2 (grey hexagon), 1/√2 (red octagon) and 1/√3 (orange triangle) calculated from their continued fraction expansions, plotted as slopes 420: 467: 444: 507: 384: 190: 272: 487: 364: 263: 214: 657:). In recent years, Lenstra, Brion, and Barvinok have developed combinatorial theories that enumerate the lattice points in some convex bodies. 626:{\displaystyle \lambda _{1}\lambda _{2}\cdots \lambda _{n}\operatorname {vol} (K)\leq 2^{n}\operatorname {vol} (\mathbb {R} ^{n}/\Gamma ).} 749: 1816: 1516: 993: 946: 1077: 1082: 1420: 1239: 128: 1484:
Hermann Weyl. Theory of reduction for arithmetical equivalence. II . Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 51 (1942) 203–231.
1234:, London Mathematical Society Lecture Note Series, 89, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. xii+240, 1547: 1352: 1147:. Springer Classics in Mathematics, Springer-Verlag 1997 (reprint of 1959 and 1971 Springer-Verlag editions). 891:, whose theorem states that the symmetric convex sets that are closed and bounded generate the topology of a 514: 390: 1857: 1806: 1593: 1588: 1573: 1509: 1347: 1342: 1041:(1972), pp. 526–551. See also Schmidt's books; compare Bombieri and Vaaler and also Bombieri and Gubler. 1337:, CBMS-NSF Regional Conference Series in Applied Mathematics 50, SIAM, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1986 42: 32: 219: 1768: 1727: 1606: 144: 1612: 884: 398: 1832: 1555: 1539: 1474:. Theory of reduction for arithmetical equivalence . Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 48 (1940) 126–164. 1796: 1616: 1565: 1502: 449: 266: 167: 1836: 975: 429: 339:{\displaystyle \operatorname {vol} (K)>2^{n}\operatorname {vol} (\mathbb {R} ^{n}/\Gamma )} 139:
The geometry of numbers has a close relationship with other fields of mathematics, especially
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and the study of these lattices provides fundamental information on algebraic numbers.
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coefficients and if ε>0 is any given real number, then the non-zero integer points
1692: 1416: 1359: 1235: 1121: 989: 980:, Algorithms and Combinatorics, vol. 2 (2nd ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 942: 672: 510: 155: 72: 1697: 1682: 1485: 1475: 1426: 1369: 1323: 1303: 1295: 1140: 1109: 981: 732: 690: 666: 650: 28: 86: 1711: 1687: 1602: 1450: 1412: 1377: 1311: 1270: 1245: 1171: 1129: 1089: 999: 899: 844: 642: 193: 148: 114: 36: 1748: 1667: 1551: 724: 684: 985: 1851: 1707: 1559: 1525: 1266: 1216: 646: 20: 883:
in finite-dimensional vector spaces. Minkowski's theorem was generalized to
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Computing the continuous discretely: Integer-point enumeration in polyhedra
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In 1930–1960 research on the geometry of numbers was conducted by many
922: 1307: 1054:. For more results, see Schneider, and Thompson and see Kalton et al. 1489: 24: 1168:
Cambridge University Press, New York, 1995. Second edition: 2006.
870: 423: 1494: 833:{\displaystyle |L_{1}(x)\cdots L_{n}(x)|<|x|^{-\varepsilon }} 1657: 1411:. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 1467 (2nd ed.). 721: 79:) initiated this line of research at the age of 26 in his work 1024:
Grötschel et al., Lovász et al., Lovász, and Beck and Robins.
