1271:, chosen annually by men who owned or leased property, or who had fathered three or more Virginians. Most governmental power resided in the House of Delegates—the governor could not even veto a bill and could only act as head of the state militia on the advice of his Council of State, whose members were elected by the legislature. The draft was considered by the committee, and it issued a report on June 24, at which time Jefferson's preamble and several amendments authored by him were included—George Wythe, who advocated for Jefferson's draft before the committee, found discussion far enough advanced that members were only willing to yield to Jefferson on a few points. The entire convention considered the document between June 26 and 28, and it was signed on June 29. Richard Henry Lee wrote the day prior to the constitution's passage by unanimous vote, "I have had the pleasure to see our new plan of Government go on well. This day will put a finishing hand to it. 'Tis very much of the democratic kind."
1696:, a Federalist friend of Mason, believed that Mason felt he could lead Virginia to gain concessions from the other states, and that he was embittered by the continuing attacks on him. On March 10, 1788, Mason finished first in the polls in Stafford County, and veteran delegate Andrew Buchanan won the other seat over Colonel Carter and William Fitzhugh. Two days later, a Richmond essayist criticized Mason and Richard Henry Lee (who did not attend) for the "barefaced impudence and folly" of public protests. Mason apparently was the only person elected to that convention for a constituency in which he did not live (although historically many of his ancestors had lived in and represented the county). Voter turnout was low, as many in remote areas without newspapers knew little about the constitution. The Federalists were believed to have a slight advantage in elected delegates; Mason thought that the convention would be unlikely to ratify the document without demanding amendments.
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Mason, believing that the convention had given his proposals short shrift in a hurry to complete its work, began his journey back to
Virginia "in an exceeding ill humor". Mason biographer Helen Hill Miller notes that before Mason returned to Gunston Hall, he was injured in body as well as spirit after an accident on the road. Word of Mason's opposition stance had reached Fairfax County even before the convention ended; most local sentiment was in favor of the document. Washington made a statement urging ratification but otherwise remained silent, knowing he would almost certainly be the first president. Mason sent Washington a copy of his objections, but Washington believed that the choice was ratification or disaster.
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hands of the
Federalists, who feared what the outcome of an immediate vote might be, and who had more able leadership in Richmond, including Marshall and Madison. Nevertheless, Broadwater suggested that as most delegates had declared their views before the election, Mason's motion made little difference. Henry, far more a foe of a strong federal government than was Mason, took the lead for his side in the debate. Mason spoke several times in the discussion, on topics ranging from the pardon power (which he predicted the president would use corruptly) to the federal judiciary, which he warned would lead to suits in the federal courts by citizens against states where they did not live. John Marshall, a future
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slavery with that of his desire to ban the
African slave trade, which he unquestionably opposed and fought against. His record otherwise is mixed: Virginia banned the importation of slaves from abroad in 1778, while Mason was in the House of Delegates. In 1782, after he had returned to Gunston Hall, it enacted legislation that allowed manumission of adult slaves young enough to support themselves (not older than 45). However, a proposal, supported by Mason, to require freed slaves to leave Virginia within a year or be sold at auction, was defeated. Broadwater asserted, "Mason must have shared the fears of Jefferson and countless other whites that whites and free blacks could not live together".
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the convention deciding to allow importation of slaves to continue to at least 1800 (later amended to 1808) and to allow a simple majority to pass navigation acts that might require
Virginians to export their tobacco in American-flagged ships, when it might be cheaper to use foreign-flagged vessels. The convention also weakened the requirement that money bills begin in the House and not be subject to amendment in the Senate, eventually striking the latter clause after debate that stretched fitfully over weeks. Despite these defeats, Mason continued to work constructively to build a constitution, serving on another grand committee that considered customs duties and ports.
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take on the criminal code and land law. Mason served a few months on the committee before resigning on the ground he was not a lawyer; most of the work fell to
Jefferson (returned from Philadelphia), Pendleton, and Wythe. Illness caused by a botched smallpox inoculation forced Mason to miss part of the legislature's spring 1777 session; in his absence delegates on May 22 elected him to the Continental Congress. Mason, who may have been angry that Lee had not been chosen, refused on the ground that he was needed at home and did not feel he could resign from the General Assembly without permission from his constituents. Lee was elected in his place.
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money needed by
Congress for Washington's Continental Army. The new federal and state governments, short on cash, issued paper money. By 1777, the value of Virginia's paper money had dropped precipitously, and Mason developed a plan to redeem the notes with a tax on real estate. Mason was three weeks late in arriving at Richmond because of his illness, to the frustration of Washington, who had faith in Mason's knowledge of financial affairs. Washington wrote to Custis, "It is much to be wished that a remedy could be applied to the depreciation of our Currency ... I know of no person better qualified to do this than Colonel Mason".
1470:. As was his constant objective, he sought to preserve the liberty he and other free white men enjoyed in Virginia, guarding against the tyranny he and others had decried under British rule. He also sought a balance of powers, seeking thereby to make a durable government; according to historian Brent Tarter, "Mason designed his home so that no misplaced window or missing support might spoil the effect or threaten to bring down the roof; he tried to design institutions of government in the same way, so that wicked or unprincipled men could not knock loose any safeguards of liberty".
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Mason's was not immune from "oversights and negligences": it did not have an amending process and granted two delegates to each county regardless of population. The 1776 constitution remained in force until 1830, when another convention replaced it. According to Henry C. Riely in his journal article on Mason, "The
Virginia Constitution of 1776, whatever may have been the question raised long afterwards as to the contribution of other great leaders, stands, on the authority of Jefferson, Madison, and Randolph—to mention only the highest authority—as his creation."
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included the sentiments in the
Declaration of Independence. In 1778, Mason wrote that the Declaration of Rights "was closely imitated by the other United States". This was true, as seven of the original states, and Vermont, joined Virginia in promulgating a bill of rights. Four in addition specified rights that were protected, within the body of their constitutions. Feelings were so strong in Massachusetts that voters there in 1778 rejected a constitution drafted by a convention, insisting that a bill of rights had to come first.
1527:: a House of Representatives based on population, in which money bills must originate, and a Senate with equal representation for each state. Records do not survive of Mason's participation in that committee, but the clause requiring money bills to start in the House most likely came from him or was the price of his support, as he had inserted such a clause in the Virginia Constitution, and he defended that clause once convention debate resumed. According to Madison's notes, Mason urged the convention to adopt the compromise:
1405:. Five other ports, including Alexandria, were eventually added, but the Port Act proved unpopular despite the support of Washington. Mason, an opponent of the act, accepted election to the House of Delegates in 1786, and many believed that his influence would prove decisive for the repeal effort. Mason did not come to Richmond during the initial session because of illness, but he did send a petition as a private citizen to the legislature. The Port Act survived, though additional harbors were added as legal entry points.
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1450:. Randolph, who had just been elected governor, sent three notifications of election to Mason, who accepted without any quibbles. The roads were difficult because of spring flooding, and Mason was the last Virginia delegate to arrive, on May 17, three days after the convention's scheduled opening. But it was not until May 25 that the convention formally opened, with the arrival of at least one delegate from ten of the twelve states which sent representatives (Rhode Island sent no one).
2064:. Washington left papers collected into 100 volumes; for Mason, many of whose documents lost to fire, there were only three that endured. Mason fought on the side that failed, both at Philadelphia and Richmond, leaving him a loser in a history written by winners, even his speeches to the Constitutional Convention descend through the pen of Madison, a supporter of ratification. After the Richmond convention, he was, according to Senese, "a prophet without honor in his own country".
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1829:, only George Washington owned more, and Mason is not known to have freed any, even in his March 1773 will ultimately transcribed into the Fairfax County probate records in October 1792 (the original was then lost). That will divided his slaves among his children (between twenty and three years old when Mason wrote it). Mason would continue trading in land as well as remarry (with a marriage agreement recorded in Prince William County in April 1780), and Virginia legalized
889:. Henriques suggests that as Mason was older, intellectually superior, and the owner of a flourishing plantation as Washington was struggling to establish Mount Vernon, and it would not have been in the future president's character to seek a close relationship with Mason. Washington, however, had deep respect for Mason's intellectual abilities, and sought Mason's advice on several occasions, writing in 1777 when learning that Mason had taken charge of an issue before the
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1557:; Randolph had represented Virginia. The draft was acceptable to Mason as a basis for discussion, containing such points important to him as the requirement that money bills originate in the House and not be amendable in the Senate. Nevertheless, Mason felt the upper house was too powerful, as it had the powers to make treaties, appoint Supreme Court justices, and adjudicate territorial disputes between the states. The draft lacked provision for a
941:, who wanted existing counties expanded instead, including Fairfax. This difference may have contributed to Mason's decision not to seek re-election in 1761. Mason biographer Jeff Broadwater notes that Mason's committee assignments reflected the esteem his colleagues held him in, or at least the potential they saw. Broadwater did not find it surprising that Mason did not seek re-election, as he did not attend the sessions between 1759 and 1761.
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1502:). Washington was elected the convention's president by unanimous vote, and his tremendous personal prestige as the victorious war general helped legitimize the convention but also caused him to abstain from debate. Mason had no such need to remain silent, and only four or five delegates spoke as frequently as he did. Though he ended up not signing the constitution, according to Broadwater, Mason won as many convention debates as he lost.
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citizens ... rights whose maintenance was government's primary reason for being. Mason wrote the first of these lists." Diane D. Pikcunas, in her article prepared for the bicentennial of the U.S. Bill of Rights, wrote that Mason "made the declaration of rights as his personal crusade". Tarter deemed Mason "celebrated as a champion of constitutional order and one of the fathers of the Bill of Rights". Supreme Court associate justice
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from the monarch. The
Resolves called for a continental congress. If Americans did not receive redress by November 1, exports, including that of tobacco, would be cut off. The freeholders of Fairfax County approved the Resolves, appointing Mason and Washington to a special committee in the emergency. According to early Virginia historian Hugh Grigsby, at Alexandria, Mason "made his first great movement on the theatre of the Revolution".
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to receive goods at their river landings, a boycott would be difficult to enforce. In April 1769, Washington sent a copy of a
Philadelphia resolution to Mason, asking his advice on what action Virginia should take. It is unknown who adapted that text for use in Virginia (Broadwater concludes it was Mason) but Mason sent Washington a corrected draft on April 23, 1769. Washington took it to Williamsburg, but the governor,
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conversation. The same month, Mason spent Christmas at Mount Vernon (the only larger estate than his in Fairfax County). A fellow houseguest described Mason as "slight in figure, but not tall, and has a grand head and clear gray eyes". Mason retained his political influence in Virginia, writing Patrick Henry, who had been elected to the House of Delegates, a letter filled with advice as that body's 1783 session opened.
1751:, who had supported Mason's Anti-Federalist stance, and who had, in 1789, lost to Madison for a seat in the House of Representatives. Judging by his correspondence, Mason softened his stance towards the new federal government, telling Monroe that the constitution "wisely & Properly directs" that ambassadors be confirmed by the Senate. Although Mason predicted that the amendments to be proposed to the states by the
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1345:(not named for George Mason), the 1780 settlement of the boundary dispute with Pennsylvania, was unfavorable to Virginia, he voted for it enthusiastically. Also in 1780, Mason remarried, to Sarah Brent, from a nearby plantation, who had never been married and was 52 years old. It was a marriage of convenience, with the new bride able to take some of the burden of parenting Mason's many children off his hands.
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May 1776 at Williamsburg, would need to decide how Virginia would be administered henceforth, as the royal government was dead in all but name. Accordingly, the convention was seen as so important that Lee arranged for his temporary recall from Congress to be a part of the convention, and Jefferson tried but failed to arrange to leave Congress as well. Other notables elected to the convention were Henry,
1845:. According to Broadwater, "In all likelihood, Mason believed, or convinced himself, that he had no options. Mason would have done nothing that might have compromised the financial futures of his nine children." Peter Wallenstein, in his article about how writers have interpreted Mason, argued that he could have freed some slaves without harming his children's future, if he had wanted to.
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personal rights of citizens". Focusing on Mason's dissent from the constitution, Miller pointed to the intersectional bargain struck over navigation acts and the slave trade, "Mason lost on both counts, and the double defeat was reflected in his attitude thereafter." Wallenstein concluded, "the personal and economic interests of Mason's home state took precedence over a bill of rights".
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delegation, though they must have been surprised when he accepted". Broadwater suggests that Mason went to Philadelphia because he knew the federal congress needed additional power and because he felt that body could act as a check on the powers of state legislatures. As the Virginians waited for the other delegates to arrive, they met each day and formulated what became known as the
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which mostly considered local matters. Mason dealt with several local concerns, presenting a petition of Fairfax County planters against being assessed for a tobacco wharf at Alexandria, funds they felt should be raised through wharfage fees. He also played a major role as the Burgesses deliberated how to divide Prince William County as settlement expanded; in March 1759,
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the first known abolitionist", refusing to sign the constitution, among other reasons because "as it stood then it did not abolish slavery or make preparation for its gradual extinction". Rutland, writing in 1961, asserted that in Mason's final days, "only the coalition in Philadelphia that had bargained away any hope of eliminating slavery left a residue of disgust."
1341:'s expedition to secure control of the lands north of the Ohio River. Mason and Jefferson secured legislation authorizing Governor Henry to defend against unspecified western enemies. The expedition was generally successful, and Mason received a report directly from Clark. Mason sought to remove differences between Virginia and other states, and although he felt the
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that the minimum age for service in Congress should be 25, telling the convention that younger men were too immature. Mason was the first to propose that the national seat of government not be in a state capital lest the local legislature be too influential. He voted against proposals to base representation on a state's wealth or taxes paid and supported regular
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continued service meant swearing to uphold a constitution he could not support. Even while a member, he often did not attend. Joseph Horrell, in a journal article on Mason's court service, noted that he was often in poor health and lived the furthest of any of the major estateholders from the Fairfax County courthouse, whether at its original site near today's
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ratifying the handiwork of the 1787 Philadelphia convention ... Two centuries later, perhaps we can come to terms with his legacy—with how far we have come, how much we have gained, whether because of him or despite him, and, too, with how much we may have lost. Surely there is much of Mason that we cherish, wish to keep, and can readily celebrate.
