576:
422:, noting that GMI received funding from the automobile and fossil fuel industries and espouses "a mix of conservative, neoliberal, and libertarian ideological positions", states that GMI has "supported authors opposed to the hypothesis of anthropogenic warming and proposed mitigation policies ... stressing the free-market and the dangers of government regulation, which they said would hurt the US economy."
342:
would consider all the relevant facts and alternative interpretations of the data, and remain skeptical about tentative conclusions. Ideally, too, the agency officials and politicians, who have to enact a regulatory program, would consider its costs and benefits, ensure that it will do more good than
511:
he wrote about the institute that "the trappings of scholarship were used to put a scientific cover on positions arrived at otherwise. These positions served various interests, ideological or material. For example, part of my job consisted of making arguments about global warming that just happened
276:
had pledged to meet the "greenhouse effect with the White House effect." Nierenberg's report, which blamed global warming on solar activity, had a large impact on the incoming Bush presidency, strengthening those in it opposed to environmental regulation. In 1990 the institute's founders (Jastrow,
492:: "We have never said that global warming isn't real. No self-respecting think tank would accept money to support preconceived notions. We make sure what we are saying is both scientifically and analytically defensible."
418:(2010), where they identified a few contrarian scientists associated with conservative think-tanks who fought the scientific consensus and spread confusion and doubt about global warming. The book
253:
was a military threat. A 1987 article by
Jastrow argued that in five years the Soviet Union would be so powerful that it would be able to achieve world domination without firing a shot. When the
564:
was a funder of the GMI until it pulled funding from it and several similar organizations in 2008. From 1998 to 2008, the institute received a total of $ 715,000 in funding from Exxon-Mobil.
38:
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was appointed executive director of GMI in
September 2001. He left the GMI after five months, saying that the institute was "fonder of some facts than others". He contended a
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Starting in 1989 GMI was involved in what it terms "a critical examination of the scientific basis for global climate change policy." This was described by
282:
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is critical of the
Marshall Institute and contends that the conservative backlash against global warming research was led by three prominent physicists—
958:
488:
William O'Keefe, chief executive officer of the
Marshall Institute, questioned the methods used by advocates of new government restrictions to combat
883:
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300:". In the same paper, commenting on the dangers of secondary inhalation of tobacco smoke, he concluded "there is no good scientific evidence that
404:, who founded the institute in 1984. According to Hamilton, by the 1990s the Marshall Institute's main activity was attacking climate science.
316:
190:
268:
The institute's shift to environmental skepticism began with the publication of a report on global warming by
William Nierenberg. During the
1099:
Jacques, P.J.; Dunlap, R.E.; Freeman, M. (June 2008). "The organisation of denial: Conservative think tanks and environmental scepticism".
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is a book by the George C. Marshall
Institute, edited by Michael Gough. The book, published in 2003, encourages a disinterested
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in the United States. It was established in 1984 with a focus on science and public policy issues and had an initial focus in
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instead ended in the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union, the institute shifted from an emphasis on defense to a focus on
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802:
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311:. Missilethreat.com aims to inform the American people of missile threats, thereby encouraging the deployment of a
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on the part of scientists and policymakers: Ideally, the scientists or analysts who generate estimates of
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959:"New Books from Hoover Press, Politicizing Science: The Alchemy of Policymaking, Edited by Michael Gough"
1281:
307:
In 2012, the institute took over the responsibility for running the
Missilethreat.com website from the
1357:
1193:
1358:
Anjana Ahuja and Mark
Henderson "Times Cheltenham Science Festival celebrates scientific heresy ",
589:
258:
225:). The institute's primary aim, initially, was to play a role in defense policy debates, defending
167:
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599:
430:
315:. Since the closure of the institute, the Missilethreat.com website has been maintained by the
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to create a false public perception of scientific uncertainty over the negative effects of
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to coincide with the positions taken by the oil companies that funded the think tank."