269:, sometimes called Minkowski's first theorem, states that if 1128: 875:
Minkowski's geometry of numbers had a profound influence on
636: 517:, is a strengthening of his first theorem and states that 1088: 1050:
For Kolmogorov's normability theorem, see Walter Rudin's
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with errors from their true values (black dashes)  
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An Algorithmic Theory of Numbers, Graphs, and Convexity
879:. Minkowski proved that symmetric convex bodies induce 1672: 1662: 1400:. Lecture Notes in Mathematics 785. Springer. (1980 ) 752: 526: 495: 475: 452: 432: 401: 372: 352: 275: 251: 222: 202: 178: 45: 1409:
Diophantine approximations and Diophantine equations
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Geometric Algorithms and Combinatorial Optimization
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Geometric algorithms and combinatorial optimization
854: 1442: 1279:"Factoring polynomials with rational coefficients" 832: 625: 501: 481: 461: 438: 414: 378: 358: 338: 257: 237: 208: 184: 63: 1226: 898:Researchers continue to study generalizations to 1849: 1262:. Wolters-Noordhoff, North Holland, Wiley. 1969. 1209:Development of the Minkowski Geometry of Numbers 938:Space and Time: Minkowski's papers on relativity 1206: 1092:; Vaaler, J. (Feb 1983). "On Siegel's lemma". 1510: 1230:; Peck, N. Tenney; Roberts, James W. (1984), 122: 1468:Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996. 1461:Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993. 1219:, Johannes SchoiĂźengeier, Rudolf Taschner. 1812: 1802: 1517: 1503: 1459:Convex bodies: the Brunn-Minkowski theory, 1145:An Introduction to the Geometry of Numbers 129: 115: 1358: 934: 637:Later research in the geometry of numbers 599: 315: 225: 48: 1340: 85: 1403: 1183:Handbook of convex geometry. Vol. A. B, 921:MSC classification, 2010, available at 1850: 1223:. Universitext. Springer-Verlag, 1991. 265:is a convex centrally symmetric body. 161: 1498: 1368:, Leipzig and Berlin: R. G. Teubner, 1181:P. M. Gruber, J. M. Wills (editors), 1161:, Springer-Verlag, NY, 3rd ed., 1998. 1221:Geometric and Analytic Number Theory 1159:Sphere Packings, Lattices and Groups 1445:Lectures on the Geometry of Numbers 923:http://www.ams.org/msc/msc2010.html 13: 1083:Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics 614: 496: 373: 330: 179: 14: 1869: 1524: 1480:10.1090/S0002-9947-1940-0002345-2 935:Minkowski, Hermann (2013-08-27). 661:Subspace theorem of W. M. Schmidt 64:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n},} 1831: 1821: 1811: 1801: 1792: 1791: 1178:Springer-Verlag, New York, 2007. 855:Influence on functional analysis 689:In the geometry of numbers, the 489:linearly independent vectors of 238:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} 1213:(Republished in 1964 by Dover.) 1185:North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1993. 1134:Heights in Diophantine Geometry 1069: 90:Best rational approximants for 1570:analytic theory of L-functions 1548:non-abelian class field theory 1057: 1044: 1027: 1018: 1009: 955: 928: 915: 817: 808: 800: 796: 790: 774: 768: 754: 617: 594: 572: 566: 333: 310: 288: 282: 1: 1176:Convex and discrete geometry, 1075:Matthias Beck, Sinai Robins. 941:. Minkowski Institute Press. 909: 366:contains a nonzero vector in 216:-dimensional Euclidean space 1594:Transcendental number theory 1132:& Walter Gubler (2006). 415:{\displaystyle \lambda _{k}} 7: 1817:List of recreational topics 1589:Computational number theory 1574:probabilistic number theory 1348:Encyclopedia of Mathematics 701:is a positive integer, and 697:in 1972. It states that if 10: 1874: 864: 858: 843:lie in a finite number of 670: 664: 515:Minkowski's second theorem 391:Minkowski's second theorem 388: 165: 33:ring of algebraic integers 1787: 1769:Diophantine approximation 1741: 1728:Chinese remainder theorem 1650: 1532: 1398:Diophantine approximation 986:10.1007/978-3-642-78240-4 885:topological vector spaces 509:. Minkowski's theorem on 462:{\displaystyle \lambda K} 147:, the problem of finding 145:Diophantine approximation 1613:Arithmetic combinatorics 1341:Malyshev, A.V. (2001) , 1207:Hancock, Harris (1939). 