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his occasional rhetoric, George Mason was—if one must choose—proslavery, not antislavery. He acted in behalf of Virginia slaveholders, not Virginia slaves". Broadwater noted, "Mason consistently voiced his disapproval of slavery. His 1787 attack on slavery echoes a similar speech to the Virginia Convention of 1776. His conduct was another matter."
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motion failed with no states in favor and ten opposed. Also on September 12, the Committee on Style submitted its final draft, and Mason began to list objections on his copy. On September 15, as the convention continued a clause-by-clause consideration of the draft, Mason, Randolph, and Gerry stated they would not sign the constitution.
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Mason spoke repeatedly in the five days of debate, using oratory one hearer described as "neither flowing nor smooth, but his language was strong, his manner most impressive, and strengthened by a bit of biting cynicism when provocation made it seasonable". The Declaration of Rights was passed by the convention on June 12, 1776.
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certain matters still before the convention were settled before deciding a final position, whether to sign or ask for a second convention. As the final touches were made to the constitution, Mason and Gerry held meetings in the evening to discuss strategy, bringing in delegates representing states from Connecticut to Georgia.
1798:, needing a crutch to walk, though still sound in mind and memory. Additional ailments, possibly pneumonia, set in. Less than a week after Jefferson's visit, on October 7, George Mason died at Gunston Hall, and was subsequently buried on the estate, within sight of the house he had built and of the Potomac River.
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many in Alexandria. The statute governing elections to the convention in Richmond allowed Mason to seek election where he owned property, and he sought election in Stafford County. He assured voters that he did not seek disunion, but rather reform, and spoke against the unamended constitution in strong terms.
823:, constructed Gunston Hall. Mason was proud of the gardens, which still surround the house. There were outbuildings, including slave quarters, a schoolhouse, and kitchens, and beyond them four large plantations, forests, and the shops and other facilities that made Gunston Hall mostly self-sufficient.
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The contradiction between wanting protection for slave property, while opposing the slave trade, was pointed out by delegates to the Richmond convention such as George Nicholas, a supporter of ratification. Mason stated of slavery, "it is far from being a desirable property. But it will involve us in
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The constitution was to be ratified by state conventions, with nine approvals necessary for it to come into force. In practice, opposition by large states such as New York or Virginia would make it hard for the new government to function. Mason remained a member of the House of Delegates, and in late
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of Maryland. When Gerry moved to postpone consideration of the final document, Mason seconded him, stating, according to Madison, that "he would sooner chop off his right hand than put it to the Constitution as it now stands". Still, Mason did not rule out signing it, saying that he wanted to see how
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From the first article, cataloguing the rights of man, Mason derived the following articles, which make clear that the role of government is to secure and protect those rights, and if it fails to do so, the people have a right to amend or abolish it. Property could not be taken for public use without
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Illness forced Mason to abstain himself from the Committee of Safety for several weeks in 1775, and he did not attend the fourth convention, held in December 1775 and January 1776. With independence from Britain widely accepted as necessary among prominent Virginians, the fifth convention, to meet in
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Despite his involvement in western real estate, Mason saw that land was being cleared and planted with tobacco faster than the market for it could expand, meaning that its price would drop even as more and more capital was tied up in land and slaves. Thus, although a major slaveholder, he opposed the
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to the Bill of Rights that James Madison offered in Congress two years later, the line is so direct that we can say that Mason forced Madison's hand. Federalist supporters of the Constitution could not overcome the protest caused by Mason's phrase 'There is no declaration of rights'." O'Connor wrote
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and Richard K. MacMaster deemed Mason's views similar to other Virginians of his class: "Mason's experience with slave labor made him hate slavery but his heavy investment in slave property made it difficult for him to divest himself of a system that he despised". According to Wallenstein, "whatever
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The federalists initially did not have a majority, with the balance held by undeclared delegates, mainly from western Virginia (today's Kentucky). The Anti-Federalists suffered repeated blows during the convention due to the defection of Randolph and as news came other states had ratified. Mason led
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On September 17, members of the twelve delegations then present in Philadelphia signed the constitution, except for the three men who had stated they would not. As the document was sent to the Articles of Confederation's Congress in New York, Mason sent a copy of his objections to Richard Henry Lee,
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The convention spent several weeks in August debating the powers of Congress. Although Mason was successful in some of his proposals, such as placing the state militias under federal regulation and a ban on Congress passing an export tax, he lost on some that he deemed crucial. These losses included
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for each state to have an equal vote in the upper house failed on a tie. With the convention deadlocked, on July 2, 1787, a grand committee was formed, with one member from each state, to seek a way out. Mason had not taken as strong a position on the legislature as had Madison, and he was appointed
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Going into the convention, Mason wanted to see a more powerful central government than under the Articles, but not one that would threaten local interests. He feared that the more numerous Northern states would dominate the union and would impose restrictions on trade that would harm Virginia, so he
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Mason scuttled efforts to elect him to the House of Delegates in 1784, writing that sending him to Richmond would be "an oppressive and unjust invasion of my personal liberty". His refusal disappointed Jefferson, who had hoped that the likelihood that the legislature would consider land legislation
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When the convention began to debate the declaration, it quickly bogged down on the first sentence of Article 1, which some feared would imply that slaves were their masters' equals. This was resolved by the convention adding the words "when they enter into a state of society", thus excluding slaves.
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When the Richmond convention began in July 1775, Mason was assigned to crucial committees, including one attempting to raise an army to protect the colony. According to Robert A. Rutland, "Sick or healthy, Mason was needed for his ability." Mason sponsored a non-exportation measure; it was passed by
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Much of Mason's efforts in 1774 and 1775 was in organizing a militia independent of the royal government. Washington by January 1775 was drilling a small force, and he and Mason purchased gunpowder for the company. Mason wrote in favor of annual election of militia officers in words that would later
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of 1767 were Britain's next attempt to tax the colonies, placing duties on substances including lead and glass, which provoked calls from the northern colonies for a boycott of British goods. Virginia, more dependent on goods imported from Britain, was less enthusiastic, and as local planters tended
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under the influence of Jefferson, the U.S. Minister to France. According to historian R.R. Palmer, "there was in fact a remarkable parallel between the French Declaration and the Virginia Declaration of 1776". Another scholar, Richard Morris, concurred, deeming the resemblance between the two texts
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Mason routinely spoke out against slavery, even before America's independence. In 1773, he wrote that slavery was "that slow Poison, which is daily contaminating the Minds & Morals of our People. Every Gentlemen here is born a petty Tyrant." In 1774, he advocated ending the international slave
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Mason had long battled against Alexandria merchants who he felt unfairly dominated the county court, if only because they could more easily get to the courthouse. In 1789, he drafted legislation to move the courthouse to the center of the county, though it did not pass in his lifetime. In 1798, the
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However liable the Report might be to objections, he thought it preferable to an appeal to the world by the different sides, as had been talked of by some Gentlemen. It could not be more inconvenient to any gentleman to remain absent from his private affairs, than it was for him: but he would bury
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Mr. Mason is a gentleman of remarkably strong powers, and possesses a clear and copious understanding. He is able and convincing in debate, steady and firm in his principles, and undoubtedly one of the best politicians in America. Mr. Mason is close to 60 years old, with a fine strong constitution.
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There later was a flurry of contradictory statements from convention members (including Mason) about who composed which articles. Randolph credited Henry with Articles 15 and 16, but Article 16 (dealing with religious freedom), had been written by Madison. Mason had imitated English law in drafting
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That convention, in May 1776, unanimously instructed Jefferson and other Virginia delegates to Congress to seek "a clear and full Declaration of Independency". At the same time, the convention resolved to pass a declaration of rights. Ill health delayed Mason's arrival until May 18, 1776, after the
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and stayed the night; the two men rode together to Alexandria the following day. The 24 propositions that made up the Resolves protested loyalty to the British Crown but denied the right of Parliament to legislate for colonies that had been settled at private expense and which had received charters
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Following the repeal, a committee of London merchants issued a public letter to Americans, warning them not to declare victory. Mason published a response in June 1766, satirizing the British position, "We have, with infinite Difficulty & Fatigue got you excused this one Time; do what your Papa
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When the House of Burgesses assembled, Mason was initially appointed to a committee concerned with raising additional militia during that time of war. In 1759, he was appointed to the powerful Committee on Privileges and Elections. He was also placed on the Committee on Propositions and Grievances,
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in the modern sense of the term", arguing that Mason "regretted" slavery and was against the slave trade, but wanted slavery protected in the constitution. In 1919, Robert C. Mason published a biography of his prominent ancestor and asserted that George Mason "agreed to free his own slaves and was
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article on Mason, wrote that "the rigidity of views and his increasingly belligerent personality produced an intolerance and intemperance in his behavior that surprised and angered Madison, with whom he had worked closely at the beginning of the convention, and Washington, who privately condemned
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in May 1787 to devise amendments to the Articles of Confederation which would result in a more durable constitutional arrangement. Accordingly in December 1786, the Virginia General Assembly elected seven men as the commonwealth's delegation: Washington, Mason, Henry, Randolph, Madison, Wythe, and
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was elected late in the war—but Mason remained the county's choice throughout. Nevertheless, Mason's health often caused him to miss meetings of the legislature, or to arrive days or weeks late. Mason in 1777 was assigned to a committee to revise Virginia's laws, with the expectation that he would
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Although the resolution did not threaten to cut off tobacco, as Mason wanted, he worked in the following years for non-importation. The repeal of most of the Townshend duties made his task more difficult. In March 1773, his wife Ann died of illness contracted after another pregnancy. Mason was the
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Washington, who was in 1789 elected the first president, resented Mason's strong stances against the ratification of the constitution, and these differences destroyed their friendship. Although some sources accept that Mason dined at Mount Vernon on November 2, 1788, Peter R. Henriques noted that
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By the time the Richmond convention opened in June, Randolph had abandoned the Anti-Federalist cause, which damaged efforts by Mason and Henry to co-ordinate with their counterparts in New York. Mason moved that the convention consider the document clause by clause, which may have played into the
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In Richmond from October 1787 until January 1788 representing Fairfax County in the House of Delegates, Mason faced difficulties in winning election to the ratifying convention from his home county, since most Fairfax freeholders were Federalist, and local courthouse politics put him at odds with
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Broadwater notes, "given the difficulty of the task he had set for himself, his stubborn independence, and his lack, by 1787, of any concern for his own political future, it is not surprising that he left Philadelphia at odds with the great majority of his fellow delegates". Madison recorded that
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was unhappy that those from his state "were in Sentiment with Virginia who seemed to take the lead. Madison at their Head tho Randolph and Mason also great". Mason had failed to carry his proposals that senators must own property and not be in debt to the United States, but he successfully argued
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In the early days of the convention, Mason supported much of the Virginia Plan, which was introduced by Randolph on May 29. This plan would have a popularly elected lower house which would choose the members of the upper house from lists provided by the states. Most of the delegates had found the
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Mason had hope, coming into the convention, that it would yield a result that he felt would strengthen the United States. Impressed by the quality of the delegates, Mason expected sound thinking from them, something he did not think he had often encountered in his political career. Still, he felt
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In spite of Washington's pleas, Mason remained in Virginia, plagued by illness and heavily occupied on the Committee of Safety and elsewhere in defending the Fairfax County area. Most of the legislation Mason introduced in the House of Delegates was war related, often aimed at raising the men or
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Where are our men of abilities? Why do they not come forth to serve their Country? Let this voice my dear Sir call upon you—Jefferson & others—do not from a mistaken opinion that we are about to set down under our own Vine and our own fig tree let our heretofore noble struggle end in ignomy.
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was urgent as Virginians tried to obtain hard currency by trading tobacco to the French and other European nations. The export of tobacco, generally via the West Indies, allowed Mason and others to obtain, via France and Holland, British-made items such as cloth, clothing patterns, medicines, and
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When the convention chose Patrick Henry as Virginia's first post-independence governor, Mason led the committee of notables sent to inform Henry of his election. There was criticism of the constitution—Edmund Randolph later wrote that the document's faults indicated that even such a great mind as
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Mason slowly moved from being a peripheral figure towards the center of Virginia politics, but his published response to the Stamp Act, which he opposed, is most notable for the inclusion of his anti-slavery views. George Washington or George William Fairfax, the burgesses for Fairfax County, may
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In 1736, Mason began his education with a Mr. Williams, who was hired to teach Mason for the price of 1,000 pounds (450 kg) of tobacco per annum. His studies began at his mother's house. But the following year, he boarded with a Mrs. Simpson in Maryland, and Williams continued as his teacher
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According to Wallenstein, historians and other writers "have had great difficulty coming to grips with Mason in his historical context, and they have jumbled the story in related ways, misleading each other and following each other's errors". Some of this is due to conflation of Mason's views on
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That all men are born equally free and independent, and have certain inherent natural Rights, of which they cannot by any Compact, deprive or divest their Posterity; among which are the Enjoyment of Life and Liberty, with the Means of acquiring and possessing Property, and pursuing and obtaining
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to seek the other, but both men declined. Although the poll was postponed to July 14 because of poor weather, Washington met that day with other local leaders (including, likely, Mason) in Alexandria and selected a committee to draft a set of resolutions, which Washington hoped would "define our
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friend" who would not recant his position on the constitution because "pride on the one hand, and want of manly candour on the other, will not I am certain let him acknowledge error in his opinions respecting it though conviction should flash on his mind as strongly as a ray of light". Rutland
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noted that the state bills of rights would remain in force, to which Mason responded, "the Laws of the United States are to be paramount to State Bills of Rights." Although Massachusetts abstained in deference to Gerry, the Virginians showed no desire to conciliate Mason in their votes, as the
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The county court heard civil and criminal cases, and also decided matters such as local taxes. Membership fell to most major landowners. Mason was a justice for much of the rest of his life, though he was excluded because of nonattendance at court from 1752 to 1764, and he resigned in 1789 when
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A provincial slaveholding tobacco planter took his turn as a revolutionary. In tune with some of the leading intellectual currents of the Western world, he played a central role in drafting a declaration of rights and the 1776 Virginia state constitution. For his own reasons, he fought against
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The increased scrutiny of Mason which has accompanied his rise from obscurity has meant, according to Tarter, that "his role in the creation of some of the most important texts of American liberty is not as clear as it seems". Rutland suggested that Mason showed only "belated concern over the
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in Philadelphia; in October 1787, it was published, though without his permission. Madison complained that Mason had gone beyond the reasons for opposing he had stated in convention, but Broadwater suggested the major difference was one of tone, since the written work dismissed as useless the
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The journey to Philadelphia was Mason's first beyond Virginia and Maryland. According to Josephine T. Pacheco in her article about Mason's role at Philadelphia, "since Virginia's leaders regarded as a wise, trustworthy man, it is not surprising that they chose him as a member of the Virginia
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This did not end the desire of Virginians to send Mason to the Continental Congress. In 1779, Lee resigned from Congress, expressing the hope that Mason, Wythe, or Jefferson would replace him in Philadelphia. General Washington was frustrated at the reluctance of many talented men to serve in
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The committee draft, likely for the most part written by Mason, received wide publicity (the final version much less so) and Mason's words "all men are born equally free and independent" were later reproduced in state constitutions from Pennsylvania to Montana; Jefferson tweaked the prose and
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There is no declaration of rights, and the laws of the general government being paramount, the declarations in the separate states are no security ... The president has no constitutional council. From this defect spring the improper powers of the Senate and the unnecessary office of the
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had tied the states in a loose bond, and Madison sought a more sound federal structure, seeking the proper balance between federal and state rights. He found Mason willing to consider a federal tax; Madison had feared the subject might offend his host and wrote to Jefferson of the evening's
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You know the friendship which has long existed (indeed from our early youth) between General Washington and myself. I believe there are few men in whom he placed greater confidence; but it is possible my opposition to the new government, both as a member of the national and of the Virginia
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Defeated at Richmond, Mason returned to Gunston Hall, where he devoted himself to family, local affairs and his own health, though still keeping up a vigorous correspondence with political leaders. He resigned from the Fairfax County Court after an act passed by the new Congress required
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the owner's consent, and a citizen could only be bound by a law accepted by that person or by elected representatives. If accused, a person had the right to a speedy and local trial, based on an accusation made known to him, with the right to call for evidence and witnesses in his favor.
