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however. One former student, Elizabeth
Jackson, writes of Kittredge's sheer enthusiasm: "Kittredge taught Shakespeare as though every single human being could go on reading Shakespeare through time and eternity, going from strength to strength and rejoicing as a strong man to join a race." As the decade of the 1920s unfolded, the New Humanists began to seem increasingly irrelevant, and as the Depression of the 1930s hit, the intellectual climate turned decidedly leftward and other forms of criticism emerged, initially from writers outside the academy, some of which, in the coming decades would be incorporated as aspects of the New Criticism. Meanwhile, although there was continued chafing against the supposed antiquarianism of the philological school in some quarters, Kittredge's prestige and influence continued unabated, and the extensive list of language requirements for a Harvard graduate degree in English literature, including Old and Middle English, Old French, and Gothic, stayed in effect until his retirement in 1936, after which these requirements, viewed as onerous, were dropped. With the coming of the Cold War in the late 1940s, 1950s and early 1960s disagreements between the historical and "literary appreciation" schools in English literature studies were subsumed by the ascendancy of the
483:, the differentiating characteristics of Anglo-Saxon among the Teutonic languages, the changes in English phonology, inflection, and syntax from Anglo-Saxon times to the sixteenth century, the influence of Danish, French and Latin on the English language in its various periods. But these phases of language development were closely associated with the entire cultural history of which they were a part. The philologist is the person who makes his approach to the past through the phenomenon of language. "In the beginning was the word." The objective was the equipment of a man of real erudition, about whose professional and scientific status there should be no doubt and who could hold up his head in pride among his fellows in the older and more reputable field of classics ... Source and background study, so decried by critics of the philological regime, was conceived of both as a means of interpretation and as an independent contribution to cultural history.
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in the classroom by students who took advantage of his extremely sweet nature, Kittredge's dramatic classroom manner kept his students on the edge of their seats – lateness, wearing of hats, yawning, and coughing (one student was permanently expelled from the class for this offense) were strictly forbidden. His manner with his graduate students was entirely different. With them he was extremely collegial and invited them to his home for weekly fireside gatherings. There, in dim light, the students read papers which, with his encouragement, would often form the nucleus of subsequent dissertations.
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guide to conduct and "humane insight" through an appreciation of and reflection on the timeless beauties of prescribed "great works." Babbitt bitterly opposed the introduction of elective courses for undergraduates. Deeply suspicious of democracy, he envisioned the goal of a university education as the formation of a superior individual in whom the "will to restraint" would counter what he saw as the degenerate modernism he traced back to pernicious ideas of social progress initiated by
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promoted), New
Critical literary scholars assured that the term philology itself would be denigrated and then ignored as their newly trained graduate students conquered the vocabulary and intricacies of critical scholarship (Wellek 1953). As suggested previously, the philosophical methods and ideologies that informed the early history of English department organization deserve continued conversation and critique rather than simply being erased or ignored.
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leisure hours rather than an intellectual study for serious workers", a mere "accomplishment", whereas when "a boy studies Greek you know he has worked hard". Philology "met the desire for facts, for accuracy, and for the imitation of the scientific method which had acquired such an overwhelming prestige" in the United States. It had yielded the
338:. Among the most popular of Harvard's teachers throughout his career, Kittredge's students affectionately nicknamed him "Kitty". Kittredge was named Gurney Professor of English at Harvard in 1917. He retired from teaching in 1936 and continued to work on his edition of Shakespeare until his death in 1941, in
519:
of the Middle Ages, which
Kittredge often stated had points in common with our own age and thus helped students understand the world in which we live. Often he guided his students into newly opening fields that he had not had time to investigate, such as Finnish and Celtic studies. According to David Bynum:
398:(1485), and hitherto an obscure figure, with a knight and member of Parliament who served with the Earl of Warwick, a discovery that paved the way for further researches into Malory by Edward Hicks, to whose 1928 book on Malory's turbulent career Kittredge supplied the introduction. Kittredge's work on
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and his followers. Kittredge and his students, on the other hand, situated the study of languages and literatures in their historical contexts, seeking to capture "the spirit of an age" and often ranging far afield of the traditional
Western canon. For Kittredge, reading Chaucer illuminated the world
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Undergraduate
Shakespeare students were required to read six plays extremely slowly and to virtually memorize the texts. "It is the purpose of this course", Kittredge used to remark, "to find out what Shakespeare said and what he meant when he said it." Where Professor Child had often been imposed on