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In 1994, the institute published a paper by its then chairman, Frederick Seitz, titled
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689:
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1163:"Defeating Kyoto: The Conservative Movement's Impact on U.S. Climate Change Policy"
1116:
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840:
472:
449:
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233:(SDI, or "Star Wars"). In particular, it sought to defend SDI "from attack by the
1375:"Palin fought safeguards for polar bears with studies by climate change sceptics"
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829:"Second hand smoke and risk assessment: what was in it for the tobacco industry?"
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is viewed as its immediate successor. GMI's defense research was absorbed by the
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GMI was one of only a few conservative environmental-policy think tanks to have
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Global warming and ozone hole controversies: A challenge to scientific judgment.
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1251:"The appointment of Matthew B. Crawford to the position of Executive Director"
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711:"Think tank that cast doubt on climate change science morphs into smaller one"
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1336:
The
American Denial of Global Warming (starting at 30:30 minutes into speech)
999:
522:
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405:
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Nierenberg and Seitz) published a book on climate change. The appointment of
226:
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166:. Starting in the late 1980s, the institute advocated for views in line with
123:
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In
February 2005 GMI co-sponsored a congressional briefing at which Senator
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In 1998 Jeffrey Salmon, then executive director of GMI, helped develop the
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webpage of George C. Marshall Institute website, Accessed March 2, 2008.
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Though the institute officially closed in 2015, the climate-denialist
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states that the institute, in order to resist and delay regulation,
1035:
Requiem for a Species: Why We Resist the Truth about Climate Change
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371:
254:
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1282:"A Hands-On Philosopher Argues for a Fresh Vision of Manual Work"
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in 1992, despite some opposition from within his administration.
174:. The think tank received extensive financial support from the
1098:
550:
519:'s strategy of stressing the uncertainty of climate science.
1225:"Global-warming skeptics cite being 'treated like a pariah'"
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as presidential science advisor, however, saw Bush sign the
786:
Robert Jastrow, William Aaron Nierenberg, Frederick Seitz,
339:
335:
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Global-warming skeptics cite being 'treated like a pariah'
1403:
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237:, and in particular by the equally prominent physicists
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The George C. Marshall institute was founded in 1984 by
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Political and economic think tanks in the United States
343:
harm, and remain open to options to stop or change the
18:
George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies
1446:
Organizations of environmentalism skeptics and critics
1075:
Climate Change: An Encyclopedia of Science and History
827:
Hirschhorn, Norbert; Aguinaga Bialous, Stella (2001).
420:
Climate Change: An Encyclopedia of Science and History
495:
444:
from 1962 to 1969) served on its board of directors.
283:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
886:. Claremont Institute. 23 March 2004. Archived from
805:. The Marshall Institute. 1997-09-03. Archived from
571:
937:"Politicizing Science: The Alchemy of Policymaking"
748:
Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway, 10 August 2010, "
369:as a "central cog in the denial machine" in a 2007
1020:MSNBC single page version, archived 20 August 2007
464:served on the institute's Science Advisory Board.
789:Scientific perspectives on the greenhouse problem
655:"Critics Rise Up Against Environmental Education"
328:Politicizing Science: The Alchemy of Policymaking
27:Former American nonprofit conservative think tank
1422:
771:Robert Jastrow, "America has Five Years Left!",
304:is truly dangerous under normal circumstances."
1436:Conservative organizations in the United States
688:. Columbia University Press. pp. 101–103.
1160:
912:. George C. Marshall Institute. Archived from
317:Center for Strategic and International Studies
191:Center for Strategic and International Studies
1372:
1161:McCright, Aaron M.; Dunlap, Riley E. (2003).
709:Vaidyanathan, Gayathri (December 10, 2015).
708:
507:existed in the funding of the institute. In
652:
207:United States National Academy of Sciences
36:
1058:Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway (2010).
852:
803:"A Conversation with Dr. Frederick Seitz"
750:Distorting Science While Invoking Science
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92:Energy, environmental, and defense policy
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270:1988 United States presidential election
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653:Cushman Jr., John (April 22, 1997).