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in Philadelphia, his only lengthy trip outside Virginia. Many clauses in the Constitution were influenced by Mason's input, but he ultimately did not sign the final version, citing the lack of a bill of rights among his most prominent objections. He also wanted an immediate end to the
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constitutions of which Virginia's, with Mason as its chief architect, was the first, declared the source of political authority to be the people ... in addition to making clear what a government was entitled to do, most of them were prefaced by a list of individual rights of the
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Although Mason's death attracted little notice, aside from a few mentions in local newspapers, Jefferson mourned "a great loss". Another future president, Monroe, stated that Mason's "patriotic virtues thro the revolution will ever be remembered by the citizens of this country".
1025:, and a group of lawmakers including Lee, Henry, and Jefferson asked Mason to join them in formulating a course of action. The Burgesses passed a resolution for a day of fasting and prayer to obtain divine intervention against "destruction of our Civil Rights", but the governor,
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slave system in Virginia. He believed that slave importation, together with the natural population increase, would result in a huge future slave population in Virginia; a system of leased lands, though not as profitable as slave labor, would have "little Trouble & Risque ".
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rivers. Most settlement took place near the rivers, through which planters could trade with the world. Colonial Virginia initially had few towns, since estates were largely self-sufficient and could obtain what they needed without the need to purchase locally. Even the capital,
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would attract Mason to Richmond. The legislature nevertheless appointed Mason a commissioner to negotiate with Maryland over navigation of the Potomac. Mason spent much time on this issue and reached agreement with Maryland delegates at the meeting in March 1785 known as the
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opened in 1801. Most of those at Gunston Hall, both family and slaves, fell ill during the summer of 1792, experiencing chills and fever; when those subsided, Mason caught a chest cold. When Jefferson visited Gunston Hall on October 1, 1792, he found Mason, long a martyr to
729:. Robert Rutland, editor of Mason's papers, considered court service a major influence on Mason's later thinking and writing, but Horrell denied it, "if the Fairfax court provided a course for Mason's early training, he chiefly distinguished himself by skipping classes."
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vice-president, who, as president of the Senate, dangerously blends executive and legislative powers ... There is no section preserving liberty of the press or trial by jury in civil cases, nor is there one concerning the danger of standing armies in time of peace.
1734:, charged with compiling a final list of recommended amendments, and Mason's draft was adopted, but for a few editorial changes. Unreconciled to the result, Mason prepared a fiery written argument, but some felt the tone too harsh and Mason agreed not to publish it.
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Mason knew few of the delegates who were not from Virginia or Maryland, but his reputation preceded him. Once delegates representing sufficient states had arrived in Philadelphia by late May, the convention held closed sessions at the Pennsylvania State House (today
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New elections had to be held for burgess and for delegate to the convention which had been called by the rump of the dissolved House of Burgesses, and Fairfax County's were set for July 5, 1774. George Washington planned to run for one seat and tried to get Mason or
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The Virginia Plan, if implemented, would base representation in both houses of the federal legislature on population. This was unsatisfactory to the smaller states. Delaware's delegates had been instructed to seek an equal vote for each state, and this became the
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Alexandria was one of the towns founded or given corporate status in the mid-18th century in which Mason had interests; he purchased three of the original lots along King and Royal Streets and became a municipal trustee in 1754. He also served as a trustee of
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Mason had submitted his plan sometime between June 8 and 10, 1776. It named the new state the "Commonwealth of Virginia", a name chosen pointedly by Mason to indicate that power stemmed from the people. The constitution provided for a popularly elected
881:. Peter R. Henriques, in a journal article on the relationship between Mason and Washington, suggests that Mason cultivated the friendship more than Washington. Mason sent many more letters and gifts and stayed more often at Washington's residence at
812:. At the time of his marriage, Mason was living at Dogue's Neck, possibly at Sycamore Point. George and Ann Mason had nine children who survived to adulthood. Ann Mason died in 1773; their marriage, judging by surviving accounts, was a happy one.
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Mason served as a member of the House of Delegates from 1776 to 1781, his longest continuous political service outside Fairfax County, which he represented in Richmond. The other Fairfax County seat turned over several times—Washington's stepson
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in Williamsburg. Although delegates made some changes, the adopted resolution closely tracked both the Fairfax Resolves and the scheme for non-exportation of tobacco Mason had proposed some years earlier. The convention elected delegates to the
984:, to take place without the use of stamped paper, and sent it to George Washington, by then one of Fairfax County's burgesses, to gain passage. This action contributed to a boycott of the stamps. With the courts and trade paralyzed, the
1390:. Although the meeting at Washington's home came later to be seen as a first step towards the 1787 Constitutional Convention, Mason saw it simply as efforts by two states to resolve differences between them. Mason was appointed to the
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would be allowed "free and ample discussion". Mason was less influential in his final session in the House of Delegates because of his strong opposition to ratification, and his age (61) may also have caused him to be less effective.
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Mason's misgivings about the constitution were increased on September 12, when Gerry proposed and Mason seconded that there be a committee appointed to write a bill of rights, to be part of the text of the constitution. Connecticut's
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Donald J. Senese, in the conclusion to the collection of essays on Mason published in 1989, noted that several factors contributed to Mason's obscurity in the century after his death. Mason was older than many of those who served in
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As smaller states ratified the constitution in late 1787 and early 1788, there was an immense quantity of pamphlets and other written matter for and against approval. Most prominent in support were the pamphlets later collected as
846:, in which he invested in 1749 and became treasurer in 1752—an office he held forty years until his death in 1792. The Ohio Company had secured a royal grant for 200,000 acres (81,000 ha) to be surveyed near the forks of the
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in 1789; these amendments were ratified in 1791, a year before Mason died. Obscure after his death, Mason later came to be recognized in the 20th and 21st centuries for his contributions to Virginia and the early United States.
968:, asserting that Virginians had the same rights as if they resided in Britain, and that they could only be taxed by themselves or their elected representatives. The Resolves were mostly written by a fiery-spoken new member for
819:, in or around 1755. The exterior, typical of local buildings of that time, was probably based on architectural books sent from Britain to America for the use of local builders; one of these craftsmen, perhaps William Waite or
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Mason greatly ultimately expanded the boundaries of Gunston Hall estate, so that it occupied all of Dogue's Neck, which became known as Mason's Neck. One project that Mason was involved in for most of his adult life was the
1394:, at which representatives of all the states were welcome, but like most delegates he did not attend. The sparsely attended Annapolis meeting called for a conference to consider amendments to the Articles of Confederation.
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that "Mason lost his battle against ratification ... his ideals and political activities have significantly influenced our constitutional jurisprudence." Wallenstein felt that there is much to be learned from Mason:
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weak government under the Articles insufficient, and Randolph proposed that the new federal government should be supreme over the states. Mason agreed that the federal government should be more powerful than the states.
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from 1959 until it received its present name in 1972. A major landmark on the Fairfax campus is a statue of George Mason by Wendy M. Ross, depicted as he presents his first draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights.
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After some of the Kentuckians had declared for ratification, the convention considered a resolution to withhold ratification pending the approval of a declaration of rights. Supported by Mason but opposed by Madison,
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Mason prepared the first draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights in 1776, and his words formed much of the text adopted by the final Revolutionary Virginia Convention. He also wrote a constitution for the state;
1730:, the resolution failed, 88–80. Mason then voted in the minority as Virginia ratified the constitution on June 25, 1788 by a vote of 89–79. Following the ratification vote, Mason served on a committee chaired by
420:(1787) opposing ratification, have exercised a significant influence on American political thought and events. The Virginia Declaration of Rights, which Mason principally authored, served as a basis for the
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a large majority, though it had to be repealed later in the session to coordinate with one passed by Maryland. Despite pressure from many delegates, Mason refused to consider election as a delegate to the
1776:
Washington's diary states that Mr. George Mason was the guest, and as Washington, elsewhere in his diary, always referred to his former colleague at Philadelphia as Colonel Mason, the visitor was likely
1518:. The divisions in the convention became apparent in late June, when by a narrow vote, the convention voted that representation in the lower house be based on population, but the motion of Connecticut's
1718:
a group of Anti-Federalists which drafted amendments: even the Federalists were open to supporting them, though the constitution's supporters wanted the document drafted in Philadelphia ratified first.
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may have prepared a draft, but the text is unknown. As an original writing in Mason's hand is not known, the extent to which the final draft was written by him is uncertain. On June 22, 1776, however,
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Even before the convention approved the Declaration of Rights, Mason was busy at work on a constitution for Virginia. He was not the only one occupying himself so; Jefferson sent several versions from
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The obligations and offices that came with being one of the largest local landowners descended on Mason as they had previously on his father and grandfather. In 1747, Mason was named to the Court of
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Virginians were reluctant to believe that greatly respected figures such as Washington and Franklin would be complicit in setting up a tyrannical system. There were broad attacks on Mason; the
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constitution and the proposed federal government. Nevertheless, both Lee and Mason believed that if proper amendments were made, the constitution would be a fine instrument of governance. The
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wrote to Jefferson about the committee's deliberations, "as Colo. Mason seems to have the ascendancy in the great work, I have Sanguine hopes it will be framed so as to Answer it's [
1001:, dissolved the legislature because of the radical resolutions it was passing. The Burgesses adjourned to a nearby tavern and there passed a non-importation agreement based on Mason's draft.
2172:, though later returned to Virginia. Today, the 1801 Fairfax courthouse, which remained a working courthouse until the early 21st century, stands in an enclave of Fairfax County within the
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Mason, working in a room at the Raleigh Tavern, drafted a declaration of rights and plan of government, likely to prevent frivolous plans with no chance of adoption from being put forward.
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In 1748, he sought a seat in the House of Burgesses; the process was controlled by more senior members of the court and he was not then successful, but he later emerged victorious in 1758.
1462:. Within a week of arrival, Mason was bored with the social events to which the delegates were invited, "I begin to grow tired of the etiquette and nonsense so fashionable in this city".
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were widely cited in opposition to ratification, and Mason was criticized for placing his own name on it, at a time when political tracts were signed, if at all, with pen names such as
664:, had limited economic activity when the legislature was not in session. Local politics was dominated by large landowners, including the Masons. The Virginia economy rose and fell with
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eventually led to the collapse of the Ohio Company. Although the company failed, Mason acquired considerable western lands independently. His defense against the Pennsylvania claims,
808:. The Masons and Eilbecks had adjacent lands in Maryland and had joined together in real estate transactions; by his death in 1764, William Eilbeck was one of the wealthiest men in
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Mason avoided overdependence on tobacco as a source of income by leasing much of his land holdings to tenant farmers, and he diversified his crops to grow wheat for export to the
1759:(ratified in 1791) and wrote that if his concerns about the federal courts and other matters were addressed, "I could cheerfully put my Hand & Heart to the new Government".
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Little is known of Mason's political views prior to the 1760s, when he came to oppose British colonial policies. In 1758, Mason successfully ran for the House of Burgesses when
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By mid-July, as delegates began to move past the stalemate to a framework built upon the Great Compromise, Mason had considerable influence in the convention. North Carolina's
1324:
that the states "should compel their ablest men to attend Congress ... Where is Mason, Wythe, Jefferson, Nicholas, Pendleton, Nelson?" Washington wrote to Mason directly:
1921:, donated to the Commonwealth of Virginia by its last private owner, is now "dedicated to the study of George Mason, his home and garden, and life in 18th-century Virginia".
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and the North American colonies, Mason came to support the colonial side, using his knowledge and experience to help the revolutionary cause, finding ways to work around the
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1090:. Mason attempted to avoid election on the grounds of poor health and his obligations as a single parent to nine children. Nevertheless, he was elected and journeyed to
696:'s library, one of the largest in Virginia at the time. Conversations with Mercer and book-lovers who gathered around him could have continued his education informally.
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echo in the Virginia Declaration of Rights, "We came equal into this world, and equals shall we go out of it. All men are by nature born equally free and independent."
1197:; the earliest surviving draft shows the first ten articles in Mason's handwriting, with the other two written by Lee. The draft for the Declaration of Rights drew on
717:
at Truro Parish, where he served between 1749 and 1785. He took a position among the officers of the Fairfax County militia, eventually rising to the rank of colonel.
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Cynthia Miller Leonard, The Virginia General Assembly 1619–1978 (Richmond: Virginia State Library 1978) pp. 88, 114, 117, 119, 122, 125, 129, 133, 137, 160, 164, 174
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Mason retained his interest in western affairs, hoping in vain to salvage the Ohio Company's land grant. He and Jefferson were among the few delegates to be told of
1983:
as one of 23 honoring great lawmakers. Mason's image is located above and to the right of the Speaker's chair; he and Jefferson are the only Americans recognized.