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According to his biographer, "Neither Child nor
Kittredge, trained classicists and able linguists, had themselves bothered to undergo the limitations of a Ph. D. degree". There is a widely circulated story that when asked why he did not have one, Kittredge was supposed to have replied, "But who would
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In an age of literary ethnocentricity, Kittredge was as readily and as genuinely interested in
Russian ballads or American Indian folktales as in the plays of Shakespeare ... Kittredge's intellectual hospitality toward "foreign" traditions and his equanimity toward "vulgar" ones appear in retrospect
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For
Babbitt, a self-proclaimed classicist, on the other hand, such disciplines as anthropology, folklore, and the medieval scholarship so dear to Kittredge, represented a dilution of the real goal of literary studies and a waste of time. Kittredge's students and colleagues defended him vigorously,
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English 2, a
Shakespeare class for which Kittredge became well known at the university, was a lecture course of about 275 Harvard students. Other courses and subjects which Kittredge taught or co-taught were English 28, a survey course covering Chaucer, the epic, and the ballad; Historical English
1008:, pp. 68–69). "Originally dating back to Plato, the word was revived in 1777 by Friedrich Wolf of the University of Göttingen, who included in it 'attention to the grammar, criticism, geography, political history, customs, mythology, literature, art, and ideas of a people'" (Graff , p. 69).
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In the process of overthrowing
Kittredge's perceived pedantry in order to enshrine New Critical methods of rigorous research and institutional control over graduate training and doctoral degrees (without offering the concomitant grounding in cultural history and linguistic concerns that Kittredge
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of 1913, Sherman accused Kittredge of pedantry and of squeezing the life out of his subject. Deep ideological disagreements lay at the bottom of these attacks. The New Humanists were social and cultural conservatives who conceived of literary studies as leading to moral improvement by providing a
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As chairman of the Division of the Modern Languages Division of Harvard, a position he inherited from Child, Kittredge was in a position to set graduate degree requirements and he insisted that graduate literature candidates master several foreign languages, as he himself had done. Neither he nor
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When the various modern language departments were introduced into American universities in the 1880s, speakers at the first meeting of the Modern Language Association in 1883 had been concerned to counter the popular perception that "English literature is a subject for the desultory reader in his
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school of scholarship pioneered in 19th century German universities. Philology, especially in its early years, had been conceived as a "total science of civilization, an ideal originally formulated for the study of classical antiquity and then transferred by the German Romanticists to the modern
1111:, , reprinted Washington, D.C.: The Humanities Institute, 1986, page, 74). Babbitt explained, 'The humanist as opposed to the humanitarian, is interested in perfecting the individual rather than in schemes for the elevation of mankind as a whole' (Babbitt, op cit 1986, page 75)", See
295:. In the German department, Kittredge taught Icelandic, Old Norse, and, for many years, a course in German mythology. His graduate courses included Germanic and Celtic Religions, which he co-taught with F. N. Robinson, a Celticist, English Metrical Romances, including
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of his time and is considered largely responsible for introducing Chaucer into the canon of college English. His essay on "Chaucer's Discussion of Marriage" (1912) has traditionally been credited with introducing the idea of the "marriage group" in the
443:, "Kittredge always maintained that the question was never asked, and if it had been he would never have dreamed of answering in such a manner." On May 17, 1932, during a lecture tour of England, Oxford University conferred on him a D.Litt.
554:. Thus, the context of Kittredge's prestige and his place in the history of English literature studies became obscured and forgotten, a situation which in recent years some scholars are attempting to rectify. As Jill Terry Rudy writes:
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and others, tracing the step-by-step relationships of classical and modern European to ancient Indian languages and their evolutionary development. A former Harvard graduate student, James H. Hanford, reminisced how under Kittredge,
423:. He also wrote and co-wrote introductory Latin and English grammar text books. While still teaching at Phillips Exeter he undertook the general editorship of popular English masterpieces for the general public published by the
435:(1901) met with great success and served as a storehouse for teachers. Kittredge was also responsible for the revision of the English used in a translation of the Psalms for the Jewish Publication Society, issued in 1903.
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and other subjects. In 1887, he published an article for "a learned German periodical" on "A Point In Beowulf." The couple had three children: Francis Gordon (1887–1973), Henry Crocker (1890–1967), and Dora (1893–1974).