1094:Inventiones Mathematicae 439:{\displaystyle \lambda } 1584:Geometric number theory 1540:Algebraic number theory 925:, Classification 11HXX. 502:{\displaystyle \Gamma } 395:The successive minimum 379:{\displaystyle \Gamma } 185:{\displaystyle \Gamma } 81:The Geometry of Numbers 1703:Transcendental numbers 1617:additive number theory 1566:Analytic number theory 834: 627: 503: 483: 463: 440: 416: 380: 360: 340: 259: 239: 210: 186: 136: 65: 1774:Irrationality measure 1764:Diophantine equations 1607:Hodge–Arakelov theory 1464:Anthony C. Thompson, 1343:"Geometry of numbers" 1287:Mathematische Annalen 1166:Geometric tomography, 1063:Kalton et al. Gardner 1033:Schmidt, Wolfgang M. 1015:Cassels (1971) p. 203 835: 628: 504: 484: 464: 441: 422:is defined to be the 417: 381: 361: 341: 260: 240: 211: 187: 89: 73:Hermann Minkowski 66: 1733:Arithmetic functions 1599:Diophantine geometry 1405:Schmidt, Wolfgang M. 1365:Geometrie der Zahlen 1256:C. G. Lekkerkererker 1035:Norm form equations. 972:Schrijver, Alexander 750: 719:linearly independent 677:volume (mathematics) 524: 493: 473: 450: 430: 399: 370: 350: 273: 249: 220: 200: 176: 43: 1858:Geometry of numbers 1779:Continued fractions 1642:Arithmetic dynamics 1637:Arithmetic topology 1631:P-adic Hodge theory 1623:Arithmetic geometry 1556:Iwasawa–Tate theory 1466:Minkowski geometry, 1439:Siegel, Carl Ludwig 1394:Wolfgang M. Schmidt 1260:Geometry of Numbers 1106:1983InMat..73...11B 1052:Functional Analysis 877:functional analysis 861:normed vector space 695:Wolfgang M. Schmidt 513:, sometimes called 267:Minkowski's theorem 168:Minkowski's theorem 162:Minkowski's results 156:irrational quantity 141:functional analysis 17:Geometry of numbers 1723:Modular arithmetic 1693:Irrational numbers 1627:anabelian geometry 1544:class field theory 1360:Minkowski, Hermann 1300:10.1007/BF01457454 1271:Lenstra, H. W. Jr. 1232:An F-space sampler 1151:John Horton Conway 1114:10.1007/BF01393823 830: 655:Carl Ludwig Siegel 623: 499: 479: 459: 436: 412: 376: 356: 336: 255: 235: 206: 182: 137: 61: 1845: 1844: 1742:Advanced concepts 1698:Algebraic numbers 1683:Composite numbers 1136:. Cambridge U. P. 1085:, Springer, 2007. 995:978-3-642-78242-8 964:Grötschel, Martin 961:Schmidt's books. 948:978-0-9879871-1-2 743:coordinates with 511:successive minima 482:{\displaystyle k} 359:{\displaystyle K} 258:{\displaystyle K} 209:{\displaystyle n} 29:algebraic numbers 27:for the study of 1865: 1835: 1825: 1815: 1814: 1805: 1804: 1795: 1794: 1688:Rational numbers 1519: 1512: 1505: 1496: 1495: 1457:Rolf Schneider, 1454: 1448: 1434: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1355: 1327: 1283: 1252: 1228:Kalton, Nigel J. 1212: 1203:, Springer, 1988 1141:J. W. S. Cassels 1137: 1125: 1064: 1061: 1055: 1048: 1042: 1031: 1025: 1022: 1016: 1013: 1007: 1006: 959: 953: 952: 932: 926: 919: 900:star-shaped sets 845:proper subspaces 839: 837: 836: 831: 829: 828: 820: 811: 803: 789: 788: 767: 766: 757: 693:was obtained by 691:subspace theorem 667:Subspace theorem 651:Harold Davenport 643:number theorists 632: 630: 629: 624: 613: 608: 607: 602: 587: 586: 559: 558: 546: 545: 536: 535: 508: 506: 505: 500: 488: 486: 485: 480: 468: 466: 465: 460: 445: 443: 442: 437: 421: 419: 418: 413: 411: 410: 385: 383: 382: 377: 365: 363: 362: 357: 345: 343: 342: 337: 329: 324: 323: 318: 303: 302: 264: 262: 261: 256: 244: 242: 241: 236: 234: 233: 228: 215: 213: 212: 207: 191: 189: 188: 183: 151:that approxima 149:rational numbers 131: 124: 117: 98:(blue diamond), 94:(green circle), 93: 70: 68: 67: 62: 