1029:, dissolved the legislature rather than accept it. Mason may have helped write the resolution and likely joined the members after the dissolution when they met at
1523:
to the committee; Mason and Franklin were the most prominent members. The committee met over the convention's July 4 recess and proposed what became known as the
870:, written in 1772, originally intended to promote the Ohio Company's claims, was widely applauded as a defense of the rights of Americans against royal decrees.
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language requiring toleration of those of minority religions, but Madison insisted on full religious liberty, and Mason supported Madison's amendment once made.
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Kukla, Jon (1992). "Yes! No! And If ... Federalists, Antifederalists, and Virginia's 'Federalists Who Are For Amendments'". In Senese, Donald J. (ed.).
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suggested that he had not done much for his country during the war, in marked contrast to Washington. Oliver Ellsworth blamed the Virginia opposition on the
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came into force and displayed no ambition for federal office, declining a seat in the Senate. Mason left no extensive paper trail and, unlike Franklin, who
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sole parent to nine children, and his commitments made him even more reluctant to accept political office that would require him departing Gunston Hall.
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in May 1782. The childless Washington, in his will executed shortly before his death, ordered his slaves be freed after his wife's death, and Jefferson
1478:, "the revolt from Great Britain & the Formations of our new Government at that time, were nothing compared with the great Business now before us."
1302:
to safeguarding Fairfax County and the rivers of Virginia, since the British several times raided areas along the Potomac. Control of the rivers and of
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1110:, a powerful group that took over many functions in the governmental vacuum. Mason proffered his resignation from this committee, but it was refused.
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to be used on papers required in trade and in the law. When word of passage of the Stamp Act reached Williamsburg, the House of Burgesses passed the
877:, his Fairfax County neighbor. Mason and George Washington were friends for many years until they finally broke over their differences regarding the
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948:'s government felt that the North American colonies were not paying their way, since little direct tax revenue from the colonies was received. The
830:
as Virginia's economy sank because of tobacco overproduction in the 1760s and 1770s. Mason was a pioneer in the Virginia wine industry. Along with
1437:
Although the Annapolis Convention saw only about a dozen delegates attend, representing only five states, it called for a meeting to be held in
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The History of the Virginia Federal Convention of 1788 With Some Account of the Eminent Virginians of that Era who were Members of the Body
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his bones in this city rather than expose his Country to the Consequences of a dissolution of the Convention without any thing being done.
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have asked Mason's advice as to what steps to take in the crisis. Mason drafted an act to allow for one of the most common court actions,
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1780:, the son. Mason always wrote positively of Washington, and the president said nothing publicly, but in a letter referred to Mason as a "
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in 1735 when Mason was about nine years old. His mother managed the family estates until he came of age. In 1750, Mason married, built
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officeholders to take an oath to support the constitution, and in 1790 declined a seat in the Senate which had been left vacant by
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and Mamma bid, & hasten to return your most grateful Acknowledgements for condescending to let you keep what is your own." The
523:, fearing that restrictions on shipping might harm Virginia. He failed to attain these objectives in Philadelphia and later at the
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Mason's biographers and interpreters have long differed about how to present his views on slavery-related issues. His descendant
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893:, "I know of no person better qualified ... than Colonel Mason, and shall be very happy to hear he has taken it in hand".
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909:, holder of one of Fairfax County's two seats, chose not to seek reelection. Also elected were Mason's brother Thomson for
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2040:"too close to be coincidental": "the Virginia statesman George Mason might well have instituted an action of plagiarism".
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agreed, "George Mason's greatest contribution to present day Constitutional law was his influence on our Bill of Rights".
1910:, named in honor of Mason, with a statue of him, in 2015. The university now has the largest student enrollment of any in
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On August 6, 1787, the convention received a tentative draft written by a Committee of Detail chaired by South Carolina's
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Henriques, Peter R. (April 1989). "An Uneven Friendship: The Relationship between George Washington and George Mason".
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created a vacancy in Fairfax County's delegation to the third Virginia Convention. In May 1775, Washington wrote from
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Mason's legacy extended overseas, doing so even in his lifetime, and though he never visited Europe, his ideals did.
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1747:'s death, stating that his health would not permit him to serve, even if he had no other objection. The seat went to
1430:
885:, though this might be explained in part by the fact that Mount Vernon was located on the road from Gunston Hall to
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and others sought to have the convention adopt their ideas, but Mason's version was nonetheless adopted. During the
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1875:, contended that Mason believed slaves to be citizens and was "a fervent abolitionist before the word was coined".
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1078:, urging that the vacancy be filled. By this time, blood had been shed between American patriot militias and the
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in Philadelphia, including Lee, Washington, and Henry, and in October 1774, Congress adopted a similar embargo.
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Rutland, Robert Allen (1989). "George Mason's Objections and the Bill of Rights". In Senese, Donald J. (ed.).
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612:, where he was awarded land as a reward for bringing his family and servants to the Colony of Virginia, under
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Involvement with the Ohio Company also brought Mason into contact with many prominent Virginians, including
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Chester, Edward W. (1989). "George Mason: Influence Beyond the United States". In Senese, Donald J. (ed.).
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1094:, which, being further inland than Williamsburg, was deemed better protected from possible British attack.
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Senese, Donald J. (1989). "George Mason – Why the Forgotten Founding Father". In Senese, Donald J. (ed.).
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1704:, downplayed the concern regarding the judiciary, but Mason would later be proved correct in the case of
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suggested that the two men were alike in their intolerance of opponents and suspicion of their motives.
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Pikcunas, Diane D. (1989). "George Mason: The Preparation for Leadership". In Senese, Donald J. (ed.).
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works, and its opening line, "There is no Declaration of Rights", likely their most effective slogan.
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2007:'s influence, was based on ideals codified by Mason and was a summation of ideals that inspired the
834:, Mason and other Virginians subscribed to a scheme for growing wine grapes in America developed by
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published a two-volume biography in 1892. Broadwater noted that she wrote "during the heyday of
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Wallenstein, Peter (April 1994). "Flawed Keepers of the Flame: The Interpreters of George Mason".
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sent Jefferson a copy of the draft before the Cary Committee, telling him "the inclosed [
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Pacheco, Josephine T. (1989). "George Mason and the Constitution". In Senese, Donald J. (ed.).
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would be "Milk & Water Propositions", he displayed "much Satisfaction" at what became the
1209:. Mason's first article would be paraphrased by Jefferson soon after in drafting the American
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Horrell, Joseph (1989). "George Mason and the Fairfax Court". In Senese, Donald J. (ed.).
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1659:, so that the author's reputation would not influence the debate. Despite this, Mason's
1619:
October 1787, the legislature called a convention for June 1788; in language crafted by
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On April 4, 1750, Mason married Ann Eilbeck, only child of William and Sarah Eilbeck of
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in place of Washington after the Congress elected Washington commanding general of the
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3824:. Collections of the Virginia Historical Society. New Series. Volume IX. Vol. 1.
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Whatever his motivations, Mason proved a forceful advocate for a bill of rights whose
1283:
1263:] printed plan was drawn by Colo. G. Mason and by him laid before the committee".
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repealed the Stamp Act in 1766 but continued to assert the right to tax the colonies.
620:(1660–1716), was the first to move to what in 1742 became Fairfax County, then at the
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was created by legislative act. In this, Mason opposed the interest of the family of
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were joint works, but Mason was the main author. Mason likely worked closely with
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1458:. They also did some sightseeing and were presented to Pennsylvania's president,
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Colonial Virginia at the time had few roads, and boats carried most commerce on
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helped accomplish his aims. Rutland noted that "from the opening phrase of his
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616:, which awarded 50 acres for each person transported into the Colony. His son,
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and involved himself in community affairs, sometimes serving with his neighbor
296:
4012:"An act to authorize the manumission of slaves (1782) – Encyclopedia Virginia"
2385:, During this time, Mason was required to be a member in good standing of the
1825:
Like nearly all Virginia land owners at the time, Mason owned many slaves. In
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773:
Artist rendering of Mason's wife, Ann Eilbeck, with whom he had nine children
746:
689:
669:
652:
578:
528:
516:
495:, but to the irritation of Washington and others, he refused to serve in the
436:
389:
263:
250:
5097:
4845:(1989). "George Mason – His Lasting Influence". In Senese, Donald J. (ed.).
4654:
3837:
636:. George Mason IV's mother, Ann Thomson Mason, was the daughter of a former
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5632:
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5327:
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5222:
5002:
Tarter, Brent (July 1991). "George Mason and the Conservation of Liberty".
4219:
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2045:
1961:
in Washington, also with a statue by Ross, was dedicated on April 9, 2002.
1918:
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of 1788. But his prominent fight for a bill of rights led fellow Virginian
500:
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229:
1781:
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that the "hopes of all the Union centre in this Convention", and wrote to
388:
November 30, 1725] – October 7, 1792) was an American
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6642:
6427:
6223:
5997:
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5715:
5698:
5693:
2386:
1834:
1830:
1646:; Mason's objections were widely cited by opponents. Mason had begun his
1198:
953:
677:
5657:
5036:
5023:
Tompkins, William F. (September 1947). "George Mason and Gunston Hall".
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Mason's plan for Virginia's constitution was adopted over proposals by
945:
921:, where he was stationed as commander of Virginia's militia during the
851:
847:
820:
110:
Serving with John West Jr., Philip Alexander, John Parke Custis
4930:(Louisiana paperback ed.). The Louisiana State University Press.
4683:
The Five George Masons: Patriots and Planters of Virginia and Maryland
1143:. Mason was elected for Fairfax County, though with great difficulty.
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5673:
5594:
2464:
2364:
2352:
2016:
1810:
1178:] end, Prosperity to the Community and Security to Individuals".
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on real estate business. Word had just arrived of the passage of the
957:
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613:
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in 1787, where he was one of three delegates who refused to sign the
4614:
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1869:, in her widely read 1966 account of the Constitutional Convention,
1046:
were largely drafted by Mason. He met with Washington on July 17 at
7333:
6032:
5627:
5620:
4639:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.
3169:
2998:
1911:
1857:
1643:
1185:
later recalled that Mason's draft "swallowed up all the rest". The
981:
597:
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582:
5292:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789, France)
4826:
2440:
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2234:
944:
Although the British were victorious over the French in the war,
665:
5703:
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A Necessary Evil?: Slavery and the Debate Over the Constitution
1891:
great difficulties and infelicity to be now deprived of them."
39:
16:
American Founding Father, Bill of Rights advocate (1725 – 1792)
5103:
4601:
Bailey, Kenneth P. (October 1943). "George Mason, Westerner".
3109:
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In 1787, Mason was named one of his state's delegates to the
4121:
1917:
There are sites remembering George Mason in Fairfax County.
960:
the following year affected all 13 colonies, as it required
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returned to normal. In December 1783, Madison returned to
628:(1690–1735) like his father and grandfather served in the
573:, on December 11, 1725. Mason's parents owned property in
435:
drowned when a storm capsized his boat while crossing the
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1446:. Henry declined appointment, and his place was given to
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in 1776, congratulating Washington on his victory in the
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2404:
1561:, something Mason and others considered a serious lack.
4987:. Fairfax County History Commission. pp. 147–152.
4849:. Fairfax County History Commission. pp. 119–127.
4666:. Fairfax County History Commission. pp. 128–146.
4578:
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929:, who worked closely with Mason through their careers.
668:, the main crop, which was raised mostly for export to
608:
in the 1640s and 1650s. Mason I settled in present-day
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3520:
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1021:, as Americans dubbed the legislative response to the
624:
between English and Native American controlled areas.
600:, Worcestershire, England. Militarily defeated in the
408:. His writings, including substantial portions of the
5086:
4985:
George Mason and the Legacy of Constitutional Liberty
4949:. Fairfax County History Commission. pp. 75–81.
4947:
George Mason and the Legacy of Constitutional Liberty
4887:. Fairfax County History Commission. pp. 15–31.
4885:
George Mason and the Legacy of Constitutional Liberty
4868:. Fairfax County History Commission. pp. 61–74.
4866:
George Mason and the Legacy of Constitutional Liberty
4847:
George Mason and the Legacy of Constitutional Liberty
4728:. Fairfax County History Commission. pp. 15–31.
4726:
George Mason and the Legacy of Constitutional Liberty
4664:
George Mason and the Legacy of Constitutional Liberty
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6780:
Slavery in the colonial history of the United States
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To deter smuggling, Madison proposed a bill to make
1361:
and largely ended armed hostilities, life along the
800:, where Mason served as a delegate from 1758 to 1761
688:, and arrived in British America in 1731. Mason and
684:, who helped develop the British schools run by the
5181:
Primary author, 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights
4968:. Vol. 3. University of North Carolina Press.
4681:Copeland, Pamela C.; MacMaster, Richard K. (1975).
4443:
2617:
2581:
2428:
2340:
2048:and subsequently came into prominence with the new
2033:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
1997:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
1688:Mason's actions during the ratification struggle."
1408:
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3424:
4747:. George Mason University Press. pp. 43–78.
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2887:
2848:
2824:
2800:
2328:
2289:
1164:vote, but he was appointed to a committee led by
7716:
4902:Riely, Henry C. (January 1934). "George Mason".
3705:
686:Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge
3818:Grigsby, Hugh Blair (1890). Brock, R.A. (ed.).
3034:
2383:Encyclopedia Virginia, “George Mason 1725–1792”
2168:Alexandria was temporarily included within the
1860:" and denied that Mason (her ancestor) was "an
1278:
7780:Delegates to the Virginia Ratifying Convention
5166:Drafted, 1769 Virginia Association resolutions
5049:The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
5004:The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
4904:The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
4702:The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
2512:
2304:
2277:
1572:spoke against the document as a whole, as did
900:
680:, under the tutelage of a Dr. Bridges, likely
7349:
6753:
5518:
5132:
3855:Rutland, George Mason Papers at pp. 1191–1192
1986:
1648:Objections to this Constitution of Government
1590:Objections to this Constitution of Government
604:, Mason and other Cavaliers emigrated to the
418:Objections to this Constitution of Government
5647:
5618:
5604:
3813:
3811:
3809:
1106:. But Mason could not avoid election to the
956:and did not cause widespread objection. The
5713:
5055:(2). Virginia Historical Society: 229–260.