347:in situations where the underlying
223:Scripps Institution of Oceanography
215:Goddard Institute for Space Studies
13:
1456:Think tanks disestablished in 2015
935:Gough, Michael (January 1, 2003).
685:The Inquisition of Climate Science
556:
496:Accusation of conflict of interest
48:"Science for Better Public Policy"
14:
1472:
1395:
1286:The Chronicle of Higher Education
672:
545:, and on the evidence connecting
354:
249:." The institute argued that the
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313:ballistic missile defense system
296:"are the greatest threat to the
1461:Think tanks established in 1984
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1280:Mooney, Carolyn (7 June 2009).
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682:Powell, James Lawrence (2011).
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292:Seitz questioned the view that
884:"Announcing Missilethreat.com"
820:
795:
780:
765:
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646:
625:"George C. Marshall Institute"
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436:and (until his death in 2008)
412:reach a similar conclusion in
1:
1306:Crawford, Matthew B. (2009).
961:. Business Wire. July 7, 2003
610:
448:was a visiting scientist and
235:Union of Concerned Scientists
22:George C. Marshall Foundation
1431:George C. Marshall Institute
1373:Ed Pilkington (2008-09-30).
1255:George C. Marshall Institute
1062:, Bloomsbury Press, pp. 8-9.
777:, Vol. 39, February 13, 1987
517:American Petroleum Institute
442:National Academy of Sciences
231:Strategic Defense Initiative
149:George C. Marshall Institute
31:George C. Marshall Institute
7:
567:
460:were contributing writers.
76:; 40 years ago
10:
1477:
1078:. ABC-CLIO. p. 1239.
1038:. Earthscan. p. 103.
541:smoking, the existence of
358:
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1121:10.1080/09644010802055576
910:"About Missilethreat.com"
440:(a past president of the
205:(former President of the
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112:
96:
88:
70:
52:
44:
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1032:Hamilton, Clive (2010).
1004:"The Truth About Denial"
590:Americans for Prosperity
509:Shop Class as Soulcraft,
259:environmental skepticism
221:(former director of the
168:environmental skepticism
16:Not to be confused with
1333:Oreskes, Naomi (2007).
1309:Shop Class as Soulcraft
1144:Environmental Defense.
600:The Heartland Institute
338:that may result from a
1148:March 6, 2005, at the
1101:Environmental Politics
792:, Marshall Press, 1990
431:climate change deniers
1072:Black, Brian (2013).
385:Requiem for a Species
377:climate change denial
263:global warming denial
172:climate change denial
102:Expenses: $ 1,086,309
1415:The Washington Times
1229:The Washington Times
939:. Hoover Institution
505:conflict of interest
176:fossil fuel industry
1417:- February 12, 2007
1261:on 14 December 2001
1170:Stanford University
1113:2008EnvPo..17..349J
1016:on 21 October 2007.
845:10.1136/tc.10.4.375
605:Manhattan Institute
582:Conservatism portal
527:lobbied politically
501:Matthew B. Crawford
309:Claremont Institute
279:David Allan Bromley
213:(founder of NASA's
118:Arlington, Virginia
32:
1231:. 11 February 2007
1198:"Some Like It Hot"
1060:Merchants of Doubt
1002:(13 August 2007).
985:2005-10-29 at the
916:on 15 January 2013
890:on 16 January 2013
755:2010-09-19 at the
483:hockey stick graph
481:and attacked the "
427:natural scientists
415:Merchants of Doubt
402:William Nierenberg
302:passive inhalation
219:William Nierenberg
155:) was a nonprofit
100:Revenue: $ 309,750
65:William Nierenberg
30:
1413:- Eric Pfeiffer,
1312:. Penguin Press.
1196:(May–June 2005).
1045:978-1-84971-081-7
634:. 19 January 2016
632:Foundation Center
531:second-hand smoke
274:George H. W. Bush
245:, and astronomer
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