57: 56: 51: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1841: 1783: 1749:Quadratic forms 1737: 1712:P-adic analysis 1668:Natural numbers 1646: 1603:Arakelov theory 1528: 1523: 1490:10.2307/1989946 1451:Springer-Verlag 1423: 1413:Springer-Verlag 1386: 1384: 1281: 1242: 1164:R. J. Gardner, 1155:N. J. A. Sloane 1130:Enrico Bombieri 1090:Enrico Bombieri 1072: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1049: 1045: 1037:Ann. Math. (2) 1032: 1028: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1010: 996: 960: 956: 949: 933: 929: 920: 916: 912: 904:non-convex sets 873: 863: 857: 821: 816: 815: 807: 799: 784: 780: 762: 758: 753: 751: 748: 747: 731:variables with 716: 707: 687: 669: 663: 639: 609: 603: 598: 597: 582: 578: 554: 550: 541: 537: 531: 527: 525: 522: 521: 494: 491: 490: 474: 471: 470: 451: 448: 447: 431: 428: 427: 426:of the numbers 406: 402: 400: 397: 396: 393: 371: 368: 367: 351: 348: 347: 325: 319: 314: 313: 298: 294: 274: 271: 270: 250: 247: 246: 229: 224: 223: 221: 218: 217: 201: 198: 197: 177: 174: 173: 170: 164: 135: 91: 52: 47: 46: 44: 41: 40: 35:is viewed as a 31:. Typically, a 19:is the part of 12: 11: 5: 1871: 1861: 1860: 1843: 1842: 1840: 1839: 1829: 1819: 1809: 1807:List of topics 1799: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1782: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1738: 1736: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1708:P-adic numbers 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1645: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1620: 1610: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1563: 1552:Iwasawa theory 1536: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1522: 1521: 1514: 1507: 1499: 1493: 1492: 1482: 1469: 1462: 1455: 1435: 1421: 1401: 1391: 1356: 1338: 1328: 1294:(4): 515–534. 1267:Lenstra, A. K. 1263: 1253: 1240: 1224: 1214: 1204: 1186: 1179: 1169: 1162: 1148: 1138: 1126: 1086: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1065: 1056: 1043: 1026: 1017: 1008: 994: 968:Lovász, LászlĂł 954: 947: 927: 913: 911: 908: 859:Main article: 856: 853: 841: 840: 827: 824: 819: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 795: 792: 787: 783: 779: 776: 773: 770: 765: 761: 756: 712: 705: 685:parallelepiped 673:Siegel's lemma 665:Main article: 662: 659: 638: 635: 634: 633: 622: 619: 616: 612: 606: 601: 596: 593: 590: 585: 581: 577: 574: 571: 568: 565: 562: 557: 553: 549: 544: 540: 534: 530: 498: 478: 458: 455: 435: 409: 405: 389:Main article: 375: 355: 335: 332: 328: 322: 317: 312: 309: 306: 301: 297: 293: 290: 287: 284: 281: 278: 254: 232: 227: 205: 181: 166:Main article: 163: 160: 134: 133: 126: 119: 111: 60: 55: 50: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1870: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1853: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1818: 1810: 1808: 1800: 1798: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1754:Modular forms 1752: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1678:Prime numbers 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1560:Kummer theory 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1526:Number theory 1520: 1515: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1446: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1422:3-540-54058-X 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1288: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1241:0-521-27585-7 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1217:Edmund Hlawka 1215: 1210: 1205: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1073: 1060: 1053: 1047: 1040: 1036: 1030: 1021: 1012: 1005: 1001: 997: 991: 987: 983: 979: 978: 973: 969: 965: 958: 950: 944: 940: 939: 931: 924: 918: 914: 907: 905: 901: 896: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 872: 868: 862: 852: 850: 846: 825: 822: 812: 804: 793: 785: 781: 777: 771: 763: 