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which favored, like Kittredge, rigorous study of literary text, but sidestepped potential controversies over ideology by ruling out mention of historical context or social questions. In consequence, the concept of
1095:"By identifying philology and medieval studies as key contributors to the debasement of literary humanism in English departments, Babbitt attempted to deny any humanistic value in philological endeavors. Labeling
580:. The couple honeymooned in Europe, remaining for a year in Germany, which at that time was a mecca of graduate studies and the mother of distinguished philologists and folklorists. Kittredge had already studied
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of 1849, been shipwrecked, and had walked 700 miles across the desert before returning to Boston to marry a widow, Mrs. Deborah Lewis Benson, and start a family. Their precocious and bookish son George attended
241:. About six feet tall and, at 140 pounds, slightly built, Kittredge impressed his prep-school students with his exacting standards, sense of humor, and apparent ability to converse fluently in Latin.
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Child wished the modern languages to replace the study of Greek and Latin, and Kittredge would oppose Harvard president Charles W. Eliot's efforts to abolish Greek as a requirement for graduation.
449:. Burdened with no illusions about his erudition, or the lack of it in others, he famously remarked, "There are three persons who know what the word 'Victorian' means, and the other two are dead."
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In 1886, Kittredge married Frances Eveline Gordon, the daughter of Nathaniel Gordon and Alcina Eveline Sanborn. Her father was a lawyer and philanthropist who had served as president of the
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As a freshman, George lived at home in Boston and walked to Harvard every day to save money. Kittredge garnered highest honors and joined several clubs, wrote light verse, and won
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Kittredge's administrative power, vast erudition, prestige, and the histrionic attitude he assumed with undergraduates provoked resentment. A notable critic was his colleague,
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273:, Child's publishers asked Kittredge to see the project through to publication and to supply a short introduction to the five-volume opus. Later, Kittredge helped expand
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Even Babbitt's disciple, Stuart Sherman, turned against him, eventually embracing modernism and confessing that he had erred in trying to make men good instead of happy.
431:, which appeared in 1907, and was a founding member and supervisor of the Harvard University Press. His popular book, written in collaboration with J. B. Greenough,
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as humanitarians rather than humanists, Babbitt defined 'humanism' against the humanitarian desire for 'breadth of knowledge and sympathy' (see Irving Babbitt,
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Kittredge's edition of Shakespeare was the standard well beyond his death and continues to be cited occasionally. He was also arguably the leading critic of
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with the caption, "In spite of many years of careful training, Professor Kittredge's car suddenly breaks into a spasm of coughing." See Hyder (1962), p. 49.
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was influential in the early 20th century. He was also involved in American folklore studies and was instrumental in the formation and management of the
208:. In 1882, Kittredge was elected Ivy Orator, and charged to deliver a humorous speech to his graduating class. Graduating with Kittredge that year was
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Rudy, Jill Terry, "The Humanities, Folklore Studies, and George Lyman Kittredge: Defending Kittredge's Reputation and the Ideology of Philology" in
170:, the college literary magazine. In 1881 Kittredge was the prompter and pronunciation coach in a celebrated undergraduate theatrical performance of
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Jill Terry Rudy, "The Humanities, Folklore Studies, and George Lyman Kittredge: Defending Kittredge's Reputation and the Ideology of Philology" in
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According to Hyder, Kittredge preferred "to carry on his learning informally rather than formally enroll in courses," see Hyder (1962), p. 39.
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itself fell into disrepute and never recovered, even after social engagement once again became respectable and the New Criticism gave way to
902:, published in 1908 (though others had discussed this topic before her). Kittredge does note in a footnote that: "The Marriage Group of the
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for his essays and translations, including one from English into Attic Greek. He also became a member of the editorial board of the
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wrote 72 years later, "the two greatest and most stimulating teachers that I ever worked under were George Lyman Kittredge of
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153:, which then had about a hundred pupils. George consistently led his class in marks and won a scholarship to
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Lack of money prevented Kittredge from immediately pursuing graduate studies. From 1883 to 1887, he taught
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Hyder (1962), p. 126. At Harvard, Hyder writes, "the Ph. D. did not become a fetish, though persons like
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Students were expected to talk in a scholarly way in the classroom and on a final examination about
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848:(Houghton Mifflin, 1927), which examines the sources of Coleridge's "Rime of the Ancient Mariner".
