463:. They assumed that the characteristics of a land defined the character of the people and, indeed, of their government. For that reason, Vernadsky could identify the roots of Russian culture in an ancient period long before the Slavic groups arrived. He thereby undercut the standard claim that modern Russia emerged from Kyivan Rus. He emphasized the importance of the Mongol period (1238–1471), as the horde united the vast Eurasian plain under a single ruler. This gave tsarist Russia a strong centralized government and a deep distrust of Europe. Vernadsky was annoyed that Peter the Great tried to Westernize Russia, distorting its natural character. He said Peter only succeeded in polarizing Russia into a Western-oriented elite that conflicted profoundly with the Eurasian peasants. Indeed, Vernadsky argued that this polarization was one of the main weaknesses of the tsarist regime, making it incapable of dealing with the revolutionary movements of the early twentieth century. He celebrated the collapse of the European-style parliamentary government in the October Revolution of 1917 that brought the Bolsheviks to power. Vernadsky was not a liberal, nor was he a Communist sympathizer, but he did admire the Bolsheviks for rebuilding an assertive Russia on non-European lines.
496:
he does not take sufficient account of the labor and capital invested for future production, and in citing Five Year Plan statistics he does not state which Five Year Plan he refers to. Moreover, he compares the figures issued at the end of the first year with those of the preceding year when a better picture would have been given if he had compared them with an index number. The last paragraph of the book seems questionable to the reviewer: "At the outset of the year 1930, the New
Economic Policy could be considered completely abrogated. There had begun a new experiment in militant communism."
223:
187:
300:
382:
495:
he says, "In some branches the quality of manufactured products fell below that of output before the war by 30, 40 or even 50 per cent". This is obviously a guess: quality of such various goods as are produced in Russia cannot be reduced to a percentage. In his whole discussion of the Five Year Plan
458:
Vernadsky became the leading
American exponent of depicting Russia as much Asian as European, if not more so. He pointed out many substantial cultural differences between Russia and Europe and praised the success of Russian development along an independent path that revealed its unique character.
450:
Vernadsky took a novel approach to
Russian history, presenting it as a continuous succession of empires, starting from the Scythian, Sarmatian, Gothic, and Hunnic; Vernadsky attempted to determine the laws of their expansion and collapse. His views emphasized the importance of Eurasian nomadic
524:. Vernadsky knew that S. L. Peshtich had written an article in 1946 arguing that there is no evidence of such a treaty, 'but neither accepted its conclusions nor refuted them in any way.' Similarly, Vernadsky wrote that 'Tatishchev's data fit well into the general historical picture' about
471:
While G. Vernadsky's writings about the historical past were based upon solid archive sources, his flight from Russia separated him from original materials of the latest periods. Thus, some critics of early editions were doubtful about certain figures and estimates he made for
532:
founding schools in the 12th and 13th centuries, even though this is only recorded in
Tatishchev's second redaction, nowhere else, and seems to conveniently echo Tatishchev's Enlightenment ideas about the importance of education, rather than reflecting historical sources.
433:
Vernadsky's first book in
English was a widely read textbook on Russian history, first published in 1929 and republished six times during his lifetime. It was translated to numerous languages, including Hebrew and Japanese. In 1943, he embarked on his magnum opus,
490:
Most serious criticism of the book seems justified by the discussion of the Soviet period. Professor
Vernadsky is a Russian refugee and has not been able to throw off an anti-Bolshevik bias. For example, in discussing the
38:
482:
919:
974:
363:
137:
949:
964:
954:
984:
268:
Back in Russia, Vernadsky resumed his course at the Moscow
University, graduating with honors in 1910. His instructors included the historians
924:
311:
party (of which his father was one of the leaders), Vernadsky began his career as a supporter of liberal ideas, authoring the biographies of
979:
944:
969:
934:
929:
878:
254:
851:(Written by Iakov Solomonovich Lur'e, Яков Соломонович Лурье. Translated from Russian to English by Michael Cherniavsky).