759: 746: 745: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 723: 720: 715: 711: 704: 700: 696: 692: 686: 682: 678: 674: 668: 658: 656: 652: 648: 647:Louis Mordell 644: 620: 610: 604: 591: 588: 583: 579: 575: 569: 563: 560: 555: 551: 547: 542: 538: 532: 528: 520: 519: 518: 516: 512: 476: 456: 453: 433: 425: 407: 403: 392: 387: 353: 326: 320: 307: 304: 299: 295: 291: 285: 279: 276: 268: 252: 230: 203: 195: 172:Suppose that 169: 159: 157: 152: 150: 146: 142: 132: 127: 125: 120: 118: 113: 112: 109: 105: 101: 97: 88: 84: 82: 78: 74: 58: 53: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 21:number theory 18: 1651:Key concepts 1583: 1578:sieve theory 1472:Hermann Weyl 1465: 1458: 1444: 1408: 1397: 1385:, retrieved 1364: 1346: 1334: 1291: 1285: 1259: 1231: 1220: 1211:. Macmillan. 1208: 1200: 1197:A. Schrijver 1189:M. Grötschel 1182: 1175: 1172:P. M. Gruber 1165: 1158: 1144: 1133: 1100:(1): 11–32. 1097: 1093: 1076: 1070:Bibliography 1059: 1051: 1046: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1020: 1011: 976: 957: 937: 930: 917: 897: 893:Banach space 874: 867:Banach space 848: 842: 740: 736: 728: 713: 709: 702: 698: 688: 640: 394: 171: 153: 138: 107: 103: 99: 95: 80: 16: 15: 1837:Wikiversity 1759:L-functions 681:determinant 645:(including 23:which uses 1718:Arithmetic 1431:0754.11020 1387:2016-02-28 1374:41.0239.03 1331:Lovász, L. 1275:Lovász, L. 1193:Lovász, L. 910:References 902:and other 889:Kolmogorov 865:See also: 671:See also: 446:such that 1353:EMS Press 1308:1887/3810 1122:121274024 826:ε 823:− 778:⋯ 733:algebraic 615:Γ 592:⁡ 576:≤ 564:⁡ 552:λ 548:⋯ 539:λ 529:λ 497:Γ 469:contains 454:λ 434:λ 404:λ 374:Γ 331:Γ 308:⁡ 280:⁡ 180:Γ 1852:Category 1827:Wikibook 1797:Category 1441:(1989). 1407:(1996). 1362:(1910), 1277:(1982). 974:(1993), 25:geometry 1658:Numbers 1382:0249269 1324:5701340 1316:0682664 1250:0808777 1102:Bibcode 1004:1261419 871:F-space 346:, then 194:lattice 75: ( 37:lattice 1533:Fields 1429:  1419:  1380:  1372:  1322:  1314:  1248:  1238:  1120:  1002:  992:  945:  722:linear 683:, and 154:te an 100:ϕ 1673:Unity 1320:S2CID 1282:(PDF) 1118:S2CID 881:norms 725:forms 708:,..., 192:is a 1417:ISBN 1236:ISBN 1153:and 990:ISBN 943:ISBN 869:and 805:< 717:are 653:and 292:> 245:and 143:and 77:1896 1486:doi 1476:doi 1427:Zbl 1370:JFM 1304:hdl 1296:doi 1292:261 1110:doi 982:doi 887:by 847:of 739:in 727:in 589:vol 561:vol 424:inf 305:vol 277:vol 196:in 39:in 1854:: 1629:, 1605:, 1576:, 1572:, 1558:, 1554:, 1550:, 1546:, 1449:. 1425:. 1415:. 1396:. 1378:MR 1376:, 1351:, 1345:, 1333:: 1318:. 1312:MR 1310:. 1302:. 1290:. 1284:. 1273:; 1269:; 1258:. 1246:MR 1244:, 1199:: 1195:, 1191:, 1174:, 1157:, 1143:. 1116:. 1108:. 1098:73 1096:. 1081:, 1039:96 1000:MR 998:, 988:, 970:; 966:; 906:. 895:. 851:. 679:, 675:, 649:, 386:. 158:. 83:. 1714:) 1710:( 1663:0 1633:) 1625:( 1619:) 1615:( 1609:) 1601:( 1580:) 1568:( 1562:) 1542:( 1518:e 1511:t 1504:v 1488:: 1478:: 1453:. 1433:. 1326:. 1306:: 1298:: 1124:. 1112:: 1104:: 984:: 951:. 849:Q 818:| 813:x 809:| 801:| 797:) 794:x 791:( 786:n 782:L 775:) 772:x 769:( 764:1 760:L 755:| 741:n 737:x 729:n 714:n 710:L 706:1 703:L 699:n 621:. 618:) 611:/ 605:n 600:R 595:( 584:n 580:2 573:) 570:K 567:( 556:n 543:2 533:1 477:k 457:K 408:k 354:K 334:) 327:/ 321:n 316:R 311:( 300:n 296:2 289:) 286:K 283:( 253:K 231:n 226:R 204:n 130:e 123:t 116:v 108:x 106:/ 104:y 96:e 92:Ď€ 59:, 54:n 49:R

Index

number theory
geometry
algebraic numbers
ring of algebraic integers
lattice
Hermann Minkowski
1896

v
t
e
functional analysis
Diophantine approximation
rational numbers
irrational quantity
Minkowski's theorem
lattice
Minkowski's theorem
Minkowski's second theorem
inf
successive minima
Minkowski's second theorem
number theorists
Louis Mordell
Harold Davenport
Carl Ludwig Siegel
Subspace theorem
Siegel's lemma
volume (mathematics)
determinant

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