1929:, was formerly George Mason College of the
1789:legislature passed an authorizing act, and
1070:Washington's election as a delegate to the
585:, which had been inherited by his mother.
539:
7795:Members of the Virginia House of Delegates
7356:
7342:
6760:
6746:
5525:
5511:
5193:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
5139:
5125:
4768:. The University of North Carolina Press.
4745:Antifederalism: The Legacy of George Mason
1638:, written by Madison and two New Yorkers,
741:, and had business interests there and in
38:
4334:
4181:
3806:
2140:History of the United States Constitution
1514:, introduced by that New Jersey Governor
1348:
74:October 16, 1786 – June 22, 1788
19:For other people named George Mason, see
5532:
4963:
4944:
4925:
4841:
4782:
4572:
4560:
4473:
4187:
4127:
4001:Rutland, George Mason Papers pp. 620–621
3992:Rutland, George Mason papers pp. 147–161
3980:"George Mason's Views Regarding Slavery"
3939:
3915:
3771:
3759:
3658:
3334:
3214:
3190:
2905:
2770:
2015:According to Miller, "The succession of
1990:
1898:
1894:
1809:
1710:(1793), which led to the passage of the
1412:
1357:in 1783, which established an sovereign
1282:
1232:
1154:George Mason, draft of Article 1 of the
1117:
1113:
791:
776:
768:
549:
503:, citing health and family commitments.
424:, of which he has been deemed a father.
5264:Co-father, United States Bill of Rights
5046:
4584:
4536:
4175:
4163:
4151:
4115:
4103:
4079:
4067:
4031:
3817:
2035:" was written in the early days of the
1979:of Mason appears in the Chamber of the
1925:, with its main campus adjacent to the
1765:Convention, may have altered the case.
1466:sought a supermajority requirement for
7717:
4632:
4050:
3966:
3951:
3879:
3864:
3800:
3783:
3738:
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3699:
3687:
3646:
3634:
3586:
3574:
3490:
3478:
3466:
3454:
3418:
3382:
3370:
3358:
3310:
3286:
3238:
3226:
3202:
3127:
3115:
3103:
3076:
3028:
3016:
2944:
2932:
2920:
2881:
2866:
2818:
2794:
2746:
2734:
2722:
2710:
2686:
2662:
2650:
2638:
2611:
2566:
2458:
2257:
1609:
1042:Constitutional Rights". The resulting
427:Mason was born in 1725 in present-day
108:October 7, 1776 – May 6, 1781
7805:People from Stafford County, Virginia
7785:Founding Fathers of the United States
7337:
7251:Burning of Winchester Medical College
7189:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
7173:An act concerning Servants and Slaves
6741:
5763:
5544:
5506:
5322:
5171:Primary author, 1774 Fairfax Resolves
5120:
5095:
4765:George Mason, Gentleman Revolutionary
4699:
3903:
3891:
3622:
2542:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2150:Founding Fathers of the United States
1298:Mason devoted much effort during the
868:Selections from the Virginia Charters
487:, Mason was a member of the powerful
447:, supervising his lands, family, and
7800:People from Fairfax County, Virginia
7363:
5022:
4882:
4449:
2482:
2298:
1568:On August 31, 1787, Massachusetts's
1054:Washington took the Resolves to the
1008:
676:through 1739. By 1740, Mason was at
467:and serving in the pro-independence
7740:18th-century American Episcopalians
5297:United States Bill of Rights (1789)
5176:Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention
4863:
4723:
4661:
4497:
4485:
4194:. Madison House. pp. 59, 186.
4091:
3394:
3346:
3274:
2422:
2410:
2398:
2060:, left no diary like Washington or
1854:United Daughters of the Confederacy
1805:
1726:, Marshall, Nicholas, Randolph and
952:of 1764 had its greatest effect in
158:Serving with George Johnson
13:
7750:American people of English descent
7311:Virginia in the American Civil War
7291:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
5001:
4982:
4793:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
4761:
4600:
4548:
4521:
4509:
4461:
4437:
3927:
3675:
3610:
3598:
3562:
3550:
3538:
3526:
3514:
3502:
3442:
3430:
3406:
3322:
3298:
3262:
3250:
3139:
3088:
3064:
2992:
2980:
2968:
2956:
2893:
2854:
2842:
2830:
2806:
2782:
2758:
2698:
2674:
2626:
2587:
2530:
2434:
2346:
2334:
2310:
2283:
2246:
1770:George Mason to his son John, 1789
1702:Chief Justice of the United States
1536:
651:or its tributaries, including the
14:
7816:
7745:18th-century American politicians
7545:Stevens Thomson Mason (1811–1843)
7463:Stevens Thomson Mason (1760–1803)
7271:District of Columbia retrocession
5069:
4928:George Mason, Reluctant Statesman
4901:
4742:
4340:"Remarks by William R. Rehnquist"
3711:
3040:
2518:
1964:Mason was honored in 1981 by the
1878:Others took a more nuanced view.
1550:of the House of Representatives.
704:
577:and a second property across the
531:to introduce the same during the
76:Serving with David Stuart
7266:Indentured servitude in Virginia
6914:Presidents of the United States
6721:
6720:
5146:
5111:. Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.
5106:The New Student's Reference Work
5096:Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914).
5025:The Georgia Historical Quarterly
4685:. University Press of Virginia.
4409:
4387:
4362:
4328:
4298:
4268:
4238:
4208:
4004:
3995:
3986:
3972:
3849:
3744:
2162:
2124:
2110:
2096:
1841:, including his own children by
1663:were among the most influential
1409:Constitutional Convention (1787)
1205:of 1628, and that nation's 1689
1084:Battles of Lexington and Concord
862:, and competing claims from the
640:who immigrated from London from
367:
7154:List of plantations in Virginia
4926:Rutland, Robert Allen (1980) .
4636:George Mason, Forgotten Founder
4593:
4417:"Relief Portraits of Lawgivers"
4395:"#1858 – 1981 18c George Mason"
2572:
2376:
2258:Tarter, Brent (February 2000).
815:Mason began to build his home,
781:A 1958 postage stamp featuring
758:
7755:18th-century American planters
7529:John Thomson Mason (1815–1873)
7504:John Thomson Mason (1787–1850)
7468:John Thomson Mason (1765–1824)
7323:White House of the Confederacy
7241:African American Burial Ground
6769:History of slavery in Virginia
5245:1787 Constitutional Convention
4603:The William and Mary Quarterly
2222:
2205:
2193:
1737:
1187:Virginia Declaration of Rights
1156:Virginia Declaration of Rights
745:, on the Maryland side of the
561:Mason was born in present-day
414:Virginia Declaration of Rights
398:U.S. Constitutional Convention
1:
7301:Memorial to Enslaved Laborers
7286:Human trafficking in Virginia
6965:(1728–1804), freed 450 slaves
5259:Virginia Ratifying Convention
2187:
1981:U.S. House of Representatives
1625:Virginia Ratifying Convention
525:Virginia Ratifying Convention
21:George Mason (disambiguation)
7775:Businesspeople from Virginia
7483:William Temple Thomson Mason
7215:Franklin and Armfield Office
5764:
5650:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
5366:George Mason Memorial Bridge
5251:high crimes and misdemeanors
5240:1785 Mount Vernon Conference
5218:Cruel and unusual punishment
2145:List of civil rights leaders
2052:. Mason died soon after the
1966:United States Postal Service
1939:George Mason Memorial Bridge
1837:a few slaves, mostly of the
1392:Annapolis Convention of 1786
1279:Revolutionary War legislator
1241:, one of which supplied the
1135:, and a young delegate from
638:Attorney General of Virginia
422:United States Bill of Rights
7:
7027:Randolph family of Virginia
5619:
5213:Baseless search and seizure
4785:"Mason, George (1725–1792)"
4762:Miller, Helen Hill (1975).
4344:United States Supreme Court
3830:Virginia Historical Society
2264:American National Biography
2089:
1684:American National Biography
1371:Second Continental Congress
1211:Declaration of Independence
1100:Second Continental Congress
1072:Second Continental Congress
901:Virginia House of Burgesses
497:Second Continental Congress
459:. As tensions grew between
451:. He briefly served in the
314:Sarah Eilbeck Mason McCarty
139:Virginia House of Burgesses
57:Virginia House of Delegates
10:
7821:
7296:Liberation and Freedom Day
7281:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
7261:First Africans in Virginia
7195:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
7184:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
5545:
5230:1776 Virginia Constitution
4966:The Papers of George Mason
4809:10.4135/9781412965811.n194
4419:. Architect of the Capitol
2200:"George Mason (1725-1792)"
1987:Legacy and historical view
1852:, a charter member of the
1606:a member of the Congress.
1300:American Revolutionary War
1088:American Revolutionary War
1061:First Continental Congress
1013:In May 1774, Mason was in
796:The House of Burgesses in
762:
725:or later in newly founded
588:Mason's great-grandfather
543:
485:American Revolutionary War
469:Fourth Virginia Convention
443:, and lived the life of a
232:, Fairfax County, Virginia
18:
7594:
7568:
7537:
7491:
7458:Thomson Mason (1759–1820)
7440:
7432:Thomson Mason (1733–1785)
7419:
7403:
7387:
7371:
7228:
7205:
7162:
7064:
6907:
6793:
6775:
6707:
6661:
6563:
6520:
6499:
6446:
6415:
6399:
6346:
6280:
6232:
6196:
6163:
6082:
6041:
5885:
5774:
5770:
5759:
5664:Methodological skepticism
5555:
5551:
5540:
5439:
5384:
5336:
5305:
5284:
5187:All men are created equal
5154:
4783:McDonald, Robert (2008).
4633:Broadwater, Jeff (2006).
2202:at Encyclopedia Virginia]
2058:authored an autobiography
1427:Constitutional Convention
1379:Articles of Confederation
1369:after returning from the
699:
610:Stafford County, Virginia
508:Constitutional Convention
493:Virginia General Assembly
473:Fifth Virginia Convention
384:(December 11, 1725 [
375:
363:
355:
343:
301:Ann Eilbeck Mason Johnson
289:
279:
236:
219:
192:
187:
183:
173:
163:
149:
135:
125:
115:
101:
91:
81:
67:
53:
49:
37:
30:
7514:Richard Chichester Mason
6876:(fl. 1630s, living 1640)
6862:Mary and Anthony Johnson
6851:(Greenstead) (1630–1665)
5371:George Mason High School
4964:Rutland, Robert (1970).
4140:Copeland & MacMaster
3176:Copeland & MacMaster
3164:Copeland & MacMaster
3152:Copeland & MacMaster
3118:, pp. 102–104, 112.
3053:Copeland & MacMaster
3005:Copeland & MacMaster
2600:Copeland & MacMaster
2555:Copeland & MacMaster
2533:, pp. 409–413, 417.
2507:Copeland & MacMaster
2495:Copeland & MacMaster
2471:Copeland & MacMaster
2447:Copeland & MacMaster
2371:Copeland & MacMaster
2359:Copeland & MacMaster
2323:Copeland & MacMaster
2241:Copeland & MacMaster
2155:
1191:Constitution of Virginia
864:Province of Pennsylvania
854:. The challenges of the
806:Charles County, Maryland
787:Fairfax County, Virginia
711:Fairfax County, Virginia
596:who was born in 1629 in
540:Early life and education
429:Fairfax County, Virginia
325:Elizabeth Mason Thornton
317:Mary Thomson Mason Cooke
44:A 1750 portrait of Mason
7770:Burials at Gunston Hall
7599:Mason family residences
7550:Beverley Randolph Mason
7509:Armistead Thomson Mason
6849:Elizabeth Key Grinstead
5349:George Mason University
5208:Consent of the governed
5091:George Mason University
5042:(subscription required)
4921:(subscription required)
4719:(subscription required)
4628:(subscription required)
4370:"George Mason Memorial"
4310:George Mason University
4280:George Mason University
4250:George Mason University
4188:Kaminski, John (1995).
2217:Encyclopædia Britannica
1923:George Mason University
1904:George Mason University
1872:Miracle at Philadelphia
1867:Catherine Drinker Bowen
1433:was signed and ratified
1401:the state's only legal
1388:Mount Vernon Conference
1243:constitution's preamble
785:, Mason's residence in
713:, and was elected as a
240:Mason Family Cemetery,
7560:William Pinckney Mason
7555:Arthur Pendleton Mason
7317:Virginia v. John Brown
7306:Nat Turner's Rebellion
5714:
5648:
5614:Enlightened absolutism
5605:
5397:American Enlightenment
5359:George Mason, Virginia
5313:Chopawamsic plantation
5082:Gunston Hall Home Page
5077:George Mason biography
4397:. Mystic Stamp Company
4216:"Institutional Memory"
2087:
2012:
1970:Great Americans series
1931:University of Virginia
1914:
1818:
1767:
1623:, it decreed that the
1585:
1534:
1486:
1434:
1349:Post-Revolutionary War
1331:
1295:
1151:
1149:Happiness and Safety.
1127:
1126:(pictured) and others.
907:George William Fairfax
801:
798:Williamsburg, Virginia
789:
774:
558:
396:, and delegate to the
169:George William Fairfax
7760:American slave owners
7499:Thomson Francis Mason
7256:Coastwise slave trade
7032:William Barton Rogers
5580:Counter-Enlightenment
5426:Woodbridge plantation
5376:18-cent postage stamp
5344:George Mason Memorial
5099:"Mason, George"
4795:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
4374:National Park Service
4350:on September 24, 2015
4306:"Naming George Mason"
4256:on September 15, 2015
4246:"Naming George Mason"
2413:, pp. 35, 52–53.
2118:Libertarianism portal
2082:
1999:", written mainly by
1994:
1955:George Mason Memorial
1902:
1895:Sites and remembrance
1813:
1762:
1724:Light-Horse Harry Lee
1580:
1529:
1481:
1417:The Assembly Room in
1416:
1326:
1320:Congress, writing to
1286:
1233:Virginia constitution
1146:
1121:
1114:Declaration of Rights
1086:, which launched the
923:French and Indian War
856:French and Indian War
795:
780:
772:
763:Further information:
739:Prince William County
553:
544:Further information:
264:38.66862°N 77.16823°W
7581:Richard Nelson Mason
7519:Richard Barnes Mason
6957:Robert "King" Carter
6898:Booker T. Washington
5534:Age of Enlightenment
5392:Age of Enlightenment
5354:George Mason Stadium
5198:Freedom of the press
4843:O'Connor, Sandra Day
4286:on September 9, 2015
3906:, pp. 196, 201.