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322:, whose lectures and collection of cowboy ballads Kittredge later supported, and the folklorists
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285:. Kittredge also took over Child's graduate course in the English and Scottish popular ballad.
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has been much studied, and with good results." For more on Hammond, who had a Ph.D. from the
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as an instructor in the autumn of 1888. He was soon promoted and in 1896 succeeded Professor
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as Professor of the Division of Modern Languages, which included languages other than
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on February 28, 1860. His father, Edward "Kit" Lyman Kittredge, participated in the
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and, although not formally matriculated, attended courses at the universities of
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427:. At Harvard he collaborated with E. S. Sheldon in editing eleven volumes of the
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to teach a Shakespeare course for women that was similar to Harvard's English 2.
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132:. One of his better-known books concerned witchcraft in England and New England.
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778:(later president of the University of Chicago)," quoted in Hyder (1962), p. 35.
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until several decades after Kittredge's lifetime, but Kittredge made trips to
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Birdsall, Esther K. "Some Notes on the Role of George Lyman Kittredge" in
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265:. He and Child had shared the teaching of Harvard's English 2 course of
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Literature and the American College, a Defense of the Humanities
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in his "Ph. D. Octopus", had complained of its dangers" (ibid)".
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920:"Eleanor Prescott Hammond", University of Iowa Research Online
736:(Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1962), pp. 16–26.
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American Folklore Studies: Journal of the Folklore Institute,
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234:
16:
American scholar, literary critic, and folklorist (1860–1941)
807:"Dr. Oscar James Campbell Jr., Shakespeare Scholar, Is Dead"
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George Lyman Kittredge, "Chaucer's Discussion of Marriage."
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The Road to Xanadu: A Study in the Ways of the Imagination
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Grammar, and Anglo-Saxon, a prerequisite for his course in
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Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve at A Princeton Companion Online
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school of literary appreciation. In a famous article in
116:(February 28, 1860 – July 23, 1941) was a professor of
499:(a professor of French) and Babbitt's former student,
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Harvard Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature
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Four Generations of Oral Literary Studies at Harvard
840:A post-graduate student and Harvard colleague was
607:Observations on the Language of Chaucer's Troilus,
1270:"MemberListK | American Antiquarian Society"
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370:The first page of a 1946 edition of Kittredge's
1006:Professing Literature: An Institutional History
766:The famous football coach and theology student
524:as the most important sources of his influence.
831:Paris Review (1965), The Art of Fiction No. 36
1511:Members of the American Philosophical Society
1506:Presidents of the Modern Language Association
894:He borrowed the phrase, unacknowledged, from
1496:Corresponding fellows of the British Academy
1334:George Lyman Kittredge: Teacher and Scholar.
653:An Advanced English Grammar, with Exercises,
1501:Presidents of the American Folklore Society
1476:Members of the American Antiquarian Society
1419:George Lyman Kittredge: Teacher and Scholar
1336:Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1962.
1200:"Dora Kittredge (1893-1974) • FamilySearch"
734:George Lyman Kittredge: Teacher and Scholar
135:
1491:Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America
415:, writing extensively on the folk lore of
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1339:Jackson, Elizabeth. "The Kittredge Way."
277:and folklore studies to include American
1361:Works by or about George Lyman Kittredge
1128:Elizabeth Jackson, "The Kittredge Way."
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712:in 1901. In 1905, he was elected to the
708:in 1898. He was elected a member of the
689:The Old Teutonic Idea of the Future Life
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124:. His scholarly edition of the works of
1249:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
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665:A Study of Gawain and the Green Knight,
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1004:René Wellek (quoted in Gerald Graff,
433:Words and their Ways in English Speech
281:, serving in 1904 as president of the
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1035:"Harvard Philology Forty Years Ago",
1026:Wellek, quoted by Graff (1987) p. 69.
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706:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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1060:In 1927, there was a cartoon in the
972:The brain factory – The Boston Globe
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457:Kittredge and Child belonged to the
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1222:Arnold & Lyman Kittredge 1902:
984:The Little, Brown Book of Anecdotes
439:examine me?" However, according to
180:in the original Greek, attended by
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683:The Complete Works of Shakespeare,
677:Witchcraft in Old and New England,
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1325:Vol. 10: No. 1/2, Special Issue:
900:Chaucer: a Bibliographical Manual
647:Chaucer's Discussion of Marriage,
503:, who together founded so-called
1411:Kittredge, "Chaucer's Pardoner."