492:
632:
607:
472:
contemporaneousness, pointing out that some of them were rather a guess than hard evidence. After a new, edition of
989:
378:, which disseminated his view of Russian culture as the synthesis of Slavonic, Byzantine, and nomadic influences.
939:
520:, not in his first redaction, and is not known from any other source, but fits neatly with Tatishchev's own
281:
133:
98:
451:
cultures for Russia's cultural and economic progress, thus anticipating some of the ideas advanced by
861:
250:
825:
Luria, J. (1968). "Problems of Source
Criticism (with Reference to Medieval Russian Documents)".
438:, of which six volumes were eventually published, despite the death of his co-author, Professor
426:
of
Russian history in 1946. He served in that position until his retirement in 1956. He died in
505:
102:
624:
599:
959:
293:
914:
909:
529:
460:
258:
106:
8:
477:
399:
854:
Biography, bibliography, tomb at the site "Necropolis of the
Russian Academic Diaspora"
767:
709:
570:
509:
415:
367:
285:
269:
239:
155:
894:
George Vernadsky papers (MS 520). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.
874:
842:
628:
603:
439:
320:
276:. The young scholar declined to continue his career in the university after the 1910
246:
222:
169:
186:
834:
759:
674:
562:
375:
355:
299:
262:
231:
199:
151:
61:
855:
525:
407:
403:
312:
211:
141:
123:
814:
Halperin, Charles J. "George Vernadsky, Eurasianism, the Mongols, and Russia."
763:
700:
566:
516:
in 1006, which is only found in Tatishchev's second (printed) redaction of the
316:
235:
234:
on August 20, 1887, Vernadsky stemmed from a respectable family of the Russian
65:
895:
903:
846:
513:
411:
273:
249:(where his father was professor) in 1905 but, due to the disturbances of the
159:
87:
284:, where he taught for the next seven years, during which he was awarded the
521:
374:
of Russian history. After Kondakov's death, Vernadsky was in charge of the
371:
324:
452:
289:
37:
381:
819:
771:
574:
336:
332:
873:. Moscow: Russian Political Encyclopedia (ROSSPEN). pp. 122–123.
742:
713:
545:
427:
423:
347:
277:
207:
83:
838:
351:
752:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
555:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
459:
Vernadsky was a geographical determinist like his Yale colleague
419:
386:
359:
343:
206:; August 20, 1887 – June 12, 1973) was a Russian-born American
871:
Imperial Moscow University: 1755–1917: encyclopedic dictionary
728:
Know Your Enemy: The Rise and Fall of America's Soviet Experts
483:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
308:
328:
698:
Ferguson, Alan D. (1973). "George Vernadsky, 1887–1973".
354:, moving to Athens later that year. At the suggestion of
339:, where he taught at the local university for two years.
370:
and P.N. Savitsky, he participated in formulating the
253:, had to spend the next two years in Germany, at the
783:
781:
445:
920:
Academic staff of Saint Petersburg State University
793:
741:
544:
778:
697:
901:
868:
350:in 1920, Vernadsky left his native country for
975:Expatriates from the Russian Empire in Germany
362:, teaching there from 1921 until 1925 at the
950:Czechoslovak emigrants to the United States
675:ВЕРНАДСКИЙ (Vernadsky) ГЕОРГИЙ ВЛАДИМИРОВИЧ
965:Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America
590:Political and Diplomatic History of Russia
36:
955:White Russian emigrants to Czechoslovakia
508:about an alleged commercial treaty that
476:appeared in 1930, S.B. Clough from
380:
298:
242:, a famous Russian/Ukrainian geologist.
221:
985:Academic staff of Perm State University
833:(1). Cambridge University Press: 1–22.
500:Iakov Lur'e (1968) accused Vernadsky's
323:(1917–1920), he lectured for a year in
288:for his dissertation on the effects of
902:
869:A. Andreev, D. Tsygankov, ed. (2010).