3832:. pp. 344–346.
2170:District of Columbia
2132:United States portal
2001:Marquis de Lafayette
939:Thomas, Lord Fairfax
879:federal constitution
575:Mason Neck, Virginia
7586:Lucy Randolph Mason
7276:Gabriel's Rebellion
7038:George Henry Thomas
6981:Robert M. T. Hunter
6969:Thomas Roderick Dew
6785:History of Virginia
6540:Feijóo y Montenegro
6491:Vorontsova-Dashkova
5402:American Revolution
5203:Freedom of religion
4512:, pp. 150–151.
4500:, pp. 130–131.
4488:, pp. 129–130.
4226:on November 2, 2015
4178:, pp. 246–247.
4130:, pp. 106–107.
4053:, pp. 193–194.
4034:, pp. 234–237.
3954:, pp. 249–251.
3882:, pp. 242–244.
3867:, pp. 240–242.
3803:, pp. 202–205.
3786:, pp. 229–232.
3741:, pp. 224–227.
3678:, pp. 270–272.
3649:, pp. 217–218.
3637:, pp. 208–112.
3613:, pp. 269–270.
3589:, pp. 208–210.
3553:, pp. 163–164.
3529:, pp. 262–263.
3517:, pp. 161–162.
3493:, pp. 187–194.
3481:, pp. 181–184.
3469:, pp. 179–190.
3457:, pp. 169–170.
3421:, pp. 173–176.
3409:, pp. 245–247.
3385:, pp. 166–168.
3373:, pp. 162–165.
3325:, pp. 286–288.
3313:, pp. 160–162.
3301:, pp. 233–235.
3289:, pp. 175–177.
3253:, pp. 231–234.
3241:, pp. 143–144.
3229:, pp. 153–156.
3205:, pp. 133–137.
3166:, pp. 208–209.
3154:, pp. 210–211.
3142:, pp. 182–186.
3091:, pp. 165–166.
3079:, pp. 102–104.
3055:, pp. 191–194.
2995:, pp. 159–160.
2983:, pp. 157–158.
2845:, pp. 138–139.
2785:, pp. 117–119.
2761:, pp. 116–118.
2701:, pp. 101–102.
2602:, pp. 108–109.
2557:, pp. 162–163.
2545:, pp. 185–189.
2509:, pp. 103–104.
2497:, pp. 106–107.
2485:, pp. 181–183.
2231:at Battlefields.org
2104:Conservatism portal
2022:Sandra Day O'Connor
1707:Chisholm v. Georgia
1610:Ratification battle
1559:council of revision
1339:George Rogers Clark
1108:Committee of Safety
1056:Virginia Convention
828:British West Indies
694:John Francis Mercer
690:his brother Thomson
351:Ann Stevens Thomson
269:38.66862; -77.16823
260: /
121:None (independence)
7576:Kate Mason Rowland
7538:Seventh generation
6837:William D. Gibbons
6809:(c. 1620s-d. 1673)
5679:Natural philosophy
4338:(April 27, 2001).
4336:Rehnquist, William
4166:, p. 236–238.
4082:, p. 230–231.
3826:Richmond, Virginia
3702:, pp. 211–12.
3690:, pp. 208–12.
3565:, pp. 165–66.
2677:, pp. 99–100.
2050:federal government
2013:
1943:14th Street Bridge
1915:
1880:Pamela C. Copeland
1850:Kate Mason Rowland
1819:
1728:Bushrod Washington
1712:Eleventh Amendment
1640:Alexander Hamilton
1435:
1296:
1287:Mason's letter to
1269:House of Delegates
1195:Thomas Ludwell Lee
1128:
986:British Parliament
802:
790:
775:
630:House of Burgesses
567:Colony of Virginia
559:
489:House of Delegates
453:House of Burgesses
7712:
7711:
7569:Eighth generation
7420:Fourth generation
7388:Second generation
7331:
7330:
6992:Richard Bland Lee
6963:Robert Carter III
6868:Dangerfield Newby
6854:Left, husband of
6735:
6734:
6703:
6702:
6699:
6698:
5755:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5728:Scientific method
5585:Critical thinking
5500:
5499:
5285:Writings inspired
4975:978-0-8078-1134-4
4937:978-0-8071-0696-9
4818:978-1-4129-6580-4
4646:978-0-8078-3053-6
4316:on August 1, 2020
4201:978-0-945612-33-9
3774:, pp. 95–98.
3661:, pp. 93–94.
3337:, pp. 82–84.
3277:, pp. 61–62.
3217:, pp. 78–79.
3019:, pp. 96–99.
2947:, pp. 89–91.
2935:, pp. 84–86.
2923:, pp. 85–87.
2908:, pp. 68–70.
2884:, pp. 80–83.
2869:, pp. 80–81.
2821:, pp. 81–82.
2773:, pp. 45–46.
2737:, pp. 65–69.
2725:, pp. 65–67.
2665:, pp. 48–51.
2641:, pp. 29–31.
2629:, pp. 88–94.
2590:, pp. 68–69.
2569:, pp. 36–37.
2473:, pp. 97–98.
2437:, pp. 33–34.
2425:, pp. 33–35.
2401:, pp. 33–34.
2373:, pp. 84–85.
2361:, pp. 65–67.
2349:, pp. 11–12.
2325:, pp. 54–55.
2178:Fairfax, Virginia
2037:French Revolution
2009:French Revolution
1959:West Potomac Park
1947:Northern Virginia
1908:Fairfax, Virginia
1500:Independence Hall
1460:Benjamin Franklin
1429:was held and the
1419:Independence Hall
1322:Benjamin Harrison
1289:George Washington
1203:Petition of Right
1033:in Williamsburg.
1009:Revolutionary War
966:Virginia Resolves
927:Richard Henry Lee
915:George Washington
875:George Washington
860:Revolutionary War
634:county lieutenant
606:American colonies
602:English Civil War
465:Stamp Act of 1765
457:George Washington
416:of 1776, and his
379:
378:
203:December 11, 1725
7812:
7765:Anti-Federalists
7609:Analostan Island
7600:
7492:Sixth generation
7441:Fifth generation
7411:George Mason III
7404:Third generation
7372:First generation
7365:The Mason family
7358:
7351:
7344:
7335:
7334:
7236:The 1619 Project
7229:Related articles
6831:Isabella Gibbons
6762:
6755:
6748:
6739:
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5624:
5610:
5553:
5552:
5542:
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5527:
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5513:
5504:
5503:
5479:George Mason III
5235:Seal of Virginia
5141:
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4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4346:. Archived from
4332:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4312:. Archived from
4302:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4282:. Archived from
4272:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4252:. Archived from
4242:
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4231:
4222:. Archived from
4212:
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2101:
2100:
2099:
2005:Thomas Jefferson
1968:with an 18-cent
1951:Washington, D.C.
1806:Views on slavery
1771:
1592:
1525:Great Compromise
1520:Oliver Ellsworth
1516:William Paterson
1493:
1377:. In 1781, the
1343:Mason-Dixon line
1251:Meriwether Smith
1170:Edmund Pendleton
1159:
1124:Thomas Jefferson
1104:Continental Army
1044:Fairfax Resolves
1023:Boston Tea Party
1019:Intolerable Acts
919:Frederick County
891:General Assembly
832:Thomas Jefferson
751:Washington, D.C.
692:likely utilized
626:George Mason III
519:requirement for
481:Thomas Jefferson
471:in 1775 and the
410:Fairfax Resolves
371:
348:George Mason III
275:
274:
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265:
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258:
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242:Lorton, Virginia
226:
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188:Personal details
176:
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154:
131:Benjamin Dulaney
128:
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106:
94:
84:
72:
42:
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27:
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7684:Raspberry Plain
7598:
7590:
7564:
7533:
7487:
7436:
7427:George Mason IV
7415:
7399:
7395:George Mason II
7383:
7367:
7362:
7332:
7327:
7246:Atlantic Creole
7224:
7201:
7158:
7113:enslaved people
7060:
6903:
6880:Gabriel Prosser
6858:(fl. 1704–1727)
6825:Olaudah Equiano
6813:Henry Box Brown
6807:Emanuel Driggus
6803:(fl. 1619–1625)
6794:Enslaved people
6789:
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6736:
6731:
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6717:
6695:
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6559:
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6407:Carvalho e Melo
6395:
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5733:Spanish America
5607:Encyclopédistes
5570:Civil liberties
5547:
5536:
5531:
5501:
5496:
5491:George Mason II
5435:
5415:Wilson v. Mason
5380:
5332:
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5276:Founding Father
5158:Founding events
5157:
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4938:
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4895:
4876:
4857:
4819:
4803:. p. 321.
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4615:10.2307/1923192
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4436:
4432:
4422:
4420:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4400:
4398:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4378:
4376:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4353:
4351:
4333:
4329:
4319:
4317:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4289:
4287:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4259:
4257:
4244:
4243:
4239:
4229:
4227:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4202:
4186:
4182:
4174:
4170:
4162:
4158:
4150:
4146:
4138:
4134:
4126:
4122:
4114:
4110:
4102:
4098:
4090:
4086:
4078:
4074:
4066:
4057:
4049:
4038:
4030:
4026:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3965:
3958:
3950:
3946:
3938:
3934:
3926:
3922:
3914:
3910:
3902:
3898:
3890:
3886:
3878:
3871:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3816:
3807:
3799:
3790:
3782:
3778:
3770:
3766:
3762:, p. 1047.
3758:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3737:
3730:
3722:
3718:
3710:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3686:
3682:
3674:
3665:
3657:
3653:
3645:
3641:
3633:
3629:
3621:
3617:
3609:
3605:
3597:
3593:
3585:
3581:
3573:
3569:
3561:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3537:
3533:
3525:
3521:
3513:
3509:
3501:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3477:
3473:
3465:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3441:
3437:
3429:
3425:
3417:
3413:
3405:
3401:
3393:
3389:
3381:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3357:
3353:
3345:
3341:
3333:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3237:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3189:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3138:
3134:
3130:, pp. 111.
3126:
3122:
3114:
3110:
3102:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2979:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2892:
2888:
2880:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2841:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2625:
2618:
2610:
2606:
2598:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2553:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2461:, pp. 4–5.
2457:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2337:, pp. 3–7.
2333:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2268:
2266:
2260:"Mason, George"
2256:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2092:
1989:
1927:city of Fairfax
1897:
1808:
1773:
1769:
1745:William Grayson
1740:
1694:George Nicholas
1665:Anti-Federalist
1612:
1594:
1587:
1548:reapportionment
1539:
1537:Road to dissent
1512:New Jersey Plan
1495:
1488:
1468:navigation acts
1411:
1355:Treaty of Paris
1351:
1293:siege of Boston
1281:
1255:William Fleming
1235:
1183:Edmund Randolph
1161:
1153:
1116:
1011:
946:King George III
935:Fauquier County
911:Stafford County
903:
850:in present-day
767:
761:
749:in present-day
707:
702:
682:Charles Bridges
618:George Mason II
571:British America
554:George Mason's
548:
542:
521:navigation acts
394:Founding Father
350:
339:
284:
268:
266:
262:
259:
254:
251:
249:
247:
246:
245:
228:
224:
223:October 7, 1792
214:British America
204:
198:
196:
174:
164:
159:
155:
150:
141:
137:
126:
116:
111:
107:
102:
92:
82:
77:
73:
68:
59:
55:
45:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7818:
7808:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7595:
7592:
7591:
7589:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7572:
7570:
7566:
7565:
7563:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7541:
7539:
7535:
7534:
7532:
7531:
7526:
7524:James M. Mason
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7495:
7493:
7489:
7488:
7486:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7448:George Mason V
7444:
7442:
7438:
7437:
7435:
7434:
7429:
7423:
7421:
7417:
7416:
7414:
7413:
7407:
7405:
7401:
7400:
7398:
7397:
7391:
7389:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7381:
7379:George Mason I
7375:
7373:
7369:
7368:
7361:
7360:
7353:
7346:
7338:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7325:
7320:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7232:
7230:
7226:
7225:
7223:
7222:
7220:Lumpkin's Jail
7217:
7211:
7209:
7203:
7202:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7197:
7192:
7186:
7178:
7177:
7176:
7169:Virginia laws
7166:
7164:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7134:Stratford Hall
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7070:
7068:
7062:
7061:
7059:
7058:
7052:
7046:
7043:William Tucker
7040:
7035:
7029:
7024:
7022:Thomas Prosser
7019:
7013:
7010:James M. Mason
7007:
7001:
6998:William Mahone
6995:
6989:
6984:
6978:
6972:
6966:
6960:
6954:
6948:
6942:
6941:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6911:
6909:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6901:
6895:
6889:
6886:William Tucker
6883:
6877:
6871:
6870:(c. 1820–1859)
6865:
6859:
6852:
6846:
6840:
6834:
6833:(c. 1836–1890)
6828:
6827:(c. 1745–1797)
6822:
6816:
6815:(c. 1815–1897)
6810:
6804:
6797:
6795:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6787:
6782:
6776:
6773:
6772:
6765:
6764:
6757:
6750:
6742:
6733:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6710:
6709:
6708:
6705:
6704:
6701:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6667:
6665:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
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6569:
6567:
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6560:
6558:
6557:
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6542:
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6532:
6526:
6524:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6514:
6509:
6503:
6501:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6452:
6450:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6419:
6417:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6403:
6401:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6352:
6350:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6284:
6282:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6238:
6236:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6200:
6198:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6169:
6167:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6086:
6084:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6045:
6043:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5889:
5887:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5877:Wollstonecraft
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5778:
5776:
5768:
5767:
5757:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5654:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5616:
5611:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5556:
5549:
5548:
5538:
5537:
5530:
5529:
5522:
5515:
5507:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5488:
5482:
5476:
5470:
5464:
5458:
5452:
5449:George Mason V
5445:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5431:Mason's Island
5428:
5423:
5418:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5399:
5394:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5346:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5309:
5307:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5261:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5162:
5160:
5152:
5151:
5144:
5143:
5136:
5129:
5121:
5114:
5113:
5093:
5084:
5079:
5073:
5071:
5070:External links
5068:
5066:
5065:
5044:
5031:(3): 181–190.
5020:
5010:(3): 279–304.
4999:
4993:
4980:
4974:
4961:
4955:
4942:
4936:
4923:
4899:
4893:
4880:
4874:
4861:
4855:
4839:
4817:
4801:Cato Institute
4789:Hamowy, Ronald
4780:
4774:
4759:
4753:
4740:
4734:
4721:
4708:(2): 185–204.
4697:
4691:
4678:
4672:
4659:
4645:
4630:
4609:(4): 409–417.
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4587:, p. 259.
4577:
4575:, p. 119.
4565:
4553:
4551:, p. 254.
4541:
4539:, p. 242.
4526:
4524:, p. 282.
4514:
4502:
4490:
4478:
4476:, p. 120.
4466:
4464:, p. 279.
4454:
4442:
4440:, p. 333.
4430:
4408:
4386:
4361:
4327:
4297:
4276:"Introduction"
4267:
4237:
4207:
4200:
4180:
4168:
4156:
4154:, p. 238.
4144:
4142:, p. 162.
4132:
4120:
4118:, p. 251.
4108:
4106:, p. 247.
4096:
4084:
4072:
4070:, p. 253.
4055:
4036:
4024:
4003:
3994:
3985:
3971:
3969:, p. 251.
3956:
3944:
3942:, p. 107.
3932:
3930:, p. 322.
3920:
3918:, p. 103.
3908:
3896:
3894:, p. 185.
3884:
3869:
3857:
3848:
3805:
3788:
3776:
3764:
3752:
3750:Leonard p. 174
3743:
3728:
3726:, p. 212.
3716:
3704:
3692:
3680:
3663:
3651:
3639:
3627:
3625:, p. 196.
3615:
3603:
3601:, p. 269.
3591:
3579:
3577:, p. 158.
3567:
3555:
3543:
3541:, p. 162.
3531:
3519:
3507:
3505:, p. 261.
3495:
3483:
3471:
3459:
3447:
3445:, p. 248.
3435:
3433:, p. 247.
3423:
3411:
3399:
3387:
3375:
3363:
3361:, p. 162.
3351:
3339:
3327:
3315:
3303:
3291:
3279:
3267:
3265:, p. 243.
3255:
3243:
3231:
3219:
3207:
3195:
3180:
3178:, p. 217.
3168:
3156:
3144:
3132:
3120:
3108:
3106:, p. 108.
3093:
3081:
3069:
3067:, p. 163.
3057:
3045:
3033:
3021:
3009:
3007:, p. 191.
2997:
2985:
2973:
2971:, p. 154.
2961:
2959:, p. 153.
2949:
2937:
2925:
2910:
2898:
2896:, p. 148.
2886:
2871:
2859:
2857:, p. 142.
2847:
2835:
2833:, p. 138.
2823:
2811:
2809:, p. 137.
2799:
2797:, p. 153.
2787:
2775:
2763:
2751:
2739:
2727:
2715:
2703:
2691:
2679:
2667:
2655:
2643:
2631:
2616:
2604:
2592:
2580:
2571:
2559:
2547:
2535:
2523:
2511:
2499:
2487:
2475:
2463:
2451:
2439:
2427:
2415:
2403:
2391:
2375:
2363:
2351:
2339:
2327:
2315:
2303:
2288:
2276:
2245:
2233:
2229:"George Mason"
2221:
2212:"George Mason"
2204:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2121:
2107:
2091:
2088:
1988:
1985:
1941:, part of the
1896:
1893:
1839:Hemings family
1827:Fairfax County
1807:
1804:
1791:the courthouse
1778:George Mason V
1761:
1757:Bill of Rights
1753:First Congress
1739:
1736:
1635:The Federalist
1611:
1608:
1588:George Mason,
1579:
1570:Elbridge Gerry
1543:William Blount
1538:
1535:
1490:William Pierce
1480:
1476:his son George
1410:
1407:
1353:Following the
1350:
1347:
1304:Chesapeake Bay
1280:
1277:
1234:
1231:
1207:Bill of Rights
1201:, the English
1166:Archibald Cary
1145:
1115:
1112:
1031:Raleigh Tavern
1010:
1007:
999:Lord Botetourt
994:Townshend Acts
962:revenue stamps
902:
899:
836:Filippo Mazzei
810:Charles County
760:
757:
723:Tyson's Corner
706:
705:Fairfax County
703:
701:
698:
649:Chesapeake Bay
590:George Mason I
563:Fairfax County
541:
538:
533:First Congress
445:country squire
392:, politician,
377:
376:
373:
372:
365:
361:
360:
357:
353:
352:
345:
341:
340:
338:
337:
334:
331:
326:
323:
318:
315:
312:
307:
302:
299:
297:George Mason V
293:
291:
287:
286:
281:
277:
276:
238:
234:
233:
227:(aged 66)
221:
217:
216:
206:Fairfax County
194:
190:
189:
185:
184:
181:
180:
177:
171:
170:
167:
161:
160:
157:
147:
146:
144:Fairfax County
133:
132:
129:
123:
122:
119:
113:
112:
109:
99:
98:
95:
89:
88:
85:
79:
78:
75:
65:
64:
62:Fairfax County
51:
50:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7817:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7722:
7720:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7694:Stafford Hall
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7619:Chestnut Hill
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7597:
7596:
7593:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7573:
7571:
7567:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7536:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7496:
7494:
7490:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7453:William Mason
7451:
7449:
7446:
7445:
7443:
7439:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7424:
7422:
7418:
7412:
7409:
7408:
7406:
7402:
7396:
7393:
7392:
7390:
7386:
7380:
7377:
7376:
7374:
7370:
7366:
7359:
7354:
7352:
7347:
7345:
7340:
7339:
7336:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7318:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7233:
7231:
7227:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7212:
7210:
7208:
7204:
7196:
7193:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7181:
7180:Federal laws
7179:
7174:
7171:
7170:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7161:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7124:Poplar Forest
7122:
7120:
7117:
7114:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7071:
7069:
7067:
7063:
7056:
7055:Henry A. Wise
7053:
7050:
7047:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7017:
7014:
7011:
7008:
7005:
7002:
6999:
6996:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6982:
6979:
6976:
6975:Andrew Hunter
6973:
6970:
6967:
6964:
6961:
6958:
6955:
6952:
6951:Landon Carter
6949:
6946:
6945:John Armfield
6943:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6906:
6899:
6896:
6893:
6890:
6887:
6884:
6881:
6878:
6875:
6872:
6869:
6866:
6863:
6860:
6857:
6853:
6850:
6847:
6845:(living 1641)
6844:
6843:John Graweere
6841:
6838:
6835:
6832:
6829:
6826:
6823:
6821:(living 1655)
6820:
6817:
6814:
6811:
6808:
6805:
6802:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6792:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6774:
6770:
6763:
6758:
6756:
6751:
6749:
6744:
6743:
6740:
6727:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6714:
6706:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6666:
6664:
6663:United States
6660:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6566:
6562:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6523:
6519:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6498:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6449:
6445:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6423:Budai-Deleanu
6421:
6420:
6418:
6414:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6398:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6349:
6345:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6279:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6235:
6231:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6195:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6162:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6081:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6040:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5787:Ashley-Cooper
5785:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5762:
5758:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5689:Progressivism
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5659:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5638:Individualism
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5554:
5550:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5528:
5523:
5521:
5516:
5514:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5493:(grandfather)
5492:
5489:
5486:
5485:Thomson Mason
5483:
5480:
5477:
5474:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5462:
5461:Thomson Mason
5459:
5456:
5455:William Mason
5453:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5304:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5277:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5252:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5156:United States
5153:
5149:
5142:
5137:
5135:
5130:
5128:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5109:
5107:
5100:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5045:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5000:
4996:
4994:0-9623905-1-8
4990:
4986:
4981:
4977:
4971:
4967:
4962:
4958:
4956:0-9623905-1-8
4952:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4933:
4929:
4924:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4900:
4896:
4894:0-9623905-1-8
4890:
4886:
4881:
4877:
4875:0-9623905-1-8
4871:
4867:
4862:
4858:
4856:0-9623905-1-8
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4781:
4777:
4775:0-8078-1250-1
4771:
4767:
4766:
4760:
4756:
4754:0-913969-47-8
4750:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4735:0-9623905-1-8
4731:
4727:
4722:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4694:
4692:0-8139-0550-8
4688:
4684:
4679:
4675:
4673:0-9623905-1-8
4669:
4665:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4631:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4599:
4598:
4586:
4581:
4574:
4569:
4563:, p. 78.
4562:
4557:
4550:
4545:
4538:
4533:
4531:
4523:
4518:
4511:
4506:
4499:
4494:
4487:
4482:
4475:
4470:
4463:
4458:
4452:, p. 15.
4451:
4446:
4439:
4434:
4418:
4412:
4396:
4390:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4211:
4203:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4184:
4177:
4172:
4165:
4160:
4153:
4148:
4141:
4136:
4129:
4124:
4117:
4112:
4105:
4100:
4094:, p. 32.
4093:
4088:
4081:
4076:
4069:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4052:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4033:
4028:
4013:
4007:
3998:
3989:
3981:
3975:
3968:
3963:
3961:
3953:
3948:
3941:
3936:
3929:
3924:
3917:
3912:
3905:
3900:
3893:
3888:
3881:
3876:
3874:
3866:
3861:
3852:
3845:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3802:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3785:
3780:
3773:
3768:
3761:
3756:
3747:
3740:
3735:
3733:
3725:
3720:
3714:, p. 57.
3713:
3708:
3701:
3696:
3689:
3684:
3677:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3660:
3655:
3648:
3643:
3636:
3631:
3624:
3619:
3612:
3607:
3600:
3595:
3588:
3583:
3576:
3571:
3564:
3559:
3552:
3547:
3540:
3535:
3528:
3523:
3516:
3511:
3504:
3499:
3492:
3487:
3480:
3475:
3468:
3463:
3456:
3451:
3444:
3439:
3432:
3427:
3420:
3415:
3408:
3403:
3397:, p. 64.
3396:
3391:
3384:
3379:
3372:
3367:
3360:
3355:
3349:, p. 63.
3348:
3343:
3336:
3331:
3324:
3319:
3312:
3307:
3300:
3295:
3288:
3283:
3276:
3271:
3264:
3259:
3252:
3247:
3240:
3235:
3228:
3223:
3216:
3211:
3204:
3199:
3193:, p. 78.
3192:
3187:
3185:
3177:
3172:
3165:
3160:
3153:
3148:
3141:
3136:
3129:
3124:
3117:
3112:
3105:
3100:
3098:
3090:
3085:
3078:
3073:
3066:
3061:
3054:
3049:
3043:, p. 16.
3042:
3037:
3031:, p. 99.
3030:
3025:
3018:
3013:
3006:
3001:
2994:
2989:
2982:
2977:
2970:
2965:
2958:
2953:
2946:
2941:
2934:
2929:
2922:
2917:
2915:
2907:
2902:
2895:
2890:
2883:
2878:
2876:
2868:
2863:
2856:
2851:
2844:
2839:
2832:
2827:
2820:
2815:
2808:
2803:
2796:
2791:
2784:
2779:
2772:
2767:
2760:
2755:
2749:, p. 68.
2748:
2743:
2736:
2731:
2724:
2719:
2713:, p. 65.
2712:
2707:
2700:
2695:
2689:, p. 58.
2688:
2683:
2676:
2671:
2664:
2659:
2653:, p. 39.
2652:
2647:
2640:
2635:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2614:, p. 18.
2613:
2608:
2601:
2596:
2589:
2584:
2575:
2568:
2563:
2556:
2551:
2544:
2539:
2532:
2527:
2520:
2515:
2508:
2503:
2496:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2472:
2467:
2460:
2455:
2449:, p. 93.
2448:
2443:
2436:
2431:
2424:
2419:
2412:
2407:
2400:
2395:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2372:
2367:
2360:
2355:
2348:
2343:
2336:
2331:
2324:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2301:, p. 20.
2300:
2295:
2293:
2285:
2280:
2269:September 26,
2265:
2261:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2243:, p. 65.