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1327:American Folklore Historiography
1132:4: 8 (May, 1943): 483-487 (486).
671:The Old Farmer and His Almanack,
619:Chaucer and Some of his Friends,
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249:Kittredge joined the faculty at
1466:Phillips Exeter Academy faculty
1413:E-text from Harvard University.
1385:Works by George Lyman Kittredge
1370:Works by George Lyman Kittredge
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401:Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
298:Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
1417:text of Kenneth Clyde Hyder's
1234:in HathiTrust Digital Library.
1168:Hyder (1962), pp. 35–36.
940:Hyder (1962), pp. 82–84.
898:, author of the now acclaimed
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1451:American folk-song collectors
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745:For more on Gildersleeve see
704:Kittredge was elected to the
453:Influence on literary studies
307:, and Child's ballad course.
99:English professor, folklorist
1039:8: 3 (Autumn 1948): 308–320.
710:American Antiquarian Society
372:Sixteen Plays of Shakespeare
157:, which he entered in 1878.
35:A 1906 portrait of Kittredge
7:
1486:Roxbury Latin School alumni
1376:(public domain audiobooks)
1343:4: 8. (May, 1943): 483–487.
1329:(Jun. - Aug., 1973): 57–66.
1274:www.americanantiquarian.org
350:Women were not admitted to
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1471:Harvard University faculty
813:. June 2, 1970. p. 39
271:work of ballad scholarship
198:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
1436:American literary critics
1350:, 16 (1999): 1–18
1117:, 16 (1999): 1–18
468:discoveries of the Grimms
407:Kittredge also collected
404:was influential as well.
340:Barnstable, Massachusetts
316:Franklin Delano Roosevelt
283:American Folklore Society
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215:, who authored the first
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78:Barnstable, Massachusetts
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1245:"George Lyman Kittredge"
1232:online version of book I
896:Eleanor Prescott Hammond
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572:and was a deacon in the
312:Oscar James Campbell Jr.
206:Johns Hopkins University
151:The Roxbury Latin School
136:Early life and education
130:Harvard University Press
1481:Harvard Advocate alumni
1051:Hanford (1948), p. 316.
772:Phillips Exeter Academy
659:Chaucer and his Poetry,
419:and on the New England
328:James Madison Carpenter
239:Phillips Exeter Academy
1456:Shakespearean scholars
1348:The Folklore Historian
1332:Hyder, Clyde Kenneth.
1115:The Folklore Historian
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140:Kittredge was born in
114:George Lyman Kittredge
107:Frances Eveline Gordon
23:George Lyman Kittredge
1073:Hyder (1962), p. 110.
995:Hyder (1962), p. 161.
986:, Boston, 1985 p. 322
908:University of Chicago
842:John Livingston Lowes
787:Hyder (1962 ), p. 41.
776:William Rainey Harper
732:Clyde Kenneth Hyder,
578:Exeter, New Hampshire
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324:Robert Winslow Gordon
1299:search.amphilsoc.org
1295:"APS Member History"
1180:Hyder (1962), p. 39.
949:Hyder (1962), p. 85.
931:Hyder (1962), p. 77.
796:Hyder (1962), p. 43.
757:Hyder (1962), p. 23.
641:Notes on Witchcraft,
625:Arthur and Gorlagon,
570:New Hampshire Senate
332:William S. Burroughs
194:Charles Eliot Norton
190:William Dean Howells
146:California Gold Rush
1017:Graff (1987), p. 68
910:and had studied at
635:Sarah Louise Arnold
267:William Shakespeare
255:Francis James Child
182:Ralph Waldo Emerson
126:William Shakespeare
1405:Harvard University
1399:2003-06-20 at the
1037:The Antioch Review
811:The New York Times
631:The Mother Tongue,
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352:Harvard University
245:Harvard University
202:B. L. Gildersleeve
122:Harvard University
118:English literature
90:Harvard University
1389:Project Gutenberg
974:at www.boston.com
912:Oxford University
861:(July 23, 1941).
768:Amos Alonzo Stagg
700:Legacy and Honors
693:Ingersoll Lecture
395:Le Morte d'Arthur
356:Radcliffe College
346:Radcliffe College
200:, and classicist
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