739:
542:
16:Russian-American historian (1887–1973)
824:
799:
787:
255:Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg
925:People from Sankt-Peterburgsky Uyezd
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
670:
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
422:(1927–1946), and then became a full
261:, where he imbibed the doctrines of
226:George Vernadsky and his sister Nina
210:and an author of numerous books on
13:
980:20th-century American male writers
945:Historians from the Russian Empire
808:
204:Гео́ргий Влади́мирович Верна́дский
14:
1001:
970:Imperial Moscow University alumni
935:American male non-fiction writers
888:
680:
657:
504:(1948) of uncritically recycling
446:Interpretation of Russian history
393:
303:Vernandsky with wife Nina in 1909
217:
930:20th-century American historians
616:(Translated by George Vernadsky)
414:. At Yale, he first served as a
406:offered Vernadsky a position at
185:
582:
733:
720:
512:supposedly concluded with the
366:. There, in association with
1:
651:
7:
282:Saint Petersburg University
134:Saint Petersburg University
10:
1006:
764:10.1177/000271623115400177
567:10.1177/000271623115400177
536:
466:
319:. During the years of the
99:Imperial Moscow University
862:The Columbia Encyclopedia
307:Politically close to the
203:
184:
179:
175:
165:
147:
129:
119:
112:
94:
72:
47:
35:
28:
21:
251:First Russian Revolution
990:Yale University faculty
747:, by G. Vernadsky"
550:, by G. Vernadsky"
640:The Mongols and Russia
506:Tatishchev information
390:
331:and then followed the
304:
227:
103:University of Freiburg
865:, sixth edition, 2006
740:Clough, S.B. (1931).
646:The Origins of Russia
614:Medieval Russian Laws
543:Clough, S.B. (1931).
522:mercantilist theories
384:
364:Russian School of Law
302:
294:Russian Enlightenment
225:
138:Russian School of Law
940:Historians of Russia
619:(1948, repub. 1973)
530:Konstantin of Suzdal
518:Istoriya Rossiyskaya
461:Ellsworth Huntington
327:. He then taught in
280:affair and moved to
259:University of Berlin
107:University of Berlin
859:Vernadsky, George.
745:A History of Russia
726:David C. Engerman,
596:A History of Russia
548:A History of Russia
478:Columbia University
474:A History of Russia
436:A History of Russia
400:Michael Rostovtzeff
510:Vladimir the Great
430:on June 12, 1973.
416:research associate
391:
368:Nikolai Trubetzkoy
342:After the fall of
305:
270:Vasily Klyuchevsky
240:Vladimir Vernadsky
228:
156:Vasily Klyuchevsky
30:Георгий Вернадский
880:978-5-8243-1429-8
818:(1982): 477–493.
677:. russiangrave.ru
526:Roman of Smolensk
440:Michael Karpovich
321:Russian Civil War
247:Moscow University
238:. His father was
193:
192:
170:John Curtis Perry
148:Academic advisors
114:Scientific career
42:Vernadsky in 1912
997:
884:
850:
803:
797:
791:
785:
776:
775:
749:
737:
731:
730:(2009) pp 160–61
724:
718:
717:
695:
678:
672:
578:
552:
376:Kondakov Seminar
358:, he settled in
356:Nikodim Kondakov
263:Heinrich Rickert
232:Saint Petersburg
205:
196:George Vernadsky
189:
166:Notable students
152:Heinrich Rickert
79:
62:Saint Petersburg
57:
55:
40:
31:
23:George Vernadsky
19:
18:
1005:
1004:
1000:
999:
998:
996:
995:
994:
900:
899:
891:
881:
839:10.2307/2493909
811:
809:Further reading
806:
802:, pp. 8–9.
798:
794:
786:
779:
738:
734:
725:
721:
696:
681:
673:
658:
654:
585:
539:
480:reviewed it in
469:
448:
408:Yale University
404:Frank A. Golder
396:
372:Eurasian Theory
313:Nikolai Novikov
286:Master's degree
245:He entered the
220:
212:Russian history
142:Yale University
140:
136:
124:Russian history
105:
101:
95:Alma mater
90:
81:
77:
68:
59:
58:August 20, 1887
53:
51:
43:
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1003:
993:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
898:
897:
890:
889:External links
887:
886:
885:
879:
866:
857:
852:
822:
810:
807:
805:
804:
792:
777:
732:
719:
708:(4): 456–458.
701:Russian Review
679:
655:
653:
650:
649:
648:
642:
636:
617:
610:
592:
584:
581:
580:
579:
538:
535:
498:
497:
493:Five Year Plan
468:
465:
447:
444:
395:
394:American years
392:
317:Pavel Milyukov
236:intelligentsia
219:
218:European years
216:
191:
190:
182:
181:
177:
176:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
149:
145:
144:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
110:
109:
96:
92:
91:
82:
80:(aged 85)
74:
70:
69:
66:Russian Empire
60:
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1002:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
905:
896:
893:
892:
882:
876:
872:
867:
864:
863:
858:
856:
853:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:Slavic Review
823:
821:
817:
816:Slavic Review
813:
812:
801:
796:
789:
784:
782:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
748:
746:
736:
729:
723:
715:
711:
707:
703:
702:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
676:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
656:
647:
643:
641:
637:
634:
633:0-300-01647-6
630:
626:
622:
621:Kievan Russia
618:
615:
611:
609:
608:0-300-00247-5
605:
601:
597:
593:
591:
587:
586:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
541:
540:
534:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
514:Volga Bulgars
511:
507:
503:
502:Kievan Russia
494:
489:
488:
487:
485:
484:
479:
475:
464:
462:
456:
454:
443:
441:
437:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:United States
409:
405:
401:
388:
385:Vernadsky in
383:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
301:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:Robert Vipper
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
224:
215:
213:
209:
201:
197:
188:
183:
178:
174:
171:
168:
164:
161:
160:Robert Vipper
157:
153:
150:
146:
143:
139:
135:
132:
128:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
100:
97:
93:
89:
88:United States
85:
76:June 12, 1973
75:
71:
67:
63:
50:
46:
39:
34:
27:
20:
960:Eurasianists
870:
860:
830:
826:
815:
795:
790:, p. 8.
755:
751:
744:
735:
727:
722:
705:
699:
645:
639:
620:
613:
595:
589:
583:Bibliography
558:
554:
547:
517:
501:
499:
481:
473:
470:
457:
449:
435:
432:
397:
341:
306:
267:
244:
229:
195:
194:
130:Institutions
113:
78:(1973-06-12)
915:1973 deaths
910:1887 births
743:"Review of
546:"Review of
453:Lev Gumilev
442:, in 1959.
290:Freemasonry
904:Categories
800:Luria 1968
788:Luria 1968
758:(1): 191.
652:References
625:Yale Press
600:Yale Press
594:(1943–69)
561:(1): 191.
348:Bolsheviks
337:Simferopol
333:White Army
54:1887-08-20
847:0037-6779
428:New Haven
424:professor
398:In 1927,
208:historian
180:Signature
84:New Haven
820:in JSTOR
352:Istanbul
257:and the
230:Born in
772:1017974
644:(1959)
638:(1953)
612:(1947)
588:(1936)
575:1017974
537:Reviews
467:Critics
420:history
410:in the
389:in 1908
387:Poltava
346:to the
292:on the
200:Russian
877:
845:
770:
714:127611
712:
631:
606:
573:
360:Prague
344:Crimea
120:Fields
768:JSTOR
710:JSTOR
571:JSTOR
309:kadet
278:Kasso
875:ISBN
843:ISSN
629:ISBN
604:ISBN
528:and
402:and
329:Kiev
325:Perm
315:and
272:and
73:Died
48:Born
835:doi
760:doi
756:154
563:doi
559:154
418:in
335:to
906::
841:.
831:27
829:.
780:^
766:.
754:.
750:.
706:32
704:.
682:^
659:^
627:)
602:)
569:.
557:.
553:.
486::
455:.
296:.
265:.
214:.
202::
158:,
154:,
86:,
64:,
883:.
849:.
837::
774:.
762::
716:.
635:.
623:(
598:(
577:.
565::
198:(
56:)
52:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