2242:
2237:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2122:
2119:
2108:
2105:
2094:
2086:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2018:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1973:postage stamp
1971:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1843:Sally Hemings
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1816:
1812:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1786:
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1697:
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1689:
1686:
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1680:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1621:John Marshall
1616:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1599:Roger Sherman
1593:
1591:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1574:Luther Martin
1571:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1555:John Rutledge
1551:
1549:
1544:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1456:Virginia Plan
1451:
1449:
1448:James McClurg
1445:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1406:
1404:
1403:port of entry
1400:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:Potomac River
1360:
1359:United States
1356:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1313:Jackie Custis
1308:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1189:and the 1776
1188:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1157:
1150:
1144:
1142:
1141:James Madison
1138:
1137:Orange County
1134:
1125:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1039:Bryan Fairfax
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1006:
1002:
1000:
995:
989:
987:
983:
977:
975:
974:Patrick Henry
971:
970:Louisa County
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
942:
940:
936:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
898:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
839:
837:
833:
829:
824:
822:
818:
813:
811:
807:
799:
794:
788:
784:
779:
771:
766:
756:
753:
752:
748:
747:Potomac River
744:
740:
736:
730:
728:
724:
718:
716:
712:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
673:
671:
670:Great Britain
667:
663:
658:
654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
584:
580:
579:Potomac River
576:
572:
568:
564:
557:
552:
547:
537:
534:
530:
529:James Madison
526:
522:
518:
517:supermajority
514:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
461:Great Britain
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
437:Potomac River
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
412:of 1774, the
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
349:
346:
342:
336:Richard Mason
335:
332:
330:
327:
324:
322:
319:
316:
313:
311:
310:Thomson Mason
308:
306:
305:William Mason
303:
300:
298:
295:
294:
292:
288:
282:
278:
273:
243:
239:
237:Resting place
235:
231:
222:
218:
215:
211:
207:
195:
191:
186:
182:
178:
172:
168:
162:
153:
148:
145:
142:representing
140:
136:Member of the
134:
130:
124:
120:
114:
105:
100:
96:
90:
87:Charles Simms
86:
80:
71:
66:
63:
60:representing
58:
54:Member of the
52:
48:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
7790:Mason family
7725:George Mason
7679:Okeley Manor
7644:Gunston Hall
7478:Thomas Mason
7426:
7315:
7109:Mount Vernon
7004:George Mason
7003:
6908:Slave owners
6711:
6685:
6456:Catherine II
5908:Beaumarchais
5738:Universality
5709:Reductionism
5656:
5633:Human rights
5473:Thomas Mason
5413:
5328:Ohio Company
5318:Gunston Hall
5223:Speedy trial
5148:George Mason
5147:
5105:
5052:
5048:
5028:
5024:
5007:
5003:
4984:
4965:
4946:
4927:
4907:
4903:
4884:
4865:
4846:
4792:
4764:
4744:
4725:
4705:
4701:
4682:
4663:
4635:
4606:
4602:
4594:Bibliography
4580:
4568:
4561:Rutland 1989
4556:
4544:
4517:
4505:
4493:
4481:
4469:
4457:
4445:
4433:
4421:. Retrieved
4411:
4399:. Retrieved
4389:
4377:. Retrieved
4364:
4352:. Retrieved
4348:the original
4330:
4318:. Retrieved
4314:the original
4300:
4288:. Retrieved
4284:the original
4270:
4258:. Retrieved
4254:the original
4240:
4228:. Retrieved
4224:the original
4220:Gunston Hall
4210:
4190:
4183:
4171:
4159:
4147:
4135:
4128:Rutland 1980
4123:
4111:
4099:
4087:
4075:
4027:
4015:. Retrieved
4006:
3997:
3988:
3974:
3947:
3940:Rutland 1980
3935:
3923:
3916:Rutland 1980
3911:
3899:
3887:
3860:
3851:
3844:Google Books
3820:
3779:
3772:Rutland 1980
3767:
3760:Rutland 1970
3755:
3746:
3719:
3707:
3695:
3683:
3659:Rutland 1980
3654:
3642:
3630:
3618:
3606:
3594:
3582:
3570:
3558:
3546:
3534:
3522:
3510:
3498:
3486:
3474:
3462:
3450:
3438:
3426:
3414:
3402:
3390:
3378:
3366:
3354:
3342:
3335:Rutland 1980
3330:
3318:
3306:
3294:
3282:
3270:
3258:
3246:
3234:
3222:
3215:Rutland 1980
3210:
3198:
3191:Rutland 1980
3171:
3159:
3147:
3135:
3123:
3111:
3084:
3072:
3060:
3048:
3036:
3024:
3012:
3000:
2988:
2976:
2964:
2952:
2940:
2928:
2906:Rutland 1980
2901:
2889:
2862:
2850:
2838:
2826:
2814:
2802:
2790:
2778:
2771:Rutland 1980
2766:
2754:
2742:
2730:
2718:
2706:
2694:
2682:
2670:
2658:
2646:
2634:
2607:
2595:
2583:
2574:
2562:
2550:
2538:
2526:
2521:, p. 8.
2514:
2502:
2490:
2478:
2466:
2454:
2442:
2430:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2378:
2366:
2354:
2342:
2330:
2318:
2313:, p. 4.
2306:
2286:, p. 3.
2279:
2267:. Retrieved
2263:
2236:
2224:
2215:
2207:
2195:
2164:
2083:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2054:constitution
2046:Philadelphia
2042:
2026:
2014:
1963:
1936:
1919:Gunston Hall
1916:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1870:
1862:abolitionist
1861:
1847:
1824:
1820:
1815:Gunston Hall
1800:
1787:
1774:
1768:
1763:
1749:James Monroe
1741:
1732:George Wythe
1720:
1716:
1705:
1698:
1690:
1682:
1674:
1669:
1660:
1652:
1647:
1633:
1630:
1617:
1613:
1604:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1567:
1563:
1552:
1540:
1530:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1487:
1482:
1472:
1464:
1452:
1439:Philadelphia
1436:
1431:Constitution
1425:, where the
1423:Philadelphia
1396:
1384:
1375:Philadelphia
1367:Gunston Hall
1352:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1318:
1309:
1297:
1273:
1265:
1258:
1247:Essex County
1239:Philadelphia
1236:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1180:
1173:
1162:
1152:
1147:
1133:George Wythe
1129:
1096:
1080:British Army
1076:Philadelphia
1069:
1065:
1053:
1048:Mount Vernon
1035:
1027:Lord Dunmore
1015:Williamsburg
1012:
1003:
990:
978:
943:
931:
904:
895:
883:Mount Vernon
872:
867:
844:Ohio Company
840:
825:
817:Gunston Hall
814:
803:
783:Gunston Hall
765:Gunston Hall
759:Gunston Hall
754:
731:
719:
708:
674:
662:Williamsburg
657:Rappahannock
646:
632:and also as
587:
560:
556:coat of arms
546:Mason family
505:
501:Philadelphia
477:
441:Gunston Hall
426:
417:
406:Constitution
402:Philadelphia
382:George Mason
381:
380:
329:Thomas Mason
230:Gunston Hall
225:(1792-10-07)
175:Succeeded by
151:
127:Succeeded by
103:
93:Succeeded by
69:
32:George Mason
25:
7735:1792 deaths
7730:1725 births
7699:Temple Hall
7664:Locust Hill
7649:Hollin Hall
7624:Chopawamsic
7066:Plantations
7057:(1806–1876)
7051:(1715–1773)
7049:John Wayles
7045:(died 1642)
7034:(1804–1882)
7018:(1628–1692)
7012:(1798–1871)
7006:(1725–1792)
7000:(1826–1895)
6994:(1761–1827)
6987:Eppa Hunton
6983:(1809–1887)
6977:(1804–1888)
6971:(1802–1846)
6959:(1663–1732)
6953:(1710–1778)
6947:(1797–1871)
6900:(1856–1915)
6894:(1800–1831)
6888:(born 1624)
6882:(1776–1800)
6864:(1600–1670)
6839:(1825–1886)
6713:Romanticism
6535:Charles III
6376:Poniatowski
6313:Leeuwenhoek
6293:de la Court
6281:Netherlands
6125:Mendelssohn
6120:Lichtenberg
5998:Montesquieu
5716:Sapere aude
5699:Rationalism
5694:Rationality
5684:Objectivity
5421:Hollin Hall
4910:(1): 1–17.
4585:Wallenstein
4537:Wallenstein
4423:November 3,
4401:November 3,
4379:November 3,
4354:November 3,
4320:November 3,
4290:November 3,
4260:November 3,
4230:November 3,
4176:Wallenstein
4164:Wallenstein
4152:Wallenstein
4116:Wallenstein
4104:Wallenstein
4080:Wallenstein
4068:Wallenstein
4032:Wallenstein
1945:, connects
1831:manumission
1817:in May 2006
1738:Final years
1199:Magna Carta
954:New England
678:Chopawamsic
513:slave trade
333:James Mason
285:Sarah Brent
283:Ann Eilbeck
267: /
165:Preceded by
117:Preceded by
83:Preceded by
7719:Categories
7704:Woodbridge
7674:Montpelier
7669:Mattawoman
7473:John Mason
7207:Slave pens
7104:Mount Airy
7099:Montpelier
7094:Monticello
7084:Brookfield
7079:Berry Hill
6918:Washington
6892:Nat Turner
6874:John Punch
6819:John Casor
6555:Villarroel
6550:Jovellanos
6486:Radishchev
6433:Micu-Klein
6371:Niemcewicz
6338:Swammerdam
6328:Nieuwentyt
6318:Mandeville
6173:Farmakidis
6059:Burlamaqui
5968:La Mettrie
5943:Fontenelle
5898:d'Argenson
5893:d'Alembert
5817:Harrington
5743:Utopianism
5643:Liberalism
5600:Empiricism
5575:Classicism
5565:Capitalism
5467:John Mason
5323:On slavery
4827:2008009151
4051:Broadwater
3967:Broadwater
3952:Broadwater
3880:Broadwater
3865:Broadwater
3801:Broadwater
3784:Broadwater
3739:Broadwater
3724:Broadwater
3700:Broadwater
3688:Broadwater
3647:Broadwater
3635:Broadwater
3587:Broadwater
3575:Broadwater
3491:Broadwater
3479:Broadwater
3467:Broadwater
3455:Broadwater
3419:Broadwater
3383:Broadwater
3371:Broadwater
3359:Broadwater
3311:Broadwater
3287:Broadwater
3239:Broadwater
3227:Broadwater
3203:Broadwater
3128:Broadwater
3116:Broadwater
3104:Broadwater
3077:Broadwater
3029:Broadwater
3017:Broadwater
2945:Broadwater
2933:Broadwater
2921:Broadwater
2882:Broadwater
2867:Broadwater
2819:Broadwater
2795:Broadwater
2747:Broadwater
2735:Broadwater
2723:Broadwater
2711:Broadwater
2687:Broadwater
2663:Broadwater
2651:Broadwater
2639:Broadwater
2612:Broadwater
2567:Broadwater
2459:Broadwater
2389:communion.
2188:References
2077:Objections
2073:Objections
2062:John Adams
1977:bas-relief
1835:manumitted
1679:Lee family
1661:Objections
1653:Objections
1492:of Georgia
1444:John Blair
1307:hardware.
887:Alexandria
852:Pittsburgh
848:Ohio River
821:James Wren
743:Georgetown
727:Alexandria
433:His father
356:Occupation
321:John Mason
255:77°10′06″W
252:38°40′07″N
199:1725-12-11
97:Roger West
7659:Lexington
7074:Beall-Air
7016:John Page
6923:Jefferson
6856:Jane Webb
6676:Jefferson
6618:Hutcheson
6507:Obradović
6476:Lomonosov
6471:Kheraskov
6381:Śniadecki
6145:Weishaupt
6140:Thomasius
6130:Pufendorf
5973:Lavoisier
5958:d'Holbach
5953:Helvétius
5933:Descartes
5928:Condorcet
5923:Condillac
5857:Priestley
5674:Modernity
5595:Democracy
5487:(brother)
4835:750831024
4017:August 4,
3904:Henriques
3892:Henriques
3623:Henriques
2543:Henriques
2029:Lafayette
2017:New World
1672:New Haven
958:Stamp Act
950:Sugar Act
715:vestryman
642:Yorkshire
614:headright
565:, in the
475:in 1776.
364:Signature
359:Landowner
344:Parent(s)
280:Spouse(s)
179:John West
156:1758–1761
152:In office
104:In office
70:In office
7634:Clermont
7604:Accokeek
7149:Woodlawn
7144:Westover
7139:Tuckahoe
7119:Oatlands
6726:Category
6671:Franklin
6638:Playfair
6608:Ferguson
6565:Scotland
6512:Mrazović
6466:Kantemir
6461:Fonvizin
6400:Portugal
6366:Krasicki
6361:Konarski
6356:Kołłątaj
6308:Koerbagh
6257:Genovesi
6242:Beccaria
6204:Berkeley
6135:Schiller
6100:Humboldt
6074:Saussure
6069:Rousseau
6033:Voltaire
5988:Maréchal
5963:Jaucourt
5918:Châtelet
5913:Chamfort
5862:Reynolds
5765:Thinkers
5669:Midlands
5658:Lumières
5628:Humanism
5621:Haskalah
5481:(father)
5407:patriots
5037:40577068
4655:67239589
4573:O'Connor
4474:O'Connor
4450:Pikcunas
3838:41680515
2483:Tompkins
2387:Anglican
2299:Pikcunas
2090:See also
1912:Virginia
1858:Jim Crow
1644:John Jay
1092:Richmond
982:replevin
735:Dumfries
622:frontier
598:Pershore
594:Cavalier
583:Maryland
290:Children
210:Virginia
7654:Huntley
7639:Colross
7629:Clarens
7129:Shirley
7089:Kenmore
6928:Madison
6681:Madison
6653:Stewart
6593:Burnett
6588:Boswell
6573:Beattie
6545:Moratín
6530:Cadalso
6481:Novikov
6416:Romania
6391:Wybicki
6386:Staszic
6333:Spinoza
6303:Huygens
6298:Grotius
6252:Galvani
6247:Galiani
6197:Ireland
6178:Feraios
6150:Wieland
6115:Lessing
6110:Leibniz
6083:Germany
6064:Prévost
6049:Abauzit
6013:Quesnay
6003:Morelly
5993:Meslier
5978:Leclerc
5938:Diderot
5827:Johnson
5802:Collins
5797:Bentham
5782:Addison
5775:England
5723:Science
5560:Atheism
5385:Related
5269:history
5087:Website
5061:4249431
5016:4249228
4916:4244557
4791:(ed.).
4714:4249070
4623:1923192
4498:Chester
4486:Chester
4092:Horrell
3395:Pacheco
3347:Pacheco
3275:Pacheco
2423:Horrell
2411:Horrell
2399:Horrell
1822:trade.
1782:quondam
1675:Gazette
1399:Norfolk
1158:, 1776.
1082:at the
666:tobacco
653:Potomac
491:of the
390:planter
7191:, 1808
7175:, 1705
6933:Monroe
6801:Angela
6633:Newton
6623:Hutton
6603:Cullen
6500:Serbia
6448:Russia
6438:Șincai
6348:Poland
6288:Bekker
6262:Pagano
6224:Toland
6188:Korais
6183:Kairis
6165:Greece
6095:Herder
6090:Goethe
6054:Bonnet
6042:Geneva
6028:Turgot
6018:Raynal
6008:Pascal
5948:Gouges
5886:France
5872:Tindal
5867:Sidney
5842:Newton
5837:Milton
5812:Godwin
5807:Gibbon
5704:Reason
5546:Topics
5441:Family
5337:Legacy
5108:
5059:
5035:
5014:
4991:
4972:
4953:
4934:
4914:
4891:
4872:
4853:
4833:
4825:
4815:
4772:
4751:
4732:
4712:
4689:
4670:
4653:
4643:
4621:
4549:Miller
4522:Tarter
4510:Senese
4462:Tarter
4438:Miller
4198:
3928:Miller
3836:
3676:Miller
3611:Miller
3599:Miller
3563:Miller
3551:Miller
3539:Miller
3527:Miller
3515:Miller
3503:Miller
3443:Miller
3431:Miller
3407:Miller
3323:Tarter
3299:Miller
3263:Miller
3251:Miller
3140:Miller
3089:Miller
3065:Miller
2993:Miller
2981:Miller
2969:Miller
2957:Miller
2894:Miller
2855:Miller
2843:Miller
2831:Miller
2807:Miller
2783:Miller
2759:Miller
2699:Miller
2675:Miller
2627:Miller
2588:Miller
2531:Bailey
2435:Miller
2347